AC Power

14: Power in AC Circuits

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer Applications
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-2642) AC Power: 14 1 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =
v
2
(t)
R
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
R
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
R
Average Power dissipated in R:
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
R
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt =
1
R

1
T
_
T
0
v
2
(t)dt
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
R
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt =
1
R

1
T
_
T
0
v
2
(t)dt =
v
2
R
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
mean(v
2
)
v
2
(t)
R
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt =
1
R

1
T
_
T
0
v
2
(t)dt =
v
2
R
v
2
is the value of v
2
(t) averaged over time
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
v(t)
V
RMS
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
mean(v
2
)
v
2
(t)
R
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt =
1
R

1
T
_
T
0
v
2
(t)dt =
v
2
R
v
2
is the value of v
2
We dene the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): V
rms
=
_
v
2
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
v(t)
V
RMS
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
mean(v
2
)
v
2
(t)
R
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt =
1
R

1
T
_
T
0
v
2
(t)dt =
v
2
R
v
2
is the value of v
2
rms
=
_
v
2
The average power dissipated in R is P =
v
2
R
=
(V
rms
)
2
R
V
rms
is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
50 100 150 200 250
-1
0
1
t (s)
v(t)
V
RMS
50 100 150 200 250
0
0.5
1
t (s)
2
v
2
(t)
mean(v
2
)
v
2
(t)
R
P =
1
T
_
T
0
p(t)dt =
1
R

1
T
_
T
0
v
2
(t)dt =
v
2
R
v
2
is the value of v
2
rms
=
_
v
2
The average power dissipated in R is P =
v
2
R
=
(V
rms
)
2
R
V
rms
is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
We use small letters for time-varying voltages and capital letters for
time-invariant values.
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
t (ms)
2
Squared Voltage: v
2
(t) = V
2
cos
2
t = V
2
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t
_
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
t (ms)
2
Squared Voltage: v
2
(t) = V
2
cos
2
t = V
2
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t
_
Mean Square Voltage: v
2
=
V
2
2
since cos 2t averages to zero.
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
t (ms)
2
2
Squared Voltage: v
2
(t) = V
2
cos
2
t = V
2
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t
_
2
=
V
2
2
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
t (ms)
2
2
Squared Voltage: v
2
(t) = V
2
cos
2
t = V
2
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t
_
2
=
V
2
2
RMS Voltage: V
rms
=
_
v
2
=
V
2
= 3.54 V
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
t (ms)
2
2
Squared Voltage: v
2
(t) = V
2
cos
2
t = V
2
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t
_
2
=
V
2
2
RMS Voltage: V
rms
=
_
v
2
=
V
2
= 3.54 V
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.
Cosine Wave RMS
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
0
5
t (ms)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
t (ms)
2
2
Squared Voltage: v
2
(t) = V
2
cos
2
t = V
2
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2t
_
2
=
V
2
2
RMS Voltage: V
rms
=
_
v
2
=
V
2
= 3.54 V=

V
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.
In this lecture course only, a ~ overbar means
2: thus

V =
1
2
V .
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Suppose voltage and current phasors are:
V = |V | e
j
V
I = |I| e
j
I
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
Power dissipated in load Z is
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
=
1
2
|V | |I| cos (
V

I
) +
1
2
|V | |I| cos (2t +
V
+
I
)
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (ms)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
=
1
2
|V | |I| cos (
V

I
) +
1
2
|V | |I| cos (2t +
V
+
I
)
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (ms)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
=
1
2
|V | |I| cos (
V

I
) +
1
2
|V | |I| cos (2t +
V
+
I
)
Average power: P =
1
2
|V | |I| cos () where =
V

I
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (ms)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
=
1
2
|V | |I| cos (
V

I
) +
1
2
|V | |I| cos (2t +
V
+
I
)
Average power: P =
1
2
V

I
=
cos ()
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (ms)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
=
1
2
|V | |I| cos (
V

I
) +
1
2
|V | |I| cos (2t +
V
+
I
)
Average power: P =
1
2
V

I
=
cos () cos is the power factor

Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0
2
t (ms)
v(t)
i(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (ms)
V = |V | e
j
V
v(t) = |V | cos (t +
V
)
I = |I| e
j
I
i(t) = |I| cos (t +
I
)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t +
V
) cos (t +
I
)
= |V | |I|
_
1
2
cos (2t +
V
+
I
) +
1
2
cos (
V

I
)
_
=
1
2
|V | |I| cos (
V

I
) +
1
2
|V | |I| cos (2t +
V
+
I
)
Average power: P =
1
2
V

I
=
cos () cos is the power factor

> 0 a lagging power factor (normal case: Current lags Voltage)
< 0 a leading power factor (rare case: Current leads Voltage)
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I
The complex power absorbed by Z is S =

V

I
where * means complex conjugate.

Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I
= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I

Apparent Power: |S| =
measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I


Average Power: P = (S) measured in Watts (W)
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I


Reactive Power: Q = (S) Measured in Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I


Power Factor: cos = cos
_
I
_
=
P
|S|
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I


_
I
_
=
P
|S|
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
If

V =
1
2
|V | e
j
V
and

I =
1
2
|I| e
j
I

V

I
V

I
e
j
V
e
j
I
=
e
j(
V

I
)
=
e
j
=
cos +j
sin
= P +jQ
Complex Power: S =

V

I


_
I
_
=
P
|S|
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
Power Company: Costs apparent power, Revenue average power.
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
For any component, Z, complex power absorbed: S =

V

I
= P +jQ
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

V

I
= P +jQ
Using (a)

V =

IZ (b)

I

I
2
we get S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

V

I
= P +jQ
Using (a)

V =

IZ (b)

I

I
2
we get S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Resistor: S =
2
R =
|
V
|
2
R
= 0
Absorbs average power, no VARs (Q = 0)
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

V

I
= P +jQ
Using (a)

V =

IZ (b)

I

I
2
we get S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Resistor: S =
2
R =
|
V
|
2
R
= 0
Inductor: S = j
2
L = j
|
V
|
2
L
= +90
No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

V

I
= P +jQ
Using (a)

V =

IZ (b)

I

I
2
we get S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Resistor: S =
2
R =
|
V
|
2
R
= 0
Inductor: S = j
2
L = j
|
V
|
2
L
= +90

Capacitor: S = j
|
I
|
2
C
= j
2
C = 90
No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

V

I
= P +jQ
Using (a)

V =

IZ (b)

I

I
2
we get S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Resistor: S =
2
R =
|
V
|
2
R
= 0
Inductor: S = j
2
L = j
|
V
|
2
L
= +90

Capacitor: S = j
|
I
|
2
C
= j
2
C = 90

VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

V

I
= P +jQ
Using (a)

V =

IZ (b)

I

I
2
we get S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Resistor: S =
2
R =
|
V
|
2
R
= 0
Inductor: S = j
2
L = j
|
V
|
2
L
= +90

Capacitor: S = j
|
I
|
2
C
= j
2
C = 90

VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors
The phase of the absorbed power, S, is the same as the phase of Z
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Tellegens Theorem: The complex power, S, dissipated in any circuits
components sums to zero.
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
= voltage/current in branch b
(following the passive sign convention)
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
e.g. branch 4 goes from 2 to 3 a
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Branch voltages: V
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
(e.g. V
4
= x
3
x
2
)
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Branch voltages: V
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
(e.g. V
4
= x
3
x
2
)
KCL @ node n:

b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Branch voltages: V
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
(e.g. V
4
= x
3
x
2
)
KCL @ node n:

b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
Tellegen:

b
V
b
I
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
I
b
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Branch voltages: V
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
(e.g. V
4
= x
3
x
2
)
KCL @ node n:

b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
Tellegen:

b
V
b
I
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
I
b
=
b
a
bn
I
b
x
n
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Branch voltages: V
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
(e.g. V
4
= x
3
x
2
)
KCL @ node n:

b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
Tellegen:

b
V
b
I
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
I
b
=
b
a
bn
I
b
x
n
=
n
x
n
b
a
bn
I
b
=
n
x
n
0
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
x
n
= voltage at node n
V
b
, I
b
a
bn
=
_
_
1 if V
b
starts from node n
+1 if V
b
ends at node n
0 else
4
= [0, 1, 1]
Branch voltages: V
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
(e.g. V
4
= x
3
x
2
)
KCL @ node n:

b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
b
a
bn
I
b
= 0
Tellegen:

b
V
b
I
b
=
n
a
bn
x
n
I
b
=
b
a
bn
I
b
x
n
=
n
x
n
b
a
bn
I
b
=
n
x
n
0
Note:

b
S
b
= 0
b
P
b
= 0 and also
b
Q
b
= 0.
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Add parallel capacitor of 300 F:
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA= 10.914
kVA
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA= 10.914
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 14
= 0.97
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA= 10.914
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 14
= 0.97
Average power to motor, P, is 10.6 kW in both cases.
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA= 10.914
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 14
= 0.97
, reduced from 56.5 47 A (16%) lower losses.

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA= 10.914
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 14
= 0.97

Effect of C: VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
I =

V
R
+

V
Z
L
= 46 j32.9 A= 56.5 36
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 36
= 0.81
Z
C
=
1
jC
= 10.6j

I
C
= 21.7j A
I = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14
A
S
C
=

V

I
C
= j5 kVA
S =

V

I
= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA= 10.914
kVA
cos =
P
|S|
= cos 14
= 0.97

Effect of C: VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR , power factor = 0.81 0.97.
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
A transformer has 2 windings on the same magnetic
core.
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
shows the turns ratio between the windings.
The indicates the voltage polarity of each winding.
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
Since is the same for all windings,
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Assume N
1
I
1
+N
2
I
2
+N
3
I
3
= 0
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Assume N
1
I
1
+N
2
I
2
+N
3
I
3
= 0
These two equations allow you to solve circuits and also
imply that

S
i
= 0.
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Assume N
1
I
1
+N
2
I
2
+N
3
I
3
= 0
imply that

S
i
= 0.
Special Case:
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Assume N
1
I
1
+N
2
I
2
+N
3
I
3
= 0
imply that

S
i
= 0.
Special Case:
For a 2-winding transformer this simplies to
V
2
=
N
2
N
1
V
1
and I
L
= I
2
=
N
1
N
2
I
1
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Assume N
1
I
1
+N
2
I
2
+N
3
I
3
= 0
imply that

S
i
= 0.
Special Case:
V
2
=
N
2
N
1
V
1
and I
L
= I
2
=
N
1
N
2
I
1
Hence
V
1
I
1
=
_
N
1
N
2
_
2
V
2
I
L
=
_
N
1
N
2
_
2
Z
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
core.
Ampres law:

N
r
I
r
=
l
A
; Faradays law:
V
r
N
r
=
d
dt
.
N
1
: N
2
+N
3
V
1
N
1
=
V
2
N
2
=
V
3
N
3
.
Assume N
1
I
1
+N
2
I
2
+N
3
I
3
= 0
imply that

S
i
= 0.
Special Case:
V
2
=
N
2
N
1
V
1
and I
L
= I
2
=
N
1
N
2
I
1
Hence
V
1
I
1
=
_
N
1
N
2
_
2
V
2
I
L
=
_
N
1
N
2
_
2
Z
Equivalent to a reected impedance of
_
N
1
N
2
_
2
Z
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
Suppose a power transmission cable has 1 resistance.
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A

I
2
R = 10 kW losses.
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A

I
2
R = 10 kW losses.
100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A

I
2
R = 1 W losses.
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A

I
2
R = 10 kW losses.
100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A

I
2
R = 1 W losses.
Voltage Conversion
Electronic equipment requires 20 V but mains voltage is 240 V .
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A

I
2
R = 10 kW losses.
100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A

I
2
R = 1 W losses.
Voltage Conversion
Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby mains
cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage by N but
reduces interference by N
2
.
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A

I
2
R = 10 kW losses.
100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A

I
2
R = 1 W losses.
Voltage Conversion
Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby mains
cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage by N but
reduces interference by N
2
.
Isolation
There is no electrical connection between the windings of a transformer so
circuitry (or people) on one side will not be endangered by a failure that
results in high voltages on the other side.
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Complex Power: S =

V

I
= P +jQ where

V = V
rms
=
1
2
V .
used for machine ratings.

Average: P =
cos , Reactive: Q =
sin
Impedance Z: S =
2
Z =
|
V
|
2
Z
Power engineers always use

V and

I and omit the ~.
Tellegen: In any circuit

b
S
b
= 0
b
P
b
=
b
Q
b
= 0
Power Factor Correction: add parallel C to generate extra VARs
Ideal Transformer: V
i
N
i
and

N
i
I
i
= 0 (implies
S
i
= 0)
See Irwin & Nelms Chapter 9.

AC Power

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14: Power in AC Circuits

14: Power in AC Circuits

cos () cos is the power factor

cos () cos is the power factor

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

where * means complex conjugate.

= P +jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

Power Factor Correction

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336

= 10.6 +j2.6 kVA

V = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

= 10.6 +j7.6 kVA= 1336