EE344 Communication Systems

BE VI (2011-2015) SPRING 2013 DR. SADIA MURAWWAT LECTURE 1

Contact Hours
2

Theor Cr !r" #3, L$% Cr !r" #1 Tuesday: 9-11am(A-section) Wednesday: 1 am-12am (!-section) "ri: 1 -11(A-section) "ri: 11-12(!-section) Tutoria# : $on-"ri: 1 am-3%m 3 &ui''es and assi(nments )e*ore and a*ter mid term+(,-,)

Time .ine
3

&e% Tue 4 11 10 2, "ri / 14 21 20

M$r Tue 4 11 10 2, "ri / 14 21 20

A'r() Tue 1, 22 29 "ri 10 2,

M$ Tue 1 13 2 2/ 3 "ri 2 9 11 23 3 1

1-11 A%ri#$23

A*$+e,(* !o-e". #
4

Arri4e on time to attend t5e c#ass+ 6ne7cused a)sences 8i## a**ect your (rade+ Turn o** ce## %5ones, ear%5ones and ot5er distractin( de4ices+ !e res%onsi)#e *or materia#s co4ered in e4ery c#ass+ Hand in your assi(nments on time at t5e )e(innin( o* t5e c#ass+ 9o #ate su)missions are e7%ected+ S%ea: u% 85ene4er you 5a4e su((estions or &uestions+ Wor: 5ard to (et 5i(5 score and ;i4e s%ecia# attention to #ectures and materia# %ro4ided+
You are responsible to behave ethically & honestly. Copying, cheating, forgery, and other unethical or dishonest actions are not tolerated.

Course <ut#ine
,

!asic de*initions $odu#ation and de-modu#ation tec5ni&ues: am%#itude, an(#e, %u#se modu#ation, di(ita# modu#ation tec5ni&ues 2n*ormation t5eory Error detection and correction $u#ti%#e7in( tec5ni&ues 9oise and its e**ects on si(na# transmission !E= %er*ormance o* 4arious modu#ation tec5ni&ues under noisy en4ironment+ <4er4ie8 o* ot5er communication Systems(>ST9, =adio ?T@, Ce##u#ar, Sate##ite, "i)er and Ca)#e transmission) =e4ision and >ro)#em 3iscussion

Course Contents
1
A,')(./+e Mo+/)$.(o- S ".e,"# "re&uency trans#ation, reco4ery o* )ase si(na#, am%#itude modu#ation, ma7imum a##o8a)#e modu#ation, s&uare #a8 demodu#ator, s%ectrum o* A$ si(na# modu#ators, )a#anced modu#ator, sin(#e side)and, 4esti(ia# side)and and com%ati)#e sin(#e side)and system, mu#ti%#e7in(+ &re0/e-* Mo+/)$.(o- S ".e,"# An(#e modu#ation, %5ase and *re&uency modu#ation, re#ations5i% )et8een %5ase and *re&uency modu#ation, s%ectrum o* "$ si(na# e**ect o* modu#ation inde7 on )and8idt5+ E" (eneration and detection met5ods, #imiters, *re&uency mu#ti%#ication+ P/)"e Mo+/)$.(o- S ".e,"# Sam%#in( t5eorem, #o8 %ass si(na#s, %u#se am%#itude %u#se 8idt5 and %u#se %osition modu#ation, )and8idt5 re&uirements, s%ectra, cross ta#:+ met5ods o* (eneration and detection o* >A$, >@@$ si(na#s, %u#se code modu#ation, &uanti'ation and commandin(+ >C$ systems, e&ua#i'ation, sync5ronous and async5ronous >C$ systems, de#ta modu#ation, %5ase s5i*t :eyin(, di**erentia# %5ase s5i*t :eyin(, *re&uency s5i*t :eyin(+ No("e# $at5ematica# re%resentation, e**ect o* *i#terin(, res%onse o* narro8 )and *i#ter to noise, su%er%osition o* noise, %ro)a)i#ity density, noise in am, "$ system noise ca#cu#ations, s5ot noise, t5erma# noise, noise tem%erature, noise )and8idt5, noise *i(ure, noise *i(ure and e&ui4a#ent noise in cascaded system, si(na# to noise ratio+ I-1or,$.(o- Theor $-+ Co+(-2# 3iscrete messa(es, conce%t o* amount o* in*ormation, a4era(e in*ormation, entro%y in*ormation rate, S5annonAs t5eorem, c5anne# ca%acity, re#ation )et8een )and 8idt5 and SB9 ration+ Codin(: >arity c5ec: codin(, error correction e#ementary system+ D(2(.$) Mo+/)$.(o-# ASCD >SCD "ASCD <<C etc

HEC =ecommended !oo:s

/

!+ >+ .at5i, E$odern 3i(ita# and Ana#o( Communication Systems+ .eon W+ Couc5, E3i(ita# and Ana#o( Communication Systems+ Fo5n ;+ >roa:is and $asoud Sa#e5i, ECommunication Systems+ >rinci%#es o* Communication Systems, Tau) Sc5i##in( $c;ra8 Hi##, .atest edition+ Communication Systems )y !ruce Car#son, .atest edition+ Ana#o( and 3i(ita# Communication, Simon Hay:in, .atest edition+

<ut#ine: .ecture 1
0

Communication Systems its *undamenta#s and com%onents !ase )and and modu#ated si(na# Ana#o( and di(ita# transmission+ Si(na#, E**ecti4eness o* si(na#, 2n*ormation, 3ata, Sender, =ecei4er, 9oise, ;uided and 6n(uided medium 6nidirectiona# and !i-directiona# communication <4er4ie8 o* system ty%es: %oint-%oint, %oint-mu#ti%oint, )roadcast systemsG $odes o* transmittin( 2n*ormation Sim%#e7, 5a#* ? *u## du%#e7, )ase)and ? %ass )and $u#ti%#e7in( $odu#ation

$at5ematica# mode#in( o* si(na#s, time and *re&uency domain conce%ts, s%ectra# density, si(na# to 9oise =atio, C5anne# Ca%acity 9eed *or modu#ation "ourier Series and Trans*orms =e4ie8+

.etAs STA=TH

!asic Is+
1

W5at is in*ormationJ And KHo8 in*ormation *#o8s *rom one %oint to anot5er at t5e most )asic #e4e#JA

in*ormation
11

2n*ormation Ty%es: 4oice, te7t, ima(es, 4ideo, music, di(ita# data+ Communication Systems: radioBT@ )roadcastin(, >ST9, ce##u#ar %5ones, com%uter net8or:s, sate##ite systems, !#uetoot5+ Communication systems send in*ormation e#ectronica##y o4er communication c5anne#s+ $any di**erent ty%es o* systems 85ic5 con4ey many di**erent ty%es o* in*ormation+ 3esi(n c5a##en(es inc#ude 5ard8are, system and net8or: issues+ ;oa# o* t5e communication system is to recreate ori(ina# in*ormation at t5e recei4er 8it5 t5e 5i(5est %ossi)#e *ide#ity+

2n*ormation =e%resentation
12

Communication systems con4ert in*ormation into a *ormat a%%ro%riate *or t5e communications c5anne#, ty%ica##y an e#ectroma(netic 8a4e+ Ana#o( communication systems con4ert (modu#ate) ana#o( in*ormation si(na#s into modu#ated si(na#s, 85ic5 are a#so ana#o(+ 3i(ita# communication systems con4ert in*ormation in t5e *orm o* )its into di(ita# si(na#s+ Com%uters and di(ita# de4ices (enerate in*ormation as )its+ Ana#o( in*ormation si(na#s can )e con4erted to )its )y &uanti'in( and di(iti'in(+

Ty%e o* 2n*ormation
13

Ana#o( si(na#s: 4oice, music, tem%erature readin(s, etc+ Ana#o( or di(ita# si(na#s: 4ideo and ima(es !its: te7t, com%uter data, etc+ Ana#o( si(na#s can )e con4erted into )its )y sam%#in( and &uanti'in(+

!asic Communication System

14

Transmitter C5anne# =ecei4er

!#oc: 3ia(ram
1,

3etai#ed Communication System

11

!#oc: 3ia(ram
1/

Source encoder: con4erts t5e source or in%ut messa(e into an ana#o( si(na# or )its ca##ed t5e messa(e si(na#+ L Transmitter: con4erts t5e messa(e si(na# into a modu#ated si(na# in a *ormat suita)#e *or transmission o4er t5e c5anne#+ C5anne#: 2ntroduces distortion and random noise+ .inear c5anne#s 5a4e out%ut y(t) M7(t) 5(t)-n(t), 85ere 7(t) is t5e transmitted (modu#ated) si(na#, n(t) is t5e random noise, 5(t) is t5e c5anne# im%u#se res%onse, and N denotes con4o#ution+ =ecei4er: =ecei4er e7tracts t5e ori(ina# messa(e si(na# or )its *rom t5e c5anne# out%ut si(na#+ Source 3ecoder: Con4erts t5e messa(e si(na# or )its )ac: into t5e *ormat o* t5e ori(ina# messa(e+

(contd+)
10

Source, Transducer, )ase)and si(na#

19

9oise Addition
2

21

Si(na# to 9oise =atio

22

Transmittin( Station
23

1+ ;enerates a =" carrier 2+ Com)ines it 8it5 t5e )ase)and si(na# into a =" si(na# t5rou(5 modulation 3+ >er*orms additiona# o%erations O E+(+ analog-to-digital conversion, formatting, coding, spreading, adding additional messages/ characteristics suc5 as error-control, authentication, or location information 4+ =adiates t5e resu#tant si(na# in t5e *orm o* a modu#ated radio 8a4e S5ort#y - it ma%s t5e ori(ina# messa(e into t5e radio8a4e si(na# #aunc5ed at t5e transmittin( antenna

>ro%a(ation %rocess
24

L Trans*orms, or ma%s, t5e radio-8a4e si(na# #aunc5ed )y t5e transmitter into t5e incident radio 8a4e at t5e recei4er antenna L T5e %ro%a(ation ma%%in( in4o#4es e7tra 4aria)#es (e+(+ distance, #atency), additiona# radio 8a4es (e+(+ re*#ected 8a4e, 8a4es ori(inated in t5e en4ironment), random uncertainty (e+(+ noise, *adin() and distortions

=ecei4er
2,

&().er" t5e incident si(na#s : rePects un8anted si(na#s and e7tract t5e 8anted si(na# Q T5e recei4erAs res%onse de*ines a so#id E8indo8R in t5e si(na# 5y%ers%ace 2+ =eco4ers t5e ori(ina# messa(e t5rou(5 re4ersin( t5e transmitter o%erations (demodu#ation, decodin(, de-s%readin(, etc+), L com%ensatin( %ro%a(ation trans*ormations, and correctin( transmission distortions L S5ort#y: $a%s t5e incident si(na#s into t5e reco4ered messa(e

Ana#o( and 3i(ita# Si(na#s

21

L Ana#o( si(na#s: 4aries o4er a continuous ran(e+ $ost si(na#s occurrin( in nature are ana#o(+ L 3i(ita# si(na#s: 4a#ue ta:es on on#y a *inite set o* 4a#ues (staircase *unctions)+ L !inary si(na#s: 4a#ue ta:es on Pust t8o 4a#ues (corres%ondin( to E Rs and E1Rs o* )its)+ L A )it time T is t5e amount o* time re&uired to send one )it+ 3ata rate = M 1BT )its %er second ()%s)+

Si(na# >o8er
2/

>er*ormance $etrics
20

>er*ormance metric *or ana#o( systems is *ide#ity: 8ant m(t) M Sm(t)+ >er*ormance metric *or di(ita# systems is data rate (= )%s) and %ro)a)i#ity o* )it error (>) )

3ata =ate Tradeo**

29

T5e data rate in di(ita# communications de*ines t5e num)er o* )its %er second t5at are transmitted+ "or a %ro)a)i#ity o* )it error (>)) o* , T, t5e data rate can )e in*inite+ "or c5anne#s 8it5out distortion or noise, t5e data rate can )e in*inite 8it5 >) M + "or a *i7ed data rate, >) de%ends on si(na# and noise %o8er and t5e c5anne# c5aracteristics+ "or a (i4en system, increasin( data rate ty%ica##y increases >)+

S5annon Ca%acity
3

3e*ines t5e ma7imum data rate at 85ic5 in*ormation can )e trans*erred o4er a c5anne# 8it5out errors+ "or a c5anne# 8it5 recei4ed si(na# %o8er S, additi4e 85ite noise 8it5 recei4ed noise %o8er 9, and )and8idt5 !: C M ! #o(2(1 - SB9) )%s+ S5annon t5eory does not te## you 5o8 to desi(n rea# communication systems+ S5annon t5eory %redicted a ma7imum modem s%eed o* 32 C)%s in 1949+ Today 8e 5a4e ,1 C)%s modems+ (>ro)#em 8as accuracy o* mat5ematica# mode#s, not t5e t5eory itse#*+)

C#assi*ication and re%resentation o* si(na#s,

31

"re&uency 3omain Time 3omain

Contd+
Sim%#e7 Ha#* ? *u## du%#e7 !ase)and >ass )and

Sim%#e7
Sim%#e7 communication is %ermanent unidirectiona# communication+ Some o* t5e 4ery *irst seria# connections )et8een com%uters 8ere sim%#e7 connections+ "or e7am%#e, main*rames sent data to a %rinter and ne4er c5ec:ed to see i* t5e %rinter 8as a4ai#a)#e or i* t5e document %rinted %ro%er#y since t5at 8as a 5uman Po)+ Sim%#e7 #in:s are )ui#t so t5at t5e transmitter (t5e one ta#:in() sends a si(na# and itUs u% to t5e recei4in( de4ice (t5e #istener) to *i(ure out 85at 8as sent and to correct#y do 85at it 8as to#d+ 9o tra**ic is %ossi)#e in t5e ot5er direction across t5e same connection+

Ha#* 3u%#e7
A 5a#* du%#e7 #in: can communicate in on#y one direction, at a time. T8o 8ay communication is %ossi)#e, )ut not simu#taneous#y+ Wa#:ieta#:ies and C! radios sort o* mimic t5is )e5a4ior in t5at you cannot 5ear t5e ot5er %erson i* you are ta#:in(+ Ha#*-du%#e7 connections are more common o4er e#ectrica# #in:s+ Since e#ectricity 8onUt *#o8 un#ess you 5a4e a com%#ete #oo% o* 8ire, you need t8o %ieces o* 8ire )et8een t5e t8o systems to *orm t5e #oo%+ T5e *irst 8ire is used to transmit, t5e second 8ire is re*erred to as a common (round+ T5us, t5e *#o8 o* e#ectricity can )e re4ersed o4er t5e transmittin( 8ire, t5ere)y re4ersin( t5e %at5 o* communication+ E#ectricity cannot *#o8 in )ot5 directions simu#taneous#y, so t5e #in: is 5a#*-du%#e7+

"u## 3u%#e7
"u## du%#e7 communication is t8o-8ay communication ac5ie4ed o4er a %5ysica# #in: t5at 5as t5e a)i#ity to communicate in )ot5 directions simu#taneous#y+ Wit5 most e#ectrica#, *i)er o%tic, t8o-8ay radio and sate##ite #in:s, t5is is usua##y ac5ie4ed 8it5 more t5an one %5ysica# connection+ Vour te#e%5one #ine contains t8o 8ires, one *or transmit, t5e ot5er *or recei4e+ T5is means you and your *riend can )ot5 ta#: and #isten at t5e same time+

!ase)and
T5e )ase)and is de*ined as a transmission si(na# t5at contains more t5an Pust a sin(#e *re&uency *rom H' to t5e 5i(5est *re&uency com%onent+ 2n essence, t5e )ase)and is t5e ori(ina# si(na# t5at is intended to )e transmitted+ Ho8e4er, t5is )ase)and *re&uency, 85en transmitted to8ards its tar(et, can easi#y )e s#o8ed do8n or can %ic: u% noise and distortion, 85ic5 is 85y t5e ori(ina# )ase)and si(na# must )e transmitted into radio *re&uency+ =adio *re&uency, 5o8e4er, a#so is at ris: *or transmission %ro)#ems, creatin( t5e need *or a )and-%ass *i#ter+

>ass)and

T5e %ass)and is t5e out%ut o* a )and-%ass *i#ter+ 2t is a si(na# t5at corres%onds to t5e settin(s o* t5e )and-%ass *i#ter+ W5i#e )ase)and is t5e ori(ina# si(na#, %ass)and is t5e *i#tered si(na#+ >ass)and is more tec5nica##y de*ined as t5e %ortion o* t5e s%ectrum )et8een #imitin( *re&uencies 8it5 minimum re#ati4e #oss or ma7imum re#ati4e (ain+ ;i4en t5e ear#ier e7am%#e, a radio tuner set at 1 /+, $H' 8i## a##o8 on#y 1 /+, $H' to %ass t5rou(5+ Anyt5in( )e#o8 or a)o4e 1 /+, $H' 8i## )e )#oc:ed )y t5e *i#ter+

=eturnin( >ass)and )ac: to !ase)and

A*ter *i#terin(, once t5e %ass)and si(na# 1 /+, $H' is recei4ed, t5e circuitry o* t5e radio demodu#ates and demu#ti%#e7es it so t5at a radio #istener recei4es, in some manner, t5e ori(ina# or intended )ase)and si(na#+ W5i#e )ase)and is t5e ori(ina# si(na#, %ass)and is t5e *i#tered si(na# t5at is e4entua##y con4erted )ac: to )ase)and+ Some s5ort-distance systems do not 5a4e to modu#ate )ase)and to 5i(5er *re&uencies )e*ore transmission+ T5is is more common in #ines t5at do not re&uire any *orm o* modu#ation suc5 as Et5ernet+ Wit5out t5e ris: o* inter*erence or distortion, suc5 systems do not need )ase)and to )e modu#ated and *i#tered to %ass)and )e*ore re4ertin( to )ase)and+

Multiplexing
4

Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one, in such a manner that each individual signal can be retrieved at the destination. why? Since multiple signals are occupying the channel, they need to share the resource in some manner. Types
FDM TDM Synchronous, !synchronous" #DM

"3$
41
"re&uency-di4ision mu#ti%#e7in( ("3$) is a *orm o* si(na# mu#ti%#e7in( 85ere mu#ti%#e )ase)and si(na#s are modu#ated on di**erent *re&uency carrier 8a4es and added to(et5er to create a com%osite si(na# 2n many communication systems, a sin(#e, #ar(e *re&uency )and is assi(ned to t5e system and is s5ared amon( a (rou% o* users+ E7am%#es o* t5is ty%e o* system inc#ude: 1. A microwave transmission line connecting two sites over a long distance. . A! or "! radio broadcast bands, which are divided among many channels or stations. #he stations are selected with the radio dial. T5e deri4in( o* t8o or more simu#taneous, continuous c5anne#s *rom a transmission medium )y assi(nin( a se%arate %ortion o* t5e a4ai#a)#e *re&uency s%ectrum to eac5 o* t5e indi4idua# c5anne#s+ (100) T5e simu#taneous transmission o* mu#ti%#e se%arate si(na#s t5rou(5 a s5ared medium at t5e transmitter, t5e se%arate si(na#s into se%ara)#e *re&uency )ands, and addin( t5ose resu#ts #inear#y eit5er )e*ore transmission or 8it5in t5e medium+ A## t5e si(na#s may )e am%#i*ied, conducted, trans#ated in *re&uency and routed to8ard a destination as a sin(#e si(na#, resu#tin( in economies 85ic5 are t5e moti4ation *or mu#ti%#e7in(+

T3$
42
T(,e-D(3("(o- M/).(')e4(-2

Time-3i4ision $u#ti%#e7in( (T3$) is a ty%e o* di(ita# or ana#o( mu#ti%#e7in( in 85ic5 t8o or more si(na#s or )it streams are trans*erred a%%arent#y simu#taneous#y as su)c5anne#s in one communication c5anne#, )ut are %5ysica##y ta:in( turns on t5e c5anne#+ T5e time domain is di4ided into se4era# recurrent times#ots o* *i7ed #en(t5, one *or eac5 su)-c5anne#+ Time-di4ision mu#ti%#e7in( (T3$) is a met5od o* %uttin( mu#ti%#e data streams in a sin(#e si(na# )y se%aratin( t5e si(na# into many se(ments, eac5 5a4in( a 4ery s5ort duration+ Eac5 indi4idua# data stream is reassem)#ed at t5e recei4in( end )ased on t5e timin(+ Time di4ision mu#ti%#e7in( (T3$) and 5as many a%%#ications, inc#udin( 8ire#ine te#e%5one systems and some ce##u#ar te#e%5one systems+ T5e main reason to use T3$ is to ta:e ad4anta(e o* e7istin( transmission #ines+ T2$E 32@2S2<9 $6.T2>.EW29; (T3$) a##o8s mu#ti%#e con4ersations to ta:e %#ace )y t5e s5arin( o* medium or c5anne# in time+ A c5anne# is a##ocated a t5e 85o#e o* t5e #ine )and8idt5 *or a s%eci*ic %eriod o* time+ T5is means t5at eac5 su)scri)er is a##ocated a time s#ot+

"3$ and T3$

43

W3$
44

2n *i)er-o%tic communications, 5$3e)e-2.h+(3("(o- ,/).(')e4(-2 (WDM) is a tec5no#o(y 85ic5 mu#ti%#e7es a num)er o* o%tica# carrier si(na#s onto a sin(#e o%tica# *i)er )y usin( di**erent 8a4e#en(t5s (i+e+ co#ours) o* #aser #i(5t+ T5is tec5ni&ue ena)#es )idirectiona# communications o4er one strand o* *i)er, as 8e## as mu#ti%#ication o* ca%acity+

$odu#ation
4,

Carrier
41

Ty%es o* $odu#ation
4/

$odu#ation: Si(na# is trans*erred to 5i(5 *re&uency *or e**icient transmission+

eMA sin(t -)
eM instant 4a#ue AM ma7imum am%#itude Man(u#ar 4e#ocityM2N%iN* tMtime M %5ase an(#e

T5ree ty%es o* $odu#ation

A$ "$ >$

("$->$)M An(#e $odu#ation 9ote: T8o )asic ty%es o* $odu#ation i+e+ Am%#itude and An(#e+

$odu#ation
40

$ain >oints
49

T5ere are t8o main *ormats o* si(na#s, ana#o( and di(ita#+ 3i(ita# si(na#s are more ro)ust to noise and inter*erence+ Ana#o( si(na#s can )e con4erted into )its )y sam%#in(B&uanti'in(+ Communication systems modu#ate ana#o( si(na#s or )its *or transmission o4er a communications c5anne#+ T5e )ui#din( )#oc:s o* a communication system are meant to con4ert in*ormation into an e#ectronic *ormat *or transmission, t5en con4ert it )ac: to its ori(ina# *ormat a*ter rece%tion+ 3esi(n (oa#s o* transmitter (modu#ator) and recei4er (demodu#ator) are to miti(ate im%airments introduced )y c5anne#+

Iuestion o* .ecture
,

W5at are di**erent ty%es o* Communication System t5at are e7istin( no8adaysJ W5at is meant )y c5anne# ca%acityJ W5at is t5e di**erence )et8een "3$ and T3$