Professional Documents
Culture Documents
to middle school. The key word here is “used to”, which means they do not necessarily have
confidence in math anymore or they do not enjoy studying math anymore. One of the main
reasons for this is due to the abstract nature of high school math. When math becomes abstract
and hence when students lack genuine understanding, students perform math as operational
procedures. And when they learn math as procedural operation, learning only goes so far; in
This has been my question in my practice for awhile. I wanted to improve students’
genuine understanding of mathematical concept but the dilemma existed in the means to assess
students’ true understanding. Since typical math tests assess students’ knowledge of procedures
but rarely look at their understanding at all, I wanted to have a better evaluated means. The
solution I came up with was journal writing in a math class, hence I decided to research how
teachers in practice have used journal writings in teaching math, how they evaluated journals and
whether this approach made any significant difference or not. But then when I expanded my
thoughts, I thought students these days may react better to electronic journals such as e-blogging,
so I decided expand my research to electronic journaling in math as well. To find articles for this
paper, I searched the databases Academic Search Premier, ERIC, and Google Scholar for
keywords “journal”, “mathematics”, “writing”, “e-blog”, and “assessment”. I also tried to restrict
The first study I looked at was “Facilitating student learning through math journals” by
Hari P. Koirala. The main focus that guided his research was “to explore the ways in which math
journals influence the teaching of mathematics to prospective teachers” (Koirala, 2002, p. 217 –
218). Koirala studied more than 200 university students at North Eastern University in the U.S.
who intend to be elementary school teachers and participants were asked to write 1 – 3 pages of
weekly journals. Over the period of two years, over 1800 entries were collected for analysis.
Koirala classified students’ journals in two categories: “[j]ournals that only described students’
attitudes and feelings and the journals that demonstrated student mathematical thinking”
The results showed that majority of the students chose to express their feelings and
beliefs through the journal instead of demonstrating their mathematical understanding. Koirala
also believes that “student responses in journals depend mostly on tasks assigned” (Koirala,
2002, p. 223); in other words, the teacher should carefully design the questions to be asked
depending on whether to test students’ affective domain or the actual mathematical concept.
Overall, this study strongly supports the effectiveness of writing in teaching math since journals
As Koirala pointed out, careful designing of journal assignments is one of the important
tasks. J. J. Price in his article “Learning Mathematics through Writing: Some Guidelines”
suggests several key guidelines for written homework in math journaling (1989). Price believes
that our current math education lacks logical written exercises and “trains students to go home,
zip through their [homework] as quickly as possible … and hand it in with a sigh of relief”
(1989, p. 394). Price experimented journal writing with topics in elementary number theory at a
university math class and prior to his assignment, he emphasized the importance of following the
guidelines for journal entries. He emphasizes that reviewing common errors in journaling before
• Define terms – “state at the begging what your symbols mean” (Price, 1989, p. 398).
• Answer the question – go back to the question and see if the answer satisfies the original
question.
• Be aware of the format. – “Be considerate to the reader. Make your paper pleasant to
Although these guidelines are very useful, I noticed that his points are made more for
mathematical journal entries not necessarily for open-ended affective journal entries.
So far, the studies analyzed the effectiveness of journaling with regular students with no
major learning difficulties, but can journal writing be helpful for students with disabilities?
Joseph M. Furner and Mary Lou Duffy presented several suggestions to help prevent and reduce
math anxiety for students, especially students with learning disabilities. In their article “Equity
for All Students in the New Millennium: Disabling Math Anxiety” which was written in 2002,
several strategies are suggested such as use of manipulatives, cooperative group work, discussion
approach and so on, but one of them is the journal writing “for students to express their
understanding of mathematical concepts or to share feelings about and experiences with math”
(Furner and Duffy, 2002, p. 70). The authors strongly believe that teachers’ understanding and
feel for students’ frustration will improve through reading students’ journals.
But what if certain students experience difficulties with written languages? Furner and
Duffy suggest audio journal where students dictate their thoughts verbally instead of written
forms and this way, teachers still can benefit from students process of reflection even if certain
students have linguistic barriers. Another study done by Juliet A. Baxter was reported in her
journal “Writing in Mathematics: An Alternative Form of Communication for Academically
Low-Achieving Students”. Baxter’s focus question was: “what is revealed about students’
mathematical proficiency when they are encouraged to write about their mathematical ideas and
reasoning” (Baxter, Woodward, & Olson, 2005, p. 121)? It is apparent that the researchers value
the participation in class discussion, but they noted that the problem with class discussion occurs
since low-achieving students tend to be passive during the class discussions. For this reason,
Baxter et al. justifies writing as a form of communication for such passive low-achieving
This study included four seventh-grade participants, 2 boys and 2 girls from math B class,
where math B class was taught at a slower pace than math A class. Data was collected during the
school year through observations, student journals and interviews with the teacher. Then the
journals were classified as either expository or journal writing (Baxter et al., 2005). The first
result of the study showed that “all four target students were passive participants in class,” but
“three of the students” two girls and one boy, “tried to explain their mathematical reasoning and
feelings in their journals” (Baxter et al., 2005, p. 127). Another conclusion they drew was that
the “result suggest that students who did not actively participate in mathematics discussions
responded when asked to write about mathematical ideas” (Baxter et al., p. 130). The teacher was
convinced that the journal approach enhanced her understanding and knowledge of these