Draft City Sanitation Plan: Bareilly

BAREILLY
DRAFT CITY SANITATION PLAN
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA
CITY SANITATION PLAN
BAREILLY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE ABSTRACT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 CONTEXT CITY SANITATION RANKING EXPECTED OUTPUTS NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS CSP METHODOLOGY CSP COMMUNICATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 02 CITY PROFILE 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE & DEMOGRAPHY ECONOMY URBAN POVERTY & SLUMS GOVERNANCE & INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS
CHAPTER 03 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY 3.1 SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY 3.1.A WATER SUPPLY 3.1.B SEWERAGE 3.1.C STORM WATER DRAINAGE 3.1.D SOLID WASTE 3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN POTENTIAL AREAS 3.2.A SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL 3.2.B SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS) 3.2.C SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN PUBLIC AREAS (PUBLIC TOILETS) 3.2.D SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS 3.2.E SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS 3.2.F SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 2
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3.2.G SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES 3.2.H SANITATION AND SITUATION AT INDUSTRIAL AREAS 3.2.I SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES
3.3 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES 3.4 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES CHAPTER 04 4.1 INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS 4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS- MESSAGES & CHANNELS CHAPTER 05 KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES 5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 5.3 SOLUTIONS TO KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD CHAPTER 06 PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 6.2 6.3 SWOT ANALYSIS VISION SANITATION OPTIONS 6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS 6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS 6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION PLAN 6.3.7 IEC AND COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN 6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
ROAD MAP REFERENCES APPENDIX
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD
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CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONTEXT The population of India is 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million living in urban centers and it is expected that the share of urban population will increase to about 40% of total population by the year 2021. This is in sharp contrast to only 60 million (15 percent) who lived in urban areas in 1947 when the country became independent. During the last fifty years the population of the country has grown two and half times, while the urban India has grown by nearly five times. The positive role of urbanization has often been over-shadowed by the deterioration in the physical environment and quality of life in the urban areas caused by widening gap between demand and supply of essential services and infrastructure. It is further associated with many problems, such as high levels of poverty, environmental stress, risks to productivity, high health costs, and lack of access to basic services, such as water supply, sanitation, and housing. The insufficient availability of services, inadequate awareness and also poor operation and maintenance has also given rise to poor sanitation conditions. Hence, therefore, proper allocation of resources both in terms of human and monetary will improve the sanitary conditions and also awareness among people in turn improve the hygienic conditions of the city. Since the level of investments and participation required for this sector i.e. on water supply, sanitation and solid waste management is of very high order, it is felt that the national level initiatives are required that would bring the Central, State and Local governments and on the other side Non-government organizations and public participation are also required together to ensure proper flow of necessary funds to bring about any kind of developments and improvements in these sectors to an acceptable levels in tune with the international standards. The government should also recognize the urban issues which require integrated approaches that specifically target the urban poor and slum areas, promote sanitation and sewerage services at basic household levels to community levels and develop the city as a living eco-sanitation and foster the involvement of private sectors and also the civil societies. According to the survey organized by MoUD, Bareilly is ranking #187 out of 436 cities in India considering different indicators. Bareilly has only scored 36.1/100 in these different considered indicators.
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Considering Bareilly, this city and its development activities are the prime drivers of sanitation and sewerage problems and also problems in solid and liquid waste management and in other key potential areas such as slaughter houses, hospitals, public places, institutions, industries and schools, the Vision provides incentives or development strategies at every possible potential areas at local level, and also incentives that can be undertaken at institutional, structural and fiscal reform levels that are necessary for improved and sustainable service delivery systems addressing all sectors/ groups of population and also enhance the operation and maintenance of these services. The incentives also include IEC strategies and action plans to bring awareness and improve the public participation in well-utilization of available sanitation and sewerage services. Thus, in order to propose any strategies/ proposals for the improvements of the citys sanitation and sewerage conditions and reduce the potential problems of the city, it is very important to make a situational analysis of the current conditions. The following section provides the city overview of Bareilly giving primary introduction to study area. 1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING The MoUD, GoI, proposal to commission agencies, appointed on the basis of competitive bidding amongst short-listed ones, to carry out sanitation rating exercises for the 436 Class-I cities of India. In order to ensure that bidders bid for providing standard outputs and these are administered uniformly across cities to enable comparison, it was necessary to lay out a methodology (see Annexure 01) that followed a standard set of steps, fixes the protocol for data collection and analysis, and uses a consistent analysis and evaluation scheme leading to valid and comparable results. This note details the methodology that will form a part of the Request for Proposals (RFP) from short-listed agencies. This will become the basic framework that will guide the agencies rating exercises, and sets out the standard tasks to be accomplished as a part of the rating exercise. Three Categories of Indicators The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators: 1. Output Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection,
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treatment and disposal without harm to the citys environment. There are nine main outputindicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points. 2. Process Related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points. 3. Outcome Related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in waterbodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in the city over a time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of a total of 100 points (The weights for output, process and outcome indicators are valid for this round of rating. In later years, with improvements in the situation of cities and better availability of data, greater importance and hence, weights will be accorded to outcome indicators). Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes are regularly collected by city authorities but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data available. This rating exercise will help in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators. Based on CSP ranking methodology (see Annexure 01) which is applied to the current study city i.e. Bareilly, following indicators at different levels and giving marks to each indicator resulted in overall marks for Bareilly city as 36.01/ 100, which states the rank is # 188 for Bareilly city out of 423 cities in India (see Annexure 02). The following chart shows the total points and secured points for the Bareilly city for different indicators.
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City Sanitation Rating Project CITY SCORE SHEET City Name State Name City category Total score for the city (with color code) Population (as per 2001Census) Population (as per projection) 1.Total Of Output Related Indicators 2. Total Of Process Related Indicators 3. Total Of Outcome Related Indicators 1. OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS DETAILS: Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households (including slums) by individual and community sanitation facilities Estimated population of the sample slums practicing open defecation Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations - adequate public sanitation facilities Proportion of Functional and working Toilets to number of field visit points No. of instance of urination/ open defecation 1A_iii No open defecation visible Proportion of field visits where OD was visible to the total field visit points Instances of "OD" on railway track 1A_iv Manual Scavenging eliminated in City Whether Manual scavenging being practiced in ULB Proportion of total properties with safe collection arrangements for human excreta Bareilly (M Corp) UTTAR PRADESH Other Class 1 36.101 720315 828362 16.6 11.6 8.0 Marks Deduction Obtained 3.0
Max Marks Max Marks 4 4.0 Max Marks 4 0.5 1 Max Marks 4 0.3 21 Max Marks 4 No Max Marks 6
Marks Awarded 3.0
1A_i
1A_ii
2.1
0.5
1.6
4.0
2.5
1.5
4.0
0.0
4.0
1B
4.0
1.5
2.5
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1C
Percentage of properties having safe collection arrangements of human excreta Total instances of breakage, ex-filtration or overflow of fecal matter observed Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed off Percentage of black wastewater treated and safely disposed off after Secondary treatment Total no. of instance of unsafe disposal or dumping of black-water into water courses, water bodies, or open areas
85.8 3.0 Max Marks 9 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0
3.0 Max Marks 3 0.0 Max Marks 3 100.0 0.0
1E
Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled and reused for non potable applications Percentage of treated wastewater recycled and re-used (after Secondary treatment) Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and safely managed (3 points for 100%) Percentage Storm water Coverage Percentage of drain-overflow and breakage are found in more than 50% of observation points Whether more than 50% of the road network observed/reported to be prone to recurrent flooding/water logging
0.0
0.0
1F
3.0
0.0
3.0
No Max Marks 4 91.0 8.0 Max Marks 4 0.0

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1G
Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected Percentage of total solid waste generated that is regularly collected Instances of solid waste observed to be visibly littered in the city Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely disposed off Percentage of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely
3.0
2.0
1.0
1H
0.0
0.0
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disposed off City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city limits No. of locations where land or water body outside the city receiving any untreated human excreta or untreated solid waste (including leachate) Instances of untreated grey water (water flowing in the drains) 2. PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS 2A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation Does the ULB have a mechanism in place to monitor incidents of Open Defecation? (Y/N) If yes, is data of OD incidents collected on a monthly basis? (Y/N) Is such data reported on a regular basis (monthly) in public forums? (Y/N) Are awards/ incentives given to discourage Open Defecation? (Y/N) All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no exfiltration Has the ULB provided gear and safety equipment to the sanitary workers?(Y/N) Whether Mechanical systems are being used for monitoring and cleaning/maintenance of sewers (Y/N) Are workers provided Insurance/ Provident Fund/ Gratuity? (Y/N) Does the ULB have a complaint redressal system for sewerage related complaints?(Y/N) Cost Recovery for Sewerage Services Max Marks 5 3.0
1I
5.0
5.0
0.0
0.0 Max Marks Max Marks 4 NO NO NO NO Max Marks 5 YES 4.0 5.0 Marks Obtained 0.0 Deduction Marks Awarded 0.0
2B
YES YES YES 0.0
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2C
Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed after treatment, from on-site systems in the city Has the ULB provided safety gear and equipment to the sanitary workers?(Y/N) Whether the mechanical system is in place for cleaning of Tanks and Pits (Y/N) Whether the cleaning and disposal of sludge from tanks and pits are monitored (Y/N) whether there is functioning grievance redressal mechanism for Septage related complaints?(Y/N) Are workers provided Insurance/ Provident Fund/ Gratuity? (Y/N) Storm water drainage systems functioning and maintained Is there centralized database/map of drainage system available (Y/N) Is cleaning, repairs and maintenance of drains undertaken pre-monsoon (Y/N) Is cleaning, repairs and maintenance of drains undertaken at one other season than pre-monsoon (Y/N)
Max Marks 10 NO NO NO
0.0
0.0
NO NO Max Marks 4 NO YES YES Max Marks 5 YES 2.0 2.0
2D
2E
Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are efficient ULB has either framed their own rules or formally adopted MSW 2000 rules for SW Collection and Treatment (Y/N) Percentage of households and establishments covered by daily door-todoor solid waste collection system Proportion of the citys streets effectively covered by regular streetsweeping (at least once a day) Proportion of waste that is processed or recycled (in a waste recycling facility operated by ULB/agents)
2.1
2.1
100.0
0.1
0.0
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Percentage of Cost Recovery for SWM Services 2F Documented operational system and clear institutional responsibility assigned for the services Whether written manual and procedures existing in practice for Sewerage Whether written manual and procedures existing in practice for Septage Whether written manual and procedures existing in practice for Storm water drainage Whether written manual and procedures existing in practice for Solid waste management Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid out and followed in practice State/ULB Act explicitly provides for punishing/fining offenders a)Letting out untreated human excreta in the open (Y/N) State/ULB Act explicitly provides for punishing/fining offenders Littering Rules and regulations are framed and being implemented in practice for a) Letting out untreated human excreta in the open(Y/N) Rules and regulations are framed and being implemented in practice b) Littering There are instances of fining or punishing people in the last one year for following (Y/N) Letting out untreated human excreta in the open (number of instances) Littering (number of instances) Whether monitoring system exists to point out polluters (Y/N) Whether reports produced (Y/N)
0.0 Max Marks 4 NO 0.0 0.0
NO
NO
NO Max Marks 3 YES
2G
2.5
2.5
YES
YES
YES
NO YES YES YES

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3. OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS 3A Quality of drinking water Number of samples passing quality tests 3B Water Quality in water bodies in and around city Number of samples passing quality tests 3C Reduction in water Bourne disease incidence amongst city population Percentage reduction in diarrheal disease over last 3 years
Max Marks Max Marks 7 17.0 Max Marks 7 0.0 Max Marks 6 28.8
Marks Obtained 6.0
Deduction
Marks Awarded 6.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
2.0
Thus, one of the main objective of the City Sanitation Plan is to increase the points of Bareilly in these different indicators, which is only possible after detailed understanding and analysis of the existing situation and ground realities. Based on the situational analysis, key potential issues and gaps are identified and then recommendations are made which are economically feasible and ecologically sustainable. 1.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES The expected outcomes of Bareilly City Sanitation Plan are as follows:

Brings out the Bareilly City Sanitation Situational Analysis Highlights the major sanitation gaps and recommendations to overcome them in a acceptable timeframe
Roll out the Sanitation Vision and Goals for Bareilly City to become ODF city by 2015. IEC & Awareness action plan with indicative budget Suggest low cost and high impact initiatives before the DPRs are prepared /funding approved by central/state governments
Suggest convergence of institutions and people participation in city sanitation Suggest institutional & regulatory framework to improve and sustain the sanitary services
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The following section provides the background information on goals, objectives and approach of National Urban Sanitation Policy which is the prime basis for this study i.e. improving the sanitary conditions of the city. 1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION STRATEGIES The National Urban sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women. 1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include: A. Awareness Generation and Behavior Change, B. Open Defecation Free Cities, C. Integrated City-Wide Sanitation, D. Sanitary and Safe Disposal, and E. Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations. The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in Bareilly city to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in the city of Bareilly through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation. The principal components of city-wide approach include: (a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta, industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes; (b) Storm water drainage;
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(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces; (d) Environmental sanitation education; (e) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations; (f) Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.
1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The process detailed below for planning urban sanitation and wastewater management improvements offers a step-by-step guide for: 1 Preparatory Steps Profiling ULB
Stakeholder Analysis
3 4
Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop Constituting: CSTF Core Team Technical Core Team - IEC
Initiating IEC Activities Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status Data gaps Quality
Surveys Transect walks FGDs

Planning for: Solutions
Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options
8 9
Developing and Consolidating CSP Formulation of Action Plans
Selecting options New facilities Behavior change Monitoring and
10
Finalization of CSP at Stakeholder Workshop
Evaluation
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Profiling ULB: As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs using SLB indicators and City Ratings to highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects was undertaken from secondary data sources. Stakeholder Analysis: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. Plan formulation through stakeholder consultation will provide the foundation for CSP which has government endorsement as well as an informed civil society to monitor its implementation. requirements of To play their part, as per the
CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local
councilors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector and etc are identified in Nalgonda and analyzed the strengths and competencies required for sanitation. Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop: With this background knowledge, a City level orientation workshop involving CSTF and identified stakeholders had been organised at Bareilly on 15 December 2010 to highlight the need to engage with issues relating to toilets access and arrangement especially in slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and practices; community participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on ground; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP and its various steps of preparation. Constituting City Sanitation Task Force (ref annexure) : CSTF has been constituted headed by Mayor of Bareilly city to mobilize Stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city. CSTF will organize a multistakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 100% sanitized. Initiating IEC activities: The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote no subsidies for household toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design. For this purpose ULBs may utilize suitable player for inter-personal IEC and training from the existing system like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme (NSC) volunteers, the private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers, masons), neighborhood committees and NGOs, Anganwadi workers.
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Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status: The Situation Analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions, and assessment of the present sanitation situation has been undertaken and broad framework is indicated below: Sectors Service levels and benchmarks for: Solid Waste Management Water Supply Storm Water Drainage Health Situation Statistics and Anecdotal Comment Environmental Situation Local and Downstream and Groundwater. Spatial units Household Sanitation Slums Public Sanitary Conveniences School Sanitation Institutional Sanitation Map spatially Any town specific areas. Finances Cost Recovery PolicyTariffs Collections Budget Transfers. PPPs. Study of current programmes (SJSRY, ILCS, etc) Institutional Institutional Arrangement Policies, Plans, implementation, management. Staffing, Organization & Competence
Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Formats, Transect Walks along with schedules of interviews (Slums, industrial areas, water bodies), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Technical Analysis, Impact, Indicators, Stakeholder Consultations at city level (2-3), etc Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options: Followed by situational analysis problem and challenges have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial, social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , conventional and low cost, centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and combined and effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc. Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits, (iii)
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sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment. Developing and Consolidating CSP: Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. Project priorities for sanitation considered the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) Serving the un-served urban poor Serving the un-served schools Serving the un-served public areas Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private developers) Rehabilitation of existing facilities. Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment). Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).
Action Steps and Fund Estimation in CSP: Thus, to achieve the above mentioned goals and objectives of the current project with certain scope and limitations as mentioned earlier requires a detailed methodology and well defined structure. The following section illustrates the detailed methodology of the research project study considering the epistemology and ontology, appropriate strategies, methods and design. It also considers the ethical issues in detail.
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1.7 CSP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The current project on City Sanitation Plan for Bareilly city highlights the extent of services provided at city level and proposes strategies to improve the conditions of services with long term, medium term and short terms strategies which are at-most low cost high impact strategies. This research study requires wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop a robust analysis and produce outputs; and this is only possible with well-established methodology to achieve the required set of results. This chapter primarily focuses on the methodology of this research and illustrates that is undertaken in the current project. The methods used within this project were varied and chosen in order to achieve the most robust and valuable information in meeting the requirements of aims and objectives. This chapter also outlines the epistemological research methods that are most appropriate for this current research study. EPISTOMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS: The research study will consider the epistemology, which acts as an important basis for any research in natural and social science projects (Willis, 2007). Since the evaluation of existing situation of services require wide range of data, the current project shall reflect on components such as water services, sewerage services, solid waste management services at city level, making sure that it reflects upon the entire sanitation and solid waste management scenario of the city. According to Sarantakos (2005), the diversity in ontology and epistemology directly influence the research study. Further, there is no single fixed rule to conduct a social research study; different people follow different methods and different ways to explain and understand the research. Underlying these different explanations are paradigms which are considered by Babbie (2007) to be fundamental models or frames of references we use to organize observations and reasoning. These different paradigms are just different ways of looking at a research study; they are neither true nor false way of approaches. These paradigms make their own assumptions about the nature of the social reality and each inspires different kinds of research (see Babbie, 2007). This research has recognized a positivist paradigm which focuses on applications that involve social aspects in natural aspects. The social aspects in this current research would be of population and the services available to them. The paradigm of positivist is the most suitable approach, since it emphasizes on human behavior and surveying different groups of population i.e. in relevant to the current study,
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understanding the human behavior in terms of their usage of the available sanitation and sewerage facilities of different respondents. This project study also considers the situational analysis of available services provided and the usage patterns of these services by the population throughout the city. This research project study also into qualitative analysis to support the interpretations made which includes interviews, questionnaire surveys and analysis of primary and secondary data to estimate the current status of sanitation and sewerage and other key potential issues and also to evaluate the possible recommendations/ proposals to meet the goals of the project. Thus, positivism approach is most appropriate to the current study. In addition, the other possible paradigm is Critical Realm which also considers social factors involved in shaping the city and its infrastructure services and facilities. It was expected that populations role in usage patterns of these available infrastructure facilities influence the healthy and livable conditions of the city. Since the research project study considers the populations socio-economic and demographic details and their behavior that influences the living conditions in the city, the critical realism can also be considered as an apt approach. Further to epistemology considerations, ontology of the research considered the constructive nature. This is primarily depended upon the facts that the research being accomplished solely by population at the city level and also unavoidable personal bias in carrying out the research. RESEARCH STRATEGIES: The current research project is in assessment of key potential problems related to sanitary, sewerage and solid waste management and provides suitable strategy options to overcome them. Therefore, this involves robust and in-depth study for which Case Study Approach was used for analyzing the situation and gaps in sanitary conditions. As the case study approach of research is more precise to specific boundaries and make convenience in collection of data (Denscombe, 2007; Blaxter et al, 2006), it became the appropriate strategy for the current project study. Therefore, the case study population that was chosen for the current research study includes population at residential areas, slum areas, institutional areas, schools, hospitals, public areas, industries, market places, commercial areas and understanding the sanitary conditions at these places. RESEARCH METHODS: As this research study involves qualitative analysis that involves statistical methods to support the situational analysis and interpretations of the research team. And one of the best qualitative methods is a closed questionnaire interview which directly helps in collecting the required data and estimates the gaps and conditions based on which the proposal could be given to
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improve the existing conditions. In addition, there is also detailed analysis of policy reviews of various documents in order to get the complete picture of present and future scenario of the city developments. The prime objective of research study in assessing the situation of key potential problems related to sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management in the city with the chosen research paradigm is only possible with questionnaire interviews. The other possibility in the assessment includes Focus Group Discussion. This would be used on various participants or respondents within the study area, but taking care to cover entire city population and different possible potential areas those affecting from poor sanitation and sewerage facilities and high rate of open defecation. The questionnaires are the only means of gathering first hand information, thus they play vital role in any research studies (Oppenheim, 2001). Further, Oppenheim (2001) also states, questionnaires are cheapest means of data collection without any bias, less cost of processing and the best way to cover wide range of population within the study region. The questionnaire those used in this project study were of different categories and these categories are based on the criteria that complete sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste of the city is understood and analyzed. The questionnaires are designed so as to get the complete picture and make the situational analysis of the city sanitary conditions thus different questionnaires are designed for different target areas such as for households include residential, slums and other possible potential areas. The other set of questionnaires target areas such institutions, public areas (community toilets and public toilets), hospitals, schools, commercial/ market areas, industries and other potential areas such as slaughter houses and water bodies. There are separate questionnaires prepared for each category in order to know the present conditions of toilet facilities and their usage conditions. On the other hand to support these questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions are also conducted at slum areas, selected residential areas, with elected representatives and other potential areas to understand the situation of sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management conditions of the city. The following table illustrates the different activities undertaken by the research team to make a situational analysis and also the focused areas of the questionnaire interviews and the type of tools used to gather the required information and also the sample sizes at each level to support and further understand the situations.
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S.NO.
ACTIVITIES
FOCUSED AREAS
TOOLS
SAMPLING
SAMPLE SIZE Upto 500 households (can be more in high populated cities)
01
Household surveys
Household level
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
02
Focused Group Discussions
Slum areas, residential areas, elected representatives, and other potential areas Collector office, Municipal office, Bus & Rail station, etc., All potential areas All potential areas All Hospitals with 100+ beds (must) or 50 100 beds Primary, Secondary, High school and all government schools Potential areas Potential areas (include questionnaires both for shopkeeper and customers) Potential areas Potential areas
Check list
Random Sampling
12 15 FGDs
03
Institutions
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10 (in Nos)
04 05
Community Toilets Public Toilets
Questionnaire Questionnaire
Random Sampling Random Sampling
50 100% 50 100%
06
Hospitals
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10 15 (in Nos)
07
School Sanitation
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
50 100%; 10% (>10 lacs)
08
Slaughter Houses
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
2 3 (in Nos)
09
Commercial/ market areas
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10 15 (in Nos)
10 11 12
Industries Secondary Data Water Bodies
Questionnaire Check list Questionnaire
Random Sampling Random Sampling
5 10 (in Nos) 50 100%
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ETHICAL ISSUES: The nature of the current study is highly sensitive, due to involvement of various targeted population of the city. It was also important to make the respondents actively and positively respond and participate in the questionnaire interviews and focused group discussions which was done by making the questionnaires confidential and self-explanatory and focused group discussions much more interactive and confidential. Further, these activities such as questionnaire interviews and focused group discussions involved the research teams explanations to the respondents about the project brief, process of the project study, role of respondents, and each question (if possible), assisting them in filling up the questionnaire when he/she faces any difficulties. All the personal details were remained anonymous in this current project study. It is also further important to consider the communication needs assessment for any improvements or developments in a society. 1.8. CSP COMMUNCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT Bareilly Communication Needs Assessment for Information, Education and Communication Strategy Introduction: Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral to the core issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet effective awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It will evolve a methods, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic, folk etc) including advocacy with opinion leaders, NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver awareness strategy in the city. Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of sustainable programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and enhanced awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in Bareilly city. The strategy is designed to: Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Bareilly (NNB) through training and capacity building;
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Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management of solid waste and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign.
By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and consultations is fostered leading to participation.
Methodology: Bareilly is a prominent city of UP state. The city faces specific challenge of Water and Sanitation services. This pose challenges to the city administration with respect to water supply, toilets, solid waste management and storm water drainage. It is found that communication strategy is a crucial element in improving service delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and hygiene, improving municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal; without citizen inputs right from the design stage to implementation of water and sanitation projects risk failure. Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information, Education and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services. These are 1) Awareness, 2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that these stages would lead to better citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders to be appraised of them from their own specific stand points. Awareness includes an understanding of health and hygiene related education specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal officials about the problems face by all the city residents including slum & middle class households and sanitation workers. This awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, we propose that open and specific appraisals be carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could include citizen participation in community toilet maintenance, outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing citizen grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the laid down norms. As system of incentivizing desirable behaviors and weeding out undesirable behaviors must be developed, these programmes, processes and goals will be set by the Nagar Nigam.
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The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure of service delivery. Following steps were identified before visiting the field: 1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication 2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks 3. Topic Guides and Probes prepared for each stakeholder group. 4. Field assessment of communications needs to be carried out.
These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs assessment for Bareilly city. Case study approach offers the best possible method for evolving a Information, Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. The random sampling based survey will be labor intensive and time consuming. Moreover, such a survey is likely to conceal extreme situations within the city. A case study approach utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through discussions with citizens on the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation. Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and implementation of communications strategies among residents, establishments and Nagar Nigam officials. Residents include all those living within city municipal limits; they can be classified as HIG, LIG and slum dwellers. Shopkeepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market waste. Specifically, in Bareilly a series of focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted with slum residents in various parts of the city. Interview and discussions included officials from various Nagar Nigam departments particularly Health & Sanitary officials, sanitation workers, prominent citizens, residents in middle class areas, NGOs involved in water and sanitation sector, shopkeepers, media persons etc. Locations for FGDs & Transect Walks were selected to represent the variety of samples. Slum locations can be classified based on local knowledge. Generally, slum in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. The core city areas are predominantly by business class. Similarly there are slum on the outskirts are predominant with Muslim, SC or ST population. Probes for interviews and FGDs:
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1. Residents including slum residents Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding illeffects of lack of sanitation, ODF, hand washing, water logging etc. Awareness regarding government schemes/policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP, DUDA, sources and channels of such knowledge and communication. Awareness regarding various technical options toilets. Willingness to upgrade sanitation facilities: financial, space and behavioral constraints Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, agencies that carried the campaign and learning from the campaign. Activities of local SHGs and other community organizations such as RWAs. Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc Information regarding demography of the slum, quality of water supply etc. Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal with water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to Nagar Nigam, satisfaction level with current arrangement. 2. Municipal officials Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP. Channels of communication at Nagar Nigams disposal, extent to which these channels are being exploited. Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in implementing Water and Sanitation schemes. M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal. Details of any specific communication campaign being taken up, Content, Channels used, budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media. Kinds of training given to Safai Karamcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their satisfaction level what has been provided to them.
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3. Commercial establishment and Public places Observation regarding sanitation is these places. Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as door to door collection, segregation. O&M practices, regular upkeep of public places. Major complaints, public redressal mechanisms and its effectiveness. Willingness to pay user charges for public toilets.
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CHAPTER 02 CITY PROFILE INTRODUCTION Bareilly pronunciation is a metro city in Bareilly district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Standing on the Ramganga River, it is the capital of Rohilkhand Division and is a center for the manufacture of furniture and for trade in cotton, grain, and sugar. This fast-growing city is also known as Bans-Bareilly, due to its big bamboo market. Bareilly is also known as the counter-magnet city because it is equidistant from New Delhi and Lucknow and has a lot of potential for setting up industries to attract people to settle. It is one of the biggest city of Uttar Pradesh state. Historically it was the part of the ancient kingdom of Panchal. In the Medieval period it was under the Rohillas. The modern city's foundation was laid by Mukrand Rai in 1657. The Bareilly city is located on the banks of river Ramganga, in the fertile indo-gangetic plain, and it is also the head quarter of Rohilkhand division and Bareilly Commissionary. It is situated on NH 24 and 5 State and National Highways coverage on it. The adjoining districts are Nainital in north, Pilibhit in east, Shahjahanpur in southeast and Budaun in south. It is the largest urban centre in western zone of Utter Pradesh, outside the NCR and has been identified as the counter magnet city of the region in 1962.
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2.1 TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE & DEMOGRAPHY TOPOGRAPHY Bareilly is located at 2810N, 7823E, and lies in northern India. It borders Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur on east and Rampur on west, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) in north and Badaun in south. Bareilly lies entirely in the Ganges plains. The low-lying Ganges plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture. However, these some lower part of plains is prone to recurrent floods. Bareilly lies on the bank of river Ramganga and there are seven rivers passing through this district. The
lower Himalayan range is just 40 km from it and it lies in north of it. CLIMATE Bareilly has a humid subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. Summers are long, from early April to October, with the monsoon season in between. Winter starts in October and peaks in January and is notorious for its heavy fog. Extreme temperatures range from 4 C to 44 C. The annual mean temperature is 25 C (77 F), monthly mean temperatures range from 14 C to 33 C (58 F to 92 F). The average annual rainfall is approximately 1714 mm (28.1 inches), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August. The temperature of the district fluctuates from a maximum of 44C in the months of May-June to a low of 4C during the cool months of Dec-Jan. The climate of the district is influenced by its proximity to the hills and the tarai swamps in the north. Although the air is dry in summers, it contains moisture during the rest of the year. The district goes through a cycle of four seasons, during the year. The cool winters from December to February, followed by the warm summers which continue till about the middle of June, relief from the heat coming in the form of the South-West monsoons, ushering during the rainy season which lasts till the end of September; October and November constitute the post-monsoon season. DEMOGRAPHY According to the 2001 census report of the Government of India, the total population of Bareilly City Region (Bareilly Municipal Corporation and Bareilly Cantt.) is 875,165 having distribution as 53% males and 47% females nearly. The area under the city region is 123.46 km. The density of the population is among the high in the country touching 5000 per km2. The main population consists
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of Jatavs and Balmikis, and other castes such as the Baniyas,Kurmi, Thakurs, Kayasthas & Punjabis Hindus from 62% of population and Muslims 26% mainly Ansari, Behna, Rohilla, Rayeen, Ranghar and Shaikh) of the population, Sikhs form about 10% of population and rest are Jain ,Buddhist and Christians. Bareilly has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with 88% of the males and 65% of females literate making it under top three districts in terms of literacy in Uttar Pradesh . The main languages spoken are Hindi, Urdu, English, Punjabi, and Kumauni. For administrative convenience, the district of Bareilly has been divided into six tehsils namely Aonla, Faridpur, Bareilly, Mirganj, Nawabganj, and Baheri and 14 blocks. 2.2 ECONOMY Since the period of Liberalization in India, Bareilly is one of the fastest growing cities in the region on account of its booming economy. Trade and commerce have flourished in the urban city and followed diversification, though the rural economy of the district is largely agrarian. Brands: Following the foray of Multi-national corporations in the city, a significant capital infusion and various investments have occurred throughout the city in different sectors. Bareilly, today, has most of the major global apparel brands including Adidas, Reebok, and Levis. Reebok has also opened their Factory Outlet in Bareilly which is located at Pilibhit By-Pass Road. Nike is to open an outlet soon. Accompanying these are all other well-known clothing, footwear and accessory brands which have their authorized show-rooms and commercial outlets in the 'Civil Lines areas' and 'D.D.Puram area' of the city. Most of the major automobile companies like Toyota, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, General Motors, Hyundai, and Honda have their showrooms and service centers in the city. Industries: Bareilly houses a lot of Industries in the industrial zone called the Parsakhera Industrial Zone. Major Companies such as Coca- Cola, Camphor & Allied Products Ltd., Paras, Vadilal, Mercury and many others are present in the City. The Ahmadabad-based Ice-cream maker Vadilal has its manufacturing plant in Bareilly. The plant is the sole plant in Northern and Eastern India and caters to both the zones. Vadilal enjoys a 10-12% market share in the Rs 120-crore Delhi market and around 6-8% in the Rs 200-crore eastern market, which comprises territories such as Kolkata, Orissa, Jharkhand and Bihar.
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Media: A lot of Hindi Newspapers including Dainik Jagran, Hindustan, Amar Ujala, Aaj are printed in the city. Various English Newspapers including the Times of India, The Hindu, Hindustan Times, and The Economic Times can be found on the stalls at around 7 a.m. as they are published in the Delhi NCR and sent to the city. HT Media Ltd has recently come out with a printing facilities in Bareilly, printing of its Hindi newspaper "Hindustan" starting October 10, 2009 and catering to the Rohilkhand area of western Uttar Pradesh comprising of Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur and Badaun districts. They also plan to start printing the local edition of their English Daily "The Hindustan Times" very soon. The city also has its dedicated News Channel called the Alliance News Channel which broadcasts local news at different slots throughout the day. Agriculture: Corporate giant Hindustan Unilever has undertaken contract farming of rice in Bareilly and Punjab and its success has ensured low-cost, better-quality produce for its products. The company now plans to extend the experiment but feels an enabling environment in terms of agri-laws and infrastructure facilities is required for the purpose. Passport Office: The Passport Office, Bareilly was created in 1983 as a subordinate office of Ministry of External Affairs under the supervision of Central Passport Organization. The issue of passport is a central subject under the Indian Constitution and allotted to the Ministry of External Affairs, Initially Passport Office, Bareilly was catering to the needs of residents of the State of Uttrakhand and 24 Districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. Separate passport Office for the residents of Meerut, Aligarh and Agra Division was opened in the year 1997 at Ghaziabad on bifurcation of this office. Again the office bifurcated and another passport office at Dehradun was opened in June 2008 for the residents of the State of Uttrakhand. Today, this office deals with the issue of passport/travel documents to the citizens of 12 districts of Uttar Pradesh i.e. Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Badaun, Moradabad, Rampur, Bijnor, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Firozabad, Kashi Ram Nagar, Etah & Mainpuri. Electricity: In 2009, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) moved a step ahead in implementing the franchisee system in the power sector of the state. Under the new system, private
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players will be awarded contract to maintain and supply power in nine cities of the state. The same companies will be the outsource points for collecting revenue on behalf of the state government. The system will be implemented in nine cities of the state on a pilot basis. Bareilly, Agra, Kanpur, Moradabad and Gorakhpur will be covered in the first phase. Fuel: The Indian government initiated the ten per cent ethanol-blending programme on a pilot basis in two districts - Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh and Belgaum in Karnataka. Bareilly also has CNG and Auto-LPG outlets operated by Satya Service station owned by Hon. Shri Raj Kumar Agarwal, first mayor of the city. Bareilly became the first district in India to implement Bio-fuel norms. There are about 2500 commercial establishments registered at Nagar Nigam. The average growth rates of commercial establishments are high compared to hotels & restaurants. This also increases additional burdens on existing infrastructure facilities. The following table gives the statistical figures of trade and commerce establishments for the year 2009 2010.
Total Number of establishments Commercial Hotels & Restaurants Offices & Institutions Markets Number Number Number Number
2498 n/a n/a n/a n/a
2.3 URBAN POVERTY AND SLUMS Though no recent study is available to accurately assess the extent of poverty levels in Bareilly but from the discussions with various stakeholders we understand that poverty levels are quite high in Bareilly. In addition to this, more than twenty percent of the population in Bareilly stays in areas marred with unhygienic living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure is not satisfactory
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enough to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the housing stock deficit which has given rise to slum dwellings. As per the survey conducted by DUDA and documents from NNB, total notified slums in Bareilly are 85. According to census 2001, the slum population was 77109 i.e. 20.5 percent of total Population. As per the survey conducted by S.U.D.A in 2000-01, the population was 77109 and total households were 10050. A large number of below poverty line (BPL) population (about 25%) also live-in slums. The current slum population is about 2.44 lacs with 31850 of households i.e. about 26.47% of the total population. ULB Profile Slum Population Slum Households No. of slums Year 2001 77109 10050 85 Year 2010 244373 31850 85
Water Supply Facilities: It may be seen that in slums access to individual water connections is low and people generally use public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a few cases. Majority of households (55%) get water from public stand posts and only 19% percent have individual taps. It has been observed that main source of water supply in slum areas is hand pumps and wherever piped water supply is there, either supply is inadequate or its not regular or its very dirty. They are only able to use the water af ter carrying out the sedimentation and filtering. Out of total households in slum, about 30 percent have electricity whereas others use either kerosene, wood etc. Sanitation Facilities: Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access to other basic services. While, it may be worthwhile to note that the proportion of people having access to sanitation in urban areas is considerably greater when compared to their rural counterparts, the problems are more exacerbated in slums. Urban sanitation is perceived as being important because of the health
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factor. In case of slums, it has been observed that sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming condition. Majority of households use public toilets followed by households using individual flush. Even then open defecation is still at a large scale i.e. about 35% of the slum households openly defecate. During the visit in slums located at different part of the Bareilly city, it has been observed that sanitation condition is still very poor in most of the slum areas considering only 20 percent people have individual toilets and the others i.e. approx. 5 percent use community toilets and 35 percent still go for open defecation. The present condition is shown in the situational analysis of sanitation facilities in slum areas To minimize open defecation and to bring improvement in overall sanitation, two schemes have been introduced: a) Low Cost Sanitation Scheme b) Construction of Community toilets. These provisions of individual toilets and construction of community toilets has reduced the open defecation in Bareilly city to some extent. The percentage share of slum population still open defecate is about 25% (details in situational analysis). During visit to different slums following observations were made: Poor construction i.e. bad designing, usage of poor quality material etc. and maintenance Lack of proper management of community toilets Inadequate water supply and lighting in the toilets Cleaning service is not administered properly. Unhygienic condition of the public toilets Distance Lack of willingness to pay and use the community toilet facility
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Sewerage System and Solid Waste Management in slum areas: In most of the slums, sewerage system is either non-existent or it is found chocked. The problem of blocked sewerage also exists in the slums where people stay in pucca houses. The open drains in the slums are of very small size and are mostly blocked due to lack of cleaning and solid waste finding its way into drains. There is no proper way of solid waste disposal which exists at the slum level. In 30% of the slums solid waste is collected by govt. or private persons but disposal sites are either non-existent or are poorly managed. In many slums solid waste can be seen flowing in the drains leading to chocked drains and health hazardous situation. Key issues: As per the DUDA and NNB, total notified slums in Bareilly are 85. The current slum population is about 2.44 lakh with about 32000 of households i.e. about 26% of the total population. Majority of households i.e. more than 51 percent live in Kutcha Houses made of grass, mud etc. and jhuggi jhopris. Only 21 percent stay in Pucca Houses. In slums, about 47 percent have their own houses whereas 41% lives in as tenant whereas rest is living as unauthorized occupants. It may be seen that in slums access to individual water connections is low and people generally use public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a few cases. Majority of households (55%) get water from public stand posts and only 19% percent have individual taps. It has been observed that main source of water supply in slum areas is hand pumps and wherever piped water supply is there, either supply is inadequate or its not regular or its very dirty. Lack of proper shelter, poor access to basic needs and lack of awareness make the slum dwellers life style very poor. About 25 percent of the Bareillys population is living in slums; hence all housing programmes should target provision of better shelter for them on priority basis. In many of the slums water through public stand posts and hand pumps have been provided but it has been observed that lots of water is wasted. Only in a few slums sewerage lines have been provided and they were often chocked.
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No proper mechanism of solid waste disposal exists. Either the disposal sites are non-existent or even if they exist, they are located at faraway place which the slum dwellers find inconvenient to use. The few waste disposal sites that exist are in a sad state of affairs as they are not cleaned on a daily basis and the waste gets scattered all over the place creating a health hazard.
In most of the slums, no provision has been made to provide storm water drains. Due to which water logging takes place adding to the unhygienic condition within the slums.
While the city has made provision for public sanitation facilities in a few slums, still about 25-30% of slum population goes for open defecation, causing both a health hazard and a problem of safety.
At present the number of notified slum is 85 and strategies for rehabilitation and implementation of central and state government schemes can only be carried out in the notified slums. There is a need to carry out a fresh survey to cover all slums and poor communities so that the actual demand for housing and basic services for urban poor can be ascertained and overall city environment can be improved.
2.4 GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 'Good governance' is the overarching objective of public administration in the civic arena. In virtually all sectors of public intervention and service delivery, it is now agreed that unless and until the state of governance is 'good', service or product delivery will not be proper. In the recent past, a large number of people and organizations have given a variety of definitions of what governance is all about. Governance is defined differently in terms of the context. According to one definition, the ways in which stakeholders interact with each other in order to influence the outcomes of public policies " is public governance. According to the World Bank, the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development " is good governance. There are today dozens of definitions of what governance and good governance is. However, if one has to summaries and list downs the ten characteristics of good governance, they would be: Citizen involvement, participation and satisfaction Transparency in all decision making Accountability of actions taken
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Equality and social inclusion Ethical and honest behavior Ability to compete in a global environment Efficiency of service delivery Respect for democratic values Respect for the rule of law Use of appropriate technology and environmental sustainability
The United Nations-HABITAT launched a Global Campaign on Urban Governance in the year 1999 in order to support the implementation of the Habitat Agenda goal of "sustainable human settlements development in an urbanizing world ". The goal of the Campaign is to contribute to the eradication of poverty through improved urban governance. It is now widely believed that the quality of governance is the key factor for the eradication of poverty and the creation of prosperity in cities. The United NationsHABITAT has also been propagating the concept of the 'inclusive city'; a city which promotes growth with equity, a place where everyone, regardless of their economic status, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer. The definition of urban governance according to the Campaign is as follows: "Urban Governance is the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, plan and manage the common affairs of the city. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action can be taken. It includes formal institutions as well as informal arrangements and the social capital of citizens". Further, the Campaign also defines good urban governance as follows: "Urban governance is inextricably linked to the welfare of the citizenry. Good urban governance must enable women and men to access the benefits of urban citizenship. Good urban governance, based on the principle of urban citizenship, affirms that no man, woman or child can be denied access to the necessities of urban life, including adequate shelter, security of tenure, safe water, sanitation, a clean environment, health, education and nutrition, employment and public safety and mobility. Through good urban governance, citizens are provided with the platform which will allow them to use their talents to the full to improve their social and economic conditions".
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In order to implement the good urban governance agenda, the United Nations HABITAT has proposed that good urban governance is characterized by the following principles: Sustainability Subsidiary Equity Efficiency Transparency and accountability Civic engagement and citizenship and Security Based on the above, several nations have drawn up action plans for good urban governance in their respective contexts. It is in this broad world view, taking into specific cognizance the peculiarities of urbanization and urban local administration in India, for the better health of Government it is important to have good coordination and self responsibility of the government organizations from central to local level and also proper coordination with local NGOs, private organizations and community participation. Thus, based on the same the recommendations/ proposals also focus on the capacity building of public and private organizations at different levels. But, it is also important to consider the legal background of different organizations and their functions and jurisdictions before proposing the strategies for improvements. Urban Areas are the engines of economic growth. The quality of civic infrastructure and civic services has a critical bearing on economic development of the city and State as a whole. The 74th amendment to the constitution devolved the role of management and development of the city to the elected representatives of the city through the citys Urban Local Body (ULBs). Hence the ULBs are both the custodians of civil infrastructure and providers of civic services. Thus, ULBs are catalysts of economic growth of a city. However, the management of a city like Bareilly is a complex task and several institutions are involved in it, as given below. Agencies Involved In Providing Urban Services in Bareilly : UP Housing & Development Board
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Functions of the Nagar Nigam Bareilly The UP Municipal Corporation Adhiniyam, 1959 as amended from time to time provides for majority of the function listed in the 12th schedule of the constitution. These are: Urban planning including town Planning Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings Planning for economic and social development Roads and bridges Water Supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management Fire services Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded Slum improvement and up gradation Provision of Urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetics aspects Burials, burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums Cattle Ponds; Prevention of cruelty to animals Vital Statistics including registration of births and deaths Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and Public Conveniences Regulation of slaughter houses
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Nagar Nigam Bareilly (NNB) : The administrative chart of NNB is given below:
Nagar Ayukt
Upper Nagar Ayukt
Sahayak Nagar Ayukt
Varishth Nagar Swasth Adhikari
Chief Engineer
Zonal health officers
Executive Engineers
Chief Sanitary Inspectors (2)
Assistant Engineers
Sanitary Inspectors (5)
Junior Engineers
ENGINEERING Supervisors DEPARTMENT
Safai karamcharis HEALTH DEPARTMENT
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U.P. HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD U.P. Housing and Development Board have been set up under the Act of 1965 in April 1966. It has been established to implement the various housing and development schemes in a planned way and to bring harmony by keeping in mind the state level and national level residential policy and programmes. The main objectives of U.P. Housing and Development Board are to: Make the plan for all residence related activities in the urban areas and to get them implemented fast and in effective way; Receive grant and loan from central and state government, commercial bank, financial organizations, public bodies etc. Acquire the land and construct roads, electricity, water supply, and other urban facilities and to arrange and distribute the land and constructed houses according to the demand from registered people Make special arrangement for the houses for the backward class and scheduled caste and tribe, security workers and freedom fighters. OVERLAP OF INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES The multiplicity of organizations involved in providing urban services makes the management of affairs of the city highly complex. It becomes essential to define the roles and responsibilities of each of the Agencies very clearly. The inter-relationships of various departments play an important role in making available good quality of services to the community /citizens of the city. More-over overlapping of some of the functions requires a high level of coordination. The following table indicates the service-wise planning, implementation and operation and maintenance function being carried out by various agencies involved in providing services in Bareilly Urban Area. It will be seen that many services are being provided by more than one agency resulting in avoidable delays at the time of handing over the assets who has to ultimately maintain them.
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KEY ISSUES The critical issues that emerge from the existence of multiple agencies include: Spatial and functional fragmentation Overlapping functions Multiple accountability lines High service delivery gaps and Increasing Urban poverty
Lack of clarity in local functions: The Constitution 74th Amendment Act, 1992 envisages that the functions listed in 12th schedule of the Constitution is entrusted to elected municipalities. This is with a view to minimize ambiguities and overlapping functions between local bodies and other authorities. However, in practice, several agencies are responsible for the functions and in some cases local bodies have no role. Inter-institutional conflicts: The large number of departments, institutions, agencies and officers undertaking similar, related and overlapping functions or the functions not clearly defined lead to conflicts in operation. Moreover the various agencies over the same or overlapping jurisdiction and are not in a position to understand and evaluate the backward and forward linkages associated with these functions. Municipal-Parastatal Coordination: There is a lack of coordination between urban local bodies and parastatals in areas such as inter-municipal, inter district and inter-state roads, Storm water drainage and sewerage, common amenities like whole -sale markets, truck terminals, bus stations, garbage dumping yards, landfill sites. The real problem is noticed in plan implementation. No clearly defined mechanism exists to take up such works in an integrated manner taking into account the geographical factors. Managerial Coordination Issues: There are many managers connected with metropolitan service delivery and infrastructure management. All these make the task of metropolitan management highly complex and difficult. In addition to general coordination between urban and rural local
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authorities, there are several inter-departmental and inter institutional coordination issues, which arise in day to day administration of the metropolitan area. Jurisdictional Issues: It is very difficult to arrive at a common boundary for all services. The geographical Area required for internalizing the costs and benefits of a service like urban transport, water supply, storm water drainage etc. If such matching is not ensured, there will be perennial problems of service revenues falling short of service costs, mounting inter -institutional conflicts, increased cost of public administration, lack of integrated development and imposition of high social cost on the public. Thus it is important that the jurisdictional issues are sorted out carefully. While it is important to keep the costs of metropolitan administration low, exploitation of development potential of the metro area and its contribution to national wealth and income should be the primary consideration for metropolitan spatial organization. Grievance Redressal: The Grievance Redressal mechanism in the city is weak and the people are made to run from pillar to post for grievance redressal. There is also no proper platform to provide information to the citizens on all services. Lack of awareness and information is affecting the citizens access to grievance redressal mechanisms. Though citizens charters are established for the service providing agencies, majority of the public is not aware of the duties and rights under the same. Institutional Strategies There is a need to address the institutional and other challenges to provide good governance to the city. Unless the roadblocks are removed, economic development is hampered and efficient service delivery becomes difficult. This adversely affects the community particular the poor. There is need, therefore, to restructure the governance framework, remove the roadblocks and streamline the lines of accountability. The governance reforms become all the more critical in the context of Bareilly, which has got the dying city reputation to become more competitive and to become an investment destination. The city should offer high quality services and promote inclusiveness and citizen friendly governance institution. Only when it is environment friendly and is well governed, the vision of the city can be realized. The institutional strategies required include:
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Spatial integration of NNB surrounding municipalities and their service providing agencies for better planning and delivery of services (Bareilly Metropolitan Area)
Establishing clear lines of accountability of service delivery agencies Constituting autonomous service delivery agencies in different structures like water supply, sanitation, sewerage, transport, roads, solid waste management etc. with NNB playing the role of a regulator.
Performance based memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Municipality (NNB) and various service delivery agencies, focusing on targets and outcomes
Institutional Implementation Mechanisms Within the overall framework, institutional and implementation mechanisms need to be worked out. These include: Establishing a Reform monitoring Unit as an Overseeing Body to monitor the reforms under way and being proposed Strengthening local Government capacities by outsourcing project management and M & E function Establishing appraisal mechanism for institutions and processes
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CHAPTER 03 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY
3.1. SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY Like most of the other Nagar Nigam, there is a large gap between the level of infrastructure services required for the city and the actual services to cater the proliferating population. In addition to this, there is also lack of operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure facilities and services which in turn deteriorating the existing services and facilities and making much worse conditions with the city limits. The city is having high percentage share of slum population results in more unhygienic and unhealthy pockets of areas in and around the city limits. The existing facilities and services to these slum populations are also not able to cater the needs; instead - it is creating more stress on the city ecology, environment and health due to its improper functioning. Considering the existing service profile of the Bareilly city which was designed to cater the growing population of Bareilly city with a population of 9.23 lacs (projected population from Census data which states that according to Census 2001 the population is 7.2 lacs); with the current family size of 07 - the number of households for the population size of 9.23 lacs are 1.2 lacs. Within this set of population there are 85 notified slums areas which is accounting to about 25% of the total population (census 2001) i.e. about 6.28 lacs with the family size of 07 the number of households for the slum population is 1.28 lacs. The service profile of the city in this current report focuses on water supply, sewerage, and solid waste and sanitation facilities. 3.1.1. WATER SUPPLY The total length of distribution network in the city is about 578 km and this network distribution includes both slum and non slum areas. The city is divided into 04 zones and the total number of service connections is about 54608 which include only residential service connections. And these residential service connections include bulk supply and connections to apartments. In addition to these residential service connections, there are about 2457 commercial service connections and these include commercial establishments, shops and small scale industries. Further to this, the duration of water supply in the city is about 6 hours per day and this is further bifurcated into 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the evening. In addition to the household
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service connections, there are also about 512 public stand posts and most of them are located in slum areas. The following table illustrates the broad overview of water supply facilities in the city.
Working Data No. of Power Bores No. of hand bores No. of Bore wells No. of Storage Reservoirs Length of Distribution Network(KM) Number of Service Connections Domestic HSC House service connections Commercial Connections Duration Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) No. of tankers(capacities also) Total water Supplied in MLD(ward wise - 36) Zone -1 Zone -2 Zone -3 Zone -4 Total 49 2610 Nil 22 49 2560 Nil 22
Not working/disconnected Nil 50 Nil Nil
578.2 54608 52151 2457 6 Hrs 512 10 Nos., 3000 it capacity of each 102 MLD 27 MLD 36 MLD 28 MLD 11 MLD
It is also important to consider the basic background information of the city likely about number of wards, slum settlements, area of the city, population distribution, number of residential properties
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and non residential properties. The following table illustrates the data on the above mentioned categories.
Unit Number of Wards Number
Yr.2009 70 wards & 4 zones
Number of Slum Settlements Area Population Number of Residents Properties Number of Non Residents Properties
Number Sq. Kms Number Number Number
85
106
923138
120000
2498
The following table illustrates the property details of both residential and non residential areas in respective zones. This table also gives the areas of each zone and road length in each zone.
Ward or Zone Name Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4 Total
Slums
Area (sq km)
Population (number) Total Slum
Households (number) Total Slum
Properties (number) Reside ntial 26361 48665 22201 23089 12031 6 Non residential N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 2498
Road Length
(num ber) 30 19 20 16 85
Total
Slum
43.56 20.10 19.66 23.11 106.4 3
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.00
253667 292650 226348 150474 923138
78654 43934 53676 47109 22337 3
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.00
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.00
152.121 167.886 157.849 109.625
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The following table illustrates the water supply served to total population in the city and also the population served in the slum areas.
Ward or Zone Name
Total
Population Coverage
Slum population
Slum (%) Per capita
% Passin g RC Test 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Availability
Population
Served
(%)
Pop
Served
Cover age N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Supply lpcd N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Hours/day
1 2 3 4 Total/a verage
253667 292650 226348 150474

923138
190250 234120 181078 60190 665638
75% 80% 80% 40% 72%
78654 43934 53676 47109

223373
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
6 Hours 6 Hours 6 Hours 6 Hours
It is also important to understand the type of connections in the city in different sectors. Statistical analysis shows that most of the connections at different levels are unmetered and non functional metered connections. The following table illustrates the statistical figures of type of connections.
Type of connection
Unit
Metered (Functional) Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Metered (nonfunctional) 35526 Nil 1674 Nil Nil
Unmetered
Total
House service Public taps Commercial Industrial Institutional
Number Number Number Number Number
16625 512 783 Nil Nil
52151 512 2457 Nil Nil
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Bulk supply Other Total
Number Number Number
Nil Nil Nil
Nil Nil 37200
Nil Nil 17920
Nil Nil 55120
The following table illustrates the type of connections that the household served. There are about 54608 connections in house services, where as that of slum households are about 8865. There are also about 512 public taps connections and of which 149 public taps are serving to households in slum areas. In addition to these household connections and public taps, there are also about 1800 functional hand pumps in the city and of which there are about 900 located in slum areas. The following table illustrates number of households and population served by water.
Households Served Type of connection House service Public taps Bulk supply Other Sub-total Other types of service Hand pumps (Functional) Tankers Sub-total Total HHs served Total Population Served Unit Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Residential 54608 512 Nil Nil 55120 By Tankers 1827 45486 About 80,000 636098 Slums 8865 149 Nil Nil 9014 By Tankers 783 9797 20424 223156
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The following table illustrates the different sources of water installed and total volume of water generated from different sources. Statistical figures related to sources of water and volume of water generated shows that the total volume of water produced from all different sources together is about 113 MLD and the majority share i.e. about 102 MLD is produced from ground water.
Sources of water Type of Source Unit Installed capacity Volume Metered (Y/N)
Ground water (power pumps) Other sources (Hand pump) Total
MLD MLD
102.0 11.00 113.00
102.0 11.00 113.00
N N
The total length of distribution network in the city is about 578.20 Kms i.e. about 65 sq.km of total area of city is covered with distribution networks. And the total service storage capacity in the network is about 22.975 ML. The following statistical table also illustrates the water storage and distribution network within the city.
Water storage and Distribution Network Length of distribution network Average age of distribution Kilometers Years 578.20 30
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Total service storage capacity in network
Million liters
22.975
Tankers Trips New connections added in 2008-09 Total area covered by distribution network
Trips/Month Number
As required 516 65 Sq.Km
The water service quality in Bareilly city is satisfactory. The average duration of water supply is about 6 hours a day. The average pressure in the system is about 4 metres and residual pressure at critical measure point is about only 1.5 meters. There are also leaks reported in the pipe line network and pipe breaks reported which causes hindrance to quality of water supply services. The following table illustrates the water service quality factors.
Water Service Quality Average duration of water supply Average pressure in the system Residual pressure at critical measurement point Leaks reported in the year Leaks repaired in the year Pipe breaks repaired in the year Details of Water Quality Lab Hours/day Meters Meters Number Number Number Utility/Other 6.00 4.00 1.5 1125 1125 415 Other
The following table illustrates the treated water quality surveillance with accordance to number of samples tested for residual chlorine, bacteriological and physical/ chemicals at different points and the number of tests passed.
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Treated Water Quality Surveillance Sample Location Sampling Number of Samples Tested For Residual Chlorine Bacteriological Physical/ chemical
At the outlet of WTP At intermediate points At consumer end Total Total Tests Passed Tests required as per standard ND 4580 4580 4580 4500 ND 4500 36 36 36 ND 44 44 44 ND
The following table illustrated the customer services from water supply department to general public. Customer Services Complaints on no water, quality of water during the year Complaints redressed within 24 hrs during the year Other complaints recorded during the year Other complaints resolved during the year Number Number Number Number 52 48 1125 1112
The following table illustrates the ways of making complaints about the service of water supply Ways of making complaints At utility office Letter Telephone E-mail SMS Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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But the level of computerization is not available at any level of organization. The following table shows the level of computerization at different sectors of water supply department. Level of computerization Billing System Customer Complaints Accounts Administration/HR Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No No No No No
The following table illustrates the percentage share of total budget of water supply for urban poor. ULB policy for providing water to the urban poor Please state the policy
20% of the Total Budget of water supply is mandatory for urban poor.
It is also important to consider the staff information for water supply department. The following table illustrates the number of technical and non technical staff information of water supply department. Staff Information Category Unit Number Number Technical 01 01 Nontechnical Nil Nil
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Class I Class II
BAREILLY
Class III Class IV Contracted staff Other Total
Number Number Number Number Number
04 38 Nil Nil 44
18 84 Nil Nil 102
On the other hand, there is also private sector participation in water supply operations. The following table illustrates the service contracted to private sector and their type of contracts, its contract period and value. Private Sector Participation in Water Supply Operations Service Contracted Contract Type Labor rate Job work Contract Period 1 Year 1 Year Value Rs. Per Year 27.00 Lac 13.41 Lac
Operation of Tube Well Hand pump Maintenance
The following table illustrates the financial information of the water supply department: Financial Information Annual Operating Revenues from Consumption Opening Balance as on 31-03-08 Demand raised for the period 200809 House Service Connections - Public taps Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs 120.16 201.45 104.56 Nil
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- Commercial - Industrial - Bulk supply - Other Total Revenue Demand Collection against arrears Collection against current demand Closing Balance as on 31-03-09 Other revenues (taxes, connection fees)
Debt Service (interests & principal) in Rupees
Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs
N.D. Nil Nil Nil 426.17 73.53 171.58 181.06 2.17
Rs. Lakhs
Nil
Annual Operation Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs) Category Regular Staff Costs Contracted Staff Costs Electricity charges/Fuel costs Chemical Costs Repairs/Maintenance costs Contracted Service Costs Bulk Supply (Raw/Treated Water) Depreciation Other Costs Total Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks Rs. Laks 261.00 27.00 498.00 7.50 169.00 Nil Nil Nil Nil 962.50
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The following table illustrates the capital expenditure and different sources of capital investments of water supply department. Capital expenditure during the year Sources of capital investments Government Grants Loans from Government Loans from Multilaterals Loans from Public Banks Loans from Private banks Market Borrowing Total Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs 8.93 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 8.93 Rs. Lakhs 93.36
Key Issues: The total water supplied is about 124 MLD. The availability of water is adequate but distribution system needs improvement. Issues are that numbers of connection is not increasing due to excess use of ground water, low pressure and unreliable service, low utilization due to old and leaky system, Inadequate funds for O&M. The need is felt to expand distribution as demand is high. The piped water supply of Bareilly City was started about 30 years ago. The distribution network covers 60% of the city area. The leakage (UFW - unaccounted-for water) is estimated to be 30 percent due to old and leaky pipelines. The most significant drawback of Bareilly water supply is the huge amount of water wastage and negligible revenue collection from public utilities (for example parks and fire fighting etc.) and stand posts which takes away about 10 percent of water.
BAREILLY
SEWERAGE The total length of sewerage network pipes in the city is about 206.2 km but, the age of the sewerage network pipes is about 35 years. Further, the total area covered by sewerage network is only about 25 sq.km. The total municipal water supplied is about 113 MLD and that from other sources is about 11.54 MLD. The total water supplied is about 124.54 MLD of which 99.2 MLD of waste water is being generated from different sources within the city. The following table illustrates the volume of drinking water consumed and waste water generated from different sources within the city.
Volumes of Drinking Water Consumed and Wastewater Generated Drinking Water Consumed Type of connected Property Unit ULB Water Supply Other Source Total Wastewater Generated 80% of water supplied n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 124.54 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 99.2
Residential Public taps Industrial Institutional Other Total
MLD MLD MLD MLD MLD MLD
n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 113.0
n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.54
The following table illustrates the length of sewer lines in each zone and the area covered, properties with toilets connected to sewer lines, flood prone areas and water logging areas.
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Ward/ Zone
Sever Lines
Properties with toilets connected to
Length
Area covere d (sq km) 9.00
Sewer s lines
Soak pits
(km) Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Total 43
Storm drains or canals N.D.
Properti es without access to toilets
Standalone Sewage w/effluent disposal
Flood Prone Areas (numbe r)
Waterlogging Flooding (number )
1517
N.D.
N.D.
N.D
05
07
71
8.46
4044
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D
12
14
59
3.97
4045
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D
06
33
4.33
2022
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D
04
03
206
25.76
11628
N.D.
N.D.
10026
N.D
21
30
But, there is no treatment of the waste water that is being generated within the city. It is also important to consider the Septage management in the city. The sludge and effluent waste that is being collected in the soak pits and septic tanks is being collect by the Septage sucking machines handled by NNB. But the sludge that is being collected, discharged/disposed into open drains. The following table illustrates the Septage management in the city: Septage Management Does to NNB practice Septage Management Septage Sucking Machines available within NNB Private Septage Machine Licensed by NNB Yes/No Number Number Yes 2 Nil
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The following are the sewerage related complaints recorded in the year and the number of sewerage related complaints rectified in the year. Sewage related complaints Recorded in the year Sewage related complaints Rectified in the year Number Number 3850 3837
There are different ways of making complaints. The following table illustrates the ways of making complaints. Ways of making complaints At Utility office Letter Telephone E-Mail SMS Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes Yes Yes No No
Policy for Sewerage connection for the urban poor There is no any specific policy for sewer connections to urban poor. But normal fees for sewer connection is only Rs. 250/- which is very less and any one got sewer connection by deposit Rs. 250/only.
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The following table illustrates the staff information details: Staff Information Type of Staff Class I Class II Class III Class IV Other Contracted Staff Total Unit Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Technical 01 01 02 12 Nil Nil 16 Non Technical Nil Nil 01 103 35 Nil 139
There is also private sector participation in sewage activities. The following table illustrates the private sector participation in sewage, service contracted, its contract type, period and its value. Private Sector Participate in Sewage Service Contracted Sewer Cleaning Operation of Sewer Pumping Station Contact Type Labor Rate Job Work Period 3 month 1 year Value Rs 4.95 4.05
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The following table illustrates the financial information Financial Information Annual Operating Revenues (Rupees in Lakhs) Opening Balance as on 31st March 2008 Demand Raised for the Period 2008-09 Collection against arrears Collection against current Demand Closing Balance as on 31st March 2009 Other Revenue (Taxes, Connection Fees) Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs 26.19 50.80 9.38 21.89 19.53 N.D.
Annual Operating Expense (Rupees in Lakhs) Staff Power/Fuel Chemicals Repairs/Maintenance Administrative & other establishment Contracted Labor Deprecation Contractor costs for O&M Total Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs 94.98 21.46 nil 92.23 N.D. 19.80 N.D. N.D. 228.47
Type of Staff Class I
Unit Number
No. of Staff 03
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Class II Class III Class IV Other Contracted Staff Total
Number Number Number Number Number Number
04 16 320 130 473
Annual Operating Expense (Rupees in Lakhs) Staff Equipment Repairs/Maintenance Administrative & other establishment Contracted Labor Contractor costs for Maintenance Total Debt Service (interests & principals) Capital Expenditure For the year Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs 80.00 04.60 12.10 5.00 11.70 10.00 123.40 Nil 123.40
The following table illustrates the source of capital investments Source of Capital investment Government Grant Loans from Government Loans from Foreign Agencies Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs 80.00 Nil Nil
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Government Banks Commercial Banks/Bonds Total
Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs Rs.Lakhs
Nil Nil 80.00
Key Issues: The source of sewer is mostly from domestic households. The total length of sewerage network pipes in the city is about 206.2 km but, the age of the sewerage network pipes is only about 35 years. The total area covered by sewerage network is only about 25 sq.km The thus produced waste water is about 99.2 MLD from all the sources within the city. No sewerage treatment plant.
STORM WATER DRAINS The following table illustrates the storm water drainage network for each zone. The table illustrates the number of slum areas in each zone, total area of storm water drainage network in each zone and total length of roads in each zone. This also illustrates the total length of drains primary, secondary and tertiary drains within the city. The following also illustrates the major flood prone drains. Word Name Read Length (K.M) Ward-1 Jatavpura Ward-2 Biharipur Civil Lines Ward-3 Nawada Shakhan Ward-4 Suger Foctory 6.636 5.840 Primary (K.M) 9.60 6.60 Total Length of Drains Secondary (K.M) 1.60 3.00 Tertiary (K.M) 0.80 2.00 Flood Prone Areas (Number) -
9.212
13.20
3.20
1.80
4.845
7.50
1.00
1.10
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Ward-5 Noumehla Ward-6 Nakpur Ward-7 Delapeer Ward-8 VeerBatti Ward-9 Haziyapur Ward-10 Katra Chand Khan Ward-11 Sanjay Nager Ward-12 Sneiya Dhan Singh Ward-13 I.V.R.I Ward-14 Marinath Ward-15 Harunagla Ward-16 Awas Vikas Ward-17 Nadousi Ward-18 Madel Town Ward-19 Moula Nagar Ward-20 Bankhana Ward-21 Azam Nagar Ward-22 Kanjadasspur Ward-23 Partapur Choudry Ward-24 Banipur Choudry Ward-25 Katghar Ward-26 Knoongoyan
10.872 7.366 13.530 8.455 8.775 5.435
15.20 12.10 19.40 14.10 9.92 8.50
4.10 1.50 4.20 1.80 3.40 1.50
2.50 1.13 3.40 0.90 2.08 0.80
One
One -
12.735 12.445
21.60 17.40
2.32 4.15
1.50 3.32
One
8.358 7.547 14.340 10.973 10.767 12.872 6.246 5.626 9.352 7.365 8.676
14.80 11.40 22.90 18.50 20.30 17.10 8.70 7.5 16.80 10.60 13.85
1.20 2.30 3.25 2.25 0.600 3.50 2.25 2.40 1.21 2.50 2.10
0.60 1.27 2.50 1.0 0.500 2.30 1.53 1.30 0.600 1.50 1.25
One One -
10.556
17.75
2.20
1.15
One
6.353 6.340
8.15 10.60
2.70 1.50
1.75 0.70
One -
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Ward-27 Swale Nagar Ward-28 Kalilpur Ward-29 Indra Nagar Ward-30 Malukpur Ward-31 Rampur Gardun Ward-32 Faridapur Choudry Ward-33 Choudry Moulla Ward-34 Mathurapur Ward-35 Kuwarpur Ward-36 Gandhi Udhyan Ward-37 Shaukara Ward-38 Shikarpur Ward-39 Biharipur Mamran Ward-40 Saidpur Hakins Ward-41 Bukharpura Ward-42 Subhash Nagar Ward-43 Surkha Chavni Ward-44 Gandhi Nagar Ward-45 Joherpur Ward-46 Nawada Jogiyan Ward-47 Bhoor Ward-48 Peer Bhoura
10.827 10.736 8.772 5.372 10.872
19.90 20.20 11.65 7.15 16.15
1.30 1.60 3.25 2.30 3.20
0.400 2.50 1.15 2.25
One -
6.448
8.400
2.600
1.800
One
6.533
7.400
3.200
2.100
12.553 5.363 10.735 6.732 7.656 6.358
22.50 7.400 15.10 9.10 9.75 9.40
1.800 2.200 3.600 2.80 3.20 3.30
0.800 1.00 2.80 1.50 2.25 -
One -
12.357 8.353 5.782 14.268 9.356 11.753 15.835
20.50 10.90 7.85 24.30 14.05 18.100 26.800
2.70 3.50 2.10 2.75 3.10 3.60 3.20
1.50 2.25 1.45 1.35 1.45 1.80 1.60
One One -
6.340 8.537
8.100 13.200
3.10 2.30
1.40 1.20
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Ward-49 Rhapura Choudry Ward-50 Soofi Tola Ward-51 Phaltoon Ganj Ward-52 Bhidhouliya Ward-53 Khannu Mhoulla Ward-54 Kanker Tola Ward-55 Gulab Nagar Ward-56 Shabad Ward-57 Maheshpur Atariya Ward-58 Shadana Ward-59 Bagariya Puranmal Ward-60 Katkuiya Ward-61 Nawi Basti Ward-62 Shiklapur Ward-63 Allamgiri Ganj Ward-64 Chuk Mahmood Ward-65 English Ganj Ward-66 Shoudagran Ward-67 Azaz Nagar Ward-68 Rholi Tola Ward-69 Ghar Shakh Mithoo
10.977
15.800
3.80
2.30
5.265 6.358 12.753 5.380
7.700 10.300 18.800 8.500
1.70 1.60 3.90 1.40
1.10 0.80 2.80 0.80
6.563 6.872 5.932 11.768
9.70 10.20 9.30 20.10
2.30 2.50 1.80 2.80
1.10 0.900 0.700 0.600
One
6.454 6.968
8.55 11.05
2.75 1.80
1.50 0.95
6.350 7.360 5.323 5.872 8.427
10.35 10.10 6.35 8.85 13.30
2.35 2.40 2.50 2.75 2.40
2.20 1.75 1.10
3.762 6.378 10.810 8.756 0.368
8.30 9.75 10.55 15.10 10.200
3.10 2.85 2.80 2.30 2.40
2.25 -
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Ward- 70 Rabri Tola Total
5.130 586.881
8.40 903.22
1.80 176.43
92.68
The flood prone areas are ganesh nagar, shanty vihar, ravindar nagar, ganga nagar, mandinath, vishwanath puram, veera batatti, Subhash nagar, joginavadaa, hajiyapura, sanjay nagar, chak mahamud, yejajnagar ghautiya, gausai ghautai, indira nagar, bakarganj etc. Key Issues: Each ward is having primary, secondary and tertiary drains of different lengths. The waste drained into these nallas - includes waste water from households, commercial areas, and industrial areas. Most of the open/ closed drains are chocked with solid waste and sludge. There are many flood prone drains within the city.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT There is a heavy waste generated within the city from many sources, but there is no household door to door collection of solid waste management services in the city. The total waste generated in the city is about 450 metric tons per day. And the majority share of waste that is being generated is from households. There is also relatively high share of waste generation i.e. about 95 MT/day from markets. The following table illustrates the quantity of waste generation from different sources within the city.
Waste Generation Waste Generated by Households Waste Generated by Street Sweeping Waste Generated by Hotels and Restaurants MT/day MT/day MT/day 230 39 52
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Waste Generated by Markets (Vegetable Markets, Mandis etc) Waste Generated by Commercial Establishments ( Institutions, etc) Waste Generated by other sources ( debris, horticulture waste etc) Total Estimated Waste Generated
MT/day
95
MT/day
14
MT/day
20
MT/day
450
There is no arrangement of solid waste treatment in the city. Since, there is no processing/ recycling unit the extent of municipal solid waste recovered is nil. The waste that is being collected from the secondary sources of points is being disposed off in the open dump sites. The total waste that is being generated from different sources within the city is about 450 MT/ day and the total waste that is being collected and disposed off is about only 420 MT/ month. The rest 30 MT is loss due to transportation losses.
EXTENT OF SCIENTIFIC DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Quantity of Waste Disposal Quantity of waste disposed in compliant landfill sites Quantity of waste disposed in open dump sites MT/month MT/month
0 420
There are many problems raised by public in solid waste management, but the efficiency in redressal of customer complaints in about 96%. The following table illustrates the redressal mechanism details of solid waste management.
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BAREILLY
EFFICIENCY IN REDRESSAL OF CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS Customer Service Complaints received during the year Complaints resolved within 24 hours during the year Number Number
96.35417
768 740
The following table illustrates the financial information on solid waste management.
Financial Information - Operational Expenditure on SWM during previous year Regular Staff & Administration Rs. In Lakhs Outsourced/Contracted Staff Costs Rs. In Lakhs Electricity Charges/Fuel Costs Rs. In Lakhs Chemical Costs Rs. In Lakhs Repair/Maintenance Costs Rs. In Lakhs Contracted Services Cost Rs. In Lakhs Other Costs (Specify) Rs. In Lakhs Total Operational Expenses
2,331.7 9 13.21
216.60
6.00
10
Rs. In
2577.6
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BAREILLY
Lakhs Staff Information Senior Management-Health Officer (Sanctioned) Senior Management-Health Officer (Working) Sanitary Inspector (Sanctioned) Sanitary Inspector (Working) Sanitary Supervisor (Sanctioned) Sanitary Supervisor (Working) Maistries/Safai Karam chari (Sanctioned) Maistries/Safai Karam chari (Working) Cleaners/Drivers (Sanctioned) Cleaners/Drivers (Working) Labourers (Sanctioned) Labourers (Working) Others Specify Total (Sanctioned) Total (Working) Key Issues The issues confronting in collection of garbage at Bareilly are as under: No processing/ recycling facilities. No door to door collection of waste.
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Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number
2 2 2 0 3 2 250 242 450 567 0 0 0 707 813
BAREILLY
The dumping grounds, by roadside and elsewhere, are unhygienic and have deplorable look. Disposal of waste into drains leads to choking of drains Rains washed out part of garbage from these secondary points into drains and Nalas which leads to silting.
Mixing of bio-medical and other forms of waste with municipal waste is a serious health hazard.
Lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source Large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning activities
Shortage of staff and lack of motivation amongst the existing staff Presently there is no waste processing plant at Bareilly and the total waste is dumped openly.
At present waste generation in the city is around 450MT per day. For Bareilly, household and organic waste constitutes largest component followed by inert material such as building material and debris etc. in overall composition of waste i.e. waste generated from households, commercial establishments and institutions in Bareilly.
The main sources of waste generation includes Residential, commercial, industrial establishments, hospital & nursing homes, hotels & restaurants, slaughter houses, street sweeping, sanitary drains and construction and demolition sites.
The quantity of waste generated from these medical institutions is approx 2.74 tonnes per day. Out of total bio -waste generated, only 1350 Kg (about 20 %) is sent to the centralized biomedical waste management facility. Some estimate that about 30 percent of bio-medical waste is getting mixed up with other type of waste.
Most of the slaughtered waste is thrown into the nallas. Total waste generation is approximately 4-5ton/day. The dust generated through street sweeping constitutes 5% (72.35 MT) of total waste.
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The drain silt constitutes about 15% of the MSW generated in Bareilly city. A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities for filling up of the low-lying areas or kutcha road i.e. about 20% of this waste is collected at these sites and become a part of MSW.
3.2. ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN POTENTIAL AREAS SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL (SLUM AND NON-SLUM AREAS): An extensive survey has been conducted, which includes primary household surveys, focused group discussions and field visit surveys - that are primarily conducted to understand the exiting situation of sanitation facilities at household levels both in slum and non slum areas and identify the key issues and gaps in the sanitary facilities at this level. The present population in total city is about 9.23 lacs with a bifurcation of slum and non slum population. Statistics show that there is about 26% of the slum population i.e. about 2.44 lacs and the remaining in non slum areas i.e. about 6.79 lacs. The non slum population includes HIG, MIG and LIG and also non notified slums that can be categorized into low income population groups. The number of slums that are notified are about 85 in number that spread across the city. In addition to these notified slums there are number of unnotified slums and are categorized in low income groups in Bareilly. Further considering the number of households in slum areas the number of households in slum areas is about 31850 and the number of households in non slum areas is about 88466. The following table shows the population and household distribution in slum and non slum areas.
Non Slum Percentage Population Household 73.53% 6.76 lacs 88466
Slum 26.45% 2.44 lacs 31850
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total no. of HH slum pop non slum pop total slum HH non slum HH total
120316 244170 678968 923138 31850 88466 120316
% dry latrine pour flush no toilets CT OD 10.8 74.2 15 6.37 14.04
no. of HH 12994 89274 18047 1150 16897
Further considering the different types of individual toilet facilities in Bareilly city are soak pit toilets, pour flush toilets, Kuddi. Kuddi is a small structure built on bricks and is directly connected to an open nalla. This is very prevalent in slum areas. The only difference is that these people dont open defecate rather leaves it directly to drain which is much more dangerous. Gaddewali is also prevalent in places where there is availability of space good enough. A pit like structure is built with admeasuring 4X4 or 4X6 structure closed by a slab. This gets filled generally by a year or two and is cleaned by the municipal vehicle (sludge sucking machine and thrown into a bigger nalas) on the payment basis. From the primary analysis, focused group discussion and stakeholder meetings it is known that about 94% of the non slum households are with household individual toilets and these household individual toilets include pit latrine, water closet, and septic tank. In addition to the above
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mentioned households and their access to different types of individual toilets there is also certain portion of population, i.e. from the primary survey analysis shows that there is about 1% of the total number of households in non slum areas using community toilets.
non slum population total access to toilets no toilets CT OD 678968 638230 40738 407 40331 non slum HH total access to toilets no toilets CT OD 88466 83158 5308 53.08 5255
total 923138 784732 138406 8816 129590 total 120316 102268 18048 1150 16898
The analysis shows that there are about 83158 households have access to individual household toilets i.e. about 6.38 lacs population from non slum areas. There is about 5% of the total number of households do not have any kind of access to toilets i.e. about 5255 households i.e. about 40 thousand of population in non slum areas defecate openly. This is only because of the number of unnotified slums/ low income group households/ population categories into non slum regions and location of low income groups.
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Further considering the sanitation facilities in slum areas, the access to individual toilets is very poor. There is more access to community toilets than the individual/ private toilets. The different types of toilets at individual level in slum areas that are most prevalent are pour flush toilets, Kuddi, Gaddewali/ soak pit and community toilets. The usage of community toilets is very prevalent in slum areas. The pour flush type of toilets at individual level includes the individual toilets provided by ILCS i.e. about 5826 HH are constructed mainly in slum areas to reduce the open defecation and improve the sanitary conditions by DUDA. Further considering the percentage share of households/ population having access to household individual toilets is about 60% of the households and these also include the individual pour flush toilets build by different agencies as mentioned above. These different types of households include pour flush, soak pits, toilets connected to open drain. From the primary survey analysis, focused group discussions and field visits shows that there are about 5% of slum households in addition to the private/ public individual toilets there are also community toilets in the slum areas which majorly cater to the certain share of the slum population. There are about 23 community toilets in Bareilly city of which 21 community toilets are located in slum areas, each catering to about 15 (no. of seats in a community toilet) X 35 (no. of persons per seat per day) i.e. about a total population of 8049 i.e. about 1097 households i.e. about 5% of the total slum populations are dependent on community toilets. This shows that there is about 36.5% of the total slum population are using other options i.e. open defecation is very common i.e. about 11643 slum households i.e. about 89259 of population.
slum population Total access to toilets no toilets CT OD 244170 146502 97668 8409 89259 slum HH
total 923138 784732 138406 8816 129590 total

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Total access to toilets no toilets CT OD
31850 19110 12740 1097 11643
120316 102268 18048 1150 16898
Finally for the analysis, it is shown that about 5% of the non slum area population and about 36.5% of the slum area populations do not have any access to toilet facilities and they open defecate. This shows that about 40331 persons in non slum areas i.e. about 5255 of households defecate openly. And about 89259 persons in slum areas i.e. about 11643 households defecate openly. On the whole there are about 1.29 lacs of total population i.e. about 16898 of households of Bareilly city i.e. about 14.04% of the total population/ households of Bareilly open defecate. Key Issues: The present population in total city is about 9.23 lacs with a bifurcation of slum and non slum population. Statistics show that there is about 27% of the slum population i.e. about 2.44 lacs and the remaining in non slum areas i.e. about 6.74lacs. The numbers of slums that are notified are about 85 in number that spread across the city. In addition to these notified slums there are number of unnotified slums and are categorized in low income groups in Bareilly. The different types of individual toilet facilities in Bareilly city are soak pit toilets, WC with septic tanks, pour flush toilets , Kuddi etc. About 94% of the non slum households are with household individual toilets and these household individual toilets include pit latrine, water closet with septic tank. There is about 1-2% of the total number of households in non slum areas using community toilets.
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There is about 5% of the total number of households do not have any kind of access to toilets i.e. about 5255 households i.e. about 40 thousand of population in non slum areas defecate openly.
The percentage share of households/ population having access to household individual toilets is about 60% of the households and these also include the individual pour flush toilets build by different agencies as mentioned above.
There are about 5% of slum households in addition to the private/ public individual toilets there are also community toilets in the slum areas. About 89259 persons in slum areas i.e. about 11643 households defecate openly. There are about 1.29 lacs of total population i.e. about 16898 of households of Bareilly city i.e. about 14.04% of the total population/ households of Bareilly open defecate.
SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMUNITY TOILETS: One of the most dependent sanitary facilities in the city for about 5 10% of the total households is community toilets. There are about 23 community toilets with about 21 of them located in slum areas and the rest in non slum regions i.e. in low income group areas. Thus, it is important to analyze the situation of these facilities for any further improvements or to give any proposals for situational development of the existing status. The following table gives the distribution of community toilets according the different development agencies in Bareilly. Organization DUDA Community Toilets 02
NEDA
21 23
Further to this, from the primary survey analysis and field verification the total number of seats available in any community toilet, on an average, is about 10-15 seats. And the total number of users per day per seat is about 35 persons. This shows that the total numbers of persons dependent on community toilets are about 8816 i.e. about 1150 households i.e. about 5-7% of the total population. But, it has been noticed that most of the community toilets available in slum areas are in
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bad condition. Thus, it is important to analyze the condition of these toilets. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of community toilets according to condition of toilets.
The analysis shows that about 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state. The infrastructure facilities in these toilets are almost broken conditions but even then, the people are still dependent upon these community toilets. But about 6% of the community toilets are not in a usable state. There are few community toilets i.e. only about 2% are in good and 19% are in average conditions. The condition of these community toilets depend upon the maintenance of them. With the same regard, the analysis shows that about 60% of the community toilets are cleaned regularly i.e. more than once a day. Further, about 20% of them are cleaned at least once a day. And about 5% of them are not at all cleaned. There are also certain numbers of community toilets i.e. about 15% of them are cleaned at least once in a week. The following graph illustrates the percentage distribution of community toilets according to frequency of cleaning.
In addition to the above mentioned analysis, the primary survey results also focused on type of latrine available in these community toilets. This is mainly to analyze how the management of the
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waste is done. The following graph shows the percentage share of community toilets according to type of latrine.
The analysis shows that about 30% of the community toilets are equipped with pour flush pit latrines and about 37% of them with water closets. There are also about 17% of the community toilets with dry pit latrine and the rest with service and unimproved pit latrines. The type of latrine provided in these community toilets reflect upon the sludge management. The following graph illustrates the percentage distribution of community toilets according to different types of fecal sludge management.
The analysis shows that about 32% of the community toilet facilities are connected to septic tanks and about 44% of them are connected to sewer lines. And the primary survey analysis and field verification shows that there relatively small proportion with manual scavenging. It is also important to consider where actually the effluent sludge goes. There are different options such as septic
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tanks, to sewer and to nalas. The sludge that is collected into septic tanks is disposed-off improperly. And the present conditions of the septic tanks are also bad. From the analysis, about 30% of the community toilets with septic tanks are in broken status or over flowing. This is creating the surrounding areas very unhygienic and with stinking smell that creates hurdle to most of the usage of community toilets. In about 80% of the community toilets with septic tanks, the fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and they dispose it into nearby nalas. This shows that there need to some serious or potential problems in sludge management systems with community toilets. In addition to the disposal of sludge produced at community toilets there are also about 10% of the community toilets using the sludge to soak pits. There are about 15% of the community toilets whose sludge is directly let into open nalas. In addition to the above mentioned sludge management, there is also effluent waste that is generated from the community toilets which also require proper disposal mechanisms. The analysis shows that there is about 98% of the community toilets have no proper effluent waste management. There are all let into open drains. There is only about 2% of the number of community toilets effluent waste disposed/ connected to sewer lines. The following graph shows the percentage share of community toilets according to their discharge mechanism of effluent waste.
In addition to the above mentioned analysis, it is also important to consider who all are responsible for O&M arrangements of these community toilets. There are different government bodies, private agencies and NGOs those are responsible for O&M arrangements of these community toilets. The different organizations those are responsible are Nagar Nigam, DUDA, Jal Nigam, NEDA, Nagla Teja
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etc. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of community toilets according to O&M arrangements.
The two agencies responsible for the O&M of community toilets in Bareilly city are DUDA and NEDA. There is about 96% of the total number of community toilets whose O&M is done by DUDA and about 4% of them whos O&M are done by NEDA. Key issues: 1. There are about 23 community toilets with about 96% of them located in slum areas and the rest in non slum regions i.e. in low income group areas. 2. The total numbers of persons dependent on community toilets are 5 10% of the total population. 3. About 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state, but about 5% of the community toilets are not in a usable state. 4. No O&M of community toilets and its infrastructure. 5. No proper fecal sludge management. 6. The fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities sludge sucking machine and they dispose it into nearby nallas leading to the rivers.
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7. 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state. The infrastructure facilities in these toilets are almost broken conditions but even then, the people are still dependent upon these community toilets. 8. About 6% of the community toilets are not in a usable state 9. About 30% of the communities toilets are equipped with pour flush pit latrines and about 37% of them with water closets. There are also about 17% of the community toilets with dry pit latrine and the rest with service and unimproved pit latrines. 10. About 32% of the community toilet facilities are connected to septic tanks and about 50% of them are connected to sewer lines. 11. In about 80% of the community toilets with septic tanks, the fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and they dispose it into nearby nalas which lead to Ganga River. 12. In addition to the disposal of sludge produced at community toilets there are also about 10% of the community toilets using the sludge at bio gas treatment. 13. There is about 98% of the community toilets have no proper effluent waste management. There are all let into open drains. There is only about 2% of the number of community toilets effluent waste disposed/ connected to sewer lines. Key Issues of Fecal Sludge Management: FS management component and aspect Emptying + collection Technical Causes Problems Consequences
Institutional/Financial
-Limited or no accessibility to pits -Inappropriate emptying equipment -Manual, nonmechanized emptying -Poor service management -Users. low affordability for pit emptying -Lack of information (e.g. on how septic
- Overflowing pits _ Emptying frequency often very low _ Informal or emergency emptying of pits and indiscriminate disposal of FS
At neighbourhood level, mainly --Health hazards from openly dumped FS and through use of contaminated water _ Eye and nose sores _ Non-functionality of infrequently emptied septic tanks-solids carryover
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tanks work) Transport Technical -Lack of suitable disposal or treatment sites at short distance from the area of FS collection -Lack of urban planning - lack of suitable disposal or treatment sites at short distance from the area of FS collection -Lack of involvement of private sector service Providers -Lack of suitable incentive and sanctions structure Lack of proven and appropriate treatment options FS treatment exists: private collectors /entrepreneurs avoid the paying of treatment fees -Lack of political will to invest in treatment - Lack of effective cost recovery - Lack of urban planning -Lack of information Lack of implementation of FS treatment -Collectors dump FS in an uncontrolled manner at the shortest possible distance from where FS was collected At municipal level, mainly: -Pollution of surface and (shallow) Groundwater - Eye and nose sores - Health hazards from use of contaminated surface water (e.g. for vegetable irrigation)
Institutional
Treatment Technical
FS is dumped untreated
Financial/economic
At municipal level, mainly: -Health hazards through use of contaminated water sources and water pollution
Institutional/Financial
-Non-availability of suitable treatment sites -discharge of untreated FS haphazardly
Disposal Institutional Indiscriminate dumping of untreated FS Water pollution and risks to public health
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schemes of town planning and designation of suitable treatment sites; lack of adequate fee structure and incentives for transport of FS to treatment sites - Indiscriminate dumping of untreated FS - Water pollution and risks to public health -Lack of promotion and marketing of bio-solids produced in FS treatment
High-quality biosolids remain unused and need to be land filled
-Depletion of soil organic fraction and deterioration of soil productivity
SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES FOR SHOPKEEPERS: As reported by NNB, there are about 3000 shops & commercial establishment registered at Nagar Nigam. At this rate the total waste contributed by commercial establishment to MSW is about 109 MT/ Day approximately. In addition to waste generation from the commercial and market places tones of garbage is left on the road sides and disposed off on the road sides and the total waste left out on the road sides per month is about 39 tones. In addition to the waste generation, there are also some potential issues related to sanitation facilities at individual shops. This reflects on the safe disposal or proper usage of sanitation facilities within or nearby respective shops would definitely reduce the open defecation. But, the situational analysis of these sanitation facilities at commercial/ market places show some contrast. This can be related to gender category, since the provision and usage of sanitary facilities depend upon the gender category. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial shops according to male/ female workers in their respective shops.
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The analysis show that there are about 98% of the commercial shops with male workers and the rest 2% of commercial places having their shops with female population. This can reflect upon the provision of toilet facilities is also must for the female workers at the shops itself and also same is the case with male workers. But this is not the case with majority of the male workers population. Most of the male workers use some community toilets, public toilets nearby and some in the commercial complexes itself. And there is also certain percentage share of male workers population who openly defecate. Further to this, the usage of toilet facilities also reflects upon the duration of stay at the work places. The more the duration of work hours the more are the chances to usage the availability of toilets or open defecating (in necessity). The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial shops according to duration of work hours.
The analysis shows that there about 70% of the commercial shops where the working hours are ranging in 11-15 hours per day. And there are also commercial places with fewer working hours i.e. in between 1-10 hours. The field verifications and focused group discussions shows that the commercial shops with fewer working hours are mainly petty shops which hardly have any toilets
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and depend upon public toilets or community toilets and also certain percentage of population openly defecate. Further to this, there are majority share of commercial shops that have more working hours and also to certain percentage share of shops with complex toilets. The availability of usage of toilet facilities further also depends upon the number of workers in each commercial shop. The more the number of workers - the less is the chance of persons in using the toilets (if available in commercial complex) and more is the chances of open defecation (in case of emergency). The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial/ market places in accordance to the number of workers.
The analysis shows that the number of workers population in any given commercial shop is in between 3-5 i.e. about 55% of the commercial shops is having workers population in between 3-5. Thus, it is important to consider the availability of sanitary facilities in the commercial shops or within the vicinity. Further to this, it is also important to consider the number of commercial shops with male and female category. The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial/ market places in accordance to the number of workers in male category.
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The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial/ market places in accordance to the number of workers in female category.
The analysis show that there are about 92% in male category and 3% in female category of the commercial places/ shops with number of workers ranging in between 1-5. This shows that the number of workers population in majority share of commercial places is very low. This reflects on the usage of toilets (in case of availability) i.e. there is no much population in each commercial shop and the chance in getting the opportunity in using the available toilets (if available) is also high. Further to this, the usage of toilets is also dependent upon the availability of toilets in commercial shops/ complexes. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial places according to the availability of toilets in their own complex/ shop.
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The analysis shows that there is only about 35% of the commercial/ market places having some kind of toilet facilities within the complex. But, there is certainly a large percentage share of commercial places i.e. about 65% of them is having no toilet facilities. This shows that there is certain dependency on community toilets or public toilets and the rest open defecate. Further to this, the analysis also focused on number of seats availability in these commercial places where the toilet availability is there. The number of seat availability also focuses on number of people using them. The more the number of seat availability the more is the population using the toilets. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial/ market places according to the number of seats.
The analysis shows that there is about 50% of the number of commercial/ market places having toilet facilities with number of seats ranging 1-5. There is also about 35% of the number of commercial/ market places with number of seats ranging 6-10. There are also 15% of the commercial places having only urinals in their complex/ shop. Further to this, it is also relevant to understand that whether the workers are allowed to use the available toilets. The more the usage of available toilets within the commercial/ market places thus reduces the open defecation. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of commercial shops (having toilets in their complex) who allow the workers to use the toilets.
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The analysis show that even though the toilets are available within the complex and provision is provided for the workers about 40% of the commercial places do not allow the workers to use that provision. This results in usage of public/ community toilets nearby or openly defecates. Further, the usage of community toilets or public toilets in case of absence of any complex toilets in commercial shops also depends upon the awareness of the existence of public toilets in the premises. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of workers having awareness of public toilets in the premises.
The analysis shows that there are only 100% of the total workers in commercial places who are aware of availability of public toilets in the premises of the shops. Thus, based on the above mentioned analysis, the following graph illustrates the percentage share of commercial shops and their usage patterns of toilets i.e. whether they use the complex toilets or public toilets or open defecate or wait for an opportunity.
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The analysis shows that there is relatively high percentage use of public toilets by the workers in the commercial places and market areas. And there is relatively low percentage of open defecation in these areas which is very unhygienic and unhealthy sign. The usage of complex toilets is only about 20% of the workers population. Further to this, there are also concerns about the sludge management in case of provision of toilets at commercial places and market places. The following graph shows the percentage share of number of toilets (available) at commercial places according to the type of sludge management.
The majority of toilet facilities those are available at the commercial shops i.e. about 70% of them have septic tanks for their sludge management. The sludge that is accumulated in these tanks is cleared once in every year by the municipality or private vehicle and the waste is disposed off. But the disposal of the sludge is also not proper. The sludge that is collected from the septic tanks is thrown off into open nallas. Further to this, there also few toilets connected to sewer lines and few directly let into open drains. Hence, there is an urgent need to proper provision of toilets and proper disposal system in these commercial areas and market places. In addition to the waste generation from different commercial shops, the sanitation provision is also creating problems at alarming rate. Further to this, it is also important to understand the willingness to have pay and use toilets (in case of any further proposals for provision of toilets) in the premises of commercial shops. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of shopkeepers and workers willingness to pay and use the toilets.
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The analysis show that there fewer amount of shopkeepers or workers who are willing to pay any amount for the use of toilets. Further, it is also analyzed in case of willingness to pay any amount majority of people are ready to pay for monthly passes i.e. about 65% of them are willing to take monthly passes for using the public toilets (who do not have any access to toilets). And the amount they are willing to spend on monthly passes is about 70% of them range in between 20 30 (in Rs) per month and about 20% - less than 20 (in Rs) and about 10% of the shopkeepers are willing to take monthly passes ranging in between 30 40 (in Rs). In addition to the sanitation conditions at the commercial areas, analysis also focused on waste disposal mechanisms. The overall waste generation from commercial establishments is creating unhealthy conditions within the city due to unsafe disposal mechanisms. The analysis and field surveys show that there is huge amount of waste that is disposed off on to the road sides and nalas. The following graph shows the percentage share of commercial shops according to their disposal mechanism.
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The analysis show that there is about 49% of the commercial shops who dispose off their waste on the road side and about 13% into nalas. These are two unhealthy way of disposal of waste thus creating unhygienic conditions. There is about 20% of the shops who dispose of the waste into nearby bins and 18% of shops have some collection mechanisms who collect the waste and dispose of into some nearby disposal bins i.e. by private sweepers. Further, the amount spend by these 48% of the shops to the waste collectors is ranging from 300 700 (in Rs) per month, on an average. About 48% of the total shops who pay to the waste collectors are paying about this amount i.e. in between 300 700. There are about 52% of them who pay in between 100 300 (in Rs) per month, on an average. The waste collection takes place once daily and in few cases daily twice and once in 2 days. On the whole, about 80% of the shops have their waste collection regularly. And the rest other 20% of the shops do not have proper collection of their waste which is polluting the environment both aesthetically and healthy and production of flies and insects borne diseases- and also resulting in unsafe disposal in due course of time. The majority levels of satisfaction among the shopkeepers in terms of their waste disposal and sanitary conditions are very poor. SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES FOR CUSTOMERS: The other type of sanitation facilities that are must at commercial/ market places is for customers. This also play a vital role in creating some burdens on environment in case of absence of any sanitary facilities. From the analysis, the average time spends by any customer in market places is in between 2-4 hours and some cases more than 5 hours. Hence, it is important to consider the provision of toilet facilities to these commuters. There are public toilets situated in few market areas and complex toilets which can be of public use. But, it is also important that there should be awareness among public that there are some kind of toilet provisions for them (in case of any availability). The following graph shows the percentage of customers in commercial areas and market places those aware of toilet provision in the premises of commercial areas/ market areas.
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The analysis shows that about 50% of the customer population does not have any awareness of any provision of toilet facilities in market areas or commercial shops. There are also places (where the customer population is very high) where is no provision of public toilets or complex toilets in the commercial shops. There are places such as Lodamandi, Noori Darwaza, Sindhi Bazar, Subhas market, and Raja ki market where there is no provision any sanitary facilities. The average time spend by any customer is optimum. Hence, in case of emergency the usage patterns are also important to consider. There are many options available for the general public in commercial areas such as use the available toilets in shops, usage of public toilets if available, or wait for an opportunity. And there are chances of open defecation. The following graph illustrates the distribution of percentage share of general public in commercial areas according to usage patterns (in case of emergency).
The analysis show there is no usage of complex toilets or toilets provided in shops by the customers in case of any emergency. The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is only about 32% and there is about 9% of open defecation by the customer populations in commercial areas. Hence, therefore, there should be proper provision of toilet facilities in commercial areas for general public
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use. It is also important to understand the willingness to pay and use the toilets for general public. And the analysis show that there is only about 39% of them willing to have pay and use toilets. And the amount they are willing to pay is in between 2 3 (in Rs). In addition to the sanitary facilities, the other problem that is encountered by general public that is causing the inconvenience is garbage in market areas. And about 62% of the customers say that they are feel inconvenience and are unsatisfactory with present conditions of garbage in market areas. The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market areas due to improper garbage disposal are blocking the roads, smell from road side bins and also smell from chocked nalas. Key issues: 1. More number of male workers population and more number of working hours. 2. About 35% of the commercial/ market places having some kind of toilet facilities within the complex. 3. High percentage use of public toilets by the workers in the commercial places and market areas. 4. About 5 - 10% of workers open defecate. 5. No proper sludge management. 6. Willingness to buy monthly passes for the usage of public/ community toilets. 7. Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanisms. 8. The general customer po/public does not have any awareness of any provision of toilet facilities in market areas or commercial shops. 9. No provision of community/ public toilets in high density commercial areas. 10. No usage of complex toilets or toilets provided in shops by the customers in case of any emergency.
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11. The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is only about 50% and there is about 10% of open defecation by the general public in commercial areas. 12. No willingness to pay and use for public toilets. 13. The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market areas due to improper garbage disposal are blocking the roads, smell from road side bins and also smell from chocked nalas.
SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS: Key information: 1. Total number of hospitals: 141 2. Total number of hospitals with 100+ beds: 04 3. Total waste generated from 141 hospitals: 9.97 tones (9044.63 kgs) The total solid waste that is being generated in a month from all the hospitals together is about 9.97 tones (9044.63 kgs). The following graph illustrates the distribution of hospitals according to the number of beds in them which reflects upon the amount of waste generation per day.
The primary survey analysis show that there are about 50% of hospitals with beds ranging from 51100 and about 30% with 100+ beds. This shows that the share of medium sized hospitals is generating more waste i.e. on an average of 0.25 kg per bed per day. And the total waste produced from all hospitals together -the medical establishments in Bareilly city generates approximately 16
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MT/ Day waste of which about 8.5 MT/ Day which goes to Municipal stream and rest is Bio-medical waste. A very brief profile of the waste generation, collection and transportation of this waste is given before. This also depends upon the different services provided by different hospitals. The more the number of services at any particular hospital the more is the waste generation. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of hospitals that provide different services.
There is about 60% share of the hospitals that provide all services and about 30% of them do not provide all the facilities (such as sophisticated surgeries). But, there are few hospitals that provide even the training, practices and education to students. This reflect on the percentage of waste (Liquid+solid) of the 60% of the hospitals is very high. The amount of waste generated at any particular hospital depends upon the above mention character. The following graph illustrates the quantity of solid waste produced by hospitals per day.
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There is an average of 0.25 0.35 kg of solid waste that is being produced by each bed in about 80% share of total available hospitals. This resulted in generation of about solid waste ranging in between 1 30 kgs per day. And about 20% of the hospital number generates solid waste in between 31 60 kgs per day. There are also relatively small percentage number of hospitals those relatively generate (more than 120Kg per day) more waste. Prior to collection, the waste that is generated at hospitals should have color coding. The following graph shows the percentage share of hospitals that have coding for the waste produced.
There is relatively large share of hospitals i.e. about 90% of the available hospitals doing the color coding for the solid waste. But there are about 10% of the hospitals that do not have any color coding. Further to this, there is different arrangement made by different hospitals for their waste collections. The majority of bio-medical waste that is generated by hospitals is being collected by private agencies; and the rest by the municipality vehicles. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of hospitals according to the different arrangements made for disposal of Bio medical waste.
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The disposing of bio-medical waste should be according to bio-medical waste rules, 1998. But, there are about 90% of the hospitals those following these rules, but the rest does not. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of hospitals according to those having system of disposing BMW in accordance with Bio medical waste rules, 1998.
The segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes at the point of disposal i.e. at hospitals about 90% of them do not segregation, but the rest do not. This thus, on the whole created fewer burdens on treatment plants. The following graph shows the percentage share of hospitals according to the system of segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes.
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These segregated BMW and non BMW of which majority is being collected by the private agencies and the collection frequency is at least once in 24 hours, thus, reducing the exposure of these toxic wastes near and the surrounding of hospitals.
In addition to solid waste, there is also large quantity of liquid waste that is generated from different hospitals. The following graph illustrates the quantity (in liters) of liquid waste produced from different hospitals.
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The other type of waste that is produced by all hospitals is liquid waste. This includes blood, mucus, secretion and urine. There is about 60% share of the total hospitals who are generating about 6 10 liters of liquid waste and about 20% - more than 10 ltr of liquid waste. This shows that relatively a very high quantity of liquid waste is being generated from the hospitals, which has to treat properly before letting it out into sewerage or nalas, where as in absence of it results in high levels of toxicities. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of hospitals according to their type of disposal outlet of liquid waste that is generated at the source points.
One of most toxic waste from the hospitals is liquid waste which has to treat at the point of disposal before letting it out into the drains, nalas or any other sources of disposals. But, none of the hospitals is provided with any separate setup for any primary treatment of the liquid waste and directly let out into sewerage and this flows into nalas.
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The other type management that should be done at the hospitals is to have a proper mechanism for management of sludge from hospital cesspools before them letting out into sewerage. Even in this case, there are only 20% of them practicing the proper mechanism and the rest 80% of the hospitals letting them directly into sewerage, thus leading to nallas. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of number of hospitals according to their mechanism for management of sludge from hospital cesspools.
Key issues: 1. Half the number of hospitals are with beds 50+; 0.3 kg/bed/day (on average) 2. 60% of hospitals provide all facilities generation of more waste at each sources
3. 40% of hospitals generate more than 60kg of bio medical waste/ day. 4. 70% of hospitals produce more than 8lts of liquid waste/day 5. 90% of hospitals does not follow Bio-medical waste rules, 1998. 6. 100% of hospitals discharge their liquid BMW into sewerage/open drains/nallas. 7. 80% of hospitals do not treat their fecal sludge leading to sewerage/open drains.
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SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT INSTITUTIONS: The other potential area where the provision of toilets is a must is institution buildings. The floating population in these buildings such as collectorate office, bus station, railway station, district court, RTO office, Bareilly Development Authority, Nagar Nigam Bareilly and so on, is very high where the provision of toilets is a must for general public and employees of respective buildings and even in case of availability there should be proper maintenance of the sanitary facilities. There is some provision of toilets to general public in all these public institution buildings, but the sanitary conditions at these building and within the premises is very poor. It is important to understand the present condition of existing toilets at these public buildings. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of institutional buildings where toilet facilities are available according to their present conditions.
The analysis show that the toilet conditions in these institutional buildings is satisfactory. But, there is no proper maintenance of these existing toilets, even though the usages of these toilets are very high. Even though the conditions of toilets are bad public still use them in case of emergency, due to no provision of other toilet facilities in nearby premises. These general public comprise of both male and female population thus, it is important to have separate toilets for male and female and the institutional building should have separate toilets for male and female category. There is sufficient number of toilet seats provided both to male and female category i.e. on an average ranging in between 10 15 for both female and male category, but there is lack of maintenance of these toilets.
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In addition to provision of sanitary facilities to general public, toilets are also provided to employees in all these institutional buildings. The provision of toilets are provided both to male and female category separately with sufficient number of seats i.e. on an average ranging from 10 15 seats for male category and 5 10 for female category. The condition and functionality of these toilets also reflects upon the availability of infrastructure facilities within the toilets and they are water supply, doors, lights and buckets. And the analysis show that all the toilets are facilitated with water supply, doors and buckets. But, there are only 70% of the institutional toilets with electricity connections. In addition to these infrastructure facilities the source of water facilities in these toilets are mainly over head tanks i.e. municipal water and ground water. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of toilets according to the source of water supply.
The analysis show that about 70% of the public institutional buildings toilets are facilitated with overhead tank as the prime source of water supply and the rest with ground water. In addition to the minimal infrastructure facilities, there should also be minimal maintenance in these facilities. The following graph illustrates the percentage share of institutional toilets according to their maintenance.
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The analysis shows that the about 70% of the available toilets are well maintained and the rest of the 30% of them are in bad state which need immediate improvements. From the field verification and survey analysis, the improvements that are required can be categorized as follows: a. Upgrade infrastructure b. Provide continuous water supply c. Proper maintenance d. Cleaning at regular intervals
Key Issues: 1. No proper maintenance of these existing toilets. 2. the conditions of toilets are bad public still use them in case of emergency, due to no provision of other toilet facilities in nearby premises. 3. Toilets are also provided to employees in all these institutional buildings but not properly maintained. 4. No proper infrastructure facilities in these toilets include electricity and water supply. 5. Bareilly Development Authority - found few toilets in worst condition. 6. Nagar Nigam Bareilly - found toilet in worst condition.
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SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS: Key information: Primary School 1. Total number of primary schools: 129 2. Total number of students: 22846 3. Total number of primary schools with toilet facilities: 115 4. Total number of primary schools without toilet facilities: 14 Key information: Junior High School 1. Total number of junior high school: 80 2. Total number of students: 13406 3. Total number of junior high schools with toilet facilities: 71 4. Total number of junior high schools without toilet facilities: 9
Key Information: High School 1. Total number of high schools: 44 2. Total number of students: 28288 3. Total number of high schools with toilets: 44 4. Total number of high schools without toilets: 0
One of the most important sectors where the sanitary facilities should be carefully assessed is in schools. The primary survey has being conducted at school level to understand the sanitary conditions of schools. The analysis the boys strength is relatively higher than the girls strength, on an average; whereas in case of teachers population the females strength is higher than males
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strength. This reflects on the provision of toilets i.e. there should be more number of toilet provisions for boys student population when compared with girls student population. But, it is vice versa in case of teachers population. Further to these basic demographic details, the number of workers population in any particular school is dominated by female workers than male workers. The primary survey analysis and field verification shows that there are many schools that are deprived with workers i.e. about 40% of the schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the surroundings of the school. And about 30% of the schools cleanliness is done by students themselves.
Further the analysis focuses on the sanitary conditions in the schools. The analysis shows that about 15% of the schools do not have any kind of toilet facilities. The graphs below illustrate the percentage distribution of total number of schools according to availability of toilets in male and female category.
The primary survey analysis shows that about 80% of numbers of schools have toilet facilities for boys category and about 85% of number of schools has toilet facilities for girls category. The rest of schools which do not have any sanitary facilities use other options. From the analysis it can be observed that about 15% of schools who do not have access to toilet facilities both in male and female category end up majorly in open defecation in or around the premises of respective schools and in some cases use toilets at home or neighbors (in case of girls).
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The analysis shows that about 85% of schools have access to toilets in female category and in the rest of the schools - they use other options. And in case of access to toilets in male category, there are only about 65% of the schools having access and the rest of the schools have other options. In majority of the schools, the male population openly defecates i.e. about 90% of the schools without toilets use options such as open defecation. And in case of female teachers they generally wait for opportunity and in emergency open defecation is the only option in few schools. Further it is also important to consider the schools having the sewerage connection and those schools without having any sewerage connection should have other options such as septic tanks, soak pits or open to drains. The analysis of primary surveys and stake holder meetings shows that about 95% of the schools have sewerage connection and about 4% of school toilets to septic tanks and the rest 1% of the toilets to open drains. In addition to the availability of toilet facilities and sludge disposal mechanisms the infrastructure facilities in these toilets also play a vital role in making use of them and create a usable environment of the toilets. The infrastructure facilities within these toilets can mainly be categories as electricity connections and water connections. But, there are only about 40% of the schools with toilets having
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electricity connections. The following graph shows the percentage share of school toilets with electricity connection according to their working conditions.
The analysis shows that there are about 98% of toilets with electricity connections are in working state and rest does not. In addition to this the other infrastructure facilities that is must is water connections facilities. The following graph shows the percentage share of number of school toilets having provision of water connections.
The analysis shows that there are about 70% of the schools with functional water connections. In addition to this, the sources of water supply that cater the needs in the school are bore wells, tankers and municipal water. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of schools according to their type of sources of water supply.
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The analysis show that about 55% of the schools depend upon bore well as the prime source of water supply and about 28% on municipal water. There are about 16% of schools who do have any kind of sourced of water supply. Alternatively, all the school students generally bring water from home and about 80% of them go to neighbors in case of emergency. Further to this, it is also important to have some storage facilities. The following graph shows the percentage share of school toilets with having some storage facilities.
The analysis shows that in case of schools with having water supply there should also have some storage facilities and about 90% of them do have some kind of storage facilities in the schools. There are about 10% of the schools with no water storage facilities. The different types of water storage facilities in schools are overhead tanks, underground sumps and few schools fill into barrels. It is also important to consider
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Even though both the availability of toilet in schools exist and the infrastructure is provided in these toilets, it is important to analyze the working conditions of them which decides the usage patterns of the toilets in the school. Based on the above mentioned different categories the functionality has being defined. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of schools according to their toilets working conditions.
The analysis shows that there are about 90% of the schools whose toilets are in any working conditions. There are only about 10% of the schools whose available toilets are not in working. Further to this, the field analysis and survey results show that these non functionality of the schools toilet can be categorized with damaged doors, no water supply, no ventilation and the toilet itself is in dilapidated state. These are the observed problems that make the available toilets unusable. In addition to the functionality of the toilets, there should also be proper cleaning or maintenance of these functional toilets in these schools. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of schools with functional toilets according to their maintenance.
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The analysis shows that there are about 84% of the schools functional toilets which are cleaned at regular intervals. There are also about 16% of them which do not follow any timing in their cleaning activities of their toilets. The survey analysis and field verifications show that the schools toilets that are cleaned regularly follow a regular interval i.e. the toilets are cleaned at least once in a day. Further to toiletry details, the analysis also focused on provision of wash basin facilities within the schools. The analysis shows that there are about only 38% of schools which are having wash basin facilities within the schools. The following graph shows the percentage distribution of number of schools according to wash basin provisions.
Further to this, the analysis also focused on some minimum requirement that are needed to be provided to these wash basins to have proper functionality. It is not just enough to have just the provision of wash basins in the schools, it is also important to provide minimum infrastructure to these fixtures and they can be categorized into water supply and proper maintenance. From the analysis, it is being shown that about 70% of the schools with wash basins do not have any kind of water supply connections. And about 10% of them not cleaned properly or not well maintained and about 10% are not in proper shape i.e. there are almost in broken stage. In addition to this, there are about 10% of schools wash basins not in a usable state. In addition to the availability and functionality of these school toilets and other toiletry infrastructure it is important to understand and analyze the responsible agents and budget allocated for proper maintenance of these facilities at school. From the analysis, it is being shown that about 80% of the schools O&M is carried by school employees themselves and the rest by government. Further, the amount that is being allocated for the O&M of school by government is
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about 3500 5000 (in Rs) per annum. But, the amount that is being allocated is not separately for school toilets maintenance. It is the overall school maintenance budget allocation for the entire year, which is hardly sufficient for any kind of developments or improvements of toilet facilities in these schools. Based on the above mentioned budget allocation and responsible agents for O&M, there are about 85% of the schools who made few improvements to the toilets during the last 3 years. And the improvements are only related to minimal such as fixing up the doors, fixing up the water connection, painting of walls and doors, flooring, and cleaning at regular intervals. Thus, this also show that majority of schools with toilets have further improvements to avoid further damage. In addition to toilet cleaning status, it is also important to consider the cleaning activities for the water storage facilities and the school premises. The analysis shows that about 58% of the schools have their cleaning activities done for storage facilities for every 6 months and about 32% of them annually. There are about 10% of schools who do not have any kind of cleaning activities in schools and its infrastructure. In addition to this, solid waste disposal is also important to consider. The waste generated at school premises can be disposed and it is being categorized into road side bins, open site disposals, into drains and door to door collection. The analysis shows that about 64% of the schools dispose their waste into road side bins; and about 13% on open sites and the rest through regular door to door collection. Thus, it can be concluded that the solid waste disposal mechanism at schools is safe. In addition to this, the all the schools in Bareilly has a curriculum which provides basic sanitary and hygiene education to the students which reflects upon proper usage and maintenance of the toilets at schools by students. Key Issues: 1. About 40% of the schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the surroundings of the school 2. About 47% of the schools whose toilets are not in any working conditions. 3. About 30% of the schools cleanliness is done by students themselves
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4. about 15% of schools who do not have access to toilet facilities both in male and female category end up majorly in open defecation in or around the premises of respective schools and in some cases use toilets at home or neighbors (in case of girls). 5. No proper infrastructure facilities 6. About 20% of schools who do have any kind of sourced of water supply. 7. There are about 10% of the schools with no water storage facilities. 8. Only 25% of schools which are not having wash basin facilities within the schools. 9. About 75% of the schools with wash basins do not have any kind of water supply connections. And about 10% of them not cleaned properly or not well maintained and about 10% are not in proper shape i.e. there are almost in broken stage. In addition to this, there are about 10% of schools wash basins not in a usable state. 10. No O&M for schools toilets and no proper budget allocation for improvements. 11. About 64% of the schools dispose their waste into road side bins; and about 23% on open sites and the rest through regular door to door collection.
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IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES Open Defecation The number of villages located at the outskirts of the city has been merged with Nagar Nigam Bareilly but over the period of time no civic development has taken place in these areas. Most of the households in these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum people open defecate in the fields around these localities. Community Toilets There are twenty one community toilets in the city mainly located in slum areas. As of now these toilets are not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance. Such toilets are seen in Jawahar Nagar Bihar Basti, Azam Nagar, Haru Nagla, Gandha Nala etc. Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a common sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are allowed to use the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers defecate in and around the community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people. Commercial Areas Commercial areas and markets are lacking the provision of toilets and urinals. Roads and streets sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles up fast on the roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets and the
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people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in most these areas is collected once in two or three days. Water Supply Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public awareness, as most people dont seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To overcome the shortage of water, Jalkal Vibhag has installed about hand pumps in the slum/LIG areas. Besides this large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand pumps; Illegal connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in mismanagement & supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not unusual that people of Bareilly city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for domestic purpose. Solid Waste Management There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in the city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the city. There is a need to organize the solid waste management on priority and expedite the completion of ongoing integrated solid waste management project. Sanitation Consciousness: Current Status of Services and Behavior Generally, slums located in outskirts of the city and those in interior offer two different typologies. The core and old city areas are predominantly Muslim population; representing diversity in terms of demography. And the slums on the outskirts are predominant with SC or ST population. Based on these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their behavioral patterns:
Stakeholder Groups Slums Outskirts
Areas of Habitation
Socio-cultural/Behavioural Patterns
Man Nagla, Haroo Nagla, Shikarpur,
Open defecation is prevalent. Most of the households are not having the
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Nadaushi, Veer Bhatti, Joharpur etc and other areas as marked on the map
toilet/latrine facilities and all the habitants of these areas open defecate in the fields. There is no provision of community toilets in these areas. There is no provision of door to door collection but residents throw garbage on the open road/street or in vacant land,/drains/nallas. No pipe water supply network and the source of water supply is hand pumps. There is no drainage system and water logging take place at low lying areas.
Slums Inner City
Saidpur Hawking, Surkha Chawni, Banipur Chaudhary and other such areas as marked on the map.
This area is having community toilets with several operation and maintenance challenges. Children are not allowed to enter the community toilets Open defecation by children in drains and open spaces is common. Water Scarcity and poor state of community toilets forces elders also to defecate in open but, it is not very common. Some community toilets do not have water, electricity connection with broken toilet seats force people to defecate in close vicinity.
People are in some ways constrained in going out to defecate in the inner city areas. Open areas such as Public Park land or vacant plots have become open defecation spots.
Most of community toilets discharge their waste into open nallas/drains. .
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Shopkeepers
Commercial Areas/Markets like Kotwali, Ghanta Ghar, railway station road, bus stand and other areas on map
Bareilly is prominent industrial city of UP. General hygiene & sanitation awareness is far below among the shopkeepers; particularly meat, milk products, vegetables/fruits or eatable shops.
Most of the shopkeepers throw their waste on the road/street side or in nallas. The nallas get clogged and cleaned at irregular intervals by Nagar Nigam.
No provision of dustbins in the commercial areas and markets. Very few public toilets and urinals in the market areas.
Higher Income Group Residents
Civil lines, Model town, vikas colony indra colony etc and areas locatable on map
No door to door collection Irregular water supply is a major issue for the residents. Residents tend to install motors to draw up water to first and second floors. These motors are attached directly to the supply pipe posing problems to those down the line.
Low Income Group Residents
Marked by individual toilets, irregular sweeping of street, occasional clearing of drains. Irregular water supply Dumping of solid waste in open on roadside
Municipal officials
City Wide
Officials should call meetings of shopkeepers specially butchers/eatable vendors to raise their awareness about hygiene and to promote safe practices of waste disposal.
Nagar Nigam officials need help to enhance

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their capacities for better implementation of sanitation projects. A better co-ordination between various departments such as JalKal Vibhag, BDA is required. Nagar Nigam should look into operational as well as maintenance aspects of community toilets.
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CHAPTER 04 INFERENCES/ GAP IDENTIFICATIONS 4.1. SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES Slum areas: Key issues: Lack of proper shelter, poor access to basic needs and lack of awareness make the slum dwellers life style very poor. About 25 percent of the Bareillys population is living in slums; hence all housing programmes should target provision of better shelter for them on priority basis. In many of the slums water through public stand posts and hand pumps have been provided but it has been observed that lots of water is wasted. The quality of piped water supply, which slum dwellers receive, is very poor and suspected to be contaminated. Without filtration it is impossible for them to use it for drinking purpose. Only in a few slums sewerage lines have been provided and they were often chocked. No proper mechanism of solid waste disposal exists. Either the disposal sites are non-existent or even if they exist, they are located at faraway place which the slum dwellers find inconvenient to use. The few waste disposal sites that exist are in a sad state of affairs as they are not cleaned on a daily basis and the waste gets scattered all over the place creating a health hazard. In most of the slums, no provision has been made to provide storm water drains. Due to which water logging takes place adding to the unhygienic condition within the slums. While the city has made provision for public sanitation facilities in a few slums, still about 2530% of slum population goes for open defecation, causing both a health hazard and a problem of safety. At present the number of notified slum is 85 and strategies for rehabilitation and implementation of central and state government schemes can only be carried out in the notified slums. There is a need to carry out a fresh survey to cover all slums and poor communities so
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that the actual demand for housing and basic services for urban poor can be ascertained and overall city environment can be improved. More than twenty percent of the population in Bareilly stays in areas marred with unhygienic living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure is not satisfactory enough to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the housing stock deficit which has given rise to slum dwellings.
There are 85 notified slum with current population is about 2.44 lakh having about 32000 of households i.e. about 26% of the total population. Majority of households i.e. more than 51 percent live in Kutcha Houses made of grass, mud etc. and jhuggi jhopris. Only 21 percent stay in Pucca Houses. In slums, about 47 percent have their own houses whereas 41% lives in as tenant whereas rest is living as unauthorized occupants.
It may be seen that in slums access to individual water connections is low and people generally use public stand posts, hand pumps, or wells in a few cases. Majority of households (55%) get water from public stand posts and only 19% percent have individual taps.
It has been observed that main source of water supply in slum areas is hand pumps and wherever piped water supply is there, either supply is inadequate or its not regular or its very dirty.
Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access to other basic service. In case of slums, it has been observed that sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming condition.
Water Supply Key Issues: The total water supplied in MLD is about 124. The availability of water is adequate but distribution system needs improvement. Issues are that numbers of connection is not increasing due to excess use of ground water, low pressure and unreliable service, low utilization due to old and leaky system, Inadequate funds for O&M. The need is felt to expand distribution as demand is high.
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The piped water supply of Bareilly City was started about 30 years ago. The distribution network covers 60% of the city area. The leakage (UFW - unaccounted-for water) is estimated to be 30 percent due to old and leaky pipelines. The most significant drawback of Bareilly water supply is the huge amount of water wastage and negligible revenue collection from public utilities (for example parks and fire fighting etc.) and stand posts which takes away about 10 percent of water.
Sewerage Key Issues: The source of sewer is mostly from domestic households but the waste generated from industries also flow into sewers. The total length of sewerage network pipes in the city is about 206.2 km but, the age of the sewerage network pipes is only about 35 years. The total area covered by sewerage network is only about 25 sq.km The thus produced waste water is about 99.2 MLD from all the sources within the city. No sewerage treatment plant. There is surplus sewage, which gets discharged in River without treatment. The waste water generated from different types of industries is left into sewer without any primary treatment at industries itself. Strom water drainage Key Issues: Each zone is having primary, secondary and tertiary drains of different lengths. The waste drained into River through these nalas - includes waste water from households, commercial areas, and industrial areas. Most of the open/ closed drains are chocked with solid waste and sludge. There are many flood prone drains within the city.
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Solid Waste Management Key Issues: No processing/ recycling facilities. No door to door collection of waste. The dumping grounds, by roadside and elsewhere, are unhygienic and have deplorable look. Disposal of waste into drains leads to choking of drains Rains washed out part of garbage from these depots into drains and Nalas which leads to silting. Mixing of Bio-medical and other forms of waste with municipal waste is a serious health hazard. Lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source Large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning activities Shortage of staff and lack of motivation amongst the existing staff Presently there is no waste processing plant at Bareilly and the total waste is taken to disposal size. At present waste generation in the city is around 450MT per day. For Bareilly, household and organic waste constitutes largest component followed by inert material such as building material and debris etc. in overall composition of waste i.e. waste generated from households, commercial establishments and institutions in Bareilly. The main sources of waste generation includes Residential, commercial, industrial establishments, hospital & nursing homes, hotels & restaurants, slaughter houses, street sweeping, sanitary drains and construction and demolition sites. Collection is conducted in two stages primary and secondary collection.
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Total hazardous waste generated from the Industries is about 18 tons per day. Out of total industrial waste, the generation of hazardous waste containing chromium is bout 10-15 MT per day.
The quantity of waste generated from these medical institutions is approx 2.74 tonnes per day. Out of total bio -waste generated, only 1350 Kg (about 20 %) is sent to the centralized biomedical waste management facility. Some estimate that about 30 percent of bio-medical waste is getting mixed up with other type of waste.
Most of the slaughtered waste is thrown into the bakarmandi nala. Total waste generation is approximately 4-5ton/day. The dust generated through street sweeping constitutes 5% (72.35 MT) of total waste. The drain silt constitutes about 10% of the MSW generated in Bareilly city. A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities for filling up of the low-lying areas or kutcha road i.e. about 20% of this waste is collected at these sites and become a part of MSW.
Households (Slum and non slum areas) Key Issues: The present population in total city is about 9.23 lacs with a bifurcation of slum and non slum population. Statistics show that there is about 27% of the slum population i.e. about 2.44 lacs and the remaining in non slum areas i.e. about 6.74lacs. The number of slums that are notified are about 85 in number that spread across the city. In addition to these notified slums there are about 20-30 unnotified slums and are categorized in low income groups in Bareilly. The different types of individual toilet facilities in Bareilly city are soak pit toilets, pour flush toilets, Kuddi. About 94% of the non slum households are with household individual toilets and these household individual toilets include pit latrine, water closet, and septic tank. There is about 1-2% of the total number of households in non slum areas using community toilets.
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There is about 5% of the total number of households do not have any kind of access to toilets i.e. about 5255 households i.e. about 40 thousand of population in non slum areas defecate openly.
The percentage share of households/ population having access to household individual toilets is about 60% of the households and these also include the individual pour flush toilets build by different agencies as mentioned above.
There are about 5% of slum households in addition to the private/ public individual toilets there are also community toilets in the slum areas. About 89259 persons in slum areas i.e. about 11643 households defecate openly. There are about 1.29 lacs of total population i.e. about 16898 of households of Bareilly city i.e. about 14.04% of the total population/ households of Bareilly open defecate.
Community Toilets: Key issues 1. There are about 23 community toilets with about 96% of them located in slum areas and the rest in non slum regions i.e. in low income group areas. 2. The total numbers of persons dependent on community toilets are 5 10% of the total population. 3. About 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state, but about 5% of the community toilets are not in a usable state. 4. No O&M of community toilets and its infrastructure. 5. No proper fecal sludge management. 6. The fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities sludge sucking machine and they dispose it into nearby nalas which lead to River. 7. 50% of the available community toilets are in bad state. The infrastructure facilities in these toilets are almost broken conditions but even then, the people are still dependent upon these community toilets. 8. About 6% of the community toilets are not in a usable state
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9. About 30% of the communities toilets are equipped with pour flush pit latrines and about 37% of them with water closets. There are also about 17% of the community toilets with dry pit latrine and the rest with service and unimproved pit latrines. 10. About 32% of the community toilet facilities are connected to septic tanks and about 50% of them are connected to sewer lines. 11. In about 80% of the community toilets with septic tanks, the fecal sludge collected from these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and they dispose it into nearby nalas which lead to Ganga River. 12. In addition to the disposal of sludge produced at community toilets there are also about 10% of the community toilets using the sludge at bio gas treatment. 13. There is about 98% of the community toilets have no proper effluent waste management. There are all let into open drains. There is only about 2% of the number of community toilets effluent waste disposed/ connected to sewer lines. Commercial/ market places Key issues: 1. More number of male workers population and more number of working hours. 2. About 35% of the commercial/ market places having some kind of toilet facilities within the complex. 3. High percentage use of public toilets by the workers in the commercial places and market areas. 4. About 5 - 10% of workers open defecate. 5. No proper sludge management. 6. Willingness to buy monthly passes for the usage of public/ community toilets. 7. Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanisms. 8. 0% of the customer population does not have any awareness of any provision of toilet facilities in market areas or commercial shops.
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9. No provision of community/ public toilets in high density commercial areas. 10. No usage of complex toilets or toilets provided in shops by the customers in case of any emergency. 11. The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is only about 50% and there is about 10% of open defecation by the customer populations in commercial areas. 12. No willingness to pay and use for public toilets. 13. The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market areas due to improper garbage disposal are blocking the roads, smell from road side bins and also smell from chocked nalas. Hospitals Key issues: 1. Half the number of hospitals are with beds 50+; 0.3 kg/bed/day (on average) 2. 60% of hospitals provide all facilities generation of more waste at each sources
3. 40% of hospitals generate more than 60kg of bio medical waste/ day. 4. 70% of hospitals produce more than 8lts of liquid waste/day 5. 90% of hospitals does not follow Bio-medical waste rules, 1998. 6. 100% of hospitals discharge their liquid BMW into sewerage. 7. 80% of hospitals do not treat their fecal sludge into sewerage leading to open drains. Institutions Key Issues: 1. No proper maintenance of these existing toilets. 2. the conditions of toilets are bad public still use them in case of emergency, due to no provision of other toilet facilities in nearby premises.
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3. Toilets are also provided to employees in all these institutional buildings but not properly maintained. 4. No proper infrastructure facilities in these toilets include electricity and water supply. 5. Bareilly Development Authority - found few toilets in worst condition. 6. Nagar Nigam Bareilly - found few toilets in worst condition. Schools Key Issues: 1. About 40% of the schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the surroundings of the school 2. About 47% of the schools whose toilets are not in any working conditions. 3. About 30% of the schools cleanliness is done by students themselves 4. about 15% of schools who do not have access to toilet facilities both in male and female category end up majorly in open defecation in or around the premises of respective schools and in some cases use toilets at home or neighbors (in case of girls). 5. No proper infrastructure facilities 6. About 20% of schools who do have any kind of sourced of water supply. 7. There are about 10% of the schools with no water storage facilities. 8. Only 25% of schools which are not having wash basin facilities within the schools. 9. About 75% of the schools with wash basins do not have any kind of water supply connections. And about 10% of them not cleaned properly or not well maintained and about 10% are not in proper shape i.e. there are almost in broken stage. In addition to this, there are about 10% of schools wash basins not in a usable state. 10. No O&M for schools toilets and no proper budget allocation for improvements.
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11. About 64% of the schools dispose their waste into road side bins; and about 23% on open sites and the rest through regular door to door collection. Issues related to Open Defecation & Sewerage:
In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soakpits. The water from septic tanks goes directly into drains which is very unhygienic. The existing sewer lines are not adequate and very old.
People are ready to pay User Charges for the sanitation services in the city. The wastewater should be reused/recycled after treatment for agricultural purposes, washing clothes/cars /vehicles etc.
Slum sanitation should be given high priority. Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned regularly.
The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and regular upkeep/maintenance.
The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of the city are improved.
The use of Polythene Bags should be banned in the city . In fact, polythene bags are worsening the sanitary conditions of the city.
There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be constructed in the city.
Sewerage Treatment Project should come up in the city like solid waste management project.
Sanitation Awareness Campaign should be arranged twice a month particularly in slum and LIG areas. Media/posters/skits and other tools should be used for the sanitation awareness campaign in schools; markets awareness campaigns should be organized. A system should be introduced to seek peoples feedback and opinion about the sanitation services in the city.
Before passing the proposed house maps, it should be ensured that the house is having provision of waterborne toilets and facility of rain water harvesting.
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Issues relating to Solid Waste Management:

Most of the people throw the household garbage in the open and drains. Over the period of time, the solid waste and garbage is being dumped and accumulated at various places in the city.
There is no provision of door-to-door collection of garbage in the city. The vegetable & fruit Mandis are occupying space on the roadside and major source of biodegradable garbage which is not cleaned regularly and thus polluting the environment of city.
Most of the street/road sweeping waste and garbage are thrown in the drains and nalas by the safaikaramcharies.
The solid as well as liquid waste of slaughter houses in the city is being dumped in the open & discharged in the nalas. It is a totally unhygienic and major health hazard for the city.
Dust bins and Garbage Containers should be permanently placed in the markets/identified places and some responsible agency should be designated to collect the garbage regularly.
The Safai karamcharies should be motivated to perform their duties honestly and meticulously to keep the city clean and green.
The cattle waste is directly thrown/ discharged in to the nalas/drains.
GAP IDENTIFICATION The total number of household having no access to any type of sanitary facilities in Bareilly are 18047 households of which 12740 household in slums and 5307 households in non slum areas there can be proposals for individual toilets, community toilets or group toilets to overcome the gaps and have open defecation free city. In addition to the proposals stated above - there should be attention required for the Community/ public toilets at the following mentioned places: NEKAPUR, BALMIKI BASTI, JASAULI, GANDA NALA, INDIRA MARKET, KISHORE BAZAR, CHAUPULA BAGIYA, CHAUPULA ROAD, JAWAHAR NAGAR, SUFFI TOLLAA, AAJAZ NAGAR, and RAJ NAGAR.
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The provision of toilets at commercial complexes also plays a vital role. Thus the toilet facilities at commercial complexes that require immediate construction are as follows: BALMIKI BASTI, INDIRA MARKET
Addressing the sewerage waste water and storm water drainage, construction of Sewerage Treatment Plant would give best results
Addressing sludge management issues at household toilets and community toilets. Proper operation and maintenance of all the public toilets located at commercial/ market places.
Proper garbage disposal of garbage management at commercial/ market places. Proper sludge management of public toilets. Scientific disposal of solid and liquid waste generated at all the hospitals. The toilet facilities at institutional building that require immediate attention/ improvements/ rehabitation are as follows: BAREILLY RAILWAY STATION, and NAGAR NIGAM BAREILLY.
The other toilets provided at public institutional buildings should be rehabitalated with proper infrastructure facilities and requires O&M.
Immediate attention should be focused on provision of sanitary facilities at the following schools: basic Siksha parisadiya primary school (ward no. 01), sarswati sishu Mandir (ward no. 03) , primary pattashala school (ward no. 03), aadha shilla school (ward no. 03), junior high school makarndapur sarkar (ward no. 04), apolo public school (Mandi road, ward no. 04), jak and jill school (ward no. 04), sishu uthaan Siksha samithi (ward no. 05), schools at Indira nagar and janakpuri, ganesh gyan public school (ward no. 06), schools in ward no. 08 (does not have toilets), purva madymik vidyalai (jasauli, ward no. 01), madyamik vidyalai (jakira, ward no: 01), jilat high school (ward no. 01), mehak high school (ward no 02), indira school (ward no 02), vudaro school (Rajendra nagar, ward no 06), sarswati ram Mandir school (indira nagar, ward no 06), agraseen public school (ward no 06), junior high schools in ward no 06 near prem nagar, shaabad, aarya samaj, gandhi nagar.
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Proper operation and maintenance of existing toilets at all schools. Proposals of DEWATS to avoid direct outflow of open drains into River.
4.2. IEC AND AWARENESS MESSAGES & CHANNELS Household Survey About 250 households particularly in slum areas were surveyed to gauge water and sanitation situation in Bareilly city. Though the data does not claim to yield statistically significant results for Bareilly, there were some interesting findings. About 30% households are not having access to toilets and thus defecating in open. More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual scavenging. There is no door to door collection except in few pockets started recently as pilot project and high proportion of the respondents are dumping solid waste in designated container (if available) or open site on the road/street side. However, 86% of households claimed that Nagar Nigam Safai
Karamcharis pick up the waste from their areas once in two or three days. About 38% of the residents opined that their streets are not swept regularly and 41% complained that drains are either cleaned once a week or irregularly. An overwhelming majority said they take their water and sanitation complaints to elected representatives. Further 53% said they complained directly through face to face interactions with Nagar Nigam officials (sanitary supervisors) and 27% complained on telephone. Public toilets in commercial places According to our survey there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or markets of the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of urinals particularly for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum people urinate in open drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use toilets if proper toilet facilities are made available. If they have to pay they prefer monthly pass of Rs.20. Our survey results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are experiencing difficulties due to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option was found to be low. In such a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create
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demand for toilets. Then it could be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and use terms. Shopkeepers could opt for monthly passes and customers pay per use. Community Toilets As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Our survey covered 17 (100%) community toilets in Bareilly, merely 26% of these are in fully serviceable condition. About 62% are reported to be in bad implying that they are in unsanitary or dilapidated condition. Investing in community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M work is being shared by a host of organizations including Nagar Nigam, DUDA, NEDA and Sulabh. No Correlation has been found between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M. Key Messages for Stakeholders National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multistakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs, media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by corporators of the concerned wards and comprising members from NNB, office bearers of RWAs, Safai Karamcharies is recommended. A set of powerful mnemonics related to sanitation could be one of the ways of beginning the process of developing sanitation consciousness- say something like swach ghar samridh parivar. The messages that need to be put across to the stakeholders are as follows:
Target Audience Nagar Ayukt, NN Health & Sanitary
Messages/Themes
Channels of Communication
Seeking community inputs for building and repairing community and individual toilets, toilets should be
Training Programs for Officials from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal Vibhag, DUDA
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officials, Corporators etc
designed for social acceptance. Anti- open defecation and sanitation campaigns How to ensure compliance from people through rewards/Punishments Better co-ordination between various departments including NNB, DUDA, Jal Kal for implementation of City Sanitation Plan Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation workers Promoting source segregation at source and dump yards Safe deposition of garbage by Contractors
Participation in interactive programmes such as transact walks etc to promote city sanitation CSTF meetings, CSP workshops, Newspaper Advertisement calling for meeting/seeking participation in transect walks Press Conference-sharing the goals and plan of action for CSP with press persons Videos on best practices and their impact Organising interactive programmes with elected representatives and officials. These could include transact walks in slum areas RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting Door to door campaign Newspaper Advertisement. Press Conference Screening of videos for sanitation awareness
Corporators, Office bearer of Slum Resident Federations, NGOs representing slums in inner City
Consultations on preventing open defecation, especially highlighting the risks on railway line
Consultation seeking inputs of residents on improving community toilets and their usage
Toilet options two pit, septic tank Safe disposal of Human Excreta Contamination due to Fecal Matter Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies Consultation of water supply situation Consultation on expectations form Municipality
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Corporators, office bearers of Slum Resident Federations representing slums in City Outskirts
Consultation seeking inputs of residents on improving community toilets and their usage
Organising interactive programmes with elected representatives and officials. These could include walks in the outskirt slums.
Health Risks due to open defecation Toilet options two pit, septic tank Contamination due to Fecal Matter Safe disposal of Human Excreta Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies Consultation on problems with water supply Consultation on expectations form NNB
RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting Door to door campaign Newspaper Advertisement Press Conference Screening of videos and films at meetings
Office bearers of Residents Welfare Association middleclass localities
Consultation on problems with current toilets Consultation on septic tank cleaning Consultation on Environmental sanitation Consultation of water supply situation Consultation of willingness to pay user charges Consultation on expectations from NNB
Meetings with officials, Door to door campaigning Newspaper Advertisement Cable TV Educational videos screening at meetings
Water and sanitation officials
Display responsibilities of officials viz Sanitation Inspectors in their Circles especially in the vicinity of open defecation areas, markets, public parks, slaughter houses, around water
Printed pamphlets given with newspapers, newspaper advertisements, painting on Elevated/underground reservoirs Print the phone numbers of
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bodies Water and Sanitation Workers Establish public grievance redressal mechanism. Appreciation of what people desire Importance of safe handling of waste, protective gear Important messages like not burning plastics, not dropping waste on the way to dump sites, intermediate bins Educating residents about Segregation of waste Shopkeepers, Commercial establishments, SSI units Do not dump garbage in by lanes, in drains Organize a meeting with NNB to appraise the officials of their grievances If you need to dispose heavy waste call the NNB and ask for a tractor. Improving sanitation facilities within the shops and factories for workers and customers Participation in Public toilets building and maintenance
responsible officials on the NNB garbage lifting vehicles
Training Programs, Workshops on better gear, improved practices, consultations with Safai Karamcharis or sanitary worker unions
Area specific meeting with shopkeepers, slaughter house operators , traders and representatives of SSI units
City Wide
Keep houses and neighborhood clean Boil/Filter the Water before drinking Wash your hands before and after eating/drinking Dont allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighborhood Immunize Children
Road Side Billboards News Paper Advertisements City TV Cable Short Films or videos to be screened in theatres etc.
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Dont share clothes of persons infected with skin diseases
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CHAPTER 05 KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES
IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
KEY ISSUES
IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I I 1/1 Open Defecation II Waste drains disposal in open III 1/3 % sewerage coverage
II
2/1 Schools with no toilets Poor O&M of school toilets No public toilets at commercial/ market places
2/2 No proper Fecal sludge management of community and public toilets and even at household level (those using septic tank) Low drinking water quality No proper maintenance of Institutional toilets
2/3 High Slaughter house waste disposal into nalas Industrial waste into nalas without primary treatment
III
3/1 Poor arrangements of operation and maintenance of both community and public toilets
3/2 No door to door collection of household waste
3/3 Encroachments, waste dump sites - Water bodies
Unscientific disposal of liquid waste and fecal sludge from hospitals, community toilets and public toilets
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The existing situation of the cities (i.e. key problems are listed out further, analysis for their consequences and their impacts.) A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that need to be addressed by ULB.
PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I
I 1/1 Individual toilets Community toilets
II 1/2 Strom water drainage
III 1/3 Sewerage System
II
2/1 Public toilets School sanitation
2/2 Fecal sludge management Water Quality Institutional toilets
2/3 Water supply Slaughter house waste Industrial waste
III
3/1 O&M arrangements
3/2 Solid waste management Liquid waste management
3/3 Water bodies
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CHAPTER 06 PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS This section essentially deals with the requirements at the city level for sanitation services to support urban stability, enable social balance, economic growth and development and are imperative for the improvement of urban public services in Bareilly. Although there have been some national and state initiatives to increase sanitation coverage in Bareilly, a substantial part of urban population, especially in slums, has no adequate sanitation facilities made available to them by the government machinery.
Long- term
Mid - term
Short - term
6.1 SWOT Analyses The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it can therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The ideal outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage of external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that it is simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a particular strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential threats then it can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT Analysis is the foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely
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opportunities and threats from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the sector that affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which the sector operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-making process of the particular sector in the context of Bareilly.
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly -Water Supply Strengths

60% of city coverage with piped water supply Average six hours daily water supply
Weaknesses
Lack of metered connections Leakages Using private electric pumps to suck water Illegal connections Water borne diseases due to poor quality of water supplied
Opportunities
Improving water quality and reducing water borne diseases Rehabilitation of the existing lines Constant vigilance to control illegal connections IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising main and usage of untreated water leading to contamination Encouraging individual metered connection to increase revenue IEC to bring forth change in the mindset to go for Individual metered connections
Threats
Poor service in some areas Contamination due to household & commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallas
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly - Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage Strengths
Extensive nallas and drain network Approximately 25-30% of city covered by sewer lines
Weaknesses
No sewerage treatment plant STP 35 years old sewerage network Black and gray water not treated Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallas
Opportunities
Plan and develop a sewerage treatment plants IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains
Threats
All nallas /drains discharging in water bodies Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health hazard
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly - Solid Waste Management Strengths
New integrated solid waste management project under PPP model is coming up Willingness to pay for the user charges
Weaknesses
No door to door collection Gap between the waste generated and collected in the city Open dumping sites are located inside the city No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation of the waste
Opportunities
Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from dumping the garbage in open Willingness to pay for the user charges can be converted in educating people to give the waste in a segregated manner CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to improve the quality of life
Threats
Gap between generation and collection has let large amount of garbage in the city leading to public health hazards Open dumping sites are major public health hazards
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Bareilly - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets Strengths
Community / Public toilets have been built for the population of the city
Weaknesses
No M & E system for tracking Open Defecation Few community toilets for large slum population Number of community toilets are in unusable condition Most of community toilets leading waste to open drains
Opportunities
Increasing number of Community Toilets would bring down the instances of open defecation to a large extent Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets BOT models in building toilets have high chances IEC & Behavioral Change campaign can bring down the cases of open defecation
Threats
Open Defecation has become a major public health hazard Mosquitoes leading to several diseases and instances of skin diseases
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6.2
VISION AND SPECIFIC GOALS
Bareilly City to become totally sanitized, livable and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all the citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor by 2015. SPECIFIC GOALS a) Awareness generation and behaviour change
b) Making Bareilly a open defecation free city
c) Re-Orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation
d) Sanitary and Safe Disposal of human excreta and liquid wastes
e) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations
The citys concerted efforts would be in achieving the vision and the goals in a stipulated timeframe. 6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS
6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS Application of technology is one of a number of integrated measures required to improve sanitary conditions. Although sanitation is often understood as dealing with urine and excreta, the definition of sanitation is much broader and concerns the conditions relating to public health. To improve sanitation, the entire environment needs to be looked at in a holistic manner so that improvements in one area are not undermined by the neglect of another, and to prevent the problem being transported elsewhere with the discharge of untreated sewage or indiscriminate tipping of solid waste. The infrastructure necessary to provide a sanitation facility which is safe, reliable, private, protected from the weather and ventilated, keeps smells to the minimum, easy to keep clean, minimises the risk of the spread of sanitation-related diseases by facilitating the appropriate control of disease carrying flies and pests, and enables safe and appropriate treatment and/or removal of human waste and wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. Technology does not fail humans; humans fail
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technology if the introduced technology cannot be sustained in the socio-economic, personal or cultural environment. The users are often blamed for the failure but the reality is that failure occurs because the technology is inappropriate to the circumstances. Regardless of the technology selected, making sanitation improvements in any community requires careful planning and concerted investment efforts between households and government. Lacking proper coordination, some investments can become very wasteful and redundant. For instance, the disposal of contaminated wastewater in densely populated areas is both expensive and technically challenging, while the prospects for charging for this service are limited. Thus, if water services are introduced in an area without a proper drainage and sewerage system, there will be no way to take away the volumes of wastewater. Sanitation systems can be divided into onsite and offsite technologies. Onsite sanitation systems aim to contain human excreta at the point of generation (the household level). Onsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: wet which require water for flushing; and dry which do not require any water for flushing. This type of infrastructure comprises of (improved) latrines, septic tanks and other household level technologies that do not involve sewerage. Offsite sanitation systems transport human excreta to another location for treatment, disposal or use. Offsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: decentralized and centralized. Decentralized systems include systems where groups of two or more houses are linked to a network leading to a communal treatment system. Wastewater systems serving one or several communities are termed centralized systems. Technology Option for On-site sanitation systems Septic Tank with soak pits Application Level- Household, Apartments, Institutions
Septic tanks consist of a chamber or series of chambers into which wastewater is discharged and contained. Sediment and solids settle at the bottom of the tank and organic wastes are decomposed by the action of bacteria. The effluent from septic tanks may contain pathogens and should be discharged into a soak away. In practice, many septic tanks in India discharge effluent to the nearest open drain.
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Liquid flows into the tank and heavy particles sink to the bottom, while scum (oil and fat) floats to the top. With time, the solids that settle at the bottom are degraded anaerobically. However, the rate of accumulation is faster than the rate of decomposition, and the accumulated sludge must be removed at some point. Generally, Septic Tanks should be emptied and cleaned every 2 to 5 years, although they should be checked yearly to ensure proper functioning. The design of a Septic Tank depends on the number of users; the amount of water used per capita, the average annual temperature, the pumping frequency and the characteristics of the wastewater. A variation of the Septic Tank is called an aqua privy, which is a simple storage and settling tank located directly below the toilet, so that the excreta fall into the tank. To prevent odor from surfacing, a water seal must be maintained but it may not completely prevent smells and the tank must be frequently desludged. Adequacy: A Septic Tank is appropriate where there is a way of dispersing or transporting the effluent. Because the Septic Tank must be desludged regularly, a vacuum truck should be able to access the location. Often Septic Tanks are installed in the home, under the kitchen or bathroom which makes emptying difficult. If Septic Tanks are used in densely populated areas, onsite infiltration should not be used otherwise the ground will become oversaturated and excreta may rise up to the surface posing a serious health risk. Instead, the Septic Tank should be connected to a sewer and the effluent should be transported to a subsequent treatment or disposal site. Septic Tanks can be installed in every type of climate although the efficiency will be affected in colder climates. Even though the Septic Tank is watertight, it should not be constructed in areas with high groundwater tables or where there is frequent flooding. Aqua privies can be built indoors and above ground and are appropriate for rocky or flood prone areas where pits or other technologies would not be appropriate. However, because they require frequent emptying and constant maintenance, they are only recommended for very specific applications.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the entire tank is below the surface so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater. Users should be careful when opening the tank because noxious and flammable gases may be released. Septic Tanks should have a vent. A vacuum truck should be used to empty the sludge from the Septic Tank. Users should not attempt to empty the pit themselves except with a manual technology. Maintenance: Septic Tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the Septic Tank. The
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sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the Septic Tank. Pros & Cons: Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Long service life No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly Low capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on water and emptying Small land area required No electrical energy required Low reduction in pathogens, solids and organics Effluent and sludge require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge Requires constant source of water
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK (Sizing, volume and emptying calculations and example design solutions, Chapter 6)
Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit Application Level- Household
A Pour Flush Toilet is like a regular Flush Toilet except that instead of the water coming from the cistern above, it is poured in by the user. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern Flush Toilet can become a Pour Flush Toilet. Just like a traditional Flush Toilet, there is a water seal that prevents odours and flies from coming back up the pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3L is usually sufficient. The quantity of water and the force of the water must be sufficient to move the excreta up and over the curved water seal. Both pedestals and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable, Pour Flush Toilets and pans. The S-shape of the water seal determines how much water is needed for flushing. To reduce water requirements, it is advisable to collect toilet paper or other dry cleansing materials separately. The waterseal at the bottom of the Pour Flush Toilet or pan should have a slope of 25 to 30. Water seals should be made out of plastic or ceramic to prevent clogs and to make cleaning easier. The optimal depth of the water seal is approximately 2cm to minimize the water required to flush the excreta. The trap should be approximately 7cm in diameter.
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Adequacy: The water seal is effective at preventing odors and it is appropriate for those who sit or squat (pedestal or slab) as well as those who cleanse with water. It is only appropriate when there is a constant supply of water available. The Pour Flush Toilet requires much less water than a traditional cistern Flush Toilet. However, because a smaller amount of water is used, the Pour Flush Toilet may clog more easily and thus, require more maintenance. If water is available, this type of toilet is appropriate for both public and private applications. Pour Flush Toilets are adequate for almost all climates. Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Pour Flush Toilet (or squatting pan) prevents users from seeing or smelling the excreta of previous users. Thus, it is generally well accepted. Provided that the water seal is working well, there should be no odors and the toilet should be clean and comfortable to use. Maintenance: Because there are no mechanical parts, Pour Flush Toilets are quite robust and rarely require repair. Despite the fact that water is used continuously in the toilet, it should be cleaned regularly to prevent the buildup of organics and or/stains. To prevent clogging of the Pour Flush Toilet, it is recommended that dry cleansing materials be collected separately and not flushed down the toilet. Pros & Cons The water seal effectively prevents odors The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers) Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water requires a constant source of water (can be recycled water and/or collected rain water) Requires some education to be used correctly
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed drawings of Indian glass-fibre squat pan and trap with dimensions and critical design criteria. A description of how to modify a Pour Flush Toilet to a cistern Flush Toilet is included)
Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Application Level- Household,
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The Single VIP is a Ventilated, Improved Pit. It is an improvement over the Single Pit because continuous airflow through the ventilation pipe vents odours and acts as a trap for flies as they escape towards the light. Despite their simplicity, well-designed Single VIPs can be completely smell free, and be more pleasant to use than some other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe. When they fly towards the light and try to escape they are trapped by the fly-screen and die. The ventilation also allows odours to escape and minimizes the attraction for flies. The vent pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110mm to a maximum of 150mm and reach more than 300mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure. The vent works better in windy areas but where there is little wind, its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe black; the heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an updraft that pulls the air and odours up and out of the pit. To test the efficacy of the ventilation, a small, smoky fire can be lit in the pit; the smoke should be pulled up and out of the vent pipe and not remain in the pit or the superstructure. The mesh size of the fly screen must be large enough to prevent clogging with dust and allow air to circulate freely. Aluminium screens, with a hole-size of 1.2 to 1.5mm have proven to be the most effective. The top diameter of the Single VIP should be between 1 to 1.5m and be dug at least 3m deep, although the deeper the better. Deep pits can last up to 15, 20, 30 or more years. As the effluent leaches from the Single VIP and migrates through unsaturated soils, faecal organisms are removed. The degree of faecal organism removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture and other environmental factors and thus, it is difficult to estimate the necessary distance between a pit and a water source. A minimum distance of 30m between the pit and a water source is recommended to limit exposure to chemical and biological contamination.
Adequacy: Treatment processes in the Single VIP are limited, and therefore, pathogen reduction and organic degradation is not significant. However, since the excreta are contained, pathogen transmission to the user is limited. This technology is a significant improvement over Single Pits or open defecation. Single VIPs are appropriate for peri-urban areas; single pits in urban or dense areas are often difficult to empty and/or have insufficient space for infiltration. Depending on the pit depth, depth to the
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water table, number of users and soil conditions, some pits can be used for 20 years without emptying. VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils or for areas that flood frequently. Health Aspects/Acceptance A Single VIP can be a very clean, comfortable, and well accepted sanitation option. However some health concerns exist: Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater; Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation. Maintenance: To keep the Single VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of air. Pros & Cons: Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits) Does not require a constant source of water Suitable for all types of users Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Can be used immediately after construction Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials and pit depth Small land area required Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge Costs to empty may be significant compared to capital costs
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed design information.) Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Application Level-Household, Public Toilet, Community Toilet
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The Double VIP has almost the same design as the Single VIP with the added advantage of a second pit that allows the technology to be used continuously and allows for safer and easier emptying. By using two pits, one pit can be used while the contents of the second pit rests, drains, reduces in volume, and degrades. When the second pit is almost full (the excreta is 50cm from the top of the pit), it is covered, and the contents of the first pit are removed. Due to the extended resting time (at least 1 year of filling/resting) the material within the pit should be sanitized and humus-like. The Double VIP is specifically designed to produce humus and as such, it requires regular additions of soil, ash and/or leaves. The superstructure may either extend over both holes or it may be designed to move from one pit to the other. In either case, the pit that is not being filled should be fully covered and sealed to prevent water, garbage and animals (and/or people) from falling into the pit. The ventilation of the two pits can be accomplished using one ventilation pipe moved back and forth between the pits or each pit can be equipped with its own dedicated pipe. The two pits in the Double VIP are continually used and should be well lined and supported to ensure longevity. Adequacy: The Double VIP is more appropriate than the Single VIP for denser, peri-urban areas. The material is manually emptied, so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The users can remove the pit material after a sufficient resting time of one or more years even though the treatment processes in the pit are not complete and the material is not entirely hygienic. The Double VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently. Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently. Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Double VIP can be a very clean, comfortable and well accepted sanitation option. However some health concerns exist: Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater; Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; and Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.
Maintenance: To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation
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screen to ensure a good flow of air. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintained. Pros & Cons: Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained) Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits) Does not require a constant source of water Suitable for all types of users Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Small land area required and can be used immediately after construction Can be used immediately after construction Low/moderate reduction in pathogens Higher capital cost than Single VIP
Reference: Mara DD (1984), The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Inter reg. Project INT/81/047). The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington.
Community Toilet Block- The Sulabh Model Application Level- Slum, Low Income Areas, General Public Area
A community toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or an entire settlement. Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ecological sanitation (ecosan) toilet blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are sometimes included in the block. These are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and promoting improved public health. Adequacy: As far as possible, separate circular pits should be constructed as these are structurally more stable and the sludge is dry and safe to handle. Where separate circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed due to space constraint, pits of smaller diameter (not less than 750mm) be provided, but the depth should be increased suitably to provide required storage volume and infiltration surface area. If it is not possible to construct small diameter pits, combined oval, square
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or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall can be provided. The partition wall should be taken 300mm below the bottom of the pit and be plastered on both sides with cement mortar of 1:6 ratio. The partition wall and pit lining in 300mm width adjoining the partition wall should not have holes. However the possibility of water from one pit finding its way to the other pit is very much there. Therefore the desludging of the filled up pit has to be done with care to avoid health hazards. Health Aspects/Acceptance: Hygienically and technically appropriate, and socio-culturally acceptable Eliminates mosquito, insect and fly breeding. Free from health hazards and does not pollute surface or ground water, if proper precautions and safeguards are taken during construction. Can be located within the premises as it is free from foul smell and fly/mosquito nuisance etc. Maintenance: For the best maintenance of these types of toilets the user should remember that before using, they have to wet the pan by pouring only a little quantity of water, after defecation, have to pour 1.5 to 2 litres of water in the pan for flushing. Half litre of water should be poured in the pan after urination and the pan should be cleaned once a day with a brush or a broom and with soap powder periodically. Very important component is not to allow kitchen, bathroom waste water or rain water to enter the pits also the other solid wastes like kitchen waste, rags, cotton, sweepings etc. should not be thrown in the pan, as this could block the toilet. When the first pit in use is full, the flow should be diverted to the second pit and the filled up pit should be desludged after 1.5 to 2year rest period. The first pit can then be put to reuse, when the second pit fills up.
Pros and Cons Affordable and easy to construct with locally available materials Design and specifications can be modified to suit householder's needs and affordability. Can be constructed in different physical, geological and hydrogeological conditions. Can be constructed on upper floors of houses. Pits are generally designed for 3-year desludging interval, but if desired, it can be designed for longer periods or it can be reduced even to two years.
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Maintenance is easy, simple and costs very little. Needs only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, while conventional flush toilet needs 12 to 14 litres of water.
Needs less space than a septic tank toilet system. Does not need scavengers for cleaning the pits or disposal of sludge. This can be done by the householder.
Makes available rich fertilizer and soil conditioner. Can be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area. A low volume flushing cistern could be attached to avoid pour flushing.
Reference: http://www.sulabhinternational.org Technology Option for Off-site sanitation systems Sewerage Application Level- City Wide
Costly sewerage-based systems are unlikely to be cost effective solutions in most urban areas. Instead, decentralized excreta management systems are required. While many technological solutions exist, awareness and knowledge of them is limited to a small group of experts and needs to be broadened. Similarly, the technical knowledge of decision-makers needs to be increased. In some situations, such as for slums above water, appropriate technological solutions are yet to be found and more innovation is needed. Also, comparisons of primary and secondary costs and further investigation of what does and does not work, in the case of community-developed and managed facilities would be helpful. Maintenance: Sewers and manhole chambers will occasionally require structural repair or replacement, and broken and missing manhole covers should be replaced immediately. In gravity sewers, wastewater and solids are flushed along the sewer line to a treatment plant. If sewers are laid to self-cleansing velocities, they should require little routine maintenance. However, silting can be a problem where falls are limited and/or storm run-off carrying silt enters sewers. In such situations, periodic rodding, flushing or jetting will be required to remove blockages. Where pumping is required, considerably more attention will be required to operate and maintain pumps and other associated electro-mechanical equipment.
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Pros and Cons Operation and maintenance costs can be high, especially where pumping is required or silt and other solids cannot effectively be excluded from the sewer. As a result, many service providers rely upon subsidies to keep the system functional. Sewers often become heavily silted and lose hydraulic capacity or become completely blocked. Illegal storm water collections may lead to hydraulic overload of the sewerage system during heavy rainfall events. This may result in the flow of runoff contaminated with excreta flowing in streets and sometimes houses. In order to save electricity costs, pumping station operators often maintain wastewater levels in the wet well above the invert level of the incoming sewer. This reduces flow velocities in the incoming sewer and leads to rapid siltation. In many cases a sewerage system is built in isolation from the sewage treatment plant and the two do not connect. Households may not connect their facilities to the sewer network due to high connection charges and low willingness to pay.
Simplified Sewers or Shallow Sewers Application Level- Neighborhood and City Wide
Simplified Sewers describe a sewerage network that is constructed using smaller diameter pipes laid at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than conventional sewers. The Simplified Sewer allows for a more flexible design associated with lower costs and a higher number of connected households. Expensive manholes are replaced with simple inspection chambers. Each discharge point is connected to an interceptor tank to prevent settle-able solids and trash from entering the sewer. As well, each household should have a grease trap before the sewer connection.
Another key design feature is that the sewers are laid within the property boundaries, rather than beneath the central road. Because the sewers are more communal, they are often referred to as condominium sewers. Oftentimes, the community will purchase, and connect to, a single legal connection to the main sewer; the combined effluent of the auxiliary sewer network flows into the main sewer line. Because simplified sewers are laid on or around the property of the users, higher
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connection rates can be achieved, fewer and shorter pipes can be used and less excavation is required as the pipes will not be subjected to heavy traffic loads. However, this type of Conveyance technology requires careful negotiation between stakeholders since design and maintenance must be jointly coordinated. All Grey water should be connected to the Simplified Sewer to ensure adequate hydraulic loading. Inspection chambers also function to attenuate peak discharges into the system. For example, a 100mm diameter sewer laid at a gradient of 1m in 200m (0.5%) will serve around 200 households of 5 people (10,000 users) with a wastewater flow of 80L/person/day. Although watertight sewers are the ideal, they may be difficult to achieve, and therefore the sewers should be designed to take into account the extra flow that may result from storm water infiltration. Blocks of community-based Simplified Sewers are connected to an existing Conventional Gravity Sewer or routed to a Simplified Sewer main constructed with pipes of a larger diameter. A Simplified Sewer main can still be placed at a shallow depth providing it is placed away from traffic.
Adequacy: Where the ground is rocky or the groundwater table is high, the excavation of trenches for pipes may be difficult. Under these circumstances, the cost of installing sewers is significantly higher than in favorable conditions. Regardless, Simplified Sewerage is less expensive than Conventional Gravity Sewerage because of its shallow installation depth. Simplified Sewers can be installed in almost all types of settlements and are especially appropriate for dense, urban settlements. To prevent clogging and maintain the sewers, good pre-treatment is required. It is recommended that the scum from Grey water, heavy solids and garbage be removed from the wastewater prior to entering the sewer.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: If constructed and maintained well, sewers are a safe and hygienic means of transporting wastewater. Users must be well educated about the health risks associated with maintaining/ cleaning blockages and inspection chambers.
Maintenance: Pre-treatment with interceptor tanks and a grease trap is essential. The homeowner must maintain the interceptor tanks and the grease trap. Ideally, households will also be responsible for the maintenance of the sewers; however in practice this may not be feasible. Alternatively, a private contractor or users committee can be hired to assume responsibility for the maintenance as inexperienced users may not detect problems before they become severe, and therefore, more costly to repair. A related problem is that households may drain storm water into the sewer. This practice should be discouraged whenever possible. Blockages can usually be removed by opening
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the sewer and forcing a length of rigid wire through the sewer. Inspection chambers must be emptied periodically to prevent grit overflowing into the system. Pros & Cons: Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers Capital costs are between 50 and 80% less than Conventional Gravity Sewers; operating costs are low Can be extended as a community changes and grows Requires expert design and construction supervision Requires repairs and removals of blockages more frequently than a Conventional Gravity Sewer Effluent and sludge (from interceptors) requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge.
Reference: Mara, DD, (1996) Low-Cost Sewerage, Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Assessment of different low-cost systems and case studies)
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (Popularly called as DEWATS) Application Level- Neighborhood, Household, Public
An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles under which the wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge) results in improved treatment. The system operates without mechanical means and sewage flows by gravity through the different components of the system. Up to 1,000 cubic metre of domestic and non-toxic industrial sewage can be treated by this system. DEWATS applications are based on the principle of low-maintenance since most important parts of the system work without electrical energy inputs and cannot be switched off intentionally (BORDA). DEWATS applications provide state-of-the-art-technology at affordable prices because all of the materials used for construction are locally available. DEWATS approach is an effective, efficient and affordable wastewater treatment solution for not only small and medium sized enterprises (SME) but also for the un-served urban households in developing countries, especially South Asia. For instance, DEWATS can operate in individual households, at the neighborhood level and even in small and big factories not connected to sewage lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal waste. The recycled water is used for
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irrigation or for growing plants and is absolutely safe for human use. In certain urban areas the processed water is taken for use as flush- water in toilets.
Adequacy: This technology is easily adaptable and can be applied at the household level or for a small neighborhood. An ABR can be designed for a single house or a group of houses that are using a considerable amount of water for clothes washing, showering, and toilet flushing. It is mostly appropriate if water use and supply of wastewater are relatively constant. This technology is also appropriate for areas where land may be limited since the tank is installed underground and requires a small area. It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater table as infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency and contaminate the groundwater.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms. To prevent the release of potentially harmful gases, the tank should be vented. Maintenance: Adequate arrangements must be made for periodic removal of sludge from the first compartment. Sludge accumulation in the baffled compartments should be much less. Although desludging at regular intervals is necessary, it is important that some active sludge is left in each of the compartments to maintain a stable treatment process. ABR tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the ABR. The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the ABR. Pros & Cons Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads No electrical energy required Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Grey water can be managed concurrently Long service life and no real problems with flies or odours if used correctly High reduction of organics Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost depending on number of users
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Requires constant source of water and effluent requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge
Requires expert design and construction
Reference: a) Sasse, L. 1998. DEWATS: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries. Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, (BORDA), Bremen, Germany b) Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society, Bangalore c) The Vigyan Vijay Foundation, New Delhi 6.3.1a. Options for Removal and Transport of Fecal Sludge and Septage Fecal sludge management must be integral part of every sanitation plan, which builds on on-site sanitation facilities. Sludge management is an indispensable part of the maintenance of these facilities. However, in reality sludge management is often neglected in sanitation planning because the need for it is less apparent than it is for the provision of water supply or toilet facilities. Even when a sanitation plan foresees a component for sludge management, its implementation is often impaired for the same reasons. On-site sanitation systems are often perceived as cheap in comparison to sewerage systems, because the investment costs are covered by individuals and not by the public bodies. However, fecal sludge management is an important cost factor, which cannot be neglected and which has always to be taken into account when sanitation systems are planned.
Conventional on-site sanitation includes facilities like pit latrines, community/public toilets, flush toilets connected to septic tanks, etc. In these sanitation systems, feces, urine, and in some cases grey water is mixed and the sludge produced can be quite diluted. The efforts for sludge collection, transport and treatment are high, because the sludge is of high volume and difficult to handle. The removal of sludge from toilet facilities, and the transport to the site of treatment or disposal is the first important component of fecal sludge management. Hygiene with sludge handling is usually an important issue when manual pit or vault emptying is common. The workers whether independent or employees of private or municipalities, are rarely aware of the health risks and may use no protection during their work.
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Source
Characteristics
Emptying and cartage implications Vacuum desludging systems are required for cleaning of single pit Latrines.
Dry pits/vaults Highly concentrated quasi-solids with high pathogen content (depending upon residence time in latrine). Leach pits As above, but higher moisture content
Twin pits can be emptied manually without the need for specialized equipment.
Septic tanks
Varies enormously depending on the number of people utilizing the septic tank, water consumption, tank size, and pumping frequency.
Septage vacuum trucks are widely utilized for cleaning of septic tanks.
Adopted from A Guide to Decision-makingSanitation Technology Options for Urban India, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) with support from the Water and Sanitation Program South Asia. 6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS Expansion of sanitation systems will not be possible unless an institution or group of individuals, preferably the intended users, are willing to pay user charges for the new facilities required. Even when facilities have been provided, they will fail sooner or later unless funds are available to cover their ongoing operation and maintenance. So, it will be impossible to first provide and then sustain services to cities as a whole unless the finances of those who are responsible for providing and managing them are sound. Most conventional financing goes to established services in already served areas and to conventional technological and administrative systems. This approach is not going to fulfill the sanitation target of the MDGs and beyond. To revise the current trend of an evergrowing sanitation backlog in poor urban areas we need not only to invest more and more wisely, but also finance in much more creative ways. Every proposal for a sanitation service, and its non-technical components, needs financing. The amounts required can be estimated in the early stages of strategic planning, and should include costs to be incurred by the municipal government and other parties. The strategy will consider both the initial capital and recurrent financing needs. The sustainability of most sanitation systems depends on
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having adequate recurrent funds for operations and maintenance. Financing is often regarded as the defining factor in sanitation development. This is true, especially if a city relies only on the local government budget. However, with a good citywide sanitation plan, a municipal government will plan to access finances from other sources, such as central government, state government, the private sector and the public. Furthermore, since the nominal amount of municipal budget is small, sanitation budgets are correspondingly small. The citywide sanitation strategy can propose a larger allocation from the municipal budget and recommend optimizing use of funds from other sources. Increasing the municipal budget allocation for sanitation requires commitment from all relevant decision makers, both in the legislative and executive bodies. Approval from the local legislature is key, and such support can be gained if the sanitation working group designs awareness-building activities for all decision makers. Thus, strategies for developing funding for sanitation needs to be supported by strategies for developing non-technical components, especially community participation, policy and regulation, and institutions. Without the support of these components, the sanitation working group would have difficulty in obtaining additional financing for sanitation development. These mutual linkages will be described in the citywide sanitation plan.
Sanitation
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SL.NO 1
FINANCING SOURCE 13th Finance Commission
APPROACH The 13th Finance Commission has funding for Urban Local Bodies. The additional advantage to the ULB is that of 12th Finance Commission grant utilized for Solid Waste Management. The State Government has to guide the ULBs to utilize the funds appropriately and achieve the goals of sanitation in an acceptable manner. The 13th FC grants can be pooled to providing sanitation facilities if the State takes up the issue of Sanitation in a mission mode. Only a mission mode approach would enable the ULBs to achieve open defecation free city status. The State Finance Commission plays a vital role in cities achieving open defecation free status. The SFC grants help the cities to take care of the salaries of the municipal employees apart from providing funds for the other basic services to the urban citizens apart from urban poor. Under the ministry of Urban Development, there are several components which have funding options for sanitation. UIDSSMT has urban infrastructure and governance component which can funds for building sewerage network & STP, water supply , integrated SWM etc. Ministry of Housing and urban poverty alleviation provides large amount of finance for the Urban Slums in India. The Ministry has several poverty alleviation programmes which cater to the needs of housing in turn catering to the issue of sanitation by constructing toilets in the housing structure. Large numbers of toilets have been built and good number of dry latrines have been converted to pour flush latrines.
State Finance Commission
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA)
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Kanshi Ram Sehari Garib Awas Yogna
A government of Uttar Pradesh programme. Envisages building one lakh houses every year for economically weaker sections of the society over the next five years. The District Magistrates have been made responsible for the implementation of the scheme and the Uttar Pradesh Housing Board is involved in Planning and Construction. The houses, built under the scheme, will have facilities like clean drinking water, toilets, streetlamps and it will be carried out in a phased manner. This is good source of funding as houses are built with urban basic services.
4a
ILCS
4b
Rajiv Awas Yojana
The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers started from 1980-81 initially through the Ministry of Home Affairs and later on through the Ministry of Welfare. From 1989-90, it came to be operated through the Ministry of Urban Development and later on through Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation now titled Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. The main components are Central Subsidy of 75%, State Subsidy of 15% and beneficiary share of 10%. A detailed difference between the previous and the new scheme is given below this table. Rajiv Awas Yojana is a scheme sponsored by the ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a Slum-free India through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner. The goals of RAY will be driven and incentivized by the provision of central support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditional to a set of reforms necessary for urban development to become inclusive. This specific programme also would enable the city to achieve complete
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ULBs Finance
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Sarva Shikshya Abhiyan (MoHRD)
PPP
sanitized situation as the major problem of sanitation arises from slums and Ray would take care of this issue. The Nagar Nigam also has considerable income for creating some provision for sanitation scheme in the city. As the state Municipalities act also specifies some of the duties to be performed under sanitation, some amount can be exclusively earmarked in the municipal budget to take sanitation in a mission mode till the city achieves the Open Defecation free status. Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment is also funding in a significant way to take care of the welfare of manual scavengers and their family. It is also heartening to note that big numbers of Manual Scavengers were reported in Uttar Pradesh. Relieving these people would not fetch the adequate results as the livelihood option would bring them back to the same work as they occupied before. The ministry has plan for rehabilitation of the families through several ways. Adequate amount of finance can be availed from this ministry to eliminate manual scavenging in existing places and rehabilitation of the families who has practiced before. Ministry of Human Resource Development is a potential source of financing as school sanitation is also a major component in the city sanitation plan. The SSA component has funding for school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam with the support of the district magistrate and education department should make efforts to pool in money for school sanitation. Public Private Participation is another potential area which has been explored by the Nagar Nigam to an extent but not to the maximum. PPP has a great potential in Bareilly as the city is a heritage centre and the population is also willing to pay for the services. Till now few public toilets have been constructed with PPP but many more community as well as public toilets can be built in Bareilly city. Few parks and street lights have been constructed under PPP but more projects can be done by following some models
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10
NGO
in south as well as north. This would relieve the city from capital investment and reduce the burden in bringing finance. As a response to an insufficient provision of basic urban services and a lack of access to finance and other resources by ULBs that aim to increase access to sanitation services, a number of PPP options have emerged. These include: service contracts; performance-based service contract; joint sector company to implement and finance the project; a management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); and construction cum build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract. Ministry has come out with a guidance note on Guidelines on India: Urban Water and sanitation Services, sector reform and successful Public-Private Partnerships. NGOs have played a significance role in transforming sanitation sector in India. Take for example Sulabh has played a major role in easing the burden on the ULBs. They are there almost length and breadth of the country. Their contribution in reducing the magnitude of Open defecation is noteworthy. The model adopted by them is also unique as they have developed their own model against the standard world known models based on experience. There are few more like SPARC who have made significant contribution in pay and use system. The pay and use system in the form of monthly cards will also help bringing down the incidences of OD as well give scope for going for individual toilets with low cost involved in construction. There are several NGOs which are ready to invest and look after Operation and maintenance. There are some NGOs which are working on partial cost by the NGO and then partial by the beneficiary through installments and bank.
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ILCS Scheme Details: Earlier Provision 1. The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town basis' and the towns having population less than 5 lacs are being covered Revised Provision The earlier programme was town-wise for population upto 5 lacs as per 1981 census which need not be restricted any more as the whole country is to be declared as scavenger free. The new guidelines will cover all towns on "All Town" basis.
2.
Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing loan and a mix of 75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries, 15% of State's contribution and subsidy from the Central Government in a synchronized manner 10% of Beneficiaries contribution. as per the following financing pattern. Category Beneficiary EWS 45% LIG 25% MIG/HIG Nil Subsidy contribution 50% 60% 75% 5% 15% 25% Loan
3.
The present unit cost for different categories of sanitary latrines Provision of subsidy including the superstructure in case of individual toilets: An upper ceiling of Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush is as follows:units with superstructure. 5 user unit Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user unit Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not included.
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4.
No provision of IEC component.
It is proposed to include the Information, Education and Communication (IEC) component with 1% of the total central allocations under the scheme in each of the financial year with the Ministry. In case the funds retained are not utilised, these may be utilised in the projects. NGOs may be involved by the State Governments in the implementation of the scheme in various activities meant for the benefit of EWS population under the scheme with maximum charges upto 15% over and above the total project cost to be borne by the Centre and States in the ratio of 5:1 at different stages of implementation. Options like septic tank, connecting to small bore or conventional sewer network etc. may also be permitted under the cost ceiling. Technology which can enable to tap local resources should be permitted to be adopted. State implementing agencies may decide the technology best suited for the site/ locality which may be adopted.
5.
No involvement/ participation of NGOs at implementation stage.
6.
Technology used for construction and conversion of toilets was as per HUDCO's pattern/recommendation.
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6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT APPROPRIATE OPTIONS
OF
OPTIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
OF
MOST
The surveys along with several other tools used in the methodology have significantly contributed to this particular section. This section also reveals most appropriate options for the city in redeeming to be highly sanitized and become livable. Instead of creating just infrastructure for no reason is of no use and is also a burden on the Nagar Nigam. In such case a supply driven approach would be of greater help but not a perfect solution also as sometime people will be concerned about their own place and just surroundings but would have not understood the significance of cities sanitation situation. In such cases the research groups along with the officials arrive at solutions which are environmental friendly and good for the city as such. Fig: Supply Driven Approach for Sanitation
Providers
Capital and 'technical' Expertise
Information on needs and local Situation
Information
Sanitation services & Facilities

Demand for services Willingness to pay Local Knowledge
on possibilities
Users
Recent thinking on service provision stresses that infrastructure schemes must respond to user demand by providing what potential users want and are willing to pay for. This demand responsive approach has replaced the old emphasis on supplying what professionals think is good for users, regardless of whether the users want what is supplied or are willing to pay for it. While clearly an
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improvement on the old supply driven approach, the pure demand-responsive approach is also inadequate in a number of respects. It is based on what intended service users know, thus limiting scope for change and innovation. It ignores the fact that service users are likely to be concerned only with their immediate surroundings, so that demand for local improvements may be at the expense of the wider environment. In equating demand with willingness to pay, it perhaps overlooks the fact that the main problem may be either that sanitation providers are unwilling to charge users for the full cost of services, or that poor people are unable to pay for the full cost of the services. It fails to pay sufficient attention to the capacity of service deliverers to respond to demand. This is a particularly important point where existing service delivery systems are weak. The market correlation approach The approach assumes that sanitation is a commodity that should be sold like any other commodity, for instance a car. People should therefore be offered a range of sanitation options from which they can choose. This approach has two basic drawbacks: It assumes that individual sanitation users can act independently of one another with each achieving the optimum result for him or her. In practice, this is rarely the case and people need to act together if the best results are to be achieved. It ignores the fact that different stakeholders may have different objectives. There is a real danger that the choices of community members will relate to their immediate needs and ignore the wider environmental implications of their sanitation choices. The user knows best approach This approach assumes that sanitation-related choices should be based solely on user preferences and that the role of professionals is to facilitate those choices. It underestimates the value of 'professional' knowledge. Like the market analogy approach, it assumes that all stakeholders have the same priorities and will act as a coherent group at the local level. These weaknesses mean that the approach encourages local ad-hoc activity at the expense of overall planning. For example;
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people request for sewerage everywhere but the professionals would know the feasibility of proposing such an option which is of high cost. Shared decision-making - a better approach to sanitation selection The best choices are likely to be those that take into account the knowledge, concerns and priorities of both professionals and users. When all factors are taken into consideration, there will generally be a best sanitation option in any given situation. The challenge is for users and professionals work together and pool their knowledge so as choose this best option. An illustration of the process of shared choice is given below:
Professional with Partial information
Community with Partial Information
Dialogue Leading to Preliminary Choice of Sanitation Option
Pilot test of proposal
Fully informed choice based on experience
Plan
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RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 1 Sewerage Bareilly city is already having approximately 15-20% of coverage of sewer lines but there is no provision of Sewerage Treatment Plant STP. STP is highly recommended for the safe disposal of effluent/wastewater of the city. 2 DEWATS This is the best option for number of Nallas discharging directly into the water bodies. DEWATS has a procedure of doing a feasibility test and then come up with a plan. The detailed write up about DEWATS has already been given in the sanitation option section. CDD Bangalore and Vijay Vigyan Foundation, Delhi are some of the expert agencies in constructing and operationalising DEWATS in India. 3 Community Toilet Block-The Sulabh Model Community toilets are constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and promoting improved public health. In Bareilly city, as on-site sanitation option, thirty seven community toilets are existing. Community toilets not only provide sanitation facility but at the same time have a demonstrative effect as well. The people using these become habitual users of toilets, and in turn realize the need for individual household toilets. Community toilets thus are the effective tools for bringing behavioral changes amongst the public residing in the slum areas as well as in generating a demand for the use of the individual toilets. As of now there are slum/LIG areas/villages on the outskirts of the city without any community toilet arrangement in Bareilly. A list of
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places where community toilets have to be built is given in the gaps and requirement section of the sanitation plan. 4 Sulabh Shauchalaya Sulabh Shauchalaya is a low cost pour flush water-seal sanitary latrine. It is an improved version of the designs already available in the country based on research conducted by different organizations and institutions on pour flush water-seal latrines. The designers of Sulabh Shauchalaya sought to provide an appropriate, efficient, cost effective and affordable excreta disposal system and to free scavengers from having to collect night soil and carry it on their heads. This has to be promoted at the individual level in Bareilly so that the low cost attracts the customers and the option is also in comply with the pollution control board standards. This specific option has to be communicated effectively throughout the city so as to promote possession of individual toilets at the household level in city as well as in slum & LIG areas. 5 Shared Latrine In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines particularly in core city, the sharing of latrines between several families may provide a useful solution. The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and other repairs can be included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does not live there. Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect money to get it emptied and cleaned when necessary. Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more
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environmental friendly manner with less cost. Information on technology and its feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference. 6 Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit This is an appropriate technology for promoting individual toilets in the city. This technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more environmental friendly manner with less cost. A careful Septage management would make this system a success. The Nagar Nigam should go with a strong IEC campaign and make sure that people go for individual toilets. Information on technology and its feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference. 7 Septic tank with soak pits This is a wide speared option which is used in apartments or in houses with multiple portions. It is a fact that there are several apartments which have septic tanks but not soak pits. Septic tank without soak pits is a dangerous trend and it has to be avoided. The construction of septic tank with soak pits can be made sure with the system of building laws making it mandatory. Regular monitoring and evaluation with a proper Septage management would also fetch required results. Information on technology and its feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference.
Special focus on community toilets due to space constraints and its capacity to deal with needs of the urban poor
Large and sizable investment has been made for the construction of community toilets, which have become either hazardous, unhygienic or abandoned due to poor construction and planning, or lack of water supply or lack of proper maintenance. At the same time it must be understood that community toilets are specifically important for slum, especially where it may not be possible to construct individual household toilets due to the non-availability of space.
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The reasons for failure of community toilets TECHNICAL ISSUES Faulty construction, not conforming to norms of availability of sustainable water supply, ventilation, natural lighting etc., Lacking in special provision for children and handicapped /disabled persons FINANCIAL ISSUES Insufficient funds for running the system INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES Non-consultations with community on design and location of Community Toilets
Non-availability of funds for augmentation, rectification and up gradation of facilities.
Lack of motivation and non-generation of felt need towards sanitation
Lacking in safety and security for women
Lack of public health and hygiene education among poor sections of society Lack of sensitization on gender issue.
Lack of operation and maintenance.
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Under these circumstances not only the construction but devising measures for strengthening operational and maintenance aspect of the community toilets becomes all the more important. This scenario necessitates initiatives not only in the construction but over and above in the Operation & Maintenance (O& M) of community toilets.
Involving user groups in maintenance is another measure tried successfully in southern part of the country. The chances of success of these groups are more when women are actively involved. This was learnt from the experiences of one of the Municipal Corporation Trichy in Southern part of the India. The women of the area were involved in construction of community toilets. The women group SHE - Team (Sanitation and Hygiene Education - Team) was formed to take up the maintenance responsibility of the community toilet under pay and use system. The women group soon could able to earn money out of the toilet maintenance and further invested the money in renovation of an abandoned community toilets nearby which was earlier used by men. They replaced the damaged water closets in the mens community toilet and attended other repair and renovation works in the toilet. The men of the area started using the renovated community toilet and avoided open defecation in the slum. For children, the community has decided to construct a separate toilet adjacent to the pay and use latrines meant for men and women. They could design and construct a child friendly toilet. The child friendly toilet is being used by the girls and boys of the slum who are below 6 years old. Therefore, community participation especially of women has great chance of successful O &M of community toilets.
Therefore, a system based on empowerment of users, owning, operation & maintenance and collection of service charges by user groups seems to be a sustainable solution for rehabilitation of defunct community toilets and also for the construction of new ones.
6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Institutional arrangement is one of the most crucial aspects of sanitation. It is a common factor in all urban local bodies that infrastructure would be put in place with the support of respective state government and national government at different levels of finance and implementation support. It is observed and proven that, over a period of time the responsibility is taken by none and the infrastructure remains unused or the infrastructure and its conditions deteriorate so much it becomes a dead investment. No agency concerned in the city vicinity would be in a position would
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be in a place to monitor it. This has been a crucial issue in sanitation which has hampered the growth in terms of sanitation and also has pushed the cities to look unhygienic by redundant services. Therefore, having a sound institutional arrangement would enable the infrastructure to be used in a proposed manner to its fullest capacity. Many a times the institutional arrangements cannot be confined with one agency in an urban local body as the activities come under multiple agencies which would make it more cumbersome. This issue of multiple agencies handling the same issues can be resolved only with a good number of convergent meetings and responsibilities to deliver are to be guided by the state government. Each agency handling its own thing is also important but in turn they should also have co-ordination to make sure that the duties do not limit themselves to their circles but the duties should enable the city to look more hygienic in terms of living conditions. For Example: Slums although directly come under DUDA, the Nagar Nigam also has greater responsibility in making sure that the slum receives all the urban basic services required. In this type of situation, a combined effort from DUDA and Nagar Nigam would make better living for the slum dwellers rather each agency handling the situation in its own way. In the same way the Nagar Nigam has the responsibility of constructing community toilets in the slums, this can happen in the best manner only if both the agencies come together.
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Stakeholders
Multiple Stakeholders and required co-ordination
Role to be performed
Civil Society
Household level CBOs Resident Welfare Associations
Civil society has to play a crucial role in promotion and maintenance of sanitation situation in the city. This is a first of a kind exercise where in the institutional arrangement civil society is added. The justified reason would be that most of the time the responsibility of operation and maintenance of sanitation services are left on the Nagar Nigam or any other government agency. This attitude has to change and civil society should own the infrastructure given by the government. The Nagar Nigam should make special moves in this regard as to make sure that the civil society takes the responsibility of maintaining the given infrastructure. Apart from this, regular involvement in IEC campaign in the city and keeping the awareness on sanitation movement in the city is of greater responsibility of the civil society as this cannot be done by local government alone. Educating the violators on sanitation also falls in the larger preview of the civil society as sanitation has greater dent in behavior change.
Local NGOs
Health Based,
The local NGOs have crucial task to perform as they would know the city better than anybody within their own sector. NGOs, apart from their routine
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Sanitation Based, Development Based, & Education Based NGOs
work of carrying out different projects, should get involved in other activities by giving handholding support to the corporation in monitoring and evaluation of sanitation activities. The NGOs also should guide the corporation with their rich experience in the field in right direction as to approach communities according to the need.
The NGOs also should get involved extensively in sanitation IEC activities as to make the effort more fruitful and effective. Regular reporting of the situation of different sector in the city also helps the corporation take appropriate measures enable proper services.
Elected representatives
There are greater responsibilities to performed by the elected representatives. The elected representatives would know the problems and the scenario of particular community better than anyone else. So it is in this regard the role of MP MLA Corporators elected representatives become crucial. They have to be proactive and monitor the development work at regular intervals as to bring it to the notice of the commissioner or responsible authority to make sure that the works happen in a systematic manner
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Ward Members The elected representatives should also get engaged in IEC activities taken up by the concerned ULB as to bring awareness among the people to go for better sanitation. Their appeal and presence would make larger difference with regard to sanitation scenario.
Nagar Nigam Bareilly
JalKal Vibhag DUDA BDA Health Department. Education Department
Nagar Nigam Bareilly has a vital role and responsibility in sanitation apart from the other things it handles. There is a requirement of co-ordination between different stakeholders in the NNB. This is a herculean task. As the responsibility of different sectors rests with different agencies, the nagar nigam has to regularly monitor and keep itself informed. Issues of amending the building bye laws and any other policy matters Nagar Nigam has to have co-ordination with BDA as to make sure it happens with consensus. Nagar Nigam & JDA has to work together to construct more public toilets. Nagar Nigam and DUDA should take combined responsibility of bringing
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sanitation facility to the slums. As slums form the crucial section in sanitation, a greater co-ordination is expected. The JalKal Vibhag support the Nagar Nigam in planning and execution of water supply works. So there is a requirement of larger co-ordination between the agencies. A considerable amount of co-ordination is required between Nagar Nigam and Health Department as health indicators also form a major portion in sanitation ranking. Regular reporting of health indicators from the health department would enable the Nagar Nigam to take appropriate actions in this regard Nagar Nigam should have a better co-ordination with school education department as school sanitation is also a priority in overall sanitation. The co-ordination should be in assessing requirements, making demands and getting funds from the concerned agency to make school sanitation better in the corporation limit. Nagar Nigam should also take adequate interest in insisting the hospitals to discharge the bio medical liquid waste after a primary treatment. This can be decisive with regard to public health. The Nagar Nigam should call
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for a meeting with the health department officials and pollution control board to make sure that the hospitals adhere to BMW Rules 1998 There are some general responsibilities of the Nagar Nigam in making city a sanitized city are as follows: Planning, and execution of sanitation projects on its own or through agencies; Operation and maintenance of environmental sanitation services; Enable participatory approaches for provision and maintenance of environmental services. Implementation and creating awareness for health and hygiene
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State Government Urban Development Department
Financing and implementation strategy Ensuring availability of land in slums and poor settlements for sanitation Put in place enabling laws, by-laws and Rules for environmental sanitation Directorate of Urban Local Bodies Devolving of power, authority, finance & personnel to the ULBs and finance, ensuring accountability of para-statals to the ULBs Promote capacity building of ULBs through technical assistance and training to the Nagar Nigam staff Steering of Programme implementation Creating enabling policy regime for PPP and Monitoring of Programme implementation Pollution Control Board Setting standards for environmental pollution
Public Health Engineering Department
Planning and implementation of specific sanitation projects in cities and towns
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Health Department
Ensuring public safeguards and outcomes
Para Statals and Urban Development Authorities
Planning, financing and implementation of environmental sanitation services
National Government
Ministry of Urban Development
Policy Guidelines for planning, financing and implementation
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
Monitoring and evaluation of implementation
Apart from these roles and responsibilities at the informal level there are certain specified responsibilities the agencies have to perform. Below list would give clear indications on institutional arrangements:
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Sector/Component
Regulating Authority
Present arrangement Planning and Construction Operation and Maintenance Jal Kal
Required arrangement
Water Supply
Nagar Nigam Bareilly
Jal Nigam
Water supply is regulated through Nagar Nigam Bareilly. Prior to that the Jal Kal was called as Jal Sansthan and it was directly under the State Government. Now with the additional department with Nagar Nigam, the Jal Kal should be able to provide safe drinking water with better quality with regular checks on the tests done on water quality. A grievance redressal mechanism has to be put in place for tracking water pollution and contamination apart from public complaints on water supply. There should also some regular check on quality of the water bodies This can happen only with Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal+Public coming together.
Solid Waste Management
Nagar Nigam
PPP/Private
PPP/Private
SWM regulating authority is Nagar Nigam and with the recent PPP on SWM the construction along with
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operation and maintenance has gone to the private sector. Nagar Nigam with its officials should have a check on the performance of the private sector as to see that the SWM is completely take care. SWM cannot happen overnight and it requires help from different groups at different levels. The people have to be educated through IEC campaigns on source segregation and importance of SWM. NGO participation is very much sought as they have better communication strategy to approach. The community should be prepared to pay for the services and this can happen over a period of time by educating as well as doing a pilot work and showing the performance to bring change in the mindset of the people. The arrangement would be: Nagar Nigam+Private Agency +DUDA+NGOs+Resident Welfare Associations Community Toilets Nagar Nigam NGO NGO Although community toilets are regulated by the Nagar Nigam but it is the NGOs who are really taking
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care of it. As it has been recorded in the situation analyses most of the Community Toilets are in very bad condition leading to difficulty for the communities to use it in the absence of individual toilets. There should be a periodical checking of the status of community toilets by the Nagar Nigam officials as to make sure that the facilities are in place. This also calls for a more robust grievance redressal mechanism. The arrangement would be: Nagar Nigam+NGO+DUDA+RWA Public Toilets Nagar Nigam PPP/Private Nagar Nigam There are very few public toilets are available in Bareilly city. Due to operation and maintenance problem, public toilets remain unusable most of the time. The O&M of public toilets has to be converted into BOT model and regular checks on the maintenance should be done by the Nagar Nigam officials. Septage Management Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Septage management solely rests with the Nagar Nigam. As of now cleaning of septic tanks and pits is
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done by the Nagar Nigam only. The sludge is thrown into bigger nallahs without treatment. There are many toilets which are directly connected to drain. This has to be monitored and Nagar Nigam should take the help of Jal Kal to make treatment arrangement and ensure safe disposal of Septage. Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal School Sanitation School Education Department SED SED This is one component which is of greater importance and greater magnitude also. There is required attention for upgrading school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam also should take active role in school sanitation by extending sanitation options and Septage management support to the School Education Department as this has direct bearing on sanitation situation and public health in the city SED+Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal
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Bio-Medical Waste
Nagar Nigam/Health Dept.
Private
Private
Bio Medical waste is a prominent issue although not projected at that level. The liquid BMW is let out to the nallas or drains without treatment. The liquid waste has to be treated within the hospital and then let to the sewerage. This can happen with Nagar Nigam taking serious note and has to co-ordinate with the health sector to bring forth the change. The solid BMW is collected by the private agency but often dumped in open places in the outskirts of the city leading to serious public health issues. The Nagar Nigam should regularly monitor and ensure proper treatment of BMW. Nagar Nigam+NGO+Hospitals+Jal Kal
Industrial Waste
Nagar Nigam/PCB
Jal Nigam
Jal Kal
The pollution control board has greater role to play in insisting on safe disposal of industrial waste. Nagar Nigam+PCB+Industries
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6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
An implementation arrangement for sanitation is crucial as defining an agency to implement would be easier but to assess the situation and maintain after completion would be a much higher task. Institutional capacity to carry forward and the required preparation before putting system into place plays the vital role. This section has identified some crucial requirements for successful sanitation in the city. Some of the issues to be addressed before implementing and in the process of implementing have been identified as below:
Implementation arrangement Sl.no 1 Creating a State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) for both driving the programme and establishing a coordination mechanism for orchestrated action of multiple actors involved in the programme. The State level committee should also be in a position monitor and give interim report to the concerned ministry. The steering committee should not limit itself to monitoring but also give timely support in terms clarification and advice on sanitation issues. The committee should act a modem to put forth the success and difficulties a ULB faces and also provide adequate support in policy issues pertaining to sanitation 2 Creating a City Sanitation Cell comprising of Nagar Ayukt, Environmental Engineer, CMO, Health Officer, Sanitary Inspectors and Sanitation Workers. The Environmental Engineer should be made over all responsible to coordinate the sanitation activities on day to day basis and directly report to Nagar Ayukt.
Responsibility
State Government
Nagar Nigam
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The City Sanitation Task Force which already exists in city should be ask for the periodic reviewing of progress made in achieving the sanitation mission. As it is not feasible for the CSTF to meet very regularly but the Mayor should be updated about the progress as the political representatives are kept informed which is very crucial for the achievement Nagar Nigam
Capacity Building for the Nagar Nigam officials is a greater requirement. The municipal officials may not be aware of the technical, financial, environmental and institutional requirements attached with sanitation. So, before the implementation begins, the officials have to be trained at different level from different expert institutions. The state government has to make investment on this but it would be worthier investment as they would remain as assets in achieving the goals set for sanitation. There are some National Resource Centres identified by the Ministry of Urban development and Ministry of Housing and poverty Alleviation all over India and their help can be sought in capacity building. There is a requirement for field visits for the municipal officials including the Nagar Ayukt and this would give them hands on experience of the good practices in sanitation. State Government and Nagar Nigam
Strengthening information and performance monitoring systems
State Government and Nagar Nigam
Capacity building for NGOs and CBOs is also essential before implementing sanitation programme. This capacity building in turn would help the ULB in operation and maintenance after the implementation
Nagar Nigam
Legal Framework is very important for the sanitation mission to take place. There will be requirement of amending the building bye laws and other municipal laws to enable the implementation process to
State Government and Nagar Nigam
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be successful 8 A fixed tenure for the officials to remain in the same Nagar Nigam is also one of the requirements of successful sanitation initiative. The officials including the Nagar Ayukt should be given enough time to understand the Nagar Nigam and work accordingly. This would facilitate implementation and performance of Nagar Nigam in sanitation sector in a better way. State Government
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6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION STRATEGY The State Sanitation Strategy like the National Urban Sanitation Policy envisages the vision it has laid out at the national level of making all the cities highly sanitized and livable. Sanitation being a state subject has to be dealt with utmost care in implementing. The piecemeal approach to sanitation has not fetched any results so far. The state sanitation strategy envisages supporting the sanitation plans of the cities by duly acknowledging the financial constraints a ULB goes through. The state strategy urges the urban local bodies to make public aware of the financial constraints it goes through and help in providing basic necessities in a appropriate way by making provision for payment of the taxes on time. On the other hand it should encourage and facilitate the cities to take up numerous IEC activities in the city through audio visuals and video documentaries to bring awareness among the general public in achieving sanitized city status. The city sanitation plan of Bareilly has brought forth all these issues meticulously with numerous tools of methodology and suggestion in the form of IEC to be in accordance with the State Strategy. The IEC component has emerged in every section beginning from situational analyses to the last section of the plan that of IEC action plan with indicative budget. Apart from these components the other processes put forth and recommended in the State Sanitation Strategy has been followed. Sensitization Workshop Profiling of the ULB City Sanitation Task Force Situational Analyses and Mapping current status Problem Analyses and Gaps Identification Developing consolidated CSP Formulation of action plans and finalization of CSP at stakeholder workshop Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes All stakeholders & municipal officials from all the department attended the workshop A team of experts visited the city and collected the baseline information of Bareilly city Constituted as per guidelines of NUSP and held the meeting Was done extensively with a primary survey and the results shared in a stakeholders workshop Was done and gaps identified with suggested solutions Was done and stakeholders suggestions have been taken Would be done after the draft CSP is presented and suggestions are incorporated
The plan also recommends the State Government and Nagar Nigam should take up sanitation in a mission mode and achieve the required standards. Although the state strategy does not mention about taking up sanitation drive in a mission mode, the plan suggests it to as the UP cities need immediate attention so that the city will also take it as a priority and achieve goals one by one as to
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fall in comply with the national vision of NUSP. Needless to mention, the plans attract huge money in terms of grants and in terms of donation from international donors apart from the existing financial structure for promoting sanitation at the ULB level. 6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN In the process related parameters of city sanitation rating methodology, Monitoring & Evaluation system for tracking open defecation find their place. Of the total 4 points given to this category, Bareilly has scored no point. Here is where initiating IEC and awareness programmes can help the municipality gain some important points. A sustained grassroots campaign couple with adequate mass media exposure is a mix that will deliver the required results. Community participation backed by improved municipal services can help Bareilly open defecation free status. Neighborhood groups such as womens self help groups and school children can be sensitized to the issue of open defecation. Having a community monitoring system has been found to be very effective in several cities. A community level group can be formed to dissuade open defecation. For instance, a group of school children armed with vigils can alert the community to anyone trying to defecate in open. Nagar Nigam sanitary inspectors and safai karamcharies can patrol marked open defecation areas. Making random visits to open defecation areas early in the morning can be institutionalized to arrest open defecation. Process Related NO INDICATORS A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation TOTAL POINTS 4 POINTS SECURED 0
Reduction in water borne diseases in another area of focus for the nagar nigam as it has score 02 points in this category. Further IEC can help in generating awareness required to bring down the incidence of water borne diseases. The City Sanitation Ranking methodology has given weight to reducing water-borne diseases. The IEC campaign can take up personal and community hygiene as key themes. These would include water-borne diseases, other communicable ailments including skin diseases to make it more comprehensive.
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Outcome Related NO INDICATORS C Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population compared to baseline TOTAL POINTS 6 POINTS SECURED 2
In addition to the two pressing issues, an integrated communications campaign to promote awareness and seek participation consisting of the following will comprehensively tackle the issue of sanitation. Campaign against taking water connections directly from the raising main and other illegal connections. Illegal connections cases losses of water and revenue to the Nagar Nigam; Campaign for Solid Waste segregation at source; Campaign for community participation in community toilet maintenance. Strengthening the existing computerized public grievances redressal system at Nagar Nigam
Bareilly would served the citizen more effectively and efficiently. Citizens could use various means to communicate their complaints such as phone, SMS, internet etc. As of now most citizens (67%) complained directly through face to face interactions. Computerized complaint resolution system will keep records of all complaints and can be an effective tool for the Nagar Nigam to monitor trends in complaints to find areas of weakness. Channels 1. Conducting circle wise meeting in the 05 sanitary circles. 2. Mass media, newspapers, FM radio, local cable TV channels . Partners NNB, JalKal Vibag, local NGOs, Gyan Jyoti Siksha Samiti, local print media agencies Public Participation 1. Advisory Committees: These are constituted to ensure Multi-Stakeholder involvement in sanitation projects. Members of such bodies can include prominent personalities from
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academia, arts, culture, social sector, media etc, representatives of donor agencies, Mayor, relevant heads of departments, and even leaders of sanitation workers union. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) is one such body at the city level. NUSP guidelines have established the role and responsibilities of CSTF. An innovative idea gaining traction is of Ward level Sanitation Action Committees. For Bareilly such a body can be constituted at sanitary zone level. It is desirable to take governance as close to people as possible. This ensures effective public consultations and possibly community participation. A ward level body can be headed by Corporator and comprise of ward members, Safai karamcharies, representatives/officials from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal, RWAs, NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs) 2. Public Hearings: The system of public hearings is known to be effective in monitoring project progress, resolving citizen grievances. What we propose here is that public consultation is essential during designing of projects. The chances of success of a project are enhanced, as this makes sure the project is designed to benefit as many people as possible. Seeking inputs from people will make them believe that the Nagar Nigam is seeking genuine partnership. More importantly this will help to develop trust. Public hearing can help launch and integrated campaign against open defecation, illegal water connection, The timeframe of the recommended communication strategy is relevant for a period of two to three years from the beginning of implementation. The process can evolve with the implementation to incorporate any mid course improvements required. Once initiated, it can take up a wide range of other issues as per the requirements of the city. There is every likelihood of such a process be institutionalized with Public Relations officer stationed in the municipality taking the lead. Given the growth and rapidly changing social and economic environment of the cities, it would be imperative for Nagar Nigam to develop capacity to assess changes in the situation and adapt strategies accordingly. Timely implementation of the recommendations made in this document will ensure that desired results flow in a sustained manner.
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Phase 1 (1-12 months) Awareness Raising Phase Short (1 to 12 month) phase aimed at generating high awareness and taking steps to build trust among stakeholders. 1. Health and Hygiene and Government programmes and processes-Goals of City Sanitation Plans etc for all stake holders 2. Status of community toilets, solid waste management, water supply and drain cleaning. Setting out goals and exploring all avenues of improvement including community participation and consultation with officials. 3. Regular upkeep & maintenance of water bodies 4. Industries and slaughter houses be made aware of the compliance waste management.
Phase 2 (12-24 months) Process Phase: Feedback 12-24 month phase to enhance trust between stakeholders. Information and educational approaches are employed to stress the importance, among other things, of properly designed community toilets, septic tanks and periodic septic tank inspections and desludgings every 3-5 years. Seeking feedback from the residents on status of community toilets their design, solid waste management practices etc. Imposition of user fee on commercial establishments for improved municipal services.
Phase 3 Compliance phase: (24-36 months) Consolidating gains and sustaining behavior change Offering awards and imposing penalties for undesirable behaviors. This phase is a continuing education and promotional phase. Mobilized public opinion is important to push for compliance. Continue promotional activities to trigger the actual adoption of the practices being marketed. Building sustaining process to open channels of communication between NNB and citizens. Compliance should be sought from industries and slaughter houses. Imposition of user fee on commercial establishments for improved municipal services.
Organise interactive programmes, participation of all stakeholders in heritage walks, walks to local monuments, Meeting/workshop with
Organise interactive programmes, participation of all stakeholders in heritage walks, walks to local monuments, Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs,
Organise interactive programmes, participation of all stakeholders in transact walks, Meetings with stakeholders Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs etc for sustaining the
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stakeholders Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs etc Making use of the Municipal council to further goals of city sanitation plan, Discussion between various departments for increased coordination. Exploring institutional arrangements for such co-ordination. Media options: Local Cable TV ads (30 secs) Local newspaper ads Billboards Tarpaulin posters mounted on mobile vans Leaflets for those attending meetings News releases in print, radio and TV Discussions on radio
etc to monitor the progress made Seeking feedback from Corporators to help effective implementation. Media options: Local newspaper ads House-to-house visits Radio/ local cable TV public affairs show Short film/video showing in theaters Continuing billboards, tarpaulin posters Continuing news releases in print, radio and cable TV Feature articles in media
progress made Encouraging further discussion between NNB and elected representatives to, furthering coordination between various departments for better attainment of CSP goals. Media options: Continuing radio, TV, print ads Continuing house to house visits Continuing short film showing in theaters Continuing billboards Continuing but less frequent assemblies, SRF meetings Continuing news releases on all platforms Continuing feature articles
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Conclusion Keeping in view the issues and concern expressed by the citizen during the CSTF and other stakeholders meeting and scope of city sanitation plan it is opined that less emphasized area of communication holds a vast potential for behavioral and mindset change of people . There are three important components to the communication strategy: 1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders 2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness 3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run. 6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION Strategic planning should not be considered in isolation, but should rather be seen as a continuing process. Circumstances change, outcomes do not always occur in quite the way expected and it is therefore important that plans are adaptable. This will not be possible unless you have sound information upon which to base decisions to amend and adapt plan components. This suggests a need for effective monitoring and evaluation of plan components. Monitoring and evaluation of sanitation progamme is of higher importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India publishes city sanitation ranking based on the cities performance. Before this happens it is the ULBs requirement to have a sound monitoring and evaluation tool. Continued emphasis and allocations to sanitation from finance ministries depends on an ability to demonstrate improved sanitation outputs and outcomes. This would only be possible if effective and accurate monitoring systems are in place at all levels of government. Monitoring is also needed to
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determine budget utilization, actual resource flows from different sources, and value for money actually achieved. Despite its importance, while developing performance monitoring for sanitation it is necessary to address constraints related to difficulty in measuring health and hygiene related outcomes and their attribution to sanitation measures. Given the household and community focus in sanitation appropriate institutional mechanisms are also needed for their participation in performance monitoring. Emphasis on performance monitoring is also required because of limited experience in scaling up approaches. Thus, synthesized feedback provided by a good performance monitoring system to policy makers is essential for continuously assessing their effectiveness and making the necessary mid-course corrections. Monitoring is a management tool that is intended to provide managers with information about how an initiative or process is performing. Monitoring takes place at intervals throughout the life of the sanitation initiative or process. Examples include monitoring of the quality of materials used in the implementation of a new sanitation initiative and monitoring of the effluent quality produced by a treatment facility. Evaluation takes place after the completion of an initiative or programme. It aims to answer such questions as were the intended objectives achieved, was the expenditure as expected and did the right people benefit as intended. The key functions of agencies in the sanitation sector are policy formulation, regulation, investment, operations and maintenance of sanitation facilities, and the commercial activity of supplying the needy with desired sanitation services. Traditionally, these functions have been carried out in most of the cities in a supply-driven way with a high degree of centralized control, little local accountability, and little involvement of consumers. The consequence has been failure to cope with the growing problems of urban sanitation. Monitoring and evaluation of city sanitation plan has three purposes: To evaluate the effectiveness of the planning process, or assess the effectiveness of the phases in the preparation of the city sanitation plan, including sanitation mapping, defining the sanitation development framework, and preparation of reports. The results of the evaluation
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will be used to improve the preparation of citywide sanitation plan in the next cycle. Monitoring and evaluation is also used to assess coordination within the sanitation working group. This type of monitoring and evaluation is generally qualitative, interactive, and participatory. To evaluate the implementation of sanitation development activities, or assess the progress and level of achievement of sanitation development activities. This monitoring and evaluation uses indicators set at the time the sanitation activities were proposed. Quantitative results will be used to evaluate whether goals and targets have been reached. The results of the evaluation will be used to improve action plans for the following year.
To evaluate the benefits of sanitation development, or assess the impact of sanitation development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and general environmental conditions, level of sanitation coverage, sanitation behaviour of the community, public health conditions and environmental health risk in each section of the city. The results will be compared with the baseline conditions of the city periodically.
In sanitation of the city the component of monitoring and evaluation plays a crucial role as it enables the ULB to know its position from time to time against the baseline condition or prior to sanitation initiative. Fig:
Reviewing progress of Plan at Regular Interval
Development of City Sanitation Plan
Monitoring
Implementing plan Components
Evaluation
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The aim is to develop monitoring systems for simpler activities and schemes and use experience gained with these to develop systems for more complex processes. When evaluating initiatives, one should not forget to ask the users what they think. They are the people most intimately affected by the success or failure of a scheme and their opinions should provide valuable information. The evaluation also can be carried out through expert agencies as there is a tendency to feel good when it is done by the ULB itself. Regular evaluation also gives added value to the project as to plan and restructure if there is a requirement in the plan for further progress.
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ROAD MAP The city has the potential to generate several proposals in the form of different sanitation options. As the city has no sewerage coverage there have to be alternative arrangements to make the city more sanitized and achieve the required standards. This is also a primordial condition for the Nagar Nigam to go for viable options and make the city more livable. Sanitation programs must also use a menu of different approaches, such as financing at the household level and a range of affordable sanitation options for potential consumers. This may require working with a range of new partners, including public health officials, grassroots organizations, and private sector, something that should not be seen as a deterrent.
Knowing well the resource constraints, the conventional wisdom is that a phased-development approach is ideal. The further one goes up the sanitation ladder, the greater the benefits for people
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and the environment. As economic growth permits, communities can then gradually improve the quality of sanitation services with higher-cost options. The phased development can be achieved in the form of short-term, mid-term and long-term goals. This would also enable the Nagar Nigam to achieve some of the components of the sanitation policy without making heavy financial investment. A list of initiatives to be taken up is given in below table. Sl.No 1 Timeline Short-Term Community toilets The Nagar Ayukt can constitute a small team headed by the Environmental Engineer along with other officials who can make a rapid review of the existing community toilets and their condition with pictorial evidences. The Nagar Ayukt based on the report can call for a meeting with the agensies/NGOs involved in operation and maintenance of the community toilets in the city and give them a timeframe to put the system in place and provide facility on regular basis. Minimum financial assistance to some existing infrastructure but the requirement of a facelift can be facilitated to make them usable. An IEC campaign that can educate the public in usage of community toilets in proper manner and bring awareness to use community toilets in case of no individual toilet available at the household level instead of Open Defecation Public Toilets There are very few public toilets in Bareilly and all the toilets are not used due to maintenance. Measures should be taken to ensure proper upkeep and maintenance of public toilets. Open Defecation An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens, school children and NGOs to eliminate open defecation by showing the health hazards involved in OD in slums and other potential areas. Initiatives
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Documentaries and audio visuals to inform people on day to day basis till the message reach the public and there are signs of change in practice. Waste Management The city faces huge problem with waste being dump in and around the city. This problem can be solved by the administration by calling the Safai Karmacharis involved in SWM for meeting and making them aware of the hazards caused by open dumping of the waste. They in turn should communicate the same in the colonies where they go for collecting solid waste, street sweeping and cleaning the drains. Strict message should be sent across the municipal employees involved in transportation of solid waste not to dump the waste in the city outskirts but only at designated site. There is also a major problem of the cattle dung in the city. For this investment for Bio-Gas can be explored under PPP model. The other option would be asking the SWM Company to clean and use them in the composting yard. An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens, school children and NGOs to adopt good practices through documentaries can be taken up.
Environment pollution Most of the nallas and drains are directly discharging the wastewater into the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment of the city . This can be controlled to an extent by ensuring the routine upkeep and maintenance by the Nagar Nigam. The water bodies can be cleaned with the help of an IEC campaign and by taking the help of resident welfare associations in the vicinity.
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Bio Medical Waste There is big threat from the hospitals due to the way they handle Bio Medical liquid waste. The hospitals are not fully aware of the BMW rules and they have to be oriented and asked to comply with the rules and do a primary treatment at the hospital level before leaving the liquid waste in to the nallas or drain. The private agency handling BMW should be called regularly to update the Nagar Ayukt on the situation of BMW in the city and how the collection and conveyance is happening. Burning or throwing the BMW in the vicinity and anywhere should be strictly punished. Storm Water Drainage Institutionalize the upkeep & maintenance of nallas/drains Polythene bags are major cause of clogging the nallas/drains and so use of polythene less than 20 microns as per UP Act should be banned. Grievance Redressal Mechanism Grievance redressal mechanism has to be more robust and responsive to the public. This also would bring in good governance and effective delivery of basic civic services.
Monitoring & Evaluation system The Nagar Nigam has to put in place an M&E system for tracking Open Defecation incidences in the city and update the data available to assess sanitation coverage and find option to move towards Open defecation Free city. 2 Mid-Term Individual and Shared Toilets Construction of individual toilets must be promoted with financial assistance from different sources. The concept of privacy and dignity has to be made a major component of propaganda and through a constant IEC
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campaign this can be achieved over a period of time. The option of shared toilets has to be promoted through the CBOs in places where less community toilets are there and there is place constraint to construct individual toilet. This also requires extensive IEC campaign.
Community Toilets Space constraint would remain as one of the major problem for sanitation at the individual level. The Nagar Nigam should identify some place in each slum and potential places to construct community toilets. At least one slum one community toilet should be followed and best would be providing community toilets according the population ratio.
DEWATS By taking help of an expert agency feasibility study should be initiated in the short term and then plans for constructing DEWATS should be promoted. As the construction would not cost so much like a typical sewerage system the Nagar Nigam should find finances for promoting DEWATS The community should be prepared to own the DEWATS system at their community level and take minimum technical support from the Nagar Nigam and external agency
Long-Term
Sewerage Network & STPs Expansion of sewerage network and STP are kept in the long term goals for the obvious reason of high investment which cannot be met by the Nagar Nigam and external funding also does not come very often. Different sewerage networks and STPs can be planned based on the geographical layout of the city.
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Integrated Storm Water Drainage Integrated Storm Water Drainage system should be planned for the city.
To accomplish this, local government and Nagar Nigam must change their current mindset. Many still view that water and sanitation investments are too costly and not sustainable or replicable. It is generally believed that some interventions are all that is possible. The Nagar Nigam does also disregard the squatter settlements which absorb much of growing urban population. Moreover the slum communities do not have ownership rights and are not allowed to invest in proper sanitary facilities, even if they have motivation and capacity. The first step is to provide basic sanitation or toilets facilities in slum and LIG. As mentioned earlier, these must ensure hygienic separation of excreta from human contact, which means feces must be confined until they are composted and safe. Regardless of the toilet technology selected, these systems must also address sanitation all the way from toilet to river, meaning that patho gens and pollutants cannot be allowed to enter nearby water sources, including aquifers. This is where sanitation becomes particularly challenging, as affordability and environmental cleanliness are often at odds. The simplest option; a pit latrine must be cleaned or emptied regularly, which is a difficult prospect in crowded areas. Pour-flush latrines require that an ample water supply is readily available, as well as properlyconstructed septic tanks, drainage to carry away the wastewater, and services for eventually dealing with the collection of sludge and transfer to a septage treatment facility. Innovative partnerships must be forged to stimulate investments (PPP Model) To realize higher levels of service coverage and quality, sanitation programs must stimulate investments from as wide a range of sources as possible, including consumers themselves and the private sector. Successful publicprivate partnership (PPP) models can help overcome the limitations of local governments, which are under tremendous pressure in view of rapid urbanization and fast growing slum and low-income populations. In the sanitation sector, partnership arrangements between the public and private agencies, with the involvement of community networks, such as NGOs and CBOs,
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have proven to be successful. To realize the vision and plan of city sanitation the city has to have a look on the available best models in sanitation across the country and also look for best practices.
The best approach to maintenance is preventative maintenance, carrying out specific maintenance tasks on a regular basis to ensure that problems are dealt well before they become serious. The normal approach in our country is reactive maintenance or crisis maintenance, carrying out maintenance in reaction to problems as and when they occur. The problem with this approach is that it will generally cost more in the long-run than preventative maintenance. Poor design may make preventative maintenance almost impossible. Temporary improvements will not lead to lasting change and may even lead to a long-term deterioration in conditions. For instance, a covered drain that gets clogged/blocked because of lack of maintenance will overflow and may create a greater environmental nuisance than the open drain. Improvements must be sustained over time if they are to have lasting benefits and this implies the need for management arrangements for operation and maintenance that are workable and acceptable to all the concerned groups. In this regard the plan of achieving short-term, mid-term and long-term plan would facilitate much expected sustained development in terms of sanitation. The Nagar Nigam have to play pivotal role in the entire programme for the simple reason that they are legally entrusted to provide and maintain the sanitation services.
Sanitation for All and All for Sanitation
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BEST PRACTICES Case Study I-The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums
Tiruchirappalli City Corporation the first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums Gramalayas work is focused on implementation and filling critical knowledge gaps in the sector, up scaling community based pro poor approaches through our program and advocacy work. The 2001 census of India put urban sanitation coverage at 61 percent of the population having access to individual or public toilets. Low coverage of urban sanitation is due to the inability of planned urban development to provide for sanitation access to the urban poor. Gramalaya started its urban intervention in the 186 slums of Tiruchirappalli City Corporation as the operational area aiming at declaring open defecation free zone. The involvement of community based organizations in the project coupled with City Corporation support in providing Integrated Sanitatary complexes (ISPs), offering vacant sites for constructing community toilets with WaterAid, UK funding enabled the project a successfully demonstrated model.
Gramalaya played an active role in declaring Indias first slum Kalmandhai as open defecation free (ODF) slum in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation in theyear 2002 followed by 168 slums as ODF announced with the support of Trichy City Corporation and donor agencies. This has resulted in conversion of dry earth latrines into modern flush out community toilets and eradication of manual scavenging in the city. In Tiruchirappalli city Corporation, 126 slum Communities are maintaining sanitary complexes under pay and use system with the support city Corporation. The Corporation handed over the toilets to women self help groups after new construction or renovation of the toilet. The Corporation gave the permission letter to the groups for running the community managed toilet under pay and use system. The Gramalaya experience proved that adequate involvement of community and training in maintenance of public toilets and earning from user charge is a revenue model for the slum communities with sustainable approach. It also generates tremendous confidence among women to partake in slum welfare and day-to-day decision making. The review of Community managed toilets and bathing complexes in Tiruchirapalli, six years after the
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work began, has shown that achieving clean and healthy slums does not require huge financial investment. However, what it does require is a city authority sensitive to the problems faced by slum communities and supportive of community action, dedication of communities and their support NGOs. It has been proved that communities can manage their own toilet units and when they do this, the toilet are much cleaner than when managed by municipal authorities. There have been cases where the entire community can be declared open defecation free. Further, it has shown that managing toilets leads to empowerment of women with many positive impacts in terms of personal and community development. This experience shows that after reluctance, committees do pay for using toilets and bathing and washing facilities and these services can be provided at affordable costs, even for the poorest. Toilets are only a part of the sanitation solution. Sewage, wastewater and solid waste management must also be tackled by city authorities and this is the area where they must play a lead role. Tiruchirapalli shows that community managed toilets and bathing complexes provide a model that can work at city-level when supported by city authorities where declaration of 168 slums as open defecation free made possible.
Alandur Municipality-Public-Private Community Participation In Implementation Of Underground Sewerage System
Alandur Municipality has succeeded in providing connections to an underground sewerage system to all its residents, including the urban poor. This was achieved through a combination of effective leadership, political will, mobilizing people's participation, financial planning and forging the right partnerships. City Profile Alandur, a selection-grade municipality, is part of Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. It is adjacent to Chennai, at a distance of 14 km on the southern side, and forms a part of the Chennai Metropolitan Development Area (CMDA). With hardly any industrial base, the town has developed as a residential suburb of Chennai. According to the 1991 Census of India, the town has a population of 1,25,444, with 32,000 households spread over to 19.5 sq km. Approximately one-fourth of its population lives in slums.
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Context Alandur municipality had no underground sewerage system. Households had either septic tanks or holding tanks, and the municipality was responsible for collecting the sewage periodically in tankers and disposing it off in low-lying areas. To address these problems, an underground sewerage system was designed for its current population, as well as for an estimated population of 3,00,000 in 2027, with the objectives of improving the standard of living of the residents; providing for disposal of sewage through an exclusive drainage network; avoiding recurring expenditure on septic tank cleaning; and preventing groundwater contamination. Implementation In 1997, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to provide a sewerage system in 12 selected major urban centers including Alandur, in the context of a World Bank Project. The Chairperson of Municipality, Mr. R. S. Bharati, took up the task of implementing this. It was decided that Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Finance Services Ltd. (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company, be approached to finance the sewerage scheme. Considering the lack of financial and technical resources at the municipal level to undertake such an infrastructure project, it was decided by TNUIFSL that the municipality would undertake the project on a BOQ (Bill of Quantities) basis. The sewerage treatment plant (STP) would be built on a BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) basis. The project entailed a) construction of an underground sewerage scheme with a network of sewer pipelines and manholes, of 120 kms (including 19 km main and 101 km branch lines); b) construction of a pumping house and installation of pumping machinery; and c) construction of a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 24 MLD (2 units 12 MLD each) on BOT basis to IVRCL and VATec for a period of 14 years. The project work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (the first two and a half years), 50% of the branch sewers, main sewers, pump house including installation of machinery, pumping main and one 12 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant, were completed and commissioned. The remaining work relating to the project was to be carried out in the next phase. The particular challenges addressed were communication and consultations with citizens to secure their buy-in and contribution to the sewerage scheme, technical bottlenecks such as realignments necessitated by the construction of subways and
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MRTS, terrain conditions, and procedural delays in approvals. To reduce the repayment burden on the local body, it was decided to collect deposits from at least 10,000 residents before calling for tenders; this was also to ensure effective participation of people in the project. The names of the depositors were displayed in public places to motivate others to pay. Officials and non-officials, especially the chairperson of Alandur municipality, organised detailed discussions with the residents of the city and resident associations, in order to explain the project details and benefits of the sewerage project as part of assessing the willingness to pay. Effective and timely communication ensured participation of key stakeholders and beneficiaries in the initiative. An election-style campaign was launched. Television and newspapers were roped in to motivate the public. Sanitary workers also conducted a door-to-door campaign in support of the project. To ensure the inclusion of the poor and slum residents, a provision was also made for community toilets connected to the sewerage system. The total project cost was estimated at Rs. 34 crores with a break-up shown in the table: Sources of Funds (Rs. in Cr.) SOURCE TNUIDCO Loan Citizen's contribution TNUIFSL Loan TNUIFSL Grant Interest on deposits TNUIDCO Grant Total CONTRIBUTION 16 8 3 4 2 1 34 % Of TOTAL 47.06 23.53 11.76 8.82 5.88 2.94 100.00
Tariff Structure HSC Tariff Domestic Category HSC Tariff Non Domestic - Commercial and Industrial Category Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) <500 500-1500 60 80 <500 500-1500 200 400
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1500-3000 >3000
100 120
1500-5000 >5000
600 1000
To recover costs of operation, maintenance and debt servicing, the municipality decided the tariff structure through a consultative process. The tariff included a one-time deposit and a monthly tariff. They are given in Table 2. On demand from the citizens, the municipality has subsequently reduced monthly charges from Rs. 150 to Rs. 110. Impact Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first phase, i.e. by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of slum dwellers have opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. In 2005, 14 community toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters. By the end of March 2008, all households had received sewerage connections. Sustainability The project is sustainable, as the cost towards maintaining the system is recovered from the users by means of monthly charges. There has been a regular flow of funds and timely repayment to financial institutions. Alandur sewerage project is an innovative initiative for sustainable delivery of urban services in the country. Inspired by the Alandur example, many urban local bodies, including Trichy, Tanjavur, Tirunelveli, and Ambattur, have initiated similar efforts for underground sewerage system. The Alandur experience demonstrates that mobilising peoples participation for infrastructure projects is possible through effective leadership, collective efforts and transparent procedures. Political will, effective communications, transparency and partnership with community-based organisations, are the key factors for the success of the project. Inter-departmental coordination and active involvement of all stakeholders ensured successful completion and sustenance of the project. http://www.waterawards.in/2008-winner-profile-am.php
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Kalyani Municipality-Community-Led Health Initiatives with Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) As The Entry Point
Kalyani Municipalitys CLTS empowers local communities with the goal of creating an open, defecationfree environment, especially in slums, through a participatory approach of self-mobilization and facilitation. This brings about behavioural change to ensure 100% sustained usage of sanitary toilets, thereby making Kalyani an Open Defecation Free (ODF) area. Context Kalyani, located 65 km north of Kolkata in West Bengal, is one of the 39 municipalities under Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) with a population of 0.1 million, of which approximately 50% lives in 52 slums. These people have mainly migrated from neighboring Bangladesh. Over the past ten years, more than Rs. 3 crore has been spent on different projects for constructing toilets for the urban poor, improving the sanitation profile of Kalyani. Despite a lot of investment from different projects, Kalyani was not open-defecation free (ODF), as this was a common practice even amongst those given toilets free-ofcost by donor agencies. This led to a lot of health problems amongst other citizens as well. Initiative Against the above background, CLTS was conceived in late 2005 under the Kolkata Urban Services for The Poor Programme (KUSP), funded by the Department For International Development (DFID). The chairperson of Kalyani Municipality showed political will and leadership in motivating its councilors and making Kalyani an ODF town. The Board of Councilors (BoC) unanimously accepted the proposal to pilot the CLTS project in Kalyani Municipal Area in January 2006. The chief health functionary of the ULB coordinated and facilitated the implementation of the entire programme. Initially, the pilot project was implemented in five slums only. However, inspired by the success of the project, Kalyani decided to make all the 52 slums ODF. A team of experts, including a Participatory Development Consultant and medical doctors, were involved in the initiative that conducted a series of
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awareness-creation workshops. Regular interaction with slum dwellers, nurturing of community leaders, and continuous monitoring by the CLTS team, made it possible to make all the slums ODF. Strategies adopted include not providing further subsidy for toilet construction, providing technical support to slum dwellers on low-cost sanitary toilets, increasing awareness regarding the ill-effects of open defecation, motivating and mobilising communities through participatory methods, using PRA tools and incentives for community leaders, and awards for clean ward/slum/area/school/class etc. Key Features The CLTS programme is community-led and not dependent on external support. It results in sustained behavior change and builds self-respect, dignity and self-confidence, especially in women. People are encouraged to build toilets with their own resources, creating ownership and sustained usage. Unlike free toilets, which are poorly maintained and even abandoned, people are interested in maintaining these. Proper triggering, facilitation, interaction, motivation and incentives are necessary initially. There is great potential for replication. Once people realize the need for a behavioral change to maintain sanitation, and its direct bearing on health, they do it willingly. The CLTS programme methodology makes people realize the need. Impact Kalyani was declared open-defecation free by the state of West Bengal on 29 Jan 2009. It got a cash prize of Rs. 25 lakhs to expand and continue its health programme on "Correction Of Anaemia" which is directly related to open defecation. As a first ODF town in India, Kalyani is much cleaner. Its slums have benefited not only from sanitation, but also from other developmental works. This is because ODF slums are given priority for all ULB development works. There is the visible impact of the urban poor recognizing that health is linked to sanitation. Records of the health department show a considerable decrease in gastro-intestinal disorders, and an increased number of man-days. Demand has been generated for more pay-and-use public toilets in Kalyani. http://www.waterawards.in/2009-winner-profile-km.php
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REFERENCES APPENDIX
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ANNEXURES
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DRAFT CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE ABSTRACT

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS LIST OF TABLES

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ROAD MAP REFERENCES APPENDIX

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

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CITY SANITATION PLAN

Marks Awarded 3.0

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

85.8 3.0 Max Marks 9 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0

3.0 Max Marks 3 0.0 Max Marks 3 100.0 0.0

No Max Marks 4 91.0 8.0 Max Marks 4 0.0

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

YES YES YES 0.0

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

NO NO Max Marks 4 NO YES YES Max Marks 5 YES 2.0 2.0

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

0.0 Max Marks 4 NO 0.0 0.0

NO Max Marks 3 YES

NO YES YES YES

CITY SANITATION PLAN

Marks Obtained 6.0

Marks Awarded 6.0

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CITY SANITATION PLAN

Surveys Transect walks FGDs

Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Developing and Consolidating CSP Formulation of Action Plans

Selecting options New facilities Behavior change Monitoring and

Finalization of CSP at Stakeholder Workshop

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

Focused Group Discussions

Community Toilets Public Toilets

Random Sampling Random Sampling

50 100%; 10% (>10 lacs)

Commercial/ market areas

Industries Secondary Data Water Bodies

Questionnaire Check list Questionnaire