CS610 - COPMPUTER NETWORK MID TERM SUBJECTIVE SOLVED QUESTION ONLY 2012

Qno.1 in LAN o ! "#$% &' (o) #o$' )*i#* )i+, $#*,-, .o/ )i(( /$,. 0i1, +,&$on$ An$),+2R,&$on$2 Twisted pair Ethernet is the cheapest wiring that makes it so popular. To allow changing the wiring without changing the interface hardware, NICs support Multiple wiring schemes are not limited to Ethernet technology. hubs (physically a star topology to simulate a logical ring n,')o+3. The distance between de!ices The amount of em"noise RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 89%8: Qno.2 *o) -&n. ;i'$ #on'&in$ in VCI < VPI An$),+2 #irtual Channel Indicator ($%"bits #irtual &ath Indicator ('" bit , RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 6: Qno.= ), *&1, & ;+i67, n,')o+3 '*&' *&$ ')o $,7-,n'$. i$ '*&' "o$$i;(, 'o '+&n$ ,+ 6&'& $i-/('&n,o/$(. '*+o/7* $,7-,n'$ > (nlike a repeater, a bridge uses two NICs to connect two segments. It listens to all traffic and recogni)es frame format. It also forwards only correct complete frames and discards the collided and error frames. * typical bridge has two NICs, a C&( a memory and a +,M. It only runs the code stored in its +,M. * network bridge can be used to segment one network into two, thereby reducing the number of de!ices competing for transmission pri!ileges. 4o+ ,?&-"(,% if network * has -. de!ices, there is the likelihood that two or more of them will attempt to transmit data at the same time and cause a collision. If a network bridge is added, it can split network * into networks * and / of $. de!ices each. RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 90 Qno.= i$ '*,+, &n. ',#*no(o7. '*&' /$, LAN &n6 WAN ;o'* 'o"o(o7i,$. i .,$ '*,n )+i', i'$ N&-,

S'&+ To"o(o7.% all computers are attached to a central point, which is sometimes called the 0ub Rin7 To"o(o7. network the computers are connected to each other in closed loop. In this network first computer passes data to the second and then second passes data to third and so on, RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 29 Qno.8 )*. "&#3,' $)i'#* #*,#3 '*, *,&6,+ +&-, ;, o+, o+)&+6in7 '*, "&#3,' An$),+21ata deli!ery from one computer to another is accomplished through store and forward technology. In this technology packet switch stores incoming packet and also forwards that packet to another switch or computer. 2or this purpose packet switch has internal memory into which it can hold packet if outgoing connection is busy. &ackets for each connection held on 3ueue. RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 96 Qno.9 W*. '*, 6,$i7n,+ o ATM ',#*no(o7. $,(,#' #,(($ no' "&#3,'$> 0i1, i1, +,&$on$ An$),+2R,&$on2 $. *TM multiple4ed these 56"byte cells instead of packets which reduced worst"case cell contention 7itter by a factor of almost 6., reducing the need for echo cancellers. -. +eduction of 7itter (and also end"to"end round"trip delays 3. 2ull"length $5.. byte ($-..."bit data packet would take 88.9- to transmit. 9. The design of *TM aimed for a low"7itter network interface 5. *TM broke up all packets, data, and !oice streams into 9'"byte chunks, adding a 5"byte routing header to each one so that they could be reassembled later RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 66 *''"2@@,n.)i3i",6i&.o+7@)i3i@A$.n#*+ono/$AT+&n$ ,+AMo6, Qno.6 I ')o &+ &)&. $i'/&',6 o i#,$ &+, 'o #onn,#' )i'* )i(( ;, &""+o"+i&', LAN ,?',n$ion o+ WAN. 0i1, o/+ +,&$on$ 'o $/""o+' .o/ &n$),+ $. If two buildings are located far from each other, a bridge, a pair of fiber modems and an optical fiber can be used to connect two :*Ns -. :*N segments that need to be interconnected but are slightly far away, point to point wireless solutions are a!ailable 6. They are generally kept o!er a tower so that line of sight is reali)ed between the locations, for best performance. 9. These outdoor access points are configured to operate in the point"to" point or point"to"multipoint modes and one such access point along with antenna;tower is re3uired in each department;building which needs to be interconnected. 5. In certain areas, metro Ethernet might be a!ailable where the ser!ice pro!ider has the infrastructure to connect two locations of a same

branch located in different places at speeds of $.;$.. Mbps using his public network infrastructure RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 91 *''"2@@))).,?#i'in7i".#o-@69=@)*&'-&+,-'*,-1&+io/$-)&.$-'o-,?',n6&-(o#&(-&+,&-n,')o+3-(&n@ Qno.: )+i',$ '*+,, ;,n, i'$ o +o/'in7 i $o/+#, &66+,$$ i$ no' in#(/6,6 in '*, *,&6,+ An$),+2/enefit It allows fast and efficient routing. &acket switch need not ho!e complete information about all destinations in spite it 7ust has ne4t The network can continue to function e!en if topology changes without notifying entire network RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 9! Qno.! 5o) -&n. -,'*o6$ &+, &1&i(&;(, 'o $"&n & n,')o+3 o1,+ (on7,+ 6i$'&n#,$> J/$' )+i', '*,i+ n&-,$. B2 M&+3$C An$),+2$. :E*<E1 <E+I*: :INE C,NNECTI,N= -. :E*<E1 <*TE::ITE C0*NNE:= RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 92 Qno.D )*i#* ')o i6,n'i i,+ in ATM &+, /$,6 'o -&3, Vi+'/&( Ci+#/i'> B2 M&+3$ An$),+2#CI (#irtual Channel Indicator #&I (#irtual &ath Indicator RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 6: Qno.10 #on#,"'/&( E/,$'ion &;o/' Vi+'/&( "+i1&', N,')o+3. B-&+3$ =C An$),+2#irtual &ri!ate Network (#&N combines the features of both pri!ate and public networks. It is limited to single organi)ation and uses public network for connecti!ity. These connections are sometimes called tunnels and connect sites. Each site sees tunnel as point"to"point link. There is no access for other users of public networks. RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. :9 Qno.11 D,$#+i;, '*, "+o#,6/+,$ in $',"$ o T,(,"*on, #&((in7% A #onn,#'ion o+i,n',6 $,+1i#, BM&+3$9C An$),+2 The connection"oriented ser!ice paradigm for networking is similar to the manner in which telephones are used. This is gi!en as follows= * caller dials a number of the destination. The telephone at the destination signals the arri!al of a connection re3uest. If the called person does not answer> the caller gi!es up after waiting for a timeout. If the called person

does answer, then the connection is established as binary connection identifier is gi!en to each of the two parties to enable identification of the connection. RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 6: Qno.12 D,$#+i;, ')o -&Fo+ #o-"on,n'$ o '*i#3 E'*,+n,' B2C An$),+2$. Network interface card (NIC -. *nalog electronic de!ice RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 82 Qno.1= S/""o$, in & computer network o & chemical #o-"&n.% ,&#* "&#3,' i$ '+&n$ ,++,6 )i'* ,E/&( &-o/n' o 'i-, ;,'),,n $.$',-$. Con$i6,+ '*i$ $#,n&+io )*&' )i(( ;, '*, Fi'',+>B2C An$),+2The amount of delay that a network introduces is called 7itter. * network with )ero 7itter takes e4actly the same amount of time to transfer each packet. * network with high 7itter takes much longer to deli!er some packets than others RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. !0 Qno.18 S/""o$, in /ni1,+$i'. #&-"/$% ;+i67,$ &+, /$,6 in i'$ (o#&( &+, n,')o+3. E?"(&in &(( $',"$% *o) ;+i67, ;/i(6 /" &66+,$$ (i$' '&;(, o &(( &''&#*,6 #o-"/',+$. B=C An$),+=" (ni!ersity campus implement bridges to attached the computers, bridges as a frame arri!es to it, e4tracts a source address from its header and automatically adds it in the list for that segment. In this way a bridge builds up address lists.

RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 90

Qno.19 S/""o$, &n o+7&niG&'ion )&n'$ voice communication in & n,')o+3 ;. /$in7 ATM ',#*no(o7.. E?"(&in *o) ATM ,(i-in&',$ '*, 1&+.in7 6,(&.$ &$$o#i&',6 )i'* 1&+i&;(, $iG, 6&'& "&#3,'$. An$),+2,rgani)ation wants !oice communication introduced *TM to meet se!eral goals. It pro!ides uni!ersal ser!ice for all subscribers and support for all users for !oice, !ideo and data. It has a single unified infrastructure (no separate

:*Ns and ?*Ns . It gi!es guaranteed ser!ice when it is appropriate and support for low cost de!ices. JITTER2 @itter is the term used for !ariance in transmission delays. @itter is significance for !oice, !ideo and data. In :*Ns, 7itter can occur when a packet is delayed because the network is busy. PACKET SIHES2 :arge packets result in fewer o!erheads because a smaller fraction of the packet is used for header information. ,ptimum networks use 9k/ packets or larger. :arge packets canAt easily be used for !oice for e4ample '"bit samples (at $-5usec per sample would re3uire half a second to fill a 9k/ packet. Echo cancellation can only be used with low transmission delays. RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 66 Qno.16 W*i(, 6,$i7nin7 '*, ATM ',#*no(o7. )*. 6,$i7n,+ o ATM #*o$,n #,(($ o1,+ "&#3,'$ )*i#* ;,in7 /$,6 )i6,(.> 0i1, i1, +,&$on$ 'o $/""o+' .o/+ answers.B9C R,&$on2 $. *TM multiple4ed these 56"byte cells instead of packets which reduced worst"case cell contention 7itter by a factor of almost 6., reducing the need for echo cancellers. -. +eduction of 7itter (and also end"to"end round"trip delays 6. 2ull"length $5.. byte ($-..."bit data packet would take 88.9- to transmit. 9. The design of *TM aimed for a low"7itter network interface 5. *TM broke up all packets, data, and !oice streams into 9'"byte chunks, adding a 5"byte routing header to each one so that they could be reassembled later RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 66 *''"2@@,n.)i3i",6i&.o+7@)i3i@A$.n#*+ono/$AT+&n$ ,+AMo6,

Qno.1: S/""o$, $'&+ o+7&niG&'ion /$in7 +,",&',+ in i'$ n,')o+3. I +&-,$ #o-,$ +o- &no'*,+ n,')o+3 '*,n )i(( '*, +,",&',+ ;, #&"&;(, o 6i$'in7/i$* ;,'),,n +&-,$ +o- ')o 6i ,+,n' n,')o+3$> S/""o+' .o/+ &n$),+ )i'* & +,&$on &($o )+i',$ 6o)n '*+,, 6+&);&#3$% '*i$ o+7&niG&'ion -&. &#, 6/, 'o /$, o +,",&',+. *nswer=" D+&);&#3$ $. +epeaters pro!ide no method for isolating traffic generated on one cable segment from traffic generated by the other cable segment -. ?hen network uses a repeater to connect cable segment * to segment / whether or not there is a station in segment / that is the destination of the signal

6. Ethernet standard specifies that any two stations cannot be separated by more than four repeaters. 9. +epeaters do not recogni)e frame formats> they 7ust amplify and retransmit the electrical signal. If a collision or error occurs in one segment, repeaters amplify and retransmit also the error onto the other segments. RE422 5&n6o/'$ P&7, No. 90 http=;;oderog.hubpages.com;hub;2unction"of"repeaters"in"a"network