NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Lecture -4
Muhammad Rafiq
Assistant Professor
University of Central Punjab
Lahore Pakistan

SOLUTION OF NON- LINEAR EQUATIONS

Non linear equations:Polynomial equations of degree more than 1 and transcendental equations are called non- linear equation.
e.g: x3+4x2+5=0
tanx+ +3=0
Lnx+x=0

Basic properties of Non- linear equations:Suppose we have an equation f(x)=0 .

If f(a)=0 then a is called root of the equation .
Every equation of nth degree has only n roots (real or imaginary).
If f(a) and f(b) have different signs then equation f(x)=0 has at least one real root between x= a and x=b.
e.g:x3-4x-9=0
f(x)= x3-4x-9
f(2)= 23 - 4*2 - 9= -9

f(3)= 33- 4*3 - 9 = 6

f(x) has at least one real root between 2 and 3.
This property is called intermediate value property.
In an equation with real coefficients imaginary root occur in conjugate pair i.e. if

is a root of the

equation f(x)=0,then
is also a root of the same equation similarly if root a+ is a root of
equation f(x)=0,then a- also a root of the f(x)=0.
Every equation of odd degree has at least one real root.
The f(x)=0 cannot have more positive real root than the changes of signs in f(x) and cannot have more
negative real roots than changes in sign of f(-x).
e.g:- f(x)=
thus the given equation cannot have more than 3 real roots.

f(-x)=
therefore the given equation cannot have more than 2 negative real roots the given equation has at least 2
imaginary roots.

Note:-If equation of nth degree has at most (p) +ve and at most (q) ve real roots than it follow that the equation
has at least {n-(p+q)} imaginary roots.

BISECTION METHOD:This method is based on the repeated application of intermediate value property.
Let the function f(x) be continuous between x=a and x=b. let f(a) be ve and f(b) +ve so the roots lies in the
interval (a,b). First approximation to the root is given by
X1 =

-ve a

X1

b +ve

Put X1 in f(x) if f(X1)=0, then X1 is root of f(x)=0 otherwise the root lies between a and X1 Or X1 and b according
as f(X1) is positive or negative
If f(x) is positive then root lies between a and X1 in the interval (a, X1) next approximation to the root is
X2 =

-ve a

X2

X1

b +ve

If the is negative then root lies between X1 and b i.e. in the interval (X1,b) next approximation to the root is
X2 =

-ve a

X2

X1

b +ve

Note:Choose interval (a,b) as small as possible. Bisection Method is also called Binary Search or Bolzano method.

Example1:
Find one real root of the equation x3-4x-9=0 using bisection method in four stages.

Solution:
x3-4x-9=0
f(x)= x3-4x-9
f(2)= 23 - 4*2 - 9= -9
f(3)= 33- 4*3 - 9 = 6
the roots lies between 2 and 3

1st approximation:
X1 =

=2.5
f(2.5)= 2.53 - 4*2.5 - 9= -3.375
root lies between 2.5 and 3

2nd approximation:
X2 =

=2.75

2.5

f(2.75)= 2.753 - 4*2.75 - 9= 0.797

root lies between 2.5 and 2.75

2.5

2.75

3rd approximation:
X3 =

=2.625

f(2.625)= 2.6253 - 4*2.625 - 9= -1.412

root lies between 2.625 and 2.75

2.5 2.625 2.75

4th approximation:
X4 =

=2.6875

After four stages root is = 2.6875

Example2:
Use bisection method to find a real root between 0.4 and 0.6 of equation sinx-5x+2=0 (correct to 4d.p)

Solution
f(0.4)=

f(0.6)=

1st Approximation:

(+ve)

0.5
f(0.5)=

0.5

0.4

(-ve)
0.6

= -0.052

2nd Approximation:
0.45
f(0.45)=

= 0.184

(+ve)

0.45

0.4

(-ve)
0.5

3rd Approximation:
0.475
f(0.475)=

= 0.0823

(+ve)

0.475

0.45

(-ve)
0.5

4th Approximation:

f(0.4875)=

0.4875

(+ve)

=0.0309

0.475

0.4875

(-ve)
0.5

5th Approximation:
0.49375
f(0.49375)=

(+ve)

0.49375

= 0.00518

0.4875

0.49875

(+ve)

(-ve)
0.5

6th Approximation:

f(0.49875)=

= -0.007691

0.496875

0.49375

(-ve)
0.5

7th Approximation:
=0.4953
f(0.4953)=

(+ve)

= -1.26

0.4953

0.49375

(-ve)
0.496875

8th Approximation:
0.4945312
f(

)=

(+ve)

1=0.0019

0.4945312

0.49375

(-ve)
0.4953

9th Approximation:
=0.494921
f(0.494921)=

= 0.000356

(+ve)

0.494921

(-ve)

0.4945312

0.4953

10th Approximation:
0.495116
f(0.495116)=

(+ve)

=-0.000448

0.495116

(-ve)

0.494921

0.4953

11th Approximation:
0.495043
f(0.495043)=

= -0.000145

(+ve)

0.495043

0.494921

(-ve)

0.4951126

12th Approximation:
0.494982
f(0.494982)=

= 0.000105

(+ve)
0.494921

0.494982

(-ve)
0.495043

13th Approximation:
0.4950125

(+ve)

0.4950125

(-ve)

f(0.4950125)=

=-0.00019 0.494982

0.495043

14th Approximation:
0.494997
f(0.494997)=

(+ve)

= 0.00004

0.494997

0.494982

(-ve)
0.4950125

15th Approximation:
0.49500475
f(0.495004 )=

= 0.0000128
(+ve)

0.49500475

0.494997

16th Approximation:
(+ve)
0.49500475

(-ve)
0.4950125

Hence the root is 0.4950 which 4 d.p accurate

(-ve)

0.4950125

Example3:
Use bisection method to find a real root between 0.4 and 0.6 of equation

=0

(correct to 3d.p)

Solution:
f(1)=
f(0.5)=

=0.45
=-0.377

1st Approximation:

(-ve)

0.75
f(0.75)=

0.75

0.5

(+ve)
1

=0.018

2nd Approximation:
0.625
f(0.625)=

3rd Approximation:

(-ve)

=-0.18

0.5

0.625

(+ve)
0.75

0.6878
f(0.6875)=

(-ve)

-0.08

1.375

0.625

(+ve)
0.75

4th Approximation:
0.71875
f(0.71875)=

(-ve)

= -0.033

0.71875

0.6875

(+ve)
0.75

5th Approximation:
0.73437
f(0.73437)=

=-.0078

(-ve)

0.7343

0.71875

(+ve)
0.75

6th Approximation:
0.742187
f(0.742187)=

=0.005

(-ve)

0.742187

0.73437

(+ve)
0.75

7th Approximation:
0.738281
f(0.738281)=

=-0.001

(-ve)
0.73437

0.738281

(+ve)
0.742187

8th Approximation:

=0.7402343
f(0.7402343)=

(-ve)

=0.0019

0.7402343

(+ve)

0.738281

0.74218

9th Approximation:
0.73925
f(0.73925)=

(-ve)

=.00028

0.7402343

0.738281

(+ve)

0.7402343

10th Approximation:
0.738769
f(0.73876)=

(-ve)

= -0.26

0.738769

(+ve)

0.7382812

0.73925

(-ve)

(+ve)

11th Approximation:
0.73901
f(0.73901)=

=-0.00011

12th Approximation:

0.738769

0.7 3901

0.73925

(-ve)

(+ve)

0.73901

0.73925

Hence the root is 0.739 which 3 d.p accurate

Exercise
Find the real root of the following equation correct to 4d.p using bisection method
I.
II.
III.
IV.

+x-1=0
3x=

V. ex sin (x) = 1