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Contents
Hydrogen Properties Hydrogen Fuel Hydrogen Storage Initiatives/ Current work Global Investments Comparison FCV vs ICE Conclusion
Hydrogen Properties
Most abundant element in the Universe, makes up of 75% of all visible matter. Boiling point of 20K (-253) and melting point of 14K (-259) at atmospheric pressure. Density: 0.0899 kg/m (air=1.293 kg/m) Critical point is about 13bar, at 33K (-240) Calorific value 142MJ/kg at STP (Gasoline is approximately 42MJ/kg at STP)
Chemical Reaction
Energy Storage 2HO 2H + O Endothermic Reaction(H>0) The reaction needs energy. This Hydrogen can be stored or transported Energy Release 2H + O 2HO Exothermic Reaction(H<0) The reaction releases energy.
Hydrogen as Fuel
In the future, hydrogen may be used in one of three ways to power vehicles: To produce electricity in a fuel cell, As a replacement for gasoline or diesel fuel in an internal combustion engine, or As a supplement to gasoline or diesel fuel used in an internal combustion engine.
ICE(Hydrogen as Fuel)
Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internal combustion car is a slightly modified version of the traditional gasoline internal combustion engine car. These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do. Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed in 1807 the first hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine. Paul Dieges patented in 1970 a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen. Existing-technology ICE can still be applied for solving those problems where fuel cells are not a viable solution so far, for example in cold-weather applications.
Hydrogen Fuel
To perform reliably and travel for longer distances before refuelling, it should be able to travel atleast 500 km. Assuming 10km/L efficiency for gasoline, we would need about 50L gasoline with about 1500MJ energy. In comparison if we assume the efficiency of a FCV to be double we would need about 750MJ of energy, which is approximately 6kg of Hydrogen (assuming Lower Heating Value). This is the amount of Hydrogen we should be able to store on board a vehicle.
http://research.uow.edu.au/energyfutures/researchtopics/UOW049258
http://autogreenmag.com/2009/05/16/first-czech-hydrogen-station-to-open-in-the-fall/
http://www.fuelcell.sg/hydrogen.php
The formation of IPHE was facilitated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Transportation in 2003 to foster international cooperation on Hydrogen and fuel cell R&D. Today, IPHEs 18 partners organize, evaluate, and coordinate multinational research, development and deployment programs which advance the introduction of Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies on a global scale.
Existing Infrastructure
Hydrogen Fuel Stations (USA having about 60) Hydrogen Production plant from RE Hydrogen Cars and Buses Stationary Fuel Cell Demonstration and Commercial Projects Eg. HYDROSOL I costing about 2.6million Euro & HYDROSOL II costing 4.2 million Euro which is funded by EU Commission. (Hydrogen splitting from water with CSP)
4000
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2006 2007 2012 Other Storage and distribution Energy conversion Hydrogen Production
3.000,00
2.000,00 1.000,00 0,00 2006 2007 2012 1.670,60
Total*
1.353,90
Advantages
Environmental Friendly. Good source of Energy Storage, especially with the increase of Renewable Energy sources in the network. Abundant
Disadvantages
Low boiling point and density Complex and currently expensive technology
Higher Efficiency
No GHG(Water as exhaust) Abundant fuel Source R&D and Infrastructure req.
Lower Efficiency
GHG Emission Limited Fuel Source Infrastructure already present.
Conclusion
Bring Hydrogen fuel cost to compete fossil fuel Current cost (1-20$/kg) to be (5-6)$/kg. High Wt. % hydrogen content and needs light materials. Distribution and Infrastructure needs to be changed to cope with Hydrogen technology. High Volumetric Storage Density (by better Solid storage methods of Hydrogen) Reliable
Reference
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ http://www.iphe.net/index.html http://www.fch-ju.eu/ http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/r esearch-policy/index_en.htm http://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydroge n_energy.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#I nternal_combustion_vehicle Materials: Hydrogen Energy Fundamentals (Notes)
Thank You!!!