AN ASME NATIONAL

ENGINEERING

STANDARD
DRAWING

AND RELATED DOCUMENTATION

Dimensioning

PRACTICES

and

Tolerancing

ASME Y14.5M-1994
[REVISION

OF ANSI Y14.5M-1982

(RI98811

The American Society of

Mechanical Engineers
345 East 47 th Street, New York, N.Y.

CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
StandardsCommittee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111

vii

Scope, Definitions, and General Dimensioning ........................

General ...........................................................
1.1
1.2
References.........................................................
1.3
Definitions ........................................................
FundamentalRules.................................................
1.4
Units of Measurement..............................................
1.5
Types of Dimensioning.............................................
1.6
1.7
Application of Dimensions .........................................
1.8
Dimensioning Features.............................................
Location ofFeatures ...............................................
1.9

1
1
1
2
4
4
5
6
10
18

General Tolerancing and Related Principles ...........................

2.1
General ...........................................................
Direct Tolerancing Methods ........................................
2.2
Tolerance Expression...............................................
2.3
2.4
Interpretation ofLimits .............................................
Single Limits ......................................................
2.5
2.6
Tolerance Accumulation. ...........................................
Limits of Size.. ...................................................
2.7
2.8
Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC ..............................
2.9
Screw Threads. ....................................................
2.10 Gears and Splines..................................................
2.11 VirtuaVResultantCondition .........................................
2.12 Angular Surfaces...................................................
2.13 Conical Tapers. ....................................................
2.14 Flat Tapers ........................................................
2.15 Radius.. ..........................................................
2.16 StatisticalTolerancing ..............................................

23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
28
29
29
29
29
29
37
38
38

Symbology

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

.............................................................

General ...........................................................
Use of Notes to SupplementSymbols ...............................
Symbol Construction...............................................
Geometric Tolerance Symbols ......................................
Feature Control Frame Placement ...................................
Definition of the Tolerance Zone. ...................................
Tabulated Tolerances...............................................

ix

41
41
41
41
47
48
48
50

51
51
51
52
52
55
70

Datum Referencing .....................................................

General.. .........................................................
4.1
Immobilization of Part .............................................
4.2
DatumFeatures ....................................................
4.3
Specifying Datum Featuresin an Order of Precedence................
4.4
EstablishingDatums ...............................................
4.5
DatumTargets .....................................................
4.6

Tolerances of Location .................................................

General.. .........................................................
5.1
Positional Tolerancing ..............................................
5.2
5.3
FundamentalExplanation of Positional Tolerancing ..................
Feature Pattern Location. ...........................................
5.4
Projected Tolerance Zone. ..........................................
5.5
5.6
Nonparallel Holes. .................................................
CounterboredHoles ................................................
5.7
Closer Control at One End of a Feature .............................
5.8
5.9
Bidirectional Positional Tolerancing of Features......................
5.10 Noncircular Features ...............................................
5.11 Coaxiality Controls ................................................
5.12 Concentricity ......................................................
5.13 Positional Tolerancing for Symmetrical Relationships.................
5.14 Symmetry Tolerancing to Control the Median Points of Opposedor
Correspondingly-LocatedElements of Features.......................
5.15 Spherical Features..................................................

81
81
81
81
93
115
135
135
135
135
139
142
144
149

Tolerances of Form, Profile, Orientation, and Runout .................

6.1
General ...........................................................
6.2
Form and orientation Control. ......................................
Specifying Form and Orientation Tolerances.........................
6.3
6.4
FormTolerances ...................................................
6.5
Profile Control.....................................................
6.6
Orientation Tolerances .............................................
6.7
Runout............................................................
6.8
Free State Variation. ...............................................

157
157
157
157
157
163
174
189
191

149
149

Appendices
A

Principal Changes and Improvements ..................................

Al
General ...........................................................
A2
Figures............................................................
Section 1, Scope, Definitions, and General Dimensioning. ............
A3
A4
Section 2, General Tolerancing and Related Principles ...............
A5
Section 3, Symbology ..............................................
Section 4, Datum Referencing ......................................
A6
A7
Section 5, Tolerances of Location ...................................
A8
Section 6, Tolerances of Form, Profile, Orientation, and Runout. ......
Appendix A, Principal Changesand Improvements. ..................
A9
A10 Appendix B, Formulas for Positional Tolerancing ....................
Al 1 Appendix C, Form, Proportion, and Comparisonof Symbols. .........
Al2
Appendix D, Former Practices......................................
X

197
197
197
197
198
199
199
200
202
202
203
203
203

Al3

Appendix E, Decision Diagrams for Geometric Control. ..............

203

Formulas for Positional Tolerancing ...................................

General ...........................................................
Bl
Formula Symbols ..................................................
B2
Floating FastenerCase .............................................
B3
Fixed FastenerCase When Projected Tolerance Zone Is Used. ........
B4
provision for Out-of-SquarenessWhen Projected Tolerance Zone is
B5
Not Used .......................................................
Coaxial Features. ..................................................
B6
Limits andFits ....................................................
B7

205
205
205
205
205

Form, Proportion, and Comparison of Symbols .......................

General ...........................................................
Cl
Form andProportion ...............................................
c2
Comparison .......................................................
c3

209
209
209
209

Former Practices .......................................................

General ...........................................................
Dl
Definition for Feature of Size. ......................................
D2
Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC ..............................
D3
Tangent Radii .....................................................
D4
Datum Feature Symbol .............................................
D5
ProjectedToleranceZone ...........................................
D6

215
215
215
215
215
215
215

Decision Diagrams for Geometric Control .............................

Purpose.. .........................................................
El
Functional Requirements ...........................................
E2
Reference to Standard..............................................
E3
GeometricControls ................................................
E4
ChoosingOther Controls ...........................................
E5
Use of Modifiers ...................................................
E6
Datums............................................................
E7

219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219

206
207
207

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

xi