Name: __________________________________ (

Class: _____

HWA CHONG INSTITUTION END-OF-YEAR EXAMINATION 2008 CHEMISTRY Paper 2

Level: Time: Sec 3 1 hour 45 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not turn the pages over until you are told to do so. Write your name, index number and class in the spaces at the top of this page. Section A and B Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. All essential working must be shown. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [] at the end of each question or part question. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 2. FOR EXAMINERS USE Section A B8 B9 B 10 Total _______________________________________________________________________________ This question paper consists of 14 printed pages (including this page)

Group I II
1

III H
Hydrogen

IV

VI

VII

0
4

He
Helium

1 7 9 11 12 14 16 19

2 20

Li
Lithium

Be
Beryllium

B
Boron

C
Carbon

N
Nitrogen

O
Oxygen

F
Fluorine

Ne
Neon

3 23

4 24

5 27

6 28

7 31

8 32

9 35.5

10 40

Na
Sodium

Mg
Magnesium

Al
Aluminium

Si
Silicon

P
Phosphorus

S
Sulphur

Cl
Chlorine

Ar
Argon

11 39

12 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65

13 70

14 73

15 75

16 79

17 80

18 84

K
Potassium

Ca
Calcium

Sc
Scandium

Ti
Titanium

V
Vanadium

Cr
Chromium

Mn
Manganese

Fe
Iron

Co
Cobalt

Ni
Nickel

Cu
Copper

Zn
Zinc

Ga
Gallium

Ge
Germanium

As
Arsenic

Se
Selenium

Br
Bromine

Kr
Krypton

19 85

20 88

21 89

22 91

23 93

24 96

25

26 101

27 103

28 106

29 108

30 112

31 115

32 119

33 122

34 128

35 127

36 131

Rb
Rubidium

Sr
Strontium

Y
Yttrium

Zr
Zirconium

Nb
Niobium

Mo
Molybdenum

Tc
Technetium

Ru
Ruthenium

Rh
Rhodium

Pd
Palladium

Ag
Silver

Cd
Cadmium

In
Indium

Sn
Tin

Sb
Antimony

Te
Tellurium

I
Iodine

Xe
Xenon

37 133

38 137

39 139

40 178

41 181

42 184

43 186

44 190

45 192

46 195

47 197

48 201

49 204

50 207

51 209

52

53

54

Cs
Caesium

Ba
Barium

La
Lanthanium

Hf
Hafnium

Ta
Tantalum

W
Tungsten

Re
Rhenium

Os
Osmium

Ir
Iridium

Pt
Platinum

Au
Gold

Hg
Mercury

Tl
Thallium

Pb
Lead

Bi
Bismuth

Po
Polonium

At
Astatine

Rn
Radon

55

56 226

57 227

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Fr
Francium

Ra
Radium

Ac
Actinium

87

88

89

+ 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175

*58-71 Lanthanoid series +90-103 Actinoid series

Ce
Cerium

Pr
Praseodymium

Nd
Neodymium

Pm
Promethium

Sm
Samarium

Eu
Europium

Gd
Gadolinium

Tb
Terbium

Dy
Dysprosium

Ho
Holmium

Er
Erbium

Tm
Thulium

Yb
Ytterbium

Lu
Lutetium

58 232

59

60 238

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Key b

a X

a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number

Th
Thorium

Pa
Protactinium

U
Uranium

Np
Neptunium

Pu
Plutonium

Am
Americium

Cm
Curium

Bk
Berkelium

Cf
Californium

Es
Einsteinium

Fm
Fermium

Md
Mendelevium

No
Nobelium

Lr
Lawrencium

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p) 2

Section A (40 marks) Answer all questions in the spaces provided. A1 Study the following flow chart and answer the questions that follow:

Water

Reddish brown solid W

II + Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + dilute acid T

Insoluble
I

White precipitate R

III

Yellow solution G with no effervescence

IV

Reddish brown crystal G

(a)

Identify the substances W and T. (i) W: (ii) T:

[2]

(b)

(i) Name the type of reaction that occurred in step II.

[1]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurred in step II.

[1]

(c)

Predict the observation which you would make if solution G is added to aqueous sodium hydroxide until no further change. [2] ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

(d)

Describe briefly how you would carry out step IV in the laboratory to obtain reddishbrown crystals G. [3]

________________________________________________________________________

A2 Barium oxide dissolves in water to form a strong alkali, barium hydroxide. (a) (i) What is meant by a strong alkali? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ (ii) Give an example of a weak alkali. [1]

(b)

Conductance is a measure of how well a solution conducts electricity. The graph below shows the change in conductance of a barium hydroxide solution as sulphuric acid is added to it. A white precipitate is formed as sulphuric acid is added to the barium hydroxide solution.

Conductance/ mA

Volume of H2SO4 (aq) added/ ml (i) Write an ionic equation with state symbols for the reaction between aqueous barium hydroxide and sulphuric acid. [2]

(ii)

Explain the shape of the graph, making reference to the ions and molecules present in the solution. [3] ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

(iii) Describe the change in pH of the solution as sulphuric acid is added.

[1]

A3 (a) (i) Explain the term electronegativity. [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

(ii)

By using the symbols + and -, indicate the dipole of the covalent bonds shown below. [2]

C
(b)

Cl

Cl

The gases NH3 and HCl combine to form a salt, NH4Cl. (i) Construct dot and cross diagrams to show the bonding in ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas. [2] NH3 HCl

(ii)

Compare the boiling points and physical states of NH 3, HCl and NH4Cl at room temperature. Explain your answer in terms of structure and bonding. [6] ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6

A4 The table below lists the physical and chemical properties of 8 elements at standard pressure that correspond to known elements in the Periodic Table. The elements are identified by the code letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Element A Melting point 98 oC Boiling point 886 oC Atomic radius 186 pm Oxide formula A2O Element B Melting point -101 oC Boiling point -35 oC Atomic radius 100 pm Oxide formula B2O Element C Melting point 660 oC Boiling point 2467 oC Atomic radius 143 pm Oxide formula C2O3 Element D Melting point 181 oC Boiling point 1347 oC Atomic radius 150 pm Oxide formula D2O Element E Melting point 649 oC Boiling point 1090 oC Atomic radius 160 pm Oxide formula EO Element F Melting point 64 oC Boiling point 774 oC Atomic radius 230 pm Oxide formula F2O Element G Melting point 1411 oC Boiling point 2355 oC Atomic radius 118 pm Oxide formula GO2 Element H Melting point -189 oC Boiling point -186 oC Atomic radius 94 pm Oxide formula (none)

(a)

What is the number of valence electrons in an atom of A and B at ground state?

[2]

Number of valence electrons in A: ___________________________________________ Number of valence electrons in B: ___________________________________________ (b) Identify, by code letter, the element that is a noble gas in the table. [1]

_______________________________________________________________________ (c) Three of the elements are in the same group of the Periodic Table. (i) To which group do the elements belong? [1]

_________________________________________________________________

(ii)

Arrange the elements in descending order of their reactivity (i.e. most reactive to least reactive), based on their reactions with oxygen. Explain your answer. [2]

(iii)

Write a chemical equation for the reaction of element A with oxygen.

[1]

(iv)

The product of the reaction in (iii) dissolves in water to form a colourless solution. What is the effect of the solution on litmus paper? [1]

(d)

Elements A, C, E and G are in the same period on the Periodic Table. (i) Arrange the elements in increasing order of electronegativity. [1]

(ii)

Compare the electrical conductivity of A and B. Explain your answer.

[3]

Section B (30 marks) Answer all the three questions in the spaces provided. Each question carries 10 marks. B1 (a) Reactivity series is the order of reactivity of metals with substances such as air, water and dilute acid. The reactivity series is shown below: Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold

Reactivity increases

It can be used to predict the reactivity of metals with dilute acid. Metals higher than hydrogen in the reactivity series react with acid, while those below hydrogen will not react with acid. A student wants to test the validity of the series by comparing the reactivity of calcium, aluminium, iron, lead and copper with dilute hydrochloric acid by setting up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. As the reaction proceeds, gas produced travels through the tubing to an inverted measuring cylinder filled with water, displacing some of the water in the measuring cylinder.

Dilute HCl (aq) Metal

(i)

Suggest a reason why the set up should not be put close to a flame.

[1]

(ii)

Why is it necessary to rub the metal pieces with sandpaper before reacting them with dilute hydrochloric acid? [1]

(iii) Suggest how he would compare the reactivity of the metals using the set up above. [1]

(iv) Although lead is above hydrogen in the reactivity series, the student observed that there was no effervescence when lead was added to the acid. Explain why lead does not react with hydrochloric acid. [2]

(b) (i)

State the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of 12 Mg.

24

[1]

(ii)

Draw the electron-in-box diagram for a magnesium ion.

[1]

(iii) Write the formula of an atom which is isoelectronic with magnesium ion.

[1]

10

(iv)Calcium reacts with nitrogen to form calcium nitride, which has a melting point of 1195 oC. Draw the dot and cross diagram of calcium nitride.

[2]

B2 The following is the percentage composition by mass of ascorbic acid. 40.90 % Carbon 4.55 % Hydrogen 54.55 % Oxygen (a) (i) Determine the empirical formula of ascorbic acid. [3]

(ii)

Given that relative molecular mass (Mr) of ascorbic acid is 176, determine the molecular formula of ascorbic acid. [2]

11

(b)

A brand of vitamin C contains ascorbic acid and zinc as active ingredients. A student carried out an experiment to determine the percentage of ascorbic acid in a tablet of vitamin C by carrying out the following steps. 1) 2) 3) 4) Weigh 1 tablet of vitamin C. Crush the tablet in a conical flask and add 50 ml of deionised water. Titrate aqueous vitamin C with 1.00 mol/dm3 aqueous NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator. Stop when indicator changes colour. Record reading.

The results he obtained were as follows: Mass of one tablet of vitamin C = 4.00 g Average volume of aqueous NaOH required = 17.6 cm3 (i) Calculate the number of moles of aqueous NaOH in 17.6 cm 3 of 1.00 mol/dm3 NaOH solution. [1]

(ii)

Assuming that ascorbic acid is a monobasic acid, calculate the number of moles of ascorbic acid which reacts with 17.6 cm3 of 1.00 mol/dm3 NaOH. [2]

(iii) Given that Mr of ascorbic acid is 176, calculate the mass of ascorbic acid in 1 tablet of vitamin C. [1]

(iv) Hence calculate the percentage by mass of ascorbic acid in 1 tablet of vitamin C. [1]

12

B3 The relative amount of nitrogen dioxide in the air over Singapore over a 10-year period is shown below.
7 Relative amount of nitrogen dioxide 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Year

Urban

(a)

Explain (i) the general increase in the amount of urban nitrogen dioxide in the air between 1981 and 1987. [1]

_____________________________________________________________________ (ii) the change in the amount of urban nitrogen dioxide in the air after 1987. [1]

(iii)

how nitrogen dioxide is formed.

[2]

13

(b) Acid rain is a problem in industrialized countries around the world. Acid rain often has a pH of 4.0 or lower. This level of acidity can damage trees and plants, leach minerals from the soil, and cause the death of aquatic animals and plants.

(i)

Name a gas, other than nitrogen dioxide, which may cause acid rain.

[1]

(ii)

State a possible source of the gas named in b (i).

[1]

(iii) Explain how the gas in b (i) causes acid rain and why such rain causes damage to buildings. Include at least one equation in your answer. [4]

--END OF PAPER

14