Networking concepts

By Mrudula Marathe
Grade 8 Ekam
Roll no: 14
 What is a network and what are networking components?
A network consists of two or more computers that are
linked in order to share resources (such as printers and
CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be
linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.

Networking components are used to establish a wired

or wireless networking between a group of computers
and other peripheral devices.
Networking components
Components needed for wired networking
● Network card (both wireless and wired)
● Networking Cable
● Modem
● Hubs and switches
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
The main function of a network interface card (NIC) is to provide a
physical interface between the computer and the cabling. Data is prepared,
sent, and the flow of data is controlled by the NIC. It can also receive data
and convert it to bytes that the CPU can understand.
●A network interface card (NIC) is a piece of hardware that connects two
computers on a network.

●The main function of a network interface card (NIC) is to convert serial

signals on network cables or media into parallel data streams inside PCs.

●The NIC supports transfer rates of 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s, and 1000 Mb/s.

●In order to divide the load, the server has two or more NICs.

●NIC's main responsibility is to manage media access.

●A network interface card (NIC) can be wired or wireless. There are

cables and connectors in a wired NIC that act as a data transfer medium.
The connection is usually made using a radio-wave antenna in the
Networking Cable-Modern Ethernet networks use twisted pair cable containing
eight wires. These wires are arranged in a special order, and an RJ-45 connector
(similar in design, but bigger than the connector used with the telephone wire) is
crimped at both ends of the cable.
Modem- A modem modulates and demodulates electrical signals sent over phone
lines, coaxial cables, and other types of wiring; in other words, it converts digital data
from your computer into analogue signals that can be transmitted over wires, and it
can also translate incoming analogue signals back into digital data that your computer
understands. Most standalone modems have only two ports: one for connecting to the
outside world and another for connecting to a computer or router via Ethernet.

Hub -A hub is a physical layer networking device that connects multiple networked
devices. They're typically used to connect computers in a local area network
(LAN).It is a device with a large number of ports. One of these ports is plugged in by
a computer that wants to connect to the network. When a data frame arrives at a port,
it is broadcast to all other ports, regardless of whether or not it is destined for a
specific destination.
A switch - A switch is a data link layer networking device that connects devices in a
network and sends and receives data over the network using packet switching. A
switch, like a hub, has a number of ports into which computers can be plugged.
When a data frame arrives at any port of a network switch, however, the destination
address is examined and the frame is sent to the appropriate device (s). As a result, it
can communicate in both unicast and multicast modes.
Components needed for wireless networking
● Wireless network card (already written information about this on slide 5)
● Routers
● Access points
● Antennas
● repeaters
Routers- Wireless routers are the hardware devices that Internet service providers use
to connect you to their cable or xDSL Internet network, and they're commonly found
in homes. The networking functions of a wireless access point and a router are
combined in a wireless router, also known as a Wi-Fi router.
Access points-A wireless network device that acts as a portal for devices to connect
to a local area network is known as an access point. Access points are used to expand
an existing network's wireless coverage and increase the number of users who can
connect to it.A high-speed Ethernet cable connects a router to a wireless access point,
which converts a wired signal into a wireless signal. Wireless connectivity is
typically the only option for access points, which establishes Wi-Fi connections with
end-devices.
Antennas- Access points and routers can use a Wi-Fi wireless antenna to increase the
communication range of the wireless radio signal. These antennas are built in to most
routers but are optional and removable on some older equipment
Repeaters- A wireless repeater is a device that connects to a router or access point to
extend the network's range. A repeater, also known as a signal booster or range
extender, is a two-way relay station for wireless radio signals. Repeaters enable
equipment that would otherwise be unable to connect to a wireless network to do so.
When one or more rooms in a large house don't get a strong Wi-Fi signal, it's usually
due to the distance between the device and the wireless router.
Types of network
PAN- PAN stands for personal area network. A Personal Area Network (PAN)
is a computer network that links computers and gadgets within a person's
range. Personal Area Networks (PAN) give a network range within a person's
range, often within a range of 10 metres (33 feet). Wired or wireless PAN
network connections are available. A Personal Area Network consists of a
computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), and other
entertainment devices such as speakers, video game consoles, and so on.

LAN- LAN stands for local area network. A local area network (LAN) is a
group of devices that are connected in a single physical place, such as a
building, business, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a
single-user home network to an enterprise network in an office or school with
thousands of users and devices. A LAN's primary distinguishing feature,
regardless of size, is that it connects devices in a single, constrained area.
MAN- MAN stands for metropolitan area network. A metropolitan area network
(MAN) is a computer network that connects computers in a metropolitan region,
which can be a single large metropolis, a collection of cities and towns, or any
significant area with several buildings. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is larger
than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN) (WAN).
MANs are not need to be in urban areas; the word "metropolitan" refers to the
network's size rather than the demographics of the area it covers.

WAN - WAN stands for wide area network. A wide area network (WAN) is a large
computer network that connects multiple computers over long distances via a phone
line, fibre optic cable, or satellite links. Large firms frequently utilize WAN to connect
their office networks; each office normally has its own local area network, or LAN,
which connects through a WAN. Leased lines, VPNs, and IP tunnels are all examples
of long connections that can be made in a variety of ways. A Wide Area Network
(WAN) is a much larger network than a local area network (LAN). The internet is one
of the world's largest WAN.
Bibliography
Information
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