Handout 4 Cont

ADVERB CLAUSE
An adverbial clause is dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator. It is used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tells when (time), where (place), why (reason), for what purpose, how, how long, and how far. It is also used to show contrast and concession. 1) PUNCTUATION RULES An adverbial clause can come either before or after the independent clause. Formula: - Adverbial clause + , + Independent clause (a comma after adverbial clause) - Independent clause + Adverbial clause (no comma after adverbial clause) Example: - As he didnt understand, he asked the teacher to explain. - He asked the teacher to explain as he didnt understand. 2) TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES There are several different kinds of adverbial clauses; in addition, the subordinators can distinguish the different types of adverbial clauses. a) Adverb Clause of Time We use adverb clause of time to modify verb in main clause and to tell the time that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: when, whenever, anytime, every time, before, after, till, until, while, since, as, just as, as soon as, as often as, now that, as long as, by the time, once, the first/second/thirdnext/ last time, Example: - She ran away while I was sleeping. - While I was sleeping, she ran away. - She's enjoying the job now that she's got more responsibility. b) Adverb Clause of Place We use adverb clause of place to modify verb in main clause and to tell the place that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: where, as far as, as near as, wherever, anywhere Example: - She is always drunk wherever I meet her. - Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk. c) Adverb Clause of Manner 1|Page

We use adverb clause of manner to modify verb in main clause and to tell how an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: as if, as though, as, like Example: - The boy speaks as if he is sick. - As if he is sick, the boy speaks. - She's acting like she really doesn't like him. d) Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason We use adverb clause of cause/reason to modify verb in main clause and to tell the cause that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: because, as, for, that, since (informal), as/so long as (informal), inasmuch as, due to the fact that, now that, so (that), Example: - I come here because I want to meet you. - Because I want to meet you, I come here. - Inasmuch as the students had successfully completed their exams, their parents rewarded their efforts by giving them a trip to Paris. - We will be staying for an extra week due to the fact that we have not yet finished. e) Adverb Clause of Condition We use adverb clause of condition to modify verb in main clause and to tell the condition that an action takes place or someone does something. Subordinating Conjunctions: if, whether or not, unless, supposing (that), provided (that), providing (that), in the condition that, as long as that, only if, even if, in case (that), in the event (that) Example: - I will commit suicide unless you love me. - Unless you love me, I will commit suicide. - He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself. f) Adverb Clause of Purpose We use adverb clause of purpose to modify verb in main clause and to tell the aim that someone does something or something happens. Subordinating Conjunctions: so that, in order that, in order to, lest Example: - I tell him everyday in order that he can remember. 2|Page

- In order that he can remember, I tell him everyday. - They were afraid to complain about the noise lest they annoyed the neighbours. REMEMBER: Sometimes we can use so as to, in order to to stand instead of so that, in order that.
Sentence + so that / in order that + subject + verb + complement. Sentence + so as to / in order to + verb + complement.

Example: - I bring my dictionary with me in order that I can check. - I bring my dictionary with me in order to check. g) Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence We use adverb clause of result/consequence to modify verb in main clause and to tell the result that someone does something or something happens. Subordinating Conjunctions: that is used to recognize adverb clause of result
Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb + comp

Example: - She is so hungry that she has lunch early. - That she has lunch early, she is so hungry.
Subject + verb + such + noun(s) + that + subject + verb + complement

Example: - She acts such a rude manner that no man loves her. - That no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner. h) Adverb Clause of Concession/Contrast We use adverb clause of concession/contrast to modify verb in main clause and it is introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions: Subordinating Conjunctions: though, even though, even if, although, so, in spite of the fact that, the fact that, despite that, wheth eror, granted that, whoever, whatever, whichever, no matter what, whereas, while Example: - I have never committed crime although I am poor. - Although I am poor, I have never committed crime. i) Adverb Clause of Degree We use adverb clause of degree to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating Conjunctions: according to as, according to how 3|Page

Example: - She will be paid according to how she works. - According to how she works, she will be paid. j) Adverb Clause of Means We use adverb clause of means to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating Conjunctions: by the fact that, by whatever means, by what means. Example: - You can recognize her easily by the fact that she speaks loudly. - By the fact that she speaks loudly, you can recognize her easily. k) Adverb Clause of Comparison We use adverb clause of comparison to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating Conjunctions: small, fast, hard, slow, late
Subject + verb + as + adjective/adverb + as + subject + verb + comp

Example: - Your book is as small as my book is. - You speak as fast as she does.
Sub + verb + adj/adv-er /more-adj/adv + than + sub + verb + comp

Example: - She runs faster than I do. - They speak more fluently than he does.

DEDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSE

1) ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIMES Subject in the main clause and subject in the adverb clause must be the same. Example: When Anna arrives at the airport, she feels happy. a) Subject in adverb clause is moved to replace subject in main clause and subject in main clause is omitted. b) Verb form is changed to ing-form (verb-ing) c) We can omit subordinating conjunction but since or before, we cannot omit.

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Example: - When Anna arrives at the airport, she feels happy. Or - Arriving at the airport, Anna feels happy. 2) ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON Subject in the main clause and subject in the adverb clause must be the same. Example: Because Nita loves me, she agrees to devote her time to me. a) Subject in adverb clause is moved to replace subject in main clause and subject in main clause is omitted. b) Verb form is changed to ing-form (verb-ing) c) Subordinating conjunction is omitted. Example: - Because Nita loves me, she agrees to devote her time to me. Or - Loving me, Nita agrees to devote her time to me.

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