Engr. Rex Jason H.

Agustin

Navigation is the art and science of plotting, asserting, or directing the course of movements. Where you are and being able to find your way around The word navigate is derived from the Latin "navigare", meaning "to sail". navis=ship, agere= to move

Position Direction Distance Speed Time

DEAD AHEAD ON PORT BOW BROAD ON PORT BOW 3 FORWARD OF 2 PORT BEAM 1 ON PORT BEAM 1 ABAFT OF PORT BEAM 2 3

1
2

ON STARBOARD 2 BOW BROAD ON 3 STARBOARD BOW 3 2 FORWARD OF STARBOARD BEAM 1 ON STARBOARD BEAM 1 2 ABAFT OF STARBOARD BEAM

3 BROAD ON STARBOARD QUARTER

BROAD ON PORT 3 2 QUART ER ON PORT QUARTER

2 3

1
DEAD ASTERN

ON STARBOARD QUARTER

Station
3 3 33 0 0 00 2 2 22 7 7 77 2 2 22 4 4 4 4 3 3 33 3 3 33

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 3 3 3

000 0 666 6 00 0 0 99 9 9 111 1 222 2

Station Station

2 2 22 1 1 11

1 1 8 8

1 1 1 5 5 5

Wandering Celestial Navigation Piloting Dead Reckoning Radio or Electronic Navigation

Wandering is simply continuing to travel about until you reach your destination assuming you have one.

Direction and distance are determined from precisely timed sightings of celestial bodies, including the stars and moon. Based on the observation of the position of the sun, moon and stars. Earliest effective form of navigation Works best at night. Also Called

Nautical Astronomy Celo Navigation Astronomical Navigation

Piloting is fixing a position and direction with respect to familiar, significant landmarks, such as railroad tracks, mountain peaks and bodies of water.
stadimeter

alidade

Dead reckoning is a navigation technique that determines position by extrapolating series of measured velocity increments. The term dead is derived from the word deduced. Widely used method of navigation

The navigator uses dead reckoning in many ways, such as:

to determine sunrise and sunset, to predict landfall, sighting lights and arrival times, to evaluate the accuracy of electronic positioning information, to predict which celestial bodies will be available for future observation.

With radio navigation, position is determined by measuring the travel time of an electromagnetic wave as it moves from the transmitter to receiver. Also called Electronic Navigation Two types:

Terrestrial Broadcast Space-based Broadcast

SYSTEM
Omega VLF Decca Loran C/D LFR ADF/NDB Loran A Marker Beacon ILS Localizer VOR

FREQUENCY BAND
10 13 kHz 16 24 kHz 70 130 kHz 100 kHz 200 300 kHz 200 1600 kHz 2 MHz 75 MHz 108 112 MHz 108 118 MHz

ILS Glideslope DME TACAN ATCRBS GPS

329 335 MHz 960 1215 MHz 960 1215 MHz 1030 1090 MHz 1227 1575 MHz

Altimeter
MLS Weather radar Doppler radar

4200 MHz
5 GHz 5 and 9 GHz 10 20 GHz

Decca Omega LORAN

The Decca Navigator System was a hyperbolic low frequency radio navigation system (also known as multilateration) that was first deployed during World War II when the Allied forces needed a system which could be used to achieve accurate landings.

Baseline Length = Master-Slave distance

typically 60 120 nautical miles

Pattern is a set of hyperbolic lines of position from the master to one of the slaves.

The patterns are termed Red, Green and Purple. the interval between two adjacent hyperbolas on which the signals are in phase Areas between the lines of zero phase difference in a Decca pattern

Lane

The lanes were grouped into zones.

Red: 0 to 23 Green: 30 to 47 Purple: 50 to 79.

The range of DECCA is around 400 nautical miles during daylight. During night the range reduces to 200 to 250 nautical miles. Ceased to operate on March 31, 2000

Accuracy of DECCA depends on:

Width of Lanes Angle cut of hyperbolic lines of position Instrumental errors Propagation errors

First truly global radio navigation system for aircraft, operated by the United States in cooperation with other nations. Has 6 partner nations namely Argentina, Norway, Liberia, France, Japan and Australia Operated in the VLF portion of the spectrum between 10 to 14 kHz 4 mile accuracy In September 30, 1997 all OMEGA stations ceased operation.

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Station A : Bratland, Norway (66.420189 N 13.136964 E)

Station B: Paynesville, Liberia (6.305509 N 10.662206 W) Station C: Kaneohe, Hawaii (21.404700 N 157.830822 W) Station D: La Moure, North Dakota (46.365944 N 98.335617 W) Station E: Chabrier, Runion (20.974139 S 55.289894 E)

6.
7. 8.

Station F: Trelew, Argentina (43.053553 S 65.190781 W)

Station G: Woodside, Australia (38.481228 S 146.935294 E) Station H: Shushi-Wan, Japan (34.614739 N 129.453644 E)

Alfred Lee Loomis

A millionaire and physicist who invented LORAN

It was originally known as "LRN"

Loomis radio navigation

LORAN (LOng Range Navigation) is a terrestrial radio navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters that uses multiple transmitters (multilateration) to determine location and/or speed of the receiver.

Using basic geometry and the relationship between distance (d), speed (v), and time (t), the location of the receiver can determined with high degree of accuracy.

LORAN-A

The maximum reliable range was 700 miles by day and 1,400 miles at night. 1750 kHz, 1850 kHz, 1900 kHz and 1950 kHz were used

LORAN-C

The current version of LORAN in common use today, which operates in the low frequency portion of the EM spectrum from 90 to 110 kHz. 0.1 to 0.25 nautical miles accuracy, range is from 800 to 1000 nautical miles. 100KW to 4MW of peak power

Basic PRR in LORAN-C: SH = 16 2/3 PPS, SL = 12 PPS, SS = 10 PPS, SC = 20 PPS

LORAN-B

was a phase comparison variation of LORAN-A

was a short-range tactical system designed for USAF bombers mobile

LORAN-D

eLORAN or E-LORAN

Enhanced LORAN, comprises an advancement in receiver design and transmission characteristics which increase the accuracy and usefulness of traditional LORAN. With reported accuracy as good as 8 meters, needed the system becomes competitive with unenhanced GPS

Non-directional beacon is a radio transmitter at a known location, used as an aviation or marine navigational aid. Is a transmitter intended for use as an all-solid state radio beacon operating in the LF and MF range. Usually placed at the ILS outer and middle marker beacon sites. 190 kHz and 535 kHz

ADF is a navigational aid that is used for automatic determination of relative bearing to a transmitting radio station or Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) It is also used for reception of weather information and other broadcast program.

Frequency of Operation : 190 to 1860 kHz Signal Modulation : AM

ADVANTAGES

LIMITATIONS

Long range. Can use medium frequency ground station. Ideal navigation aid for small aircrafts Light weight and low power.

Mountain or Cliffs Shorelines Electrical storm Bank Error

VOR is a short range navigation aid operating in the VHF band which provides the pilot with a track to steer to the VOR beacon and also deviate left or right of any selected track. a radio facility providing bearing information to and from such facility at all azimuth within its service area.

Frequency of operation : 108 117.95 MHz

ADVANTAGES

LIMITATIONS

Great Accuracy Signal Provides To/From bearing to the beacon. Free from precipitation static and annoying interference by other weather conditions.

Most expensive to build and maintain Needs extensive networks due to lack of range

Parameter
Guidance Information Operating Frequency Service Area RF Output No of Channels Spacing between adjacent channels Antenna pattern

Description
Omnidirectional bearing 108 to 118 (117.95) MHz 200 mi for high-flying aircraft (Enroute VOR) 25 mi for low-flying aircraft (Terminal VOR) 25 to 200 W 20 or 40

100 kHz
Cardiod pattern rotates at a 30 Hz rate 1.4, 3 with site error

Accuracy

The DME measures distance through air (slant range) from the aircraft to a DME ground station. It is used primarily for position fixing, en route separation, approach to an airport, avoiding protected air space and calculating ground speeds. Frequency of operation : 1025 1150 MHz (Tx) 962 1213 MHz (Rx) Can accommodate 100 Aircrafts Simultaneously

50 microsec delay

Radio Altimeter Radar Altimeter The LRRA system measures the absolute aircraft height above the terrain. The Primary Flight Displays (PFD) show the Radio Altitude (RA). Can give radio altitude up to 2500 ft

The purpose of GPWS is to alert the flight crew of the existence of an unsafe condition due to terrain proximity. The GPWS gives the crew visual and voice warnings when the aircraft flight path and position with respect to terrain.

MODE
MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3 MODE 4-1 MODE 4-2 MODE 4-3 MODE 5

DESCRIPTION
Excessive Sink Rate Excessive Closure Rate Excessive Altitude Loss Altitude below 1000 ft. Altitude below 500 ft. Altitude below 200 ft. Below Glideslope

is a system used in air traffic control (ATC) to enhance radar monitoring and separation of air traffic. ATCRBS assists ATC radars by acquiring information about the aircraft being monitored, and providing this information to the radar controllers.

The TCAS alerts the flight crew of potential conflicts with other airplanes in the same area. a computerized avionics device which is designed to reduce the danger of mid-air collisions between aircraft. Forms of TCAS:

TCAS I TCAS II TCAS III

It operates in the frequency band 960-1215 MHz. Navigation system used by military aircraft. Capable of showing the azimuth representation and the distance of enemy planes Military version of VOR/DME systems Increase by 9 folds in terms of accuracy than VOR Same Specifications as Civil DME

ILS is the radio system enabling aircraft to locate the selected runway, adopt the correct glideslope and approach in all weather conditions. It gives lateral and vertical guidance in approach to a runway. LOCALIZER GLIDESLOPE MARKER BEACONS

Guidance information:

localizer, glide slope; marker beacon, DME;

Range information:

Visual information:

approach lights, touchdown and centerline lights, runway lights

LOCALIZER INNER MARKER GLIDE SLOPE MIDDLE MARKER

OUTER MARKER

It transmits two beams:

150 Hz in the right 90 Hz in the left

Frequency of Operation Signal Modulation

: 108 111.95 MHz : AM

The Glideslope transmits two beams to give vertical guidance over the glide path. It transmits two beams:

150 Hz below the glideslope 90 Hz above the glideslope

The glide path has an angle of approximately 3 degrees. Frequency of Operation : 329.3 335 MHz

The marker beacon system gives information about the distance of the runway. There are three marker beacons at fixed distances from the runway.

Outer beacon Middle beacon Inner beacon

Frequency of Operation : 75 MHz

The outer marker should be located 7.2 km (3.9 NM) from the threshold except that, where this distance is not practicable, the outer marker may be located between 6.5 and 11.1 km (3.5 and 6 NM) from the threshold.
The purpose of this beacon is to provide height, distance and equipment functioning checks to aircraft on intermediate and final approach.

The middle marker should be located so as to indicate, in low visibility conditions, the missed approach point, and the point that visual contact with the runway is imminent, ideally at a distance of approximately 3,500 ft (1,100 m) from the threshold.

The inner marker, when installed, shall be located so as to indicate in low visibility conditions the imminence of arrival at the runway threshold.
Ideally at a distance of approximately 100 ft (30 m) from the threshold.

WHITE 3000 Hz

AMBER 1300 Hz

BLUE 400 Hz

GP

IM Runway Threshold 75m 1050m

MM

OM

7200m

NAVSTAR GPS GLONASS Galileo

NAVSTAR (Navigation System with Time And Ranging) GPS stands for Global Positioning System NAVSTAR was developed by US Department of Defense to provide continuous, highly precise position, velocity and time information to land-, sea-, space-based users.

Satellites Orbital Planes Satellites / Planes Plane Separation Satellite Separation Inclination Orbital Period Altitude

GPS 21 working (3 spare) 6 4 600 600 550 12 Hours 20,200 km

SPS is available to all GPS users on a continuous and worldwide basis. SPS will provide a predictable positioning accuracy that 95% of the time is to within

100 m horizontally 156 m vertically 185 m 3D Time transfer accuracy to UTC within 340 nanosec

PPS is a highly accurate military positioning, velocity, and timing service that is available on a continuous, worldwide basis to users authorized by the DoD. PPS will provide predictable positioning accuracy 95% of the time at least

22 m horizontally 27.7 m vertically 35.4 m 3D Time transfer accuracy to UTC within 200 nanosec

Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema

GLONASS is a radio-based satellite navigation system, developed by the former Soviet Union and now operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces. It is an alternative and complementary to the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and the planned Galileo positioning system of the European Union (EU).

Satellites Orbital Planes Satellites / Planes Plane Separation Satellite Separation Inclination Orbital Period Altitude

GLONASS 21 (3 spare) 3 8 1200 450 64.80 11 Hours & 15mins 19,100 km

GLONASS use 2 types of signals and FDMA technique:

Standard Precision (SP) Obfuscated High Precision (HP)

Each satellite of GLONASS was named URAGAN (Hurricane) First Generation GLONASS Satellites was named URAGAN Second Generation GLONASS Satellites was named URAGAN-M Third Generation GLONASS Satellites was named URAGAN-K

Galileo is intended to provide more precise measurements than available through GPS or GLONASS (Galileo will be accurate down to the metre range) Galileo has better positioning services at high latitudes and an independent positioning system

Satellites Orbital Planes Satellites / Planes

GALILEO 30 3 10

Plane Separation
Inclination Lifetime Altitude

1200
560 12 years 23,222 km

There are 4 services offered by Galileo satellite system: Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life Service (SoL)

called Beidou or Big Dipper; a program that has been called Compass in China's official news agency Xinhua. The Compass system is proposed to utilize 30 medium Earth orbit satellites and five geostationary satellites. Having announced they are willing to cooperate with other countries in Compass's creation.

 Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision system

The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), is a proposed three-satellite regional time transfer system and enhancement for GPS covering Japan. The first satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2008.

 The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) is a proposed autonomous regional satellite navigation system to be constructed and controlled by the Indian government. It is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of better than 20 meters throughout India and within a region extending approximately 1,500 to 2,000 km around it. Space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. The government approved the project in May 2006, with the intention it be implemented within six to seven years.

Radio Detection and Ranging

This is an electronic communication system used to detect objects at distances that can not be observed visually. Radar systems typically use wavelengths on the order of 10 cm, corresponding to frequencies of about 3 GHz. The range, direction, and elevation of an object can be determined with RADAR.

Bearing and Elevation

RADAR Reference Coordinates

According to location of Transmitter and Receiver:

Monostatic, Bistatic

According to the form of transmitted signal:

Continuous Wave, Pulsed

According to information given:

Primary, Secondary

Bearing and Elevation

the apparent frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves depends on the relative radial motion of the source and the observer.

where: v = velocity of the target in m/sec = wavelength in m fd = Doppler frequency = angle of direction of target and the radar line of sight to the target
Bearing and Elevation

Bearing and Elevation

Bearing and Elevation

Bearing and Elevation

Bearing and Elevation

A-Scope deflection modulation of the CRT screen.

Bearing and Elevation

Plan-Position Indicator (PPI) intensity modulation of CRT.

Bearing and Elevation

Automatic Target Detection direct feeding to a computer system.

Bearing and Elevation

Question 1
A target echo is processed by the radar display computer once every 760us. How far away is the target? A. B. C. D. 69 n-mi 34.5 n-mi 61.49 n-mi 52.6 n-mi

Question 2
In addition to recovery time, what determines the minimum range of a radar set? A. B. C. D. Pulse Repetition Frequency Duty Cycle Pulse Width Rise Time

Question 3
Given the pulse width of 8us and a duty cycle of 8%, determine the pulse repetition time of radar system. A. B. C. D. 100 microseconds 100 milliseconds 1000 microseconds 10 milliseconds

Question 4
On runway, an ILS localizer shows ___________.

A. B. C. D.

Deviation left or right of runway center line. Deviation up or down from ground speed. Deviation percentage from authorized ground speed. Wind speed along runway.

Question 5
What limits the maximum range of a surface search radar? A. B. C. D. Pulse width Transmitter power Frequency Radar horizon

Question 6
TCAS Category installed on most commercial planes including Boeing 747 airplanes. A. B. C. D. TCAS I TCAS II TCAS III TCAS III-A

Question 7
A United Nations agency that allocates standards and recommended practices, including navigational aids, for all civil aviation. A. B. C. D. IATA (International Air Transport Association) ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) ITU (International Telecommunication Union) FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)

Dont wish it were easier, wish you were better.

-Jim Rohn

Engr. Rex Jason H. Agustin