Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Detailed Area Plan (DAP) is the third of the three tiers DMDP Package. The first two tier Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan were prepared back in 1995. It was decided to prepare DAP subsequently and the initiative was taken in 2004.
The current Planning area of Group E encompasses 10 unions of Savar Upazila in full and one in part, Savar Cantonment Union, Savar Pourashava and other Urban Areas declared by BBS 2001. The planning area also includes three unions of Gazipur Sadar Upazila. According to BBS 2001 the total planning area comes to 87,654 acres or 35487.45 ha (according to Structure Plan the area is 72,237 acres, while according to consultants GIS estimation the area is 75,111.63 acres).
In 1991 the total population of the planning area was about 4,16,682 that rose to about 6,42,320 in 2001, with an increase of about 54.15%. Projection for the year 2010 shows population as 948208, about 47.62% increase from 2001. The projection shows 11, 77,272 populations in the year 2015 that will be almost 24% increase over 2010. The planning area is inhabited by a cross section of income earners like, service holder, businessman, working class and farmer.
Existing spatial development of planning is characterized by established built up areas and dispersed new developments mostly on flood free lands. Pockets of industrial agglomerations are observed in northern and south-western areas, while dispersed industries are found almost everywhere. Main industrial agglomerations are at Hemayetpur, Karnapara, Baipail, Dhamsona, along Baipail Tongi Raod and areas around Dhaka EPZ. Retail Commercial developments are observed on major roads, like, Nabinagar- Chandra Road and Baipail - Tongi Road and Savar. A large area is comprisedof agricultural and rural homestead. Except eastern periphery, almost entire planning area is characterized by high, undulated land surface with red soil, crisscrossed by flood plains and khals.
Group-E Planning area is covered by four spatial planning zones of Structure Plan, namely, SPZ 16: Northern Fringe, SPZ 17(1): Savar, SPZ 1(2): Dhamsona (part) and SPZ 17(3): Flood Zone West (part). For SPZ 16 the Structure Plan Policy recommended to discourage urbanisation. The plan asked to integrate the RAJUK plan in the area with new DAP; for SPZ- 17(1) it recommended to steer development in the established urban area instead of new areas; discouraged linear development; suggested realization of cost of infrastructure development from private developers of housing estates. As suggested for SPZ 17(2), DAP should guide development in the area in a planned way; fund should be made available to develop infrastructure to enable urbanisation; a separate municipality is recommended to provide infrastructure facilities in planning area. In SPZ 17(3) Structure Plan proposes the entire zone as flood flow area where only agriculture is permitted.
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Executive Summary
Final Plan Report
Preparation of Detailed Area Plan for Group-E of DMDP
The summary of proposed land allocation depicts that the agriculture is the dominant land uses with an area of 2152.00 acres of land which is 28.16% of the total planning area, followed by flood flow zone (23.34%), while about 9.16% of the planning area has been proposed for residential development. Besides, there is about 18.36% rural settlement zone while about 5.39% of lands have been earmarked for road network developments. Apart from Structure Plan delineated flood flow zones major water bodies in the area including natural channels have been proposed to conserve. Conservation of old heritage has also been proposed.
Structure Plan suggested developing urban centres and sub-centres, in line with Structure Plan, DAP proposes to develop major civic centre to promote urbanization. Major civic centre with space for such facilities as, park and playground, health facilities, education, public administration, shopping, mosque and eidgah, fire station and police out post, kitchen market, graveyard and space for miscellaneous uses have been suggested with an area of 27.49 acres of land. The total open space (including the civic centre) stands at 204.48 acres that gives 4.29 acres per 25000 populations in the year 2015.
The DAP for GroupE area proposes 348.82 km of road network comprising secondary and tertiary roads that includes STP proposed roads as well. Proposals have also been made for widening of number of narrow roads and establish missing links. Service roads have been proposed on major thoroughfares for local traffic movement and to keep the highway traffic free. DAP also supported the proposed circular waterway around Dhaka, a part of which passes by the eastern periphery of GroupE area.
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER-1: BACKGROUND
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction..................................................................................................... Background..................................................................................................... Purpose of Detailed Area Plan (DAP)........................................................... Objectives of the Project................................................................. General Objectives... Specific Project Objectives. Custodian of the Detailed Area Plan Duration of the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) and Amendment . Format of the Detailed Area Plan.. a. Explanatory Report....................................................................................... b. Integrated Planning Map. . Description of the Planning Area................................................................. Administrative and Cadastral Boundaries. Geo-physical Profile a. Geology and Soil. b. Topography. c. Geological Fault.. Review of Previous Plans and Proposals. Master Plan of Dhaka, 1959 . a. Relevant Recommendations. Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Plan (DMAIUDP) .. a. Relevant Recommendations... DMDP Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan .. a. Relevant Recommendations. b. Application of the Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan Public Consultation.. Consultation With Local Government Authorities.. Consultation With Different Communities Public Hearing.. Consultation With Public Representatives.. Draft DAP Review by Review Committee 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-9 1-9 1-11 1-11 1-13 1-15 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-17 1-18
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Table of Content
Final Plan Report
Preparation of Detailed Area Plan for DMDP Group-E Area
2.1.3
2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
2.3.8 2.3.9
2.4 2.5
g. Source of Income h. Migration... Land Use... a. Residential Areas b. Industrial Areas c. Commercial Areas... d. Amenities and Urban Facilities. e. Non Urbanized Area... Infrastructure a. Circular Network. Land Ownership and Value Expected Development Population. Economic Activities. Development Problems.. Hydrology (Drainage and Flooding). Geological Fault.. Spontaneous Development... Transportation. a. Road. b. Conflict of Drainage and Waterways with Road Network. c. Transportation Problem versus Urban Land Use.. Utility Services. a. Electricity.. b. Water Supply... c. Gas Supply.. d. Sewage Disposal e. Drainage... f. Solid Waste Disposal.. Amenities and Urban Facilities.. a. Active and Passive Recreation. b. Educational Facilities.. c. Market Facilities.. d. Community and Urban Facilities.. Environmental Concern.. a. Flood Flow and Waterbodies b. Pollutions.. c. Loss of Biodiversity. d. Potential Hazards e. Health and Safety f. Controlling Instruments.. Shelter and Settlement... Lack of Co-ordination among Agencies... a. Duplication of Effort b. Disregard of Abiding Plans .. Current Public Sector Investment Program. Stake Holders Wish List of Projects...
2-11 2-11 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-14 2-14 2-14 2-15 2-15 2-17 2-18 2-18 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-22 2-23 2-23 2-23 2-24 2-24 2-24 2-25 2-25 2-25 2-25 2-25 2-26 2-26 2-26 2-26 2-27 2-27 2-27 2-27 2-28 2-28 2-29 2-29 2-29 2-30 2-30 2-30 2-31 2-31 2-31
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Table of Content
Final Plan Report
Preparation of Detailed Area Plan for DMDP Group-E Area
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.3.9 3.3.10 3.3.11 3.3.12 3.3.13 3.3.14 3.3.15 3.4 3.4.1
3.4.2
3.5
3.6
3.7
Guiding Principles........................................................................... Planning Standards................................................... Preferred Development Strategies... Drainage Residential Development... Industrial Development.. Mixed Use Development Transport and Connectivity Flood Flow Zones Non-urban Areas. Water Body and Open Spaces.. Amenities and Community Facilities Water Supply Electricity.. Gas Supply... Conservation of Monument and Heritage Environmental Management. Supporting the Surrounding Hinterland Major Infrastructure Proposals. Transport.. a. Road development Proposal b. Water Transport. Utility Services. a. Water Supply... b. Sanitation. c. Solid Waste.. d. Electricity Supply e. Gas Supply.. Social Service and Amenities............................................ a. Education facilities.. b. Playground and Park. c. Bazar. d. Police Outpost... e. Fire Station... f. Civic Centre. Description of the Plan a. Urban Residential Zone. b. Rural Settlement Zone... c. Commercial Zone d. Industrial Zone. e. Mixed Use Zone.. f. Agriculture g. Institutional Zone. h. Flood Flow Zone. i. Road and Transportation Facilities.. j. Non Conforming Land Use k. Water body for Conservation. l. Open Space. m.Overlay Zone.. DPZ wise Description of Land Use and Development Proposal
3-3 3-4 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-10 3-10 3-11 3-11 3-11 3-11 3-11 3-15 3-15 3-15 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-17 3-19 3-19 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-27 3-27 3-28 3-28 3-28 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-33 3-37
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Table of Content
Final Plan Report
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4.7.2
Fixation of Priorities Landuse Zoning. Landuse Classification.. a. Urban Residential Zone b. Commercial Zone (Business) c. Commercial Zone (Office).. d. Industrial Zone. e. Heavy Industrial Zone f. Mixed Use Zone.. g. Mixed Use Zone (Residential-Commercial) h. Mixed Use Zone (Residential-Commercial-General Industrial).. i. Mixed Use Zone (Residential-General Industrial).. j. Institutional Zone. k. Administrative Zone l. Agricultural Zone. m.Flood Flow Zone. n. Open Space. o. Overlay Zone... p. Rural Settlement Zone.. q. Water Retention Area. r. Water Body. Special Function Option. Development Control.. Issue Landuse Permit. a. Structure of Landuse Permit Authority b. Landuse Permit Options .. c. Landuse Permit Procedures. Interaction with People...
4-8 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-12 4-14 4-16 4-20 4-23 4-25 4-28 4-30 4-32 4-33 4-34 4-36 4-36 4-38 4-40 4-41 4-41 4-42 4-45 4-45 4-45 4-47 4-47 4-50
CHAPTER-7: CONCLUSION
7.1 Conclusion.. 7-1
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LIST OF TABLE Table-1.1 Table-1.2 Table-1.3 Table-1.4 Table-1.5 Table-2.1 Table-2.2 Table-2.3 Table-2.4 Table-2.5 Table-2.6 Table-2.7 Table-2.8 Table-2.9 Required Maps with Corresponding Scale SPZ wise Number of Mouza, Area, Population and Households Administrative Units of Group-E List of proposed Road Development in Structure Plan within Group-E area Summary of Reponses Received in Public Consultation and Actions Taken Changes in Demographic Variables in Savar Upazila 1981-1991 Demographic Changes in Savar Upazila Over Two Decades 1981 2001 Percentage Distribution of Family/household Size Percentage Distribution of the Study Area Population by Age and Sex Percentage Distribution Study Area Population by Religion Percentage Distribution of the Aged 6 years or Above by Level of Education Percentage distribution of the study area population by sex and occupation Percentage distribution of households by monthly income and expenditure Percentage of household by sources of income (multiple response)
Table-2.10 Percentage distribution of migrated household by greater district of origin Table-2.11 Union wise percentage of road length by hierarchy Table-2.12 Union wise percentage of road length by type of construction Table-2.13 Percentage of household by sources of ownership Table-2.14 Project Area Population Growth (Projected) Table-2.15 Union wise Population and Density Table-3.1 Table-3.2 Table-3.3 Table-3.4 Table-3.5 Table-3.6 Table-3.7 Table-3.8 Table-3.9 Table-4.1 Table-4.2 Table-4.2 Standards for Provisions of Community Services Facility Standard at Neighbourhood Level Proposed Primary Road Details Proposed Major Secondary Road Details Proposed Tertiary Road Details Summary of Social Service Proposals Area Coverage by Specific Amenities in Major and Minor Civic Centers Proposed General Land Use Provision Heritage Sites of Group-E Area to be Conserved Structure Plan Phasing Land Use Permitted Land Use Conditionally Permitted
LIST OF FIGURES Figure-2.1 Percentage distribution of the study area population by age and sex Figure-2.2 Percentage distribution of the study area population by level of education Figure-2.3 Area wise percentage distribution of literacy by sex Figure-2.4 Percentage distribution of the study area population by occupation Figure-2.5 Percentage of the study area household by income and expenditure Figure-2.6 Area wise percentage of migration status
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Figure-2.7 SPZ wise percentage of residential land use Figure-2.8 Length of road network by hierarchy Figure-4.1 Structure of Landuse Permit Authority Showing Linkages Figure-4.1 Flow Diagram showing activity linkage of plan permit procedure
LIST OF MAPS Map 1.1 Location Map of Group-E Area Map 1.2 Fault Line of the Project Area Map 1.3 DMDP Structure Plan Designated Landuse Development of the Project Area Map 2.1 Spatial Growth Pattern of the Study Area Mao 2.2 Location of Current Investment Projects Map 3.1 Proposed Road Developments Map 3.2 Location of Social Services Map 3.3 Drainage Development Proposals Map 3.4 Thematic Map: Proposed Urban Residential, Rural Homestead, Commercial, Industrial and Mixed Use Areas Map 3.5 Thematic Map: Proposed Agriculture and Flood Zone and Conservable Waterbody Map 3.6 Open Space, Sports and Recreation, Waterbody and Forest Map 3.7 Overlay Zone Map-3.8A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 01 Map 3.8B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 01
Map-3.9A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 02 Map-3.9B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 02 Map-3.10A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 03 Map-3.10B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 03 Map-3.11A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 04 Map-3.11B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 04 Map-3.12A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 05 Map-3.12B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 05 Map-3.13A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 06 Map-3.13B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 06 Map-3.14A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 07 Map-3.14B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 07 Map-3.15A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 08 Map-3.15B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 08 Map-3.16A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 09 Map-3.16B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 09
Map-3.17A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 10 Map-3.17B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 10 Map-3.18A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 11 Map-3.18B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 11
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Map-3.19A : Existing Development Patterns of DPZ 12 Map-3.19B : Proposed Land Use and Developments of DPZ 12 Map 3.20 ANNEXURE Annex-2.1 Annex-3.1 Annex-3.2 Annex-3.3 Annex-3.4 Annex-4.1 Annex-4.2 Annex-4.3 Annex-5.1 Socio-economic Survey Data Phasing of Road Development Conservable Water Body DPZ wise List of Mouzas with Area Integrated Planning Map of the Project Area Phasing of Development Priority Areas Multi Sectoral Investment Programme Permitted Use in Mixed Land Use Zone Development Projects Location of Monument and Heritage Sites
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Chapter-1
BACKGROUND
Development Projects
Annex-5.1
Chapter-1 BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
The Final Plan Report is the 6th of the series of the reports submitted under the tasks of DAP assigned to Group-E area. The first report of the project was the Inception Report that primarily dealt with the approach and methodology of the work with some highlighting on the preliminary idea about the present scenario of the study area. The second report was study area report (called Report-1) which was about the collection and authentication of mouza maps, fixation of study area boundary and geo-referencing. The next report was survey report (Report-2) that contained the survey findings and the base maps prepared on the basis of physical survey and also the findings of sample household survey of the study area. Interim Report (Report-3) was the third report that contained description about previous higher level plans, stakeholder consultations, the broad land use plan and policies and the integrated plan. The Draft Plan Report (Report-4) that contained the draft plan proposals followed the Interim Report. The current report is the Final Plan Report that illustrates the detailed area plan proposals, the projects prepared based on the plan, priority and phasing of project implementation and other details of institutional issues. The final report has been prepared incorporating the acceptable amendments received during public consultations.
1.2
Background
RAJUK initiated the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) project in early 90s. The project was originally designed to prepare a set of three hierarchical plans- Structure Plan, Urban Area Plan and Detailed Area Plans. Due to technical reason the project had to be closed down in 1995 without preparing the Detailed Area Plan component.
The DMDP Structure Plan sets a 20 year (1995-2015) long term development strategy for metroDhaka sub-region of 1528 sq. km. of RAJUK area. The DMDP Structure Plan report identifies the order of magnitude and the direction of anticipated urban growth and sets forth a series of policy guidelines for achieving the overall plan objectives.
The DMDP Urban Area Plan (UAP) provides an interim mid-term strategy for 10 years (1995-2005) for the development of urban area within the RAJUK administrative boundary. Detailed Area Plan (DAP), the lowest tier in the three level planning exercises, is basically a local level plan which provides the proposed land use zoning, infrastructure and utility services.
Detailed Area Plan is a vital part of the DMDP as far as spatial development and development control is concerned. Absence of Detailed Area Plans not only hampered undertaking development projects by RAJUK but also led to uncontrolled and unwanted spatial development in the private sector. Absence of land use zoning provisions to be prepared under the Detailed Area Plan also poised another problem that restricted approval of building plans, particularly in the newly urbanizing areas of
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RAJUK. With a view to ameliorate all the above problems, RAJUK decided to complete the Detailed Area Plan component of the DMDP package and undertook the present project. On approval of the project by GOB, RAJUK invited proposals from competent consulting firms. Firms submitted proposals for assignments divided into five groups (Group A, B, C, D and E). The proposals were studied and analysed and works were awarded to five successful applicants. Sheltech (Pvt.) Ltd. in Association with DatEx was awarded Group-E area covering almost entire Savar Thana and a small part of Gazipur Sadar Upazila falling within the RAJUK jurisdiction.
1.3
The provision of DAP is inherent in the Structure Plan with some specific purposes. These are: a. Provide basic infrastructure and services in the study area through systematic planning. b. Create congenial environment to promote economic activities. c. Improve drainage system and protect flood flow zones from encroachment. d. Create service centres to enable urban growth. e. Serve as a reference document for land clearance and building permission. f. Provide guidelines for public and private investment priorities g. Provide relevant planning polices for sustainable development h. Serve as a document for land use and development control.
1.4
The main objectives of the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) are as follows: a. To provide a quality urban design having aesthetic, functional and flexibility characteristics; b. To develop a programme for public sector action aiming at the implementation of the plan; c. To prepare database and disseminate it in professional manner; d. To provide and guide private sector development; e. To provide clarity and security to future inhabitants and investors; f. To prepare guidelines for future infrastructure development.
1.4.1
General Objectives
The general objectives of Detailed Area Plan envisage: To Implement Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan policies To Guide and control urban development in an orderly manner in preferred areas of urban expansion To create an urban environment enabling citizens to enjoy the services that suit urban living. 1.4.2 Specific Project Objectives Implementation of Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan 1995-2015 Data Management and Dissemination Preparation of Multi-sector Investment Plan Ensuring Clarity and Security of Investment Providing Guideline for Development Ensuring Sustainable Environment
1-2
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1.5
The present detailed area plan is a part of the DMDP plan package prepared under the banner Master Plan as envisaged in Section 73(1) of the Town Improvement Act 1953. Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) is the custodian of the Master Plan and as such it will be the custodian of the detailed area plan as well and responsible for execution of the development control and development proposals prepared under the plan. The development proposals can be implemented either by RAJUK itself or through any other development agency, public or private. Execution of many of the development proposals will rest on other public development agencies, but it will be the responsibility of RAJUK to take initiatives to get work done by those agencies through the Ministry of Housing and Public Works. RAJUK will take action against whoever violates the provisions of the approved DAP proposals and development control provisions.
1.6
The current Detailed Area Plan (DAP) shall remain valid till the validity of the Structure Plan that is 2015. DAP proposals, including land use zoning made in this report, should be periodically reviewed to fit the plan with the need of the time. The purpose of the review will be to take an overview of the level of implementation of the DAP, review changing physical growth pattern, development of infrastructure, trend of public and private sector developments. Necessary changes should be made in DAP proposals in the light of the findings of the review.
As a part of the master plan, amendment of the detailed area plan will be done under the legal provision of Section 74(2) of the Town Improvement Act 1953. All the amendments shall have to be notified in the Official Gazette for public information. As the relevant provision of the act says, (2) The 2 [Kartripakkha] may, from time to time, with the approval of the3 [Government] and the3 [Government] may at any time, amend or alter any specific provision of the Master Plan . Any such amendment or alteration shall be published in the Official Gazette. So RAJUK can carry out amendment of the DAP any time with the approval of its Board and the Ministry and publish the same in the Official Gazette. But the best way will be to carry out the amendments at regular interval instead of time to time peace meal amendments. It is suggested to extend validity of the Structure Plan upto 2018 to allow a decade of time for implementation of the DAP proposals.
1.7
a)
Explanatory Report
The current explanatory report of the plan describes the plan proposals and other necessary information to explain the plan. The report is divided into six chapters. Chapter one contains background elements that includes, among other things, project background, project objectives, planning area, plan duration and review of previous plans. Chapter two highlights the critical planning
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issues and problems prevailing in the planning area, the planning area profile and the future population. In Chapter three the development plan proposals have been placed in details including the integrated planning map. The development proposals include, infrastructure and services, public sector land development in new housing areas, ecological conservation, conservation of monuments and heritage and flood protection and drainage development. Chapter four describes the procedures and measures needed for plan implementation, comprising such issues as, fixation of priorities, public sector action program, and development control. Chapter five gives about the selected projects that would be implemented on priority basis. Chapter six is about follow up actions to be taken including necessary legal and procedural measures to execute the plan and development control.
b)
The Integrated Planning Map shows different layers of information like, the cadastral base, administrative boundaries, geo-physical features (contour line, water bodies), infrastructures and proposed land use. Maps of following description form the components of Integrated Planning Map for the Detailed Area Plan: Table No- 1.1: Required Maps with Corresponding Scale S. L No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Description Base Map Physical Feature Survey map(Road+ floor) Physical Feature Survey map(Road+ structure type) Physical Feature Survey map(Road+ use) Land Use Survey Field Survey (original survey marking) Utility Services a. Road Network b. River/ Khal/Drainage c. Gas/Electricity/ Water Supply Comprehensive Detailed Area Plan Scale 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:1980 1:3960 1:1980 1:1000 No. of Copy Final (Draft) 25 (5) 20(3) 20(3) 20(3) 25(5 ) 2(1) 20(4) 20(4) 20(4) 25(5) 25(5) 25(5)
7 8
Comprehensive Detailed Area Plan 9 Identified Projects in separate layers 10 Source: Terms of Reference (ToR)
1.8
The Detailed Area Plan (DAP) project area of Group-E is located in the north-western part of DMDP area (RAJUK area) (Map- 1.1), Comprising almost entire Savar Upazila of Dhaka Zila, and a small part of north- west Gazipur Sadar Upazila of Gazipur Zila including a part of Gazipur Pourashava. The total area of the project stands at 29,233.59 ha or 72,237 acres. Table No-1.2 shows the details of the study area with respect to SPZ. Variations have been found in the planning area of Group-E. According to Structure Plan combining all the three SPZs under Group-E area comes to 72,237.00 acres, while adding up all the union under the above SPZs gives an area of 87,654 acres. Again, GIS estimation by consultants gives 75,286.46 acres.
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Table No-1.2: SPZ wise Number of Mouza, Area, Population and Households of the Project Area SPZ 1. SPZ-16: Northern Fringe 2. SPZ-17(1): Savar 3. SPZ-1(2) : Dhamsona (part) 4. SPZ-17(3): Flood Zone West (part) Total: No. of Mouza 41 51 42 150 284* Area in Ha (Acre) 7836.01 (19363) 2489.65 (6152) 482795 (11930) 13934.29 (34432) 29233.59 (72237) 29.23 Sq.km. Population (1991) 79825 76675 69966 174844 401310 Household (1991) 15438 15062 12125 29617 72242
1.8.1
The project area of Group-E consists of entire Savar upazila of Dhaka district and partial of Gazipur district. There is one municipal authority in the project area namely Savar Paurashava. The study area accommodates 14 unions. Table-1.3 shows the administrative units of the group-E area. Cadastral base of the project area are C.S and R.S mauzas. The study area is divided into 252 CS mauzas and 223 RS mauzas. There are in total 385 C.S and 324 R.S sheets in the project area. Table No- 1.3: Administrative Units of Group-E Name District Thana / Upazila Paurashava Union Description Dhaka, Gazipur (partially) Savar, and Gazipur (part) Savar Simulia (Part), Tetuljhora, Yearpur, Pathalia, Kaundia, Dhamsona, Bhakurta, Banagram, Ashulia, Biralia, Savar Cantonment, Basan (Part), Kayaltia (Part), and Kasimpur (Part) Savar
Police Station
1.8.2 Geo-Physical Profile The following geographic profile of the study area has been ascertained through physical survey and other secondary sources.
a. Geology and Soil The land of the planning area is composed of alluvial soil of the pleistocene period. The height of the land gradually increases from the east to the west. The southern part is composed of alluvial soil of the Bangshi and Dhalashwari rivers. Main rivers are Bangshi, Turag, Buriganga and Karnatali.
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b. Topography The substantial part of the study area is geographically a part of the Pleistocene Terrace, popularly known as Madhupur Tract. Such lands are characterized by high, undulated land surface with red soil, criss crossed by flood plains and streams. Except the southern part, almost entire planning area land falls in this category. The level of land surface exhibits greater than gentle slope ranging between 2 m to +15 m with respect to m PWD. The highest level of lands in the area exists in patches and not in continuous form. A ream of lower level plains are found along the flood plains on the eastern periphery, moving from north to south, ranging from 2 m to +6 m. The levees of the flood plains are usually of higher elevation ranging up to 12 m PWD. Areas like Birlia, Savar Cantonment, Ashulia, part of Pathalia, part of Basan, Rajashan, Jahangirnagr University stand comparatively at a higher elevation, ranging between 10 m to 15 m to PWD. These areas are free from normal floods and used for settlement development, while the areas of lower elevation are used for cultivation of crops.
c. Geological Faults Geographically Bangladesh finds itself in one of the most earthquake prone areas of the world. The northern part of mega Dhaka that is almost the entire Group-E area falls in the most severe earthquake zone of the country. As per Earthquake Risk Index (ERI), Dhaka is one of the riskiest cities in the world, although geologically Dhaka is in the second earthquake prone zone. Its vulnerability is due to its non-engineered structures, said experts (Daily Star, August 25, 2006). From the study of Dhaka City and Earthquake, it has been observed that (Daily Star, August 25, 2006) two fault lines have passed through the Group-E area creating two areas which are most vulnerable and moderately vulnerable. One has passed through Bangshi-Dhaleswari River and the other through the Turag River. The Structure Plan identified three fault lines. One fault, called Bansi Fault passes through the Turag, the Dhamrail fault runs through the Karnapara River and the fault, originating from Karnapara River in the west runs north-east, crosses Bansi fault and joins Tongi fault. Development control should be exercised in these areas through Building Construction Rules 1996 and Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 1993 to avoid any possible disaster. Please see Map-1.2.
1.9
The following section presents a review of the previous plans undertaken in the planning area.
1.9.1
a. Relevant Recommendations The Dacca Master Plan 1959, prepared in 1959 and approved in 1960, covered an area of about 829 sq. km (320 sq. m.) encompassing Dhaka Municipality, Tongi Municipality and Narayanganj Municipality. The present study area of Group-E that is Savar Thana and part of Gazipur Sadar Thana, was totally outside the jurisdiction of the 1959 Master Plan area. So for logical reasons review of 1959 Master Plan is omitted here.
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1.9.2
a. Relevant Recommendations DMAIUDP was undertaken in 1980-81 with a view to prepare a long term strategy for the future development of Dhaka City. The project proposed some alternative growth strategies for future Dhaka, evaluated them and finally selected the most suitable strategies for future development of Dhaka.
Preparation and Selection of Strategic Options by DMAIUDP Dacca Metropolitan Integrated Urban Development Project (DMAIUDP) 1981 was undertaken to work out the future mode and pattern of Dhaka city development keeping in consideration of the physical and social constraints and opportunities existing within and possible areas of future expansion. It was the first ever attempt to prepare a strategic plan in Bangladesh. The project was jointly funded by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Planning Commission of GOB was entrusted with the responsibility to implementing the project with Asian Development Bank as the executing agency.
A British consulting firm in association with a number of local firms initiated the project in 1980 and completed in 1981. The experts drew up nine strategic options for future development of Dhaka city. They reviewed the options for selection of the most suitable one. The options were,
Option-1:
continuation of the current trend sustained peripheral growth of the city with limited northward expansion.
Option-2:
peri-urban development low density resettlement with intensive agricultural production, over an extensive area surrounding the city.
Option-3:
comprehensive flood control-flood protection of the existing city and the northern, eastern and western development areas by enclosing embankment.
Option-4:
comprehensive flood control around the south and south eastern periphery of greater Dhaka.
Option-5:
Option-6:
northern expansion- as for 5 with addition of an improved transportation facility linking urban centers in the north up to that in the south-east.
Option-7:
development of new satellite city concentration of new development at one new location in the city region away from the existing city.
Option-8:
sub-regional dispersal decentralization of urbanization and urban development in the existing urban centers of the city region.
Option-9:
minimization of urban growth-limitation of urban population growth by reducing the level of investment in the city in favour of rural development.
A two stage evaluation of the option was carried out. But the consultants finally found none of the options satisfactory. In the first stage the experts rearranged the options into following three strategies. The three alternative strategies were:
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A. Extensive development of land immediately adjoining the city by comprehensive flood protection. B. Continuing peripheral expansion of the city without flood protection. C. Expansion of the city to the north and west which does not require comprehensive flood protection. A second stage evaluation of the three alternatives was carried out based on the criteria of, - Cost - benefit - Implementation possibilities and - Flexibility criteria. After evaluating the three alternatives the experts came to the conclusion that alternative B and C were the best choices as they have the balance of advantages. And these advantages could be achieved at a lower level of urban development expenditure, with fewer implementation problems, and at lower risk than in the flood protection strategy.. Therefore, the combined peripheral growth /northern expansion strategy was adopted as the recommended urban development strategy for future Dhaka.
Review and Analysis of DMAIUDP Options in the Context of the Study Area Though the strategy was never officially adopted but the spontaneous trend of development was towards the same direction as anticipated by the DMAIUDP consultants. The northern and central part of Savar and the areas around Joydebpur Chowrastha are nothing but the part of Option C that is northern expansion in flood free zone. In alternative A: Comprehensive Flood Protection strategy the Savar and Gazipur Sadar Thana termed as less intensive peripheral growth area and were not included within the comprehensive flood protection strategy.
In Alternative B: Peripheral Growth, areas adjacent to the exiting built up parts of Group-E area were included as possible future peripheral growth locations. These areas are located in Savar and on the both sides of Dhaka-Aricha Highway and areas around Joydebpur Chowrasta. In Alternative C: Northern Expansion, the entire Group-E area was included as future expansion areas except the central flood flow zone. The Gazipur part falling within the study area was considered as 1st expansion area in the C alternative. In Savar, the northern part was taken as 4th phase development area. The central eastern part of the Group-E area was considered as 3rd phase and the central part Government Dairy and Livestock Farm and other public establishments and privately planned housing areas were marked as development areas already planned. The central western part on the west of Dhaka-Aricha Highway was considered as the 1st phase development area.
Latest physical survey by the consultant reveals unprecedented spatial growth in the study area beyond comprehension of the experts of DMAIUDP. Peripheral growth has surpassed the prediction in the eastern and northern part of the city, however within predicted limit in Savar and Gazipur. Alternative B did not predict any growth along Nabinagar-Chandra Road, but this is one of the fastest expansion areas of mega Dhaka, mainly induced by the development of two EPZs in the area. A new Abdullahpur-Baipal Road was built during late eighties that also boosted industrial and commercial developments along the road. Large scale increase in the global export of RMG and knitwear by
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Bangladesh are the main reasons for boosting manufacturing establishments in the area. Flood free cheap lands with good communication with Dhaka City are the major pull factors that led to the large scale growth of industries in the northern periphery. However, it is true that the than experts did not foresee such economic boost in the country back in early 1980s. Similar spatial growth is also observed along the Tongi-Gazipur Road. New investments in the manufacturing in these areas have resulted in large scale population growth in the vicinity leading to growth of other supporting activities. The alternative C predicted much wider spatial growth on the flood free northern periphery. It predicted development in four phases. But the developments have been not that momentum to cover all the four phased areas. Rather the 1st phase locations are yet to become saturated.
DMAIUDP report was never officially accepted as strategy for urban development by the government and no urban development agency ever showed any response to the recommendations of the report. In fact the report was virtually ignored. However, the private land development that took place after preparation of the report was mainly along the flood free land and the expansion was northward. Some flood control structures built during the great floods in 1988 encouraged developments in the low lands within the embankment area.
1.9.3
The Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan in the form of Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan was prepared during the period 1992-1995 to provide policy guidelines for the development of Metro Dhaka for 1995-2015 period. The policies and strategies adopted in the plan was to provide a rough development control guidelines for the Metro Dhaka until the preparation of Detailed Area Plan, the third of the three tier new urban development plan document. Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan framework relevant to Group-E area is presented below:
a. Relevant Recommendations Structure Plan Land Use Development and Control Policies divide the Group-E area into following Land Use zones (Map-1.3). o o o o o o o o Established Urban Area up to 1989 (Consolidation) Peripheral Urban Development (Enablement) Agriculture Area Main Flood Flow Zone Sub-flood Flow Zone High Value Agricultural Land Special Area Flood Retention Pond (Indicative)
Major Roads/Public Transportation Network The DMDP Structure Plan policies relating to transport sector derived largely from the Greater Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Transport Study (DITS). The main objective of the strategy was to establish a long term primary road network for the metropolitan area, to serve the needs of the
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growing urban concentrations by providing improved access to the main urban area itself and linkage to areas with potential for growth. These roads would differ from the remaining network in that its main purpose would be to provide a national link rather than to provide for urban travel. The DMDP Structure Plan proposed different road transport infrastructures like, road development, public transport, sub-way development etc. Table-1.4 shows the proposed sequence of road development covered in Group-E area. Road Development As policies the DMDP offered high priority to the development of limited access Eastern By-pass to become a key link in the emerging national network of arterial roads and relief the existing urban network. However the Eastern By-pass lies outside the study area of Group-E. The DMDP also recommended a policy of incremental road development, as a long term road development approach. Under this approach Right of Way will be reserved in advance of future development where need arises. The road will be developed in phases. Public Transport The main thrust of public transport would be bus service which is proposed to be expanded on different routes as proposed by DITS. This policy has largely been executed. The DMDP also proposed for a commuter rail network as a major mass transit covering key parts of the existing urban and sub-urban areas of Dhaka City. This was a long term proposal to serve the high density areas.
Table-1.4: List of proposed Road Development in Structure Plan within Group-E area Sl. No Name of the road Short term 1995-2000 Mid term 2000-2005 2005-2010 Long term 2010-2015 Implementing Agency
Major Road Part of eastern bypass from Kuniapasur to Chandra (2 km) From Chandra to JoydebpurTangail Road near Kadda (5.9 km) From Ashutia to Aricha Road near PATC via Ashulia (8 km) Savar Bypass from Keraniganj By-pass near Barajaynagar to Aricha
M2C
UD
565
COM
185
--
--
RHD
M8B
UD
1550
COM
515
--
--
RHD
M13
UC
--
--
--
--
LGED
M16
--
--
--
ROW 1545
LGED
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Short term Road near Jadurghat via Neemtali (10.3 km) Road Widening Development of service road from Savar to University (6.5 km) From Jahangirnagar University to Dhamsona Mirpur north to Savarloop line Dhamsona to Gazipur From Gabtoli to Jahangirnagar University
Mid term
Long term
W4
COM 1300
--
--
--
LGED
R6 R8
---
---
R.O.W. --
UD --
COM R.O.W.
Sub-way Development The DMDP anticipated very high population growth in Dhaka as a mega city, which vis a vis would increase its transport demand. The plan to ease the future traffic flow and mass transit of future Dhaka recommended for sub-way. The plan said, Sub-way will definitely create opportunity to retain the characteristics of the old Dhaka allowing mass transit. It proposed to start sub-way development program for mass light railway network to start by the year 2000. But no attempt in this respect was taken subsequently. b. Application of the Structure Plan and the Urban Area Plan A considerable time has elapsed since the DMDP Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan were accepted. However, large scale transfer of land is taking place resulting in land sub-division with provision of very narrow access. In some areas, industrial growth has taken place indiscriminately. Total disregard to controlled discharge of hazardous industrial effluent especially by the emerging dyeing industry has resulted in large scale water pollution. In the absence of strong and effective development control measures new areas are developing in a completely haphazard manner and every year new areas are being occupied by settlements with little or no infrastructure or utility facilities.
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Map-1.3-Structure Plan
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1.10
Public Consultation
1.10.1 Consultation with Local Government Authorities Consultation with Savar Pourashava A discussion program was arranged by the consultant about the problems and prospects related to spatial, social and economic development of the pourashava. Executive Engineer of Savar Pourashava informed that a draft municipal development plan (infrastructure and land use) was completed by Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project of Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) under Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives. Executive Engineer also informed about different ongoing projects for the improvement of the pouroshava. It was informed that development in pourashava is growing in an unplanned way. The tendency of mixed land use has increased all over the pourashava thus creating problems for residential areas. With the urban invasion farm lands are fast disappearing. He also informed that different industries/ commercial units are growing without following the planning and environmental standards. Pourashava was unable to provide adequate utility services to its citizens due to paucity of fund. The industries that pollute environment should be relocated outskirts, and industrial developments should be restricted in certain areas for protecting environment. Findings of discussions: It was understood from the discussions that spatial growth is taking place in a haphazard manner and it is prime time to stop it by not allowing unacceptable mixed use of land. Important roads need to be widened considering the present traffic volume and for next 15 years. Internal road conditions are also not up to mark and unsuitable for vehicular movement. Encroachment of land by different developers needs to be address properly because this is a big problem for Savar area. Land filling in different parts of the area is also creating problem for natural drainage. High valued agricultural lands need to be protected from non-agricultural uses. Consultation with LGED about UGIIP The urban governance and infrastructure improvement project (UGIIP) intends to support the sectoral investment plan of the GOB in selected secondary towns by means of ensuring good governance. The pourashavas are required to implement on urban governance improvement action plan first with a limited allocation of project funds to cover the most urgent infrastructure needs. At the pourashava level, Town Level Coordination Committee (TLCC) has been formed to provide overall advisory services to the pourashava to ensure governance and in the process the pourashava have also been strengthened through establishing different units.
Findings of discussion: The infrastructure development includes transportation planning and management, surface water drainage and sewerage system, Housing and shelter, water supply and sanitation, solid waste disposal, and different utility services available, different public and private sector institution.
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The study include, identification of existing conditions, problems, vision objective and goal for improvement and development, different proposals from local committees and finally recommendations.
Trying to prepare a plan framework for pourashava that can help guide the development authorities on development issues in order to guide and develop pourashava as appropriate in order to reach the goal for a livable pourashaha which is not healthy and safer but also efficient and better.
This could be assured through better socio economic services facilities that could be achieved through, effective use of micro credit program and primary health service opportunities and drainage structures, road linkages, improved garbage disposal and sanitation system.
Further Consultation with local governments was carried out through: 1.10.2 Dhaka City Corporation, Savar Upazila Parishad Concerned Ward Union Parishad Consultation with Different Communities
Consultation with World Vision (NGO) Activities and services of the organization provided to the local people. It covered local level institution development through which local people can uplift their lifestyle by themselves. Through discussions it was understood that they had program on education sector, with special attention on children, in the form of cash or kind. They are also providing assistance to institutions like, renovating school buildings for creating better educational environment. If necessary they are also providing school furniture, flip charts, electric fans, blackboard, to enhance number of enrollment. Considering health and hygiene issues on urgent basis they also provided other facilities like installation of latrines, playground facilities and sports materials
World Vision has been performing different activities as part of their area development program and helping community people to change their living condition and environment in a sustainable way. Under FSEI development sector involved in improving the already existing rural roads (Type 3) which lead directly to markets and urban centers, schools, hospitals, and other main roads. Improvement of these roads enhanced acquisition of farm inputs, marketing of agriculture products etc. These also help poor people to add new source of income like rickshaw pulling, opening of small business along the roads. Findings of discussions: NGO is trying to help the local community to improve their lives in a sustainable way. Social development of the poor households is the main objective of the organization. Two of the main thrusts of the organization are to help the distressed women by improving their social status and make them be able to become an income earner in the family and help children to as educated and healthy citizens.
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1.10.3 Public Hearing As per section 74 of Town Improvement (TI) Act 1953, RAJUK carried out a two month long Public Hearing on the Detailed Area Plan from October 3, 2008 to December 4, 2008. The Public Hearing was carried out through: Media Coverage Print Electronic Press Conference Web based Publication Display of Maps (Hard Copy) RAJUK Auditorium DAP, PD Office RAJUK Zonal Office at Dhanmandi RAJUK Zonal Office at Mohakhali RAJUK Zonal Office at Uttara Explain different aspects of the Plan to the stakeholders by experts Digital Display upto individual Mauza Plot level in GIS Platform Collection of Complaints in prescribed format and preparation of checklist Collection of Complaints in the form of letter to Chairman/P.D. Table-1.5: Summary of Reponses Received in Public Consultation and Actions Taken
Total No. of Responses Received No. of Application Expressing Appreciation About the Plan No Comment Action About Complaints/Suggestions No. of Application Having Complaints/ Suggestions No. Application Addressed of No. of Application Unable to Address
869 (100.00)
170 (19.56%)
3 (0.35%)
696 (80.09%)
In Group-E area about 869 responses were received during invitation of public hearing. These responses were checked and analysed by the consultant. Out of total responses, 170 expressed appreciation about the whole plan or its different aspects. Three respondents made no comment about the plan. But most responses were requests to declare their areas a land use as per their desire or free their land from any development proposal or development restriction. The consultant carefully studied all these petitions and tried its best to accommodate only the requests that were found feasible. The Table-1.5 gives a summary statistics about the responses received and actions taken about them. Out of 869 petitions having complaints/suggestions, 19.56%% expressed their satisfaction about the whole plan or any particular development proposal in the plan. The number of complaints/suggestion receive stands at 696, out of which 21.55% were addressed or accommodated that were found reasonable, and 79.23% could not be addressed for various reasons including restriction of the Structure Plan and on other environmental and planning grounds.
1.10.4 Consultation with Public Representatives A series of consultation meetings were held with the Honorable Members of the Parliament of the RAJUK jurisdiction area to appraise them of the draft final DAP and obtain their valuable suggestions
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and recommendations. Almost whole August and half of September, 2009 was spent on this consultation. The outcome of the consultations may be summarized as follows: Honorable members appreciated the endeavor and expressed that in order to develop Dhaka in planned way all necessary measures including implementation of the draft DAP should immediately be under taken. Some members made specific suggestions for widening of certain roads, making suggestion for new connectivity. Some members wanted changes in the Landuse proposals. The consultants accommodated their suggestion where higher level plan allowed. Suggestions that did not conform to the higher level plan could not be adhered to.
1.11
To give top priority to environmental considerations and also to ensure civil society participation in plan making process, RAJUK organized a 13 member Technical Working Group (TWG) representing professional groups and environmental activists. The TWG examined the various aspects of the plan proposals including the environmental issues. In the meantime a two month long public hearing was arranged by RAJUK on the plan to seek public opinion. A series of tripartite meetings were held with representatives from RAJUK, consultants and the TWG. The major observation of the TWG covered the following issues:
Population projection Conformity of the proposed land use of DAP with DMDP and from planning principles and norms Standards for amenities Issues of transportation Development management tools/strategies Issues of Data discrepancy
On the recommendation of TWG the Review committee (RC) was set up to finalize its report on March 30, 2009. But the consultants differed on the report opinion and it was decided to resolve the issue through discussion among the RC, RAJUK and the Consultants. Accordingly a series of tripartite meetings were arranged and finally the matter was resolved through consensus reached by all the three parties. According to consensus following decision were made.
Population Population for 2015 shall be projected on the basis of: Population of 2001 and shall be considered as 10.24 Million. Population for 2015 and shall be accepted as 18.43 Million. Overall Annual Growth Rate shall be considered as 4.29 %.
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Rural Settlement Zone A new zone named Rural Settlement Zone shall be created to accommodate and confine traditional cluster of rural settlements.
Flood Flow Zones Since all the structures have been contained within newly created Rural Settlement Zone, the remaining parts of Main Flood Flow and Sub Flood Flow zone become one and therefore merged into one zone namely Flood Flow Zone.
Agricultural Zone High value Agricultural Zone and Agricultural Zone shall be merged into one zone namely Agricultural Zone due to their uniform and similar landuse control requirement. Any further use that does not conform to the Agricultural Zones shall be strictly prohibited.
Retention Ponds & Canals Retention Pond as provided by the consultants in the form of canals at DND and the Eastern Fringe may be maintained as they comply with the Structure Plan & Urban Area Plan. Retention Pond as provided by the consultants at the outskirts of the Eastern Fringe alongside the embankment to ease pumping out of water may be maintained. Canal Network at the Eastern Fringe may be improved by creating links among them. Canals for drainage of Eastern Fringe as per Halcrow Study will work but FAP 8A proposed Retention Area may be kept as further caution.
Road Network Grid Iron pattern for main roads (Down to secondary roads) as proposed by the Consultants may be provided. Crossing the canals by main roads (Down to secondary roads) as proposed by the Consultants may be provided. Regional Road over Retention Pond on viaduct may be provided.
Urban Deferred Since DAP projected population for 2015 is more than the estimated population of the Structure Plan, no part of the area designated as urban in the Structure Plan is required to be shown as urban deferred.
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Standards Amenity Standards as set by the DAP Consultants are acceptable. Standard of Regional Parks and Open Spaces within DMDP will be 0.28 acres /1000 people. Spaces for the Universities to be earmarked in suitable locations within DMDP jurisdiction.
Existing Non Complied Uses The use / function that do not comply with the designated landuse category shall be either of the following types: Overlay Zone: Non-complied use/function that DAP allows to continue in its present use. Non-conforming Use/Site: Non-complied use/function that DAP does not allow to continue in its present use and fixes time frame for its discontinuation based on the nature and extent of its potential adverse effect on the underlying land use. Non conforming uses/function may be described as follows: RAJUKS own Project Facilities own by Government/ Semi-government and/or Autonomous Body. Private Projects.
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The current Chapter is about critical planning issues and development problems of the planning area as ascertained during the course of the study. The chapter also makes a review of the prevailing development planning iss ues in the study area.
Spatial Growth Pattern Substantial spatial growth has taken place in the planning area during last few decades in different sectors caused by economic proliferation, covering such issues as residential, commercial and industrial developments and services facilities. The main characteristics of spatial growth are: i. ii. The spatial growth usually follows major roads; Development takes place in areas where land level is high and free from flooding;
iii. Manufacturing establishments primarily choose locations that give them economy of scale, that is, the locations which help lowering their cost of production; iv. Housing estates chose cheap locations in remote areas to maximize profit and with a long term objectives of development; v. Development is taking place in a dispersed manner.
vi. Most buildings do not have approval from RAJUK, the controlling authority of the area. Map-2.1 shows the pattern of spatial growth in the study area.
2.1.2
Socio-economic Profile
The current section of the report studies the socio-economic profile of the planning area. Detail data on socio-economic survey is presented in Annex-2.1.
Demography Since Savar constitutes the overwhelming part (78%) of the planning area the analysis of demographic changes of Savar Upazila is well enough to give indication to the overall situation of the planning area regarding demographic variables. It is evident from consecutive population census reports that population of Savar has been rising substantially over the years causing rapid urbanisation. During 20 years between 1981 to 2001 population of Savar Upazila increased by about 2,01618 persons, which means every year over 10 thousand people were added to the area since 1981. From 1991 to 2001 the population growth of Savar has been tremendous (59.47%). During 1991-2001 period the population growth rate was 8.63% compared to 4.46% during the previous decade. With the increase in population the density of population has also shot up from 1349.49 persons per sq.km in 1991 to 2152.00 persons per sq.km in 2001. Another indication of rapid urbanisation is the
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increased literacy rate of the area. The literacy among 7+years of population increased from about 38% (1991) that rose to over 56% in 2001. Table 2.1 shows changes in different demographic variables that took place in Savar Upazila over 1981-2001 decades. The demographic changes over 80s and 90s period, it clearly indicates a trend of rapid urbanization process in the planning area. From 1981 to 2001 the density increase was more than double. Though the density is much lower than the Dhaka core, trend indicates high density clusters in particular locations like, Karnapara, Savar proper, Nabinagar, Hemayetpur, Baipail areas along Ashulia road, where spontanaous high density settlements are imminent. It is observed that all the said areas are developing as sprawls. As a result they are devoid of many basic urban services, like, piped water supply, drainage, waste management, adequate and standard road network. Urbanisation without proper management has potential dangers of environmental disaster, like, drainage congestion, solid waste management problems, loss of livability caused by haphazard development and traffic management problems. The ensuing problems call for formation of municipalities in these areas. There was no attempt in the past to prepare and execute a land use plan to streamline systematic development of land uses in the entire planning area. Table- 2.1: Changes in Demographic Variables in Savar Upazila 1981-1991 Variable 1981 935 persons per sq.km 25.20 % 24,880 8.50 % Year 1991 1,349 persons per sq.km. 37.80 % 69,855 100.00 % Increase Over 10 Years 44.28 % 50.00% 181% 1076% (declared)
Density of Population Literacy Rate (7 years+) Attendance to Educational Institution Urban Population
Source : National Population Census Report 1991, Community Series, Zila: Dhaka, BBS.
Table-2.2: Demographic Changes in Savar Upazila Over Two Decades 1981 2001 Year Household (No.) 43,284 656,956 1,28,000 Population (No.) 2,61,904 3,78,034 6,02,860 Variable Growth Rate 4.46
Sex ratio (M/F) of Savar Upazila was 1.13 in 1981 that is 121 males for every 100 female, that increased to 1.21 in 1991. The data for 2001 could not be presented as population figures have not yet been published by the Census Commission. Urban-Rural Demographic Split In 1981 the urban population of the Savar Upazila constituted only 8.50% of the total population of the Upazila. In 1991 BBS declared the entire Savar as urban. This happened as BBS declared the entire Savar as a part of Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area or Dhaka Mega City. The Upazila is being urbansied fast owing to expansion of manufacturing and real estate development by commercial
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housing companies, development of residential accommodation and promotion retail activities, there exists still large areas under farm use.
Driving Forces Behind Urbanization and its Impact There has been 56.19% population growth in between 1991 to 2001 in Savar. This has been the result of expansion in manufacturing activities in the area owing to locational advantages and induced by growth of Export Processing Zone in the area.The increase in population has also led to increased density. Demographic transformation has led to a number of impacts in the study area as briefed below. i. ii. Without planning settlements are developing in sprawl. Most new areas are devoid of basic municipal services-water supply, drainage, waste management, open space recreation facilities, etc. iii. There is no urban local government in large part of the planning area to provide municipal services. Savar Pourashava occupies only a small part of the study area, while spatial development is almost everywhere in the study area. iv. Filling up of natural drainage channels and flood zone is likely to pose serious threats for flood as the run off area will increase due to urbanization. Details of socioeconomic status of the planning area are given below: a. Family Size Though, there are differences between a household and a family size, the data gathered from the study area provided information only about household. As can be seen from the Table-2.3 the average household size in the entire study area has been found to be 4.5 persons. Table-2.3: Percentage Distribution of Family/household Size No. of Family Member 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Average family size
Source: Household socio-economic survey, DAP for DMDP, Group-E, 2005
Savar N 52 524 1143 1868 1434 732 326 192 89 130 6490 % 0.80 8.07 17.61 28.78 22.10 11.28 5.02 2.96 1.37 2.00 100.00 N 9 136 261 418 308 153 72 47 17 16
Gazipur % 0.63 9.46 18.16 29.09 21.43 10.65 5.01 3.27 1.18 1.11 100.00 N 61 660
Total % 0.77 8.33 17.71 28.84 21.98 11.16 5.02 3.02 1.34 1.84 100.00 4.50
1437
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About 29 percent of the families consist of 4 member family. Only 1.84 percent families have 10 members. About 73 percent of the families contain below 3 to upper 6 members. It is also an indication that currently people prefer to have smaller families that is they adopt family planning measures to keep the family size under control
b. Age and Sex Composition The distribution of household population in the designated area by five-year age groups, and sex is shown in Table-2.4. The population is roughly equally divided into males and females. There are more people in younger age groups than older groups because of high fertility in the past. Table-2.4: Percentage Distribution of the Study Area Population by Age and Sex Age in Years 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ Total Male N 1251 1483 1455 2196 1582 1917 1615 1550 1312 1122 1007 730 599 791 18610 % 6.72 7.97 7.82 11.80 8.50 10.30 8.68 8.33 7.05 6.03 5.41 3.92 3.22 4.25 100.00 N 1202 1311 1399 2147 1293 1762 1418 1309 1115 921 721 495 428 501 16022 Female % 7.50 8.18 8.73 13.4 8.07 11.00 8.85 8.17 6.96 5.75 4.50 3.09 2.67 3.13 100.00 N 2463 2799 2868 4365 2868 3689 3038 2858 2425 2040 1718 1213 1019 1278 34643 Total % 7.11 8.08 8.28 12.60 8.28 10.65 8.77 8.25 7.00 5.89 4.96 3.50 2.94 3.69 100.00
There is also a sign of slight decline in fertility in recent past (Figure-2.1). The overall age composition of study area population appears to be somewhat different from the national scenario and this is perhaps because of rapid industrialization in the area. About 36% of the population are younger than 19 years of age, 28% have age between 20-34 years, 21% are of age 35-49 years, about 8% are in age 50-59 years and nearly 7% are of age 60 years or older. The age distributions of male and female population are almost identical. However, the proportion of male in the older age groups appears to be slightly higher compared to female.
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Age group
Figure-2.1: Percentage distribution of the study area population by age and sex Because of non-availability of past data by age and sex for the areas comprising the designated area for Group-E, no attempts are made for populations projections.
c. Religious Status Religious composition of the study area population has various implications for area planning and overall welfare of the study area population. Data collected through the socio-economic survey are given in the Table-2.5. Over 92 percent people of the study are belongs to the Muslim community followed by 6.70 percent Hindu, 0.98 Christian and only 0.15 Buddhist. This is observed that number of Hindus have reduced in the country between 1991 and 2001 as many of them have migrated to neighbouring India. Table-2.5: Percentage Distribution Study Area Population by Religion Religion Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Total Savar N 5976 424 78 12 6490 % 92.08 6.53 1.20 0.18 100.00 N 1330 107 0 0 1437 Gazipur % 92.55 7.45 0.00 0.00 100.00 N 7306 531 78 12 7927 Total % 92.17 6.70 0.98 0.15 100.00
d. Educational Status Table-2.6 presents the distributions of male and female population aged 6 years or above by highest leaves of education completed or attended, according to area of residence. The designated area where survey was conducted has both municipal and non-municipal (called other) areas.
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Other Area Male 12.08 34.17 25.26 14.26 6.81 4.05 0.37 1.47 0.20 0.00 0.66 0.07 0.60
100.00
Total Total 16.34 35.81 26.13 11.95 5.26 2.62 0.23 1.00 0.12 0.01 0.47 0.03 0.59
100.00
Female 13.99 32.46 27.11 11.91 5.62 3.22 0.20 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.20 3.78 0.64
100.00
Total 11.53 30.17 25.67 13.22 7.49 5.82 0.92 2.10 0.04 0.03 0.46 1.96 0.60
100.00
Female 20.60 37.45 27.00 9.64 3.72 1.19 0.08 0.53 0.03 0.03 0.28 0.00 0.57
100.00
Male 11.43 32.82 25.04 14.32 7.36 4.99 0.64 1.88 0.17 0.01 0.67 0.08 0.59
100.00
Female 19.08 36.31 27.03 10.17 4.15 1.66 0.11 0.60 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.00 0.59
100.00
Both 15.26 34.56 26.03 12.24 5.76 3.32 0.37 1.24 0.10 0.02 0.47 0.04 0.59
100.00
9.07 27.87 24.23 14.52 9.36 8.42 1.63 3.34 0.08 0.05 0.72 0.13 0.56
100.00
Overall 15% of the total population aged 7 years or have never attended schools, and the remaining 85% have primary or higher level of education. About 35% have complete or attended primary school, 26% have attained some secondary level of education, only 12% have completed SSC and the remaining 12% have HSC or other level of education (Figure-2.2).
12% 12%
15%
26%
35%
Educational attainment is somewhat better in municipal area and among the males (Figure-2.3). About 88% among municipal population against 84% of other area populations have some level of
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education. Also, 89% of all male and 81% of all female have some level of educations. Educational attainment appears to be consistently better among males both in municipal and other areas.
92 90 88 86 Percentage 84 82 80 78 76 74 72
91 88 86 89
81 79
Male Female
Municipal area
Other area
Study area
Area
e. Occupational Pattern Occupational pattern of population does not reflect expected urban feature. About 25% are either underage or student, about 24% (46% female and 0% male) are involved in household works, 10% work in government/private/autonomous organization, 12% are involved in business, 4% are land owners, 4% are industrial labour, 13% are unemployed, and the remains (8%) are involved in other activities like day labours, skilled/unskilled professions etc. (Figure-2.4 & Table-2.7). Table-2.7: Percentage distribution of the study area population by sex and occupation Category Self Employed Govt./Autonomous Private Company Business NGO Worker Rickshaw/Van Puller Motor Driver Skilled Mechanics Industrial Labour Day Labour (Non-farm) Land Owner Farmer Sharecropper Day Labour (Agri.)
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Male N 305 720 1428 3756 37 214 560 504 520 282 1678 204 319 % 1.75 4.13 8.19 21.54 0.21 1.23 3.21 2.89 2.98 1.62 9.62 1.17 1.83 N 0
Female % 0.00 1.41 4.53 2.81 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.13 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N 265 870 2021 3755 113 188 488 463 1168 246 1462 178 278
Total % 0.82 2.69 6.25 11.61 0.35 0.58 1.51 1.43 3.61 0.76 4.52 0.55 0.86
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Male N 0 1812 4138 249 713 17438 % 0.00 10.39 23.73 1.43 4.09 100.00 N
Female % 45.90 14.56 25.28 0.00 0.74 100.00 N 7869 4075 7940 217 747
32343
Pattern of occupation
8% 13% 4%
Underage or Student 25% Household work Job Business Land owners Industrial labour
Unemployed Others
Figure-2.4: Percentage distribution of the study area population by occupation f. Monthly Household Income and Expenditure Monthly household income and expenditure indicate socio-economic status. These also allow examining the household saving rate. Here income means income of a household for a month from all sources such as production, property, salary and business, and expenditure means amount of money that a household spends for all types of consumption.
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20 18 16
Percentage
12 10 8
4.45 4.86 8.48 9.76
8.22
12.51
14
14.56
6.85
4 2 0
Figure-2.5: Percentage of the study area household by income and expenditure Table-2.8 and Figure-2.5 shows that the households with monthly income of more than Tk. 8000 spend less amount than income and these households are able to save some money. But the situation is opposite among the low income group households. About 29% households have monthly income less than Tk. 4500, 52% households have monthly income between Tk. 4501 and Tk. 10,000, and 19% have monthly income more than Tk. 10,000. As regards monthly expenditure, 26% household expends Tk. 4500 or less, 60% can afford to spend Tk. 4500-10,000, and about 14% spend more than Tk. 10,000 for a month. A study (1996) sponsored by Planning Commission and ADB set poverty line for the poor at monthly income/expenditure at Tk. 3500. Taking account of inflation and cost of living, if current poverty level is set at Tk. 4500, then 29% households of the survey area are below the poverty line in terms of income. Table-2.8: Percentage distribution of households by monthly income and expenditure Income/Expenditure Range 0-1500 1501-2500 2501-3500 3501-4500 4501-5500 5501-6500 6501-8000 8001-10000 Income N 254 353 672 992 1154 969 1090 933 % 3.21 4.45 8.48 12.51 14.56 12.22 13.75 11.77 N 267 385 774 652 1480 1154 1522 617 Expenditure % 3.37 4.86 9.76 8.22 18.67 14.56 19.20 7.78
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3.21 3.37
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g. Source of Income Table-2.9 shows percentage of households by sources of income. A household receives income from more than one source. Salary and business area dominate sources of the household monthly income of study area. In the survey area, salary accounts for about 30% of all household incomes, followed by business (29%). Income from agriculture accounts for around 19%, daily wage 10%, house rent 13%, livestock 8%, property 4% and foreign remittance 5%. Some households also derive income from handicrafts, fisheries, and other sources. Table-2.9: Percentage of household by sources of income (multiple response) Income Source Salary Property House rent Business Daily wage Agriculture Livestock Fisheries Handicrafts Remittance Others Total Household N 2418 580 1004 2311 771 1470 617 122 274 347 409 7927 % 30.50 7.32 12.67 29.15 9.72 18.55 7.78 1.54 3.46 4.38 5.16 100.00
h. Migration Following graph (Figure-2.6) shows the migration status in the study area of Group-E. The household socio-economic survey reveals that around 66% of populations are migrated from in and around (all over the country).
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84 77 66
90 80 70 60 Percentage 50 40 30 20 10 0 Savar 23
34
Local Migrated
16
Gazipur Area
Total
Figure-2.6: Area wise percentage of migration status The pattern of migration is little bit different in this peri-urban study area than the Dhaka city core. Over 81.34 percent of the migrants are from greater Dhaka district, particularly, around the study area (Table-2.10). Migrants coming from greater Barisal constitute 3.26 percent, which is the highest figure, followed by Comilla (2.66%), Mymensingh (2.43%) and Faridpur (2.26%). Migrants are mostly engaged as factory workers and in informal activities.
Table-2.10: Percentage distribution of migrated household by greater district of origin Greater District of origin Barisal Bogra Chittagong Comilla Dhaka Faridpur Jessore Khulna Kustia Mymensingh Narshingdi Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Tangail Total Savar N 167 54 13 139 4034 113 42 23 33 127 21 83 70 5 65 4989 % 3.35 1.08 0.26 2.79 80.86 2.26 0.84 0.46 0.66 2.55 0.42 1.66 1.40 0.10 1.30 100.00 N 3 3 0 0 213 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 1 232 Gazipur % 1.29 1.29 0.00 0.00 91.81 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.72 1.29 0.00 0.43 100.00 N 170 57 13 139 4247 118 42 23 33 127 21 87 73 5 66 5221 Total % 3.26 1.09 0.25 2.66 81.34 2.26 0.80 0.44 0.63 2.43 0.40 1.67 1.40 0.10 1.26 100.00
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2.1.3
Landuse
a. Residential Areas Settlements are found particularly in areas of higher elevation following linear pattern along side the roads. Savar Paourashava (SPZ 17.1) is the oldest and the most built up part of the study area. Apart from core Savar in most areas new residential developments are coming up as dispersed settlements in high lands. The trend of settlement growth is greater in areas close to the main road and industrial concentrations. Naljani, Itahata and Bhegra, Surabari, Gobinmda Bari, Dakshin Panishail, Diabari, Puba baghbari of Gazipur have major residential concentrations. In Savar Upazila part of the study area major residential concentrations are in, Savar, Badda, Genda, Tetuljhora, Polashbari, Banshbari, Baipail, Dhalpur, Rajashan, Pathalia. Dispersed settlements make provision of services difficult. About 17 percent of the study area is occupied by residential land use including rural homestead. There are some public sector housings in the planning area that include, Cantonment residential colonies, Radio Colony, Jahangirnagar University Staff Housing, PATC Staff Housing, Agrani Bank Residential Area, etc. However, there are also large numbers of private commercial and cooperative housing estates in the planning area that are yet to be developed.
31.40%
14.14%
26.85%
Figure-2.7: SPZ wise percentage of residential land use About 18 percent of the study area is occupied by residential use including rural homestead. SPZ 17.1 that is Saver Paourashava is the most built up part of the study area. About 48.23 percent out of about 17 percent of the built up part of the study area is occupied by residential use, the highest land use of the SPZ 17.1.
b. Industrial Areas The Group-E is important for industrial development in the outskirts of Dhaka City. Cheap flood free land along with good communication and physical infrastructure offer excellent opportunity for industrial development in the area. It is observed from physical features survey that, the highest numbers of industries (48 percent) are found in SPZ-17.3 as the zone covers about 45% area of the study area. The second highest numbers (34 percent) of industrial establishment take place in SPZ17.1 (Dhamsona). The establishment of Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) and availability of relatively flood free land in this zone make the area more attractive for industrial development. These industries are developed to support the EPZ as backward linkage industries.
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Though large number of industries establishment are found in the study area, most of them are scattered. The total coverage is only 78135 acres (excluding EPZ) that is very much insignificant compared to the total planning area. The main industrial agglomerations are observed in Savar, Karnapara, Savar (SPZ-17.1) and Baipile, close to EPZ (SPZ-17.2), Kulsur, Dakshin Shayampur, Tetuljhora, Kandi Baliarpur of Hemayetpur area. The most critical problem about industrial development is that they are growing almost anywhere without having any control over them. This is likely poise serious threat to environment in future.
Though large number of industrial establishments has been found in the study area, the total coverage is only 781.35 acres (excluding EPZ) that is very much insignificant compared to the total study area. The main industrial agglomerations could be observed in Karnapara, Savar (SPZ-17.1) and Baipile, close to EPZ (SPZ-17.2).
c. Commercial Areas Commercial developments are found in major activity areas. Commercial area occupies only 297.84 acres of land constituting 0.41 percent of the total area that includes group of road side retail shops, hats, bazaars, wholesale markets etc. The major problem about commercial development is that they develop as chain along road. Without have adequate provision for road width or parking the roads become too congested for smooth movement of vehicular traffic and pedestrians. Major shopping malls are found in Savar and Baipail and along the main road around EPZ and Baipail-Tongi Road.
d. Amenities and Services It is ascertained from the study that there is serious shortage of play field and parks for local level active and passive recreation. Absence of open space particularly affects children and the adolescent classes in terms of growth of their body and mind. Adolescent devoid of playing areas are often found to get involved in drug addiction and anti social activities. A variety of uses like bank, health facilities, power sub station, treatment plants, engineering workshops, hotel, restaurant, police, fire brigade and like are included in this category of land use. It has been found from the survey that service activities occupy 112.16 acres of land in the project area.
e. Non Urbanized Area Within the planning area major land coverage is non-urbanized. They are either low lying vacant land or belong to agriculture, and or water body. The total area of the project area belonging to nonurbanized category constitutes over 75 percent of the total planning area. So there are still vast opportunities for urban expansion in the area. But urbanization has to proceed with land filling to raise it above flood level which is costlier. Vacant lands are mostly fallow lands where no agriculture works are done due to indiscriminate land filling and for want of irrigation water after the monsoon.
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2.1.4 Infrastructure a. Circulation Network Geographically, most of the study area lies above flood level and as a result road is the prime means of movement. Two major highways pass through the study area connecting Dhaka with the northern and north-western districts of the country. These are, Dhaka-Paturia/Aricha Highway connecting north-western districts; and Dhaka-Mymenshingh Road leading to northern districts. Besides, DhakaAshulia Road links Dhaka-Tongi Road with Nabinagar-Chandra Road connecting Dhaka-Tangail and Hemayetpur-Singair Road connects Dhaka with Manikgaj through Singair Thana as regional highway. Within the study area there are R-1 and R-2 roads connecting the vast rural areas with the district headquarters through Thana and union headquarters. It has been observed from the physical infrastructure survey that the study area served by about 3190 km of road in which 42 km of national highway, 13 km of regional highway and 3135 km of local and other roads. The highest part of the national (7.96 km) highway passes through Pathalia Union followed by Savar Pourashava (7.17 km) and Dhamsona Union (5.36 km).
3134.78 3500 3000 2500 Kilometer 2000 1500 1000 41.84 500 0 National highway Regional highway Type of road Local and other roads 13.48
Figure-2.8: Length of road network by hierarchy Parts of three regional highway passes through the study area sharing three unions namely Basan (9.33 km), Pathalia (1.27 km) and Ashulia (2.88 km). These roads are Dhaka bypass, JoydebpurKaliakair road, Nabinagar-EPZ road and Ashulia-Tongi road. All roads in the category of Upazila and Union roads are being accounted as local and other roads. It is observed from the physical infrastructure survey that about 3135 km roads of this category are exist in the study area. These includes bituminous, HBB and earthen roads.
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Table-2.11: Union wise percentage of road length by hierarchy Length of road (in km) (%) Regional Local and Highway other roads 9.33 432.74 (69.21) (13.80) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1.27 (9.42) 0 (0.00) 2.88 (21.36) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 13.48 (100.00) 88.55 (2.82) 220.09 (7.02) 7.56 (0.24) 513.9 (16.39) 222.82 (7.11) 300.54 (9.59) 41.3 (1.32) 273.44 (8.72) 162.02 (5.17) 199.18 (6.35) 305.85 (9.76) 58.21 (1.86) 216.52 (6.91) 92.06 (2.94) 3134.78 (100.00)
Basan Kasimpur (Part) Kayaltia (Part) Simulia Union (Part) Savar Pourashava Dhamsona Union (Part) Pathalia Union Aminbazar Union Ashulia Union Bangram Union Bhakurta Union Biralia Union Kaundia Union Tetuljhora Union Yearpur Union Total
National Highway 4.66 (11.14) 3.51 (8.39) 2.67 (6.38) 0 (0.00) 7.17 (17.14) 5.36 (12.81) 7.96 (19.02) 1.49 (3.56) 0 (0.00) 1.48 (3.54) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1.33 (3.18) 6.21 (14.84) 0 (0.00)
Total 446.73 (14.00) 92.06 (2.89) 222.76 (6.98) 7.56 (0.24) 521.07 (16.33) 228.18 (7.15) 309.77 (9.71) 42.79 (1.34) 276.32 (8.66) 163.5 (5.13) 199.18 (6.24) 305.85 (9.59) 59.54 (1.87) 222.73 (6.98) 92.06 (2.89) 3190.1 (100.00)
Over 64 percent of roads in the study area have been found katcha or unpaved (Table-2.12). Bituminous and HBB roads almost equally share with rest of the study area road length. The study area accommodates two national highways. One connects Dhaka with south-western region of Bangladesh through Paturia Ferry Ghat and the other highway links the capital city with northern districts through Uttara-Ashulia-Chandra-Tangail-Jamuna Bridge. Nabinagar-Baipail (EPZ) Road links both the highways. The total of bituminous roads in the study area stands at 572.86 km. Following figure shows the type of roads according to their percentage of length within the study area.
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Table-2.12: Union wise percentage of road length by type of construction Name of the union Bituminous Basan Kasimpur (Part) Kayaltia (Part) Simulia Union (Part) Savar Pourashava Dhamsona Union (Part) Pathalia Union Aminbazar Union Ashulia Union Bangram Union Bhakurta Union Biralia Union Kaundia Union Tetuljhora Union Yearpur Union Total
74.11 (16.59) 16.17 (17.56) 19.91 (8.94) 0 (0.00) 152.83 (29.33) 48.21 (21.13) 74.45 (24.03) 6.84 (15.99) 47.31 (17.12) 14.86 (9.09) 13.98 (7.02) 36.65 (11.98) 2.69 (4.52) 48.68 (21.86) 16.17 (17.56)
Total
446.73 (100.00) 92.06 (100.00) 222.76 (100.00) 7.56 (100.00) 521.07 (100.00) 228.18 (100.00) 309.77 (100.00) 42.79 (100.00) 276.32 (100.00) 163.5 (100.00) 199.18 (100.00) 305.85 (100.00) 59.54 (100.00) 222.73 (100.00) 92.06 (100.00)
572.86 (17.96)
563.4 (17.66)
2053.84 (64.38)
3190.1 (100.00)
The highest lengths of bituminous road (152.83 km) have been found in Savar Pourasva area which is the central part of the study area that accommodates a considerable length of DhakaAricha/Patuaria national highway. The Savar Pourashava shares about 14 percent of the paved road. Over 38 percent of the HBB roads fall in the Savar Pourashava. Table-2.12 shows the details of road length according to type.
2.1.5
Household survey shows that over 81% of the families became owner of their landed property through the law of inheritance. Only 1.11% received their land through the means of gift, while 16.72% became owner of land by means of purchase. Due to rapid invasion of urbanization and consequent higher land value the native inhabitants are selling out their farm land to the new comers. Table-2.13 gives details about the source of ownership pattern.
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Land value in the project area depends on the location and accessibility. Land value is changing everyday and a sharp increase of land value has been recorded in the recent times. Due to the advance progress of Industrial agglomeration, land value of the planning area has been increasing rapidly. This has also resulted in the further fragmentation of large agricultural plots. At the same time, difficult and expensive irrigation facilities has also led land owner to convert their agriculture land to industrial establishment, which is also one of the major reasons for the increment of land value. Land value in Savar area ranges from Tk 10 lac to Tk 15 lacs per Katha depending on location and accessibility.
Population Projection and Density According to projection the population of 2010 in the planning area comes to 9, 48,208 that is about 10 lakh. The population will reach about 12 lakh by the year 2015. Details have been presented in the Table- 2.14 below.
Upazila
Union Name
Savar (Part)
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Upazila
BBS Population 1991 17744 8578 336857 38029 26650 15146 79825 2001 27818 15013 530141 49987 41608 20584 112179
Projected Population Growth Rate (r = 4.42%) 2010 2015 41066 22163 782606 73792 61423 30387 165601 50986 27516 971665 91618 76261 37727 205607
Gazipur (Part)
948208 1177272 Grand Total 416682 642320 Source: Bangladesh Population Census 1991 and 2001, Community Series, Zila Dhaka, 1993 and 2007. * No information about Amin Bazar Union is available in 1991 census.
The density of population in Savar Upazila was 935 persons per sq.km in 1981 that increased to 4611 persons in 1991 and changed to 7302 persons per sq.km in 2001. Over a period of 20 years the density increased by 493 percent. In Dhaka City Corporation the density of population stands at 19,565 persons per sq. km (2001). It means that Savar has still enough room to accommodate large number population. According to 2001 population statistics the density of population per acre in the planning area was 6 persons, while in per sq.km the density was 1482 persons. Savar Paurashava
Upazila
Density PPA 17 9 7 7 3 15 7 9 30 9 8 16 10 7 5
Pop 2010 51439 63029 41346 53599 36178 94822 29620 97572 184535 67238 41066 22163 782606 73792 61423 30387 165601 948208
Density PPA 26 13 10 10 5 22 10 14 44 13 12 24 15 10 7 8 8 13
Savar (Part)
Biralia Dhamsona (Part) Kaundia Pathalia Savar Tetuljhora Yearpur Savar Cantonment Total
Gazipur (Part)
3757.62 4 5 Kayaltia (Part) 15146 20584 20151.80 4 6 Total 79825 112179 72414.52 6 9 Grand Total 416682 642320 Average Population Density of Persons per Sq. Km : 1482 the Planning Area (2001) Persons per Acre : 6 Source : 1.Bangladesh Population Census 1991,2001, Community Series, Zila Dhaka, 2007.
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had the highest density with 7410 persons /sq.km, followed by Aminbazar (4199), Savar Cantonment (3952) and Dhamsona (3705). Aminbazar having the smallest area had the highest density. Owing to surrounding low land peripheral expansion was difficult in this union. The area developed as compact settlement. Details of density are shown in Table- 2.15.
2.2.2
Economic Activities
As mentioned earlier, due to its, high flood free land, cheap land price and good communication with the core Dhaka, Savar is highly preferred by the potential investors in industries. DMDP anticipated a huge growth around DEPZ and over the years it happened so. With the establishment of second DEPZ in the same area further spatial growth is expected. The spatial growth thrust comes from the initial growth of backward and forward linkage industries based on activities in DEPZs. Many investors have purchased land for development of their factories who are waiting for the right time to make investment. It is expected that with sworn in of the new political government local and foreign investment will be pouring in the study area. Dhamsona and Ashulia are the most potential areas of new investment in industrial ventures, as because of the economies of scale. Development of housing areas by real estate companies is further accentuating the growth possibilities in this area. Agglomeration of new population will lead to the growth of services enterprise to serve the local people. Particularly, huge employment is expected to be generated in the informal sector. The other pockets where expected economic growth is likely occur to are, Old Savar and its surroundings, Karnapara and HemayetpurHaridhara Industrial area. These areas already have industries which likely to expand further by taking advantage of the economies of scale. The growth of industries and housing will lead to investment in the commercial sector.
2.3
Development Problems
Substantial part of the study area is devoid of infrastructure required to serve this rapidly growing suburb of mega Dhaka. The area is particularly deficient in physical infrastructure, like, standard road network, piped water supply, drainage and waste management. Following is a brief description of available social and physical facilities in the area. 2.3.1 Hydrology (Drainage and Flooding)
River System The Detailed Area Plan (DAP) boundary is surrounded by the distributaries of the BrahmaputraJamuna River system: the Bangshi River, the Dhaleswari River, the Balu River and the Lakhya River. These are peripheral rivers of Metropolitan Dhaka. On the other side, the Turag River and the Buriganga River are distributaries of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River passing through the central part of Dhaka Metropolitan area from north to south.
The land level ranges between (+) 15.00m and (-) 2.00m with respect to PWD. Substantial part of the study area is geographically a part of Madhupur Tract. Such lands are characterized by high, undulated land surface with red soil, criss crossed by flood plains and the level of land surface exhibits greater than gentle slope. The Bangshi River which took from the Old Brahmaputra River has
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been closed in early 1970s, presently acts almost entirely as drain for run off of Modhupur Tract. However in downstream it meets with Fatikjani a distributary of the Jamuna River. Further downstream majority discharge of the Bangshi River flows into the Turag River and with smaller flows into the Old Bangshi. The Turag River meanders through a fairly narrow defile between higher laying Modhupur country. Passing through the boundary of Konabari Union and Basan Union of Gazipur, the Turag River still remains meander but widens. While passing through the boundary of Basan and Kasimpur it straightens and widens more and remains straight down to Ashulia. At further downstream, the Turag River then no more straight. The Tongi Khal takes off from the Turag River and the Karnatali River links the southern Bangshi River with the Turag River at Amin Bazar. The Turag River flows along the westerly boundary from north to south of Detailed Area Plan (DAP) Project Group-E starting from Basan passing Kashimpur, Yearpur, Ashulia, Biralia, Kaundia and ending at Amin Bazar. The river has low bed slope, both sides of the river plain is low and deeply inundated annually by normal flood. In fact its flood plain acts as a flood water storage area. The Bangshi River that passes along the western boundary is well defined and its easterly bank is mostly free from flood except near Paithali where the river plain is low and inundated annually by normal flood.
Annual Flooding Flooding of the Detailed Area Plan project area of Group-E might occur from 3 sources (i) direct rainfall (ii) direct overland spillage from the boundary major rivers like the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra and (iii) over bank spillage from the internal regional rivers, the distributaries of the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra River. It is possible for each phenomenon to occur separately or in combination with any other. During monsoon season from June to October the predominantly high water levels in the Jamuna and the Old Brahmaputra river coupled with the high water levels in the regional rivers conveying spills from the Jamuna River, prevents the withdrawal of excess rain water from the internal flood plains. As long as the commanding water level in the boundary rivers remain high, the levels in the regional rivers also remain high and the removal of water, or transfer through, from the region is severely inhibited. Savar area always suffered flooding caused by overflow of river water called the external flooding. Due to topographical reason this area never suffered from internal flooding.
Drainage System The drainage of Detail Area Plan project area takes place at 4 levels, the boundary river system (primary), the regional river system (secondary), the natural khal system (tertiary) and depressed land system (quaternary), the mechanism by which the region drain relates directly to this hierarchical system and its interconnection.
The mean annual rainfall experienced in Savar region amounts to some1931mm, occurring predominantly over a period of 7 months from April to October. The excess precipitation, after evaporation and infiltration accumulates first in the depressions, until these have been reached their
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capacity. Gradually the extent of inundation increases until the small khals, which link the depressions, begin to flow.
During monsoon season the high water levels in Boundary Rivers coupled with the high water levels in the regional rivers prevents the withdrawal of excess rain water from the internal flood plains. On recession of the Boundary Rivers the regional rivers can begin to discharge more efficiently and on their recession, the internal drainage begins to function. Hence the key to the drainage of the study area lies in the prolonged influence of the high river levels in the Boundary Rivers as well as the regional river levels.
Destruction of High Value Agricultural Land Flood free land close to Dhaka has already been developed. The Project area of Group-E, Simulia Union of Joydevpur Thana and Basan Union, Kashimpur Union, Kayaltia Union, Dhamsona Union and Pathalia Union of Savar and Savar Poura area are some 25km from central Dhaka to the northwest, predominantly flood free and suitable for development is still available. But these land has been found as high value agricultural land by the Soil Survey Department, though the land owners do not use them for agriculture. These land are suitable for growing vegetable and fruits and not paddy as they are higher in elevation and can not hold water, as cultivation is expensive in these lands the farmers set these lands aside as fallow lands. But much of these high value lands have been destroyed due to development. New investors in manufacturing and housing are attracted to these lands as they are free from flooding.
Absence of Drainage Network and Encroachment of Natural Drainage System Before the urban invasion started in the planning area, there was a natural drainage system in the planning area that drained out the excess rain water during monsoon and saved the area from flooding. Almost entire planning area is without any drainage network, while rapid urban growth is being taken place everywhere. This is posing a serious threat to new settlements by waterlogging. Since most natural drainage systems are being filled up by new land owners rainwater will become clogged at certain places causing water stagnation and flooding. There is no drainage development plan for the planning area undertaken by LGED or Water Development Board. Local drainage is hampered due to non-existence of urban local government. With the rapid urbanization some of the natural drainage systems have already been filled up by new developers, at other places the land owners by the side of state owned water courses encroached into the drainage system. This tendency has caused the drainage network to squeeze down reducing their capacity to drain out enough water. Many of these natural drainage system still exist which must be protected to save the area from flood vulnerability. Encroachment of the Bangshi, the Turag and Karna rivers is alarming.
2.3.2
Geological Fault
Geological fault lines have been considered in DAP and development restriction in fault line areas would be followed as stated in DMDP Urban Area Plan Volume-II, (Part-3, Interim Planning Rules), page # 2. It has stated that Structures above 2 storeys situated within 500 meters of a known
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geological fault is not allowed unless built to the BNBC standards for Seismic Zone 3 (BNBC Section 6 Chapter 2, 2.5).
2.3.3
Spontaneous Development
Sprawl development is a major spatial feature of the study area. New settlers and investors in industrial concerns are indiscriminately buying land almost anywhere and building their establishments in indiscriminately. Hardly any new structure has approval from RAJUK, the authority for giving construction approval.
Development in Flood Flow Areas Some major land filling projects have been executed within Savar south flood plain including within Turag river flood flow zone. Land filling within flood flow zone is reducing the area of Flood Flow Zone as such the storage capacity of flood water. Haphazard land filling increasing the frictional surface and further reduces the velocity of flow. As a consequence the water level in flood flow zone is increasing and relatively high lands adjacent to flood plain are going under water and causing prolonged flooding. Land filling here and there and along transverse direction to flow is creating pockets of Flood Flow Zone and permanent problem of drainage congestion.
2.3.4
Transportation
a. Road: Communication network plays very important role in development of settlements. Houses and other establishments always prefer road side lands to have easy access. Roads in the planning area are developing without having any standard and plan. As a result, narrow roads with tortuous pattern are common. New houses and industrial structures are cropping up along these sub-standard roads. This is likely, to poise traffic movement problems in the future when development becomes denser.
Deficiency in infrastructure and services is one of the major critical problems of the planning area. The reasons for such deficiency is many and varied and are linked with development management capacity of the concerned public sector development agencies, non-availability of resources and appropriate decision making process. Major deficits in infrastructure include, - road, bridge and culvert, - power, water and gas network.
The entire area lacks systematic and planned road network. No road network plan was ever drawn up for this high intensity area. As a result sub-standard and ill designed roads are being developed spontaneously on community efforts. If this trend continues, in near future unplanned settlements like unplanned areas of Dhaka will soon develop here. Due to high demand for land by a fast growing economy, rapid development is taking place in the area without considering the suitability, adequacy and quality of road network. Since the investors have little or no option, they are forced to choose
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lands on narrow and low standard roads. Many existing roads have been found not properly served by standard bridges and culverts that poise as impediments in smooth movement of vehicular traffic.
b. Conflict of Drainage and Waterways with Road Network The Group-E area has vast linear shaped flood flow and sub-flood flow areas passing from north to south by the eastern periphery of the study area. These low lands get filled up with water during monsoon and serve as drainage path for vast water coming from the north as well as retention area of accumulated rain water. During dry season, however, they get dried up and used for farming. Only the narrow and meandering permanent water courses remain with water. In the wake of urbanization there will be need for new roads to be built across this flood flow areas to connect Savar and other activity areas with the Dhaka core. Building of roads across these lands in conventional manner by land filling would come in conflict with the free flow of flood water during monsoon. This might put the metropolitan area as well as the settlements in the Group-E area into flood risk. Because the obstruction in the flood flow path will overflow the retention area and submerge the surroundings. To reduce this vulnerability, DMDP proposed some principles for road alignment. It recommended, Roads have to be aligned in such a way (and when necessary khals and ponds have to be somewhat remodeled) that as much as possible of the land along the roads can be put to high value uses, with kahls and ponds in peripheral position, roughly halfway between a pair of parallel roads (the Banani lake between Gulshan and Banani is a good example of this principle, also the Gulshan lake between Gulshan and Badda). However, there can be exception, where road and canal run parallel to each other. In this case canal can serve as reserve space for later expansion of the road. The report also welcomes roads and drainage networks with waterways. In case of the planning area the Tongi-Ashulia-EPZ Road has already created such a conflict with the existing flood flow zone. To avoid any clash with flood flow zone, utmost attempt has been made by the consultant to avoid eatwest roads. Wherever it became essential for any such road, it is suggested to build culverts and bridges across the water channels to allow free flow of water as much as possible.
c. Transportation Problem versus Urban Land Use The plan would not be successful if there is no balance between landuse and transport planning. Many of the transportation problems is emanating from the conflict in the landuse. It is found that congestions are created due to the landuse along the side of the major roads. Moreover, linear development along the major road substantially reduces the efficiency of roads. Roads are also constructed with complete disregard to the projected generation of trips. Conflicting land uses also result in unnecessary congestion which could be otherwise avoided. Commercial landuse should not be allowed along the major roads as they generate traffic congestion.
2.3.5
Utility
A key issue related to the sustainable development of planning area is accessibility to basic infrastructure facilities like, water, power, sewerage, drainage and solid waste management. The rapid and almost uncontrolled growth of population has put these facilities under severe pressure, and mainly of them is highly deficient. Even a cursory analysis of the present state of affairs,
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infrastructure problems could become a cause of crisis. Sanitation and solid waste management are regional affairs but water supply, power and drainage are inter-regional issues. Thus critical need of advance action and arrangement is required for the adequate provision of physical infrastructure. For each component a broad augmentation plan to meet the projected requirement is essential.
a. Electricity Electric supply is available in the planning area but the supply is not sufficient in relation to demand especially in rural and industrial parts of the planning area.
b. Water Supply There is no water supply network, not even in Savar Pourashava. Each household or enterprise has to arrange its own water procurement system. The usual method is hand tube well. As the ground water is easily available it is easy to get water by sinking a tube well. But such indiscriminate and uncontrolled extraction of ground water might endanger the source and affect supply to future users. Because the ground water table does not get replenished regularly to the extent it is emptied.
c. Gas Supply Gas supply network is available in the Savar Pourashava area but it is absent in rural parts of the planning area.
d. Sanitation Proper system for drainage of waste water and hygienic toilets are essential components of modern living in urban area. The area lies outside WASA. However, 38% households have reported of having pucca toilet system, 44% semi-pucca and 40% households katcha system. More than 6% reported of not having any toilet at all. Having some kind of sewerage system is higher in municipal area (98%) as compared with 90 % in other area. Regarding ownership of toilets, 76% households reported of having their own toilets, 23% have joint ownership and about 1% households use community toilets.
e. Drainage The drainage area of Savar is 56.52sq. km. The existing drainage system in general consists of local open khals connected to the regional rivers. There are limited numbers of these connections and discharging points along the length of the regional river length, rather than uniformly distributed. In fact existing system is inadequate for draining storm water. It is further limited by siltation, dumping of solid wastes and encroachment in the form of local roads. The embankment and the sluice gates of the Turag prevent spreading of flood water of Turag River to wards left. Moreover, the pumping stations are discharging storm drainage water during flood season. In fact 60.84 sq.km area of Turag River left bank drainage area of Group C and 13.24 sq.km area of Tongi west zone drainage area of Group A discharging its excess water to the flood plain of Group E. But the internal flooding will increase with densification of population, industries, institutions, increase in road networks etc., In order to protect the land from flooding and eliminate drainage problems and to enhance the security of people in the study area, an optimum flood protection and drainage improvement plan, comprised of either non-structural or structural measures, is essential.
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f. Solid Waste Disposal Because of particular consumption and production pattern urban land uses usually produce more waste than rural land uses. Study area is marked by the rapid growth of industries, mostly indiscriminate. These industries produce many different kinds of wastes. As there is no local government (except Savar Pourashava) these wastes are littered almost everywhere polluting the environment. There is no dumping site or transfer station, as a result waste is dumped everywhere. Solid waste collection system is available only in Savar Pourashava and collected wastes are dumped in DCC landfill site which is located in Banagram union beside Dhaka-Arich Highway.
2.3.6 Amenities and Services a. Active and Passive Recreation Active Recreation Active recreational facilities furnish opportunities for the physical growth of human body by actively engaging muscles in various games. Playground, stadium and playing fields are the facilities that offer such recreation. The demand for playgrounds in recent time has greatly increased due to the rapid development of organized athletic games. The planning area seriously lacks public recreational open spaces particularly playfields. Absence of open space particularly affects children and the adolescent classes in terms of growth of their body and mind. Adolescent devoid of playing areas are often found to get involved in drug addiction and anti social activities. The playfield available in 18 schools in the area also serve local communities.
Passive Recreation Passive recreational facilities are provided to meet with needs of fresh air and enjoyment of the unspoiled nature. In congestion city areas, it is not possible for the inhabitants to secure this type of recreation and therefore, the parks should invariably be provided for the benefit of such people. Thus the open spaces in the form of parks furnish the passive type of recreational open space. The provision of open space is also lacking in the area. The available recreation and amusement parks include National Mausoleum, Nandan and Fantasy Kingdom. Since the area is is still at the develping stage there are opportunities to create parks and open space.
b. Educational Facilities There are number of educational facilities in the planning area as summarized below: i. ii. 1 public and 1 private university 2 private medical college but no public medical college
iii. School, madrasa and college etc are available in the planning area iv. There is few national level school/college Elementary schools on private initiatives are scattered allover the planning area where there are high density human settlements. They develop as per demand. But most schools lack physical facilities and quality education. The government regulatory matter in these regard is highly lacking.
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c. Market Facilities Since most parts of the planning area are not covered by municipality, market places have not been developed in an organized manner. The existing markets are not appropriately located, not well arranged and do not have sufficient facilities. The field survey has identified 33 daily kitchen markets, 10 hats and 4 wholesale markets within the planning area. Hats sit once or twice a week and trade mostly on agro-products. The wholesale markets are located in Savar and Ashulia. Two markets are in Ashulia, the fast growing urban area, and one at Savar, by the riverside. Two hats have been found in Itahata and Jogitala and two bazaars in Joydepur chourasta and Mogorkhal in Basan union. There is one hat in Kashimpur and two bazaars in Bagbari and Gobindabari in Kashimpur Union. In Kayaltia union there is one hat in Salna and three bazaars,namely, Banglabazar, Deshipara, Tekkathora. Two bazars exist in Savar Pourashava area. One bazaar in the old part beside the Bangsi river and another bazar including retail vegetable market in the newly growing eastern part by the DhakaAricha Road. Three small bazaars have been found in Ganakbari, Palashbari and Baipail under Dhamsona Union. One hat and one bazaar exist in Nayarhat, four bazaars in Gerua, Kurgaon, Khejurtek, Nabinagar under Pathalia Union.
d. Community and Urban Facilities The quality of life in any urban centre depends upon the availability of and accessibility to quality social infrastructure. Community Facilities, which are indicated in various lands, use zones. Together, these include social infrastructure facilities pertaining to health, education, sports, socio-cultural, communications, security and safety, and etc facilities pertaining to recreation, Religious Activities, Social Congregations and Community Events, Cremation/ Burial Grounds etc. There exist significant numbers of religious facilities in the Group-E area. Community facilities like hospital/clinic, fire service station, post office, police station, power plant, and refueling station, etc. are also available. From the physical feature survey, it has been identified that there are 107 graveyards of various sizes, mostly small. Field survey identifies about only 17.61 acres of recreational open space including playfield in the planning area. Details about community facilities in Group-E area have been presented in Chapter-3.
2.3.7
Environmental Concern
Environment is a major concern in newly built up areas, particularly where industries are coming up quickly. In absence of effective control mechanism many industries are polluting environment including the local water courses, ditches and beels and even the farm lands. a. Flood Flow and Waterbodies The DMDP Structure Plan has designated huge patch of lands under flood flow and sub flood flow zone, especially in Group-E area. Flood flow zone refers to areas that are subject to flooding during monsoon. These areas are used for traveling path of flood water. Virtually all flood and sub-flood flow areas are used for agriculture. There are plenty of water bodies like pond, ditch, marshy land and khal in planning area. With urbanization and industrialization, including through this project, many ponds and ditches are being filled up by the owners to make gains on increased land value. Uncontrolled draining of hazardous waste into the water courses pollutes the water affecting fisheries and crops in the planning area. Presently there is no control as to which industry will be allowed where. Other
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concerns include, filling of waterbodies creating risks of flooding, encroachment of kahls and rivers creating drainage congestion.
b. Pollutions Liquid effluent discharged by growing industries in planning area is a major environment concern. The liquid toxic waste is indiscriminately drained into the drainage channels that penetrate into farm land, rivers and low lying areas. The most polluting manufacturing units include textile dyeing and chemical factories and garment and knit wear factories who indiscriminately dump their trash and waste materials around the factory. Dyeing units produce hazardous wastes harmful for fauna and flora. This not only affects the living environment and ecology in general but also the local agriculture in particular. Mitigation to this problem lies in setting up effluent treatment plants in industrial areas, so that liquid waste is treated before discharging into the water system. Common effluent treatment plant can solve the problem of liquid waste management at low cost per unit of enterprise using the facility. But as most industries are scatteredly located it is difficult to set up common effluent plant. Some industries have ETP, but they hardly use the system as it raises cost of production. There is serious slack in enforcement of control regulations. The Tannery Estate being set up in south-western corner of the study area contains provision of such a common treatment plant. It is suggested to set up such plants at DEPZs and other suitable places of industrial agglomerations. A heavy/noxious industry zone has been suggested in the Kashimpur area. A waste water treatment plant can be set up there that may be shared by all the industries generating waste toxic waste water. The ministry of Industries may take the initiative for this purpose. Cost of development and operation may be realized from the beneficiary establishments in the zone. Landfill site of DCC in Aminbazar area is another
environmentally concerned establishment in the planning area. The river water will be contaminated through leaching from this landfill site and the surrounding environment would be greatly polluted.
c. Loss of Bio-diversity Savar, Ashulia and Dhamsona in Group-E area, industries are developing sporadically without treatment plant. Tannery Estate has also been proposed beside Bangshi River, so effluent treatment plant is necessary to purify industrial waste. Due to the presence of indiscriminate industries untreated industrial waste water pollutes the rivers and their tributaries, and khals. The intensity or density of commercial, industrial, and residential land uses generally directly relates to their effect on freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity. Densely developed urban areas tend to contribute more contaminants to and modify freshwater ecosystems more dramatically than suburban areas of less intense development. The location of urban development also affects the severity and character of its threat to freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity. The sprawl and haphazard urban development makes the condition more severe. Urban development tends to be more detrimental to natural resources when it displaces prime farm land, when it occurs on or near fragile ecosystems or when it occurs in areas with significant topographic relief, leading to severe erosion and sedimentation problems. Impervious surface cover such as roads, parking lots with the resultant storm water delivery, water withdrawals for use and discharge of wastewater and physical manipulation of the stream / river channel are the major elements of urbanization those are held responsible for the alteration to freshwater ecosystem and biodiversity.
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d. Potential Hazards Groundwater is replenished or recharged through surface water seeping from land surface, streams or lakes into the ground or through precipitation percolating into the ground. For the groundwater table to stay at the same level, the amount of recharge must equal the amount of discharge. It is reprehensible that vested quarters or groups all over the planning area make offence by diminishing the arable lands, grabbing lands by filling low lying areas, encroaching rivers, lakes, khals, etc. Indiscriminate exploitation of ground water by dyeing industries is resulting in the lowering of ground water table which will have negative impact on environment It is not worth mentioning that urbanization poses a threat to our groundwater supply. But indiscriminate urban development increases the amount of impervious (nonporous) surface in a watershed. Impervious surface inhibits groundwater recharge because precipitation cannot penetrate the surface. As a result, groundwater is being gradually depleted. There is an another concern that if soil is contaminated or surface runoff is polluted, the quality of the groundwater will also be affected. Polluted groundwater and/or a diminished supply of groundwater are of particular concern where groundwater is the major source for drinking and irrigation water. With the growing industries of various kinds the risk of ground water pollution in the planning area is increasing fast. e. Health and Safety The main sources of health and safety concerns in the planning area come from degrading environmental conditions. Some of these concerns are direct and some are indirect. The direct concerns come from drinking water supply, waste management, drainage management and water pollution. Water supply in small municipal area is not safe. Proper safe water guidelines are not followed by the municipality. There is no water lab in the municipality to test water before supply through pipe. There supply lines are also breached at several places increasing the likelihood of contamination when pipes pass along waste water drains. Solid waste management in non-municipal area does not exist. Waste is dumped indiscriminately increasing the risk of disease spread. There is not provision of waste water treatment which increases the risk of water contamination leading to health risk when contaminated water is used for washing and other purposes. Liquid toxic materials from industries are polluting waterbodies. When such water is used for crop production the pollutants enter the food chain that endangers human health.
f. Controlling Instruments There are several laws and regulations by which the respective authorities could play vital role in controlling the unplanned development in the planning area. They are as follow: i. Town Improvement Act ii. Master Plan 1959 iii. Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan 1995-2015 iv. Bangladesh National Building Code, 1993 It covers administration and enforcement, general building controls and regulations, requirements for different uses, fire protection, building materials, design and services. It considers building use, density and height. v. Imarat Nirman Bidhimala, 2008 vi. Besarkari Bhumi Unnanayan Bidhimala, 2004 vii. Jaladhar Ain, 2000 etc.
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But due to absence of application, these acts and rules have become ineffective and plan violation has become a common practice. 2.3.8 Shelter and Settlement
Owing to ineffective development control measures, indiscriminate and unplanned growth of settlements has become a common phenomenon. New areas are coming under settlements without adequate provision of infrastructure and services. On the other hand, due to rising land price it has become very difficult to provide secured shelter to the urban poor at their affordable prices. The majority of the people of the planning area are grouped in the middle and low income range and they are unable to buy land in the established urban areas. As a result, they try to find shelters in remote areas without basic services including proper access facilities. This is resulting in conversion of remote agricultural lands into settlement where living environment provides little or no basic services resulting in urban deprivation.
The present socio-economic activities going on in the study area has their quantitative and qualitative effects. The main thrust of socio-economic activities in the Group-E area comes from the three different sectors-industry, commerce and housing. There are some net quantitative and qualitative results of all these activities. Quantitative results of urban expansion come with the increase in population, settlement, commercial development and services. From 1981 to 1991 there was over 44% increase in population of Savar area, while from 1991 to 2001 the growth was 55.29%. This increase was generated largely by the growth of increasing number of industrial concerns in the area where large number of workers are employed. New employments lead to the growth of dwelling units and other services. Again services also give employment to large number of employees. In this way substantial quantitative changes occurred in the study area over the years. Qualitative effects are experienced in the form of spatial growth and deterioration of environment. Fallow and agricultural land transformation into settlement comprising housing, industry and commerce are the major qualitative changes. Environmental consequences arise from encroachment of natural drainage path, indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, pollution of water and soil by toxic discharge from industries.
2.3.9
There is lack of coordination among different public sector agencies about development management and service provision in following areas.
a.
Duplication of Efforts
Some agencies are performing same tasks without any intervention by the government. For building plan approval East Bengal Building Construction Act 1952 empowers Urban Development Agencies of divisional cities and pourashavas. But in study area both, pourashava and RAJUK approve building plans. These create serious problems as pourashavas in most cases take a liberal attitude towards building construction rules while giving construction approvals. Both Water Development Board and LGED undertake drainage and flood control schemes, sometimes without any coordination among them. LGED constructs rural roads within RAJUK area without consulting RAJUK.
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b.
According to Building Construction Rules any construction must be preceded by approval from the RAJUK. But most public sector agencies do not seek permission either from RAJUK or from local pourashava. This is sheer violation of law by public sector agencies. Besides, most individual and real estate developers violate their approved plans during construction to add additional space to their structures.
2.4
The current public sector investment in the study area is listed below. Map-2.2 shows the location of current investment projects.
Conversion of Dhaka Aricha Road into a Four Lane Road The RHD is engaged in a project to gradually convert the Dhaka-Aricha Road into four lane highway in order to increase road efficiency and avert accident. The first phase of the work has already been completed from Hemayetpur upto Nabinagar with the extension of edges on both sides and construction of a road divider.
Tannery Estate at Harindhara Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) under the Ministry of Industries is developing a Tannery Estate in Harindhara area of south-west Savar to rehabilitate the tanneries agglomerated at Hazaribagh of core Dhaka. The project is nearing completion.
Truck Stand at DEPZ Area Government is constructing a truck stand near DEPZs at Dhamsona to streamline haphazardly parked trucks in the area. This will free the area from traffic congestion caused by indiscriminately parked trucks.
Foot Over Bridge near DEPZs During factory opening and break hours in DEPZs thousands of female workers cross NabinagarChandra Road. This creates severe traffic congestion regularly on the road disrupting vehicular traffic movement. Government is constructing a foot over bridge across the road near DEPZs to ease traffic movement.
2.5
As per ToR the consultant carried out a series of consultations with the local stakeholders on various issues relating to planning and development. The stakeholders included local public sector agencies, local community, private developers and NGOs. Analysing the discussions and findings a whish list of the stakeholders has been worked out as given below.
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MAP 2.2
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Table-2.16: Problems and Wish List of the Stakeholders Stakeholder 1. Savar Pourashava Identified Problem - lack of resources to facilitate development of the pourashava; - low level of holding tax collection; - absence of piped water supply network; - absence of comprehensive drainage network; - unpaved roads and absence of new connecting roads. Wish List - Development of road network; - Creation of park and play ground for children; - Power to sanction building plans; - Control of polluting industries so that environment of the pourashava can be protected. - Streamlining the bus stoppage and bus movement in the main road. 2. Chairmen of the study area Union parishads Amin Bazar Kaundia Dhamsona Yearpur Ashulia Tetuljhora Kashimpur Kayaltia Pathalia Banagram Bhakurta due to poor quality of roads; Lack of water supply; Environment pollution by industries; Slum created social problem; No drainage system; Water logging, Industrial waste is polluting crop land; Lack of quality roads, Lack of Gas supply in remote areas; Water pollution in Bongshi river by adjacent industries; Lack of standard and quality roads; Future threat of soil pollution because of waste dumping by DCC; Low development fund provided by the government. 3. World Vision - undeveloped road network in poor areas; - unemployment and low income of the people; - low literacy rate; - lack of access to health services. - Improvement of local physical infrastructure facilities, mainly roads in the underprivileged and un-served areas so that poor people can easily go to their work places and undertake economic initiatives to improve - Removal of pollutant industries or resolve water pollution of farm lands; - Ensure gas supply in the interior areas; - Improve water supply system. Transportation problems - Improved and quality roads;
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Stakeholder
Identified Problem
Wish List their livelihoods; - Protection of environment from undesirable discharge of effluent by industries; - Creation of employment opportunities for the poor; - Promotion of education and health facilities for the underprivileged.
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Chapter3 of the explanatory report describes the development plan proposals in Group-E area. The Chapter starts with DMDP policies as upper level frameworks followed by a review of the policies in the light of prevailing situations. Next, planning principle, standards and strategies have been set. Lastly, sectoral development proposals have been put forward under the DMDP policy frameworks. The chapter also describes landuse zoning provisions and makes comments on some critical issues of the Structure Plan.
3.1
In this section the upper level frameworks of the current plan that is DMDP Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan policy proposals have been discussed. The policies have been discussed on sectoral basis. In the transport sector the strategies proposed by the approved Strategic Transport Plan (STP) for Dhaka have also been discussed as upper level framework.
Structure Plan Policies The DMDP Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan (1995-2015) are the legally approved higher level planning frameworks of the current DAP project. Relevant Structure Plan Policies Flood Flow Zone Policy RS/3 Land development, within the designated flood plain areas will be controlled in order to avoid obstructions to flood flow, which might otherwise result in adverse hydraulic effects, for example, the rise of flood water levels and changes in flow direction. Rural and Special Area Policy RS/5 Flood Retention Ponds control will be maintained over the areas in order to ensure that they remain capable of fulfilling their primary function of water storage at times of flooding. Urban Area Policy UA/6 for New Urban Land growth promotion seeks to initiate and coordinate a range of measures aimed at stimulating and promoting the rate of development in the designated areas of the urban fringe. Urban Area Policy UA/7 Infrastructure Initiatives seek to promote, through the DMDP Structure Plan, an orderly sequence of new area development by means of mutually reinforcing and coordinated public sector investment programs, spearheaded by drainage, flood protection and transport development. Sectoral Policy SE/4 advocates for an integrated policy of the incremental environmental upgrading and relocation, where necessary, of Dhakas polluting industries, in a manner commensurate with sound environmental practice and cost-effectiveness. Infrastructure Policy IN/2 promotes for incremental network development in the transport sector in order to conserve resources and being responsive to proven demand for the service being offered. Special Area Policy RS/6 - A number of special uses, with extensive land allocation, are located outside the main urban area but within DMDP area. The DMDP Structure Plan
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suggested for special treatment. For a variety of reasons theses special areas need to be considered to ensure that their respective functions and any future planned expansion, is secured and unimpeded from uncontrolled urban growth or encroachment. Land Resource Optimization Policy UA/1 advocates adjusting expected increase of population and the need to maintain and develop a healthy and stimulating urban living environment, it is necessary to optimize the use of limited land and more effectively utilize the existing flood free areas of, urbanized land. Community Based Development Initiatives Policy UA/3 suggests to enhance access to land with secure tenure, and to affordable and appropriate levels of infrastructure and social community services provision for an increasing majority of the population.
Urban Area Plan Recommended Policies The ten years spanned (1995-2005) DMDP Urban Area Plan (UAP) provides interim mid-term strategies for the development of urban areas within the RAJUK administrative boundary. The validity of UAP, though expired in 2005, it has been extended through a gazette notification. The UAP, through its explanatory report, resource maps, interim management report, interim planning rules, and urban area plan map provides guidelines for planning and development control of the entire RAJUK area. The following sections make a review of the Urban Area Plan proposals made for the SPZs that make up the Group-E area.
Spatial Planning Zone wise (SPZ) Recommendations SPZs were designed by dividing the entire Structure Plan area into 26 zones for the purpose of detailed planning. The current study area of Group-E shares four of these Spatial Planning Zones (SPZ), namely, Spatial Planning Zone-16: Northern Fringe, Spatial Planning Zone-17.1: Savar, Spatial Planning Zone-17.2: Dhamsona,
Spatial Planning Zone-16: Northern Fringe (DMDP Urban Area Plan, Volume-II, Page # 75) UAP Recommendations: The zone is likely to maintain its present status for many years. As such the authority should discourage development and keep its urban infrastructure development to its minimum.
Spatial Planning Zone-17.1: Savar (DMDP Urban Area Plan, Volume-II, Page # 76) UAP Recommendations: Detailed Area Plan is required to review the RAJUK development plan for the area and to see a better integration of the presently planned development in the zone. Development should be steered towards the established areas rather than sparsely to make delivery of utility services easy and cost effective. Linear development should be discouraged to contain the urban areas in manageable limits in view of the resource constraints. Cost of the off site provision should be realized from the private developers of the housing estates.
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Spatial Planning Zone-17.2: Dhamsona (DMDP Urban Area Plan, Volume-II, Page # 77) UAP Recommendations: Detailed Area plans should be prepared to guide the development of the zone in a planned way. As the zone is expected to gradually develop into a major industrial/commercial area funds should be made available for essential infrastructures and utility services to enable corresponding urbanization. A separate municipality or development board should be created for the governance of the zone and to provide guidance to public and private development. The zone should be enabled to attract investment from both local and international source.
SPZ 17.3: Flood Flow Zone West (DMDP Urban Area Plan, Volume-II, Page # 78) Actions Committed/Required The area should be enabled to function properly as flood plain and a basic rural/pisciculture zone All the development permits issued for the development for the housing should be withdrawn and no new one is needed to maintain the nature of the zone Conservation of land from rural to urban should be regulated strictly in this zone.
3.2
3.2.1 Guiding Principles The following principles have been considered for making various designs under the planning proposals. The principles have been worked out in line with Structure Plan. a. That the area determined for development has to be made accessible to make the area livable and functional by providing efficient circulation system. b. Considering land constraint minimum possible land should be allocated to provide civic facilities. c. Location of civic facilities should be chosen carefully to serve maximum possible residents.
d. During designing land use category emphasis should be laid on facilitating investment through enabling easy building permission. e. Environment friendly sustainable development of the area. f. City function to develop as per major land use zones.
g. Effective drainage through minimum hindrance to Flood Flow and Sub-Flood Flow zones. h. Safe residential areas at proximity to place of work or major communication routes. i. j. k. Smooth and effective functioning of industries, specially export oriented industries. Safe yet faster connectivity. Develop to serve the surrounding hinterlands.
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3.2.2
Planning Standard
Following are the standards adopted for setting the development proposals in the current plan.
Road Network While the Structure Plan recommended two categories of primary roads-main road and arterial road. Consultant proposes the following three categories of roads. The new road type will facilitate providing different categories of roads based on local requirement.
Table - 3.1: Proposed Road Standard for DAP Area SL No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Road Category Primary Road Primary Road Primary Road Secondary Road Secondary Road Secondary Road Tertiary Road Access Road Access Road Type Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-1 Type-1 Type-2 ROW (Meter) 51.82 39.63 30.48 24.39 18.29 12.19 9.14 7.31 6.09 ROW (Ft) 170 130 100 80 60 40 30 24 20
The following principles are proposed for development of road network in the planning area. 1. Footpath, meaning exclusive pedestrian movement paths, may be avoided because of enforcement problem. 2. A grid pattern road network with an average 1200 m distance between major roads is recommended. 3. A distance of 1500 m or 2000 m for north-south road and 2000 m or 3000 m for east-west roads is maintained. 4. Structure Plan reservation of land for bus road and light train tracks is maintained. However, the new roads have been proposed based on certain criteria. The arterial roads are aimed to create new options to link Dhaka as well as providing access to inaccessible areas outside the city. The collector roads would open up areas not having accessibility. The access roads would be created to link mainly the housing areas with the collector roads. This part of the project report, however, deals only with first two categories of roads.
Open Space DMDP (Urban Area Plan, Page 14, Part-2, Development Management Report) Urban Area Plan set standard for park as 4 acres for every 25,000 persons. For playing field no specific standard has been set for community level playing ground. However, it proposes 1 acre for primary school (one for every 15,000 population) including playing ground and 2 acres for each secondary school including play ground and one secondary school for every 23,000 persons. The DAP suggests 40% of all school
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premises to be earmarked for playing ground. However, there will be keen efforts to propose more open space than what would come as per standard suggested by DMDP (Table-3.1).
Community Services For providing community services like, educational institutions, open space, bazaar, police and fire station DMDP standards set in Table 2, Part 2, Development Management Report, Urban Area Plan has been followed (Table-3.1).
Colleges
Double usage of primary and secondary school yards. 25000 Ward basis Ward basis Ward basis Ward basis Ward basis -
Playgrounds
Larger parks may serve larger number of inhabitants. Also included in community center To be determined in a case by case basis
Source: DMDP Urban Area Plan, 1995. DAP Consultants are convinced that planned development ensuring communitys active participation is the key to successful transformation of todays Dhaka into tomorrows adorned green Dhaka. Keeping that vision in mind, they developed an optimum standard for the amenities and community facilities that the city dwellers deserve (Table No. 3.3).
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Quantity Min. Sl. Name of the Facility (No.) (No.) Max. Minimum for Unit Facility
v) Departmental Store** 1 2 100 sq.m 200 sq.m vi) Medicine Shop 2 3 25 sq.m 80 sq.m vii) Sweet Meat Shop 2 3 25 sq.m 80 sq.m viii) Book / Newspaper Stall 2 3 10 sq.m 30 sq.m ix) Fresh Corner (Vegetable, fish, meat, 2 3 12 sq.m 40 sq.m egg, chicken etc.) x) Fruit Shop 2 3 10 sq.m 30 sq.m xi) Flower Stall 2 2 10 sq.m 30 sq.m xii) Gift shop 1 2 10 sq.m 30 sq.m Total Area for the Neighborhood Facilities 22.8 Acres (approx.) Source: Proposed by the Consultants * May be added as per decision of the Nagar Unnayan Committee under New use category
**Area under Departmental Store shall be calculated on the basis of the spaces allocated against one of the corresponding services in this table (cumulative area)
Urban residential zone shall be developed in neighbourhood concept with following approximate standard that will be free of through traffic. Gross area of neighbourhood of the planning area. Gross density : 50 acres [approx.]. It may vary depending on the population density : 225 to 250 persons per acre.
3.3
Hydrological issues predominated the reasoning regarding the ways to develop the study area so near to the heart of the vibrant capital city. All the higher level plans and studies carried out at varying point of time converged to the same conclusion that the vital contribution of this low lying area bounded by rivers as main Flood Flow and Sub-Flood Flow zones allowing excess flood water to pass over it, must not be obstructed by any development. Despite this unanimous expert cautions, the area is experiencing a tremendous development pressure. DAP consultants for the study area has tried to work out an effective strategy to address the issue with acceptably low obstruction to the flood water to pass through. The strategies adopted for current planning exercise are as follows:
3.3.1
Drainage Non-continuous smaller rural settlements above flood level surrounded by ample low lying areas (agriculture, sub-flood flow, main flood flow) allowing uninterrupted flow of water to pass through. Minimize obstruction of flood water as is practicable. Appropriate connectivity by roads having sufficient openings to ensure needful flow of water across them as well as uninterrupted traditional water based connectivity by keeping appropriate navigation clearance at the bridges. This would help maintain the biodiversity of the area and contribute to sustainable environment in turn. Residential Development Subdivide Residential Landuse Zone based on the potentiality, trend and opportunity.
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