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Gio trnh

T hc v vt liu t

T hc v vt liu t
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Ni dung
Bi
Chng 1:Cc khi nim
T hc t ha cm t t thm T ha T gio T tr Lc khng t Nhit Curie ng cong t ha ng cong t nhit Mmen lng cc t Nhit Nel Nng lng vi t phn cc spin 1 1 6 7 8 11 13 16 19 22 24 26 27 29 30 33 35 35 37 38 39 40 43 45 49 51 52 56 60 63 66 68

Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
Thun t Siu thun t Nghch t Sng spin St t men t Vch men Phn st t Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm Cng ngh ngui nhanh FINEMET Hiu ng Hopkinson Hiu ng Meissner

Hiu ng t nhit Hiu ng t quang Kerr Hiu ng t in tr Hp kim Heusler Magnetit Nam chm Nam chm Neodymi Nam chm samarium coban Nam chm vnh cu Nam chm in Nam chm t him Nc t Permalloy Perovskit (c u trc) Spin valve Terfenol-D Tng phn pha vi sai T in tr chui hm T in tr d hng T in tr khng l T in tr siu khng l

69 75 76 79 81 84 85 88 90 93 94 97 99 101 104 106 107 109 110 112 115 117 117 119 123 125

Chng 3: ng dng
Th u knh t in t hc spin Ton nh in t Knh hin vi lc t

Ch thch
Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi Ngun, gi y php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh 127 129

Gi y php Bi vit
Gi y php 131

Chng 1:Cc khi nim

T hc
T hc (ting Anh: magnetism) l mt ngnh khoa hc thuc Vt l hc nghin cu v hin tng ht v y ca cc cht v hp cht gy ra bi t tnh ca chng. Mc d tt c cc cht v hp cht u b nh hng ca t trng to ra bi mt nam chm vi mt mc no nhng mt s trong chng c phn ng rt d nhn thy l st, thp, -xt st. Nhng cht v hp cht c t tnh c bit l i tng ca t hc dng ch to nhng sn phm phc v con ngi c gi l vt liu t. T tnh gy ra bi lc t, lc t l mt dng lc in t, mt trong nhng lc c bn ca t nhin, n c sinh ra do chuyn ng ca cc ht c in tch. Phng tr-nh Maxwell cho bit ngun gc v mi lin h ca cc t trng v in trng gy ra lc t. Mi quan h gia lc t v lc in rt mt thit, mn khoa hc nghin cu v vn ny c gi l in t hc.

Nam chm vnh cu, mt trong nhng sn phm lu i nht ca t hc.

T tnh ca vt cht
M t v m
Cm ng t v t trng

T trng sinh ra khi c dng in chy qua.

V- t trng c to ra khi c chuyn ng ca cc in tch nn nu ta c mt dy in c dng in th- n s to ra mt cm ng t

chy qua

xung quanh. Cm ng t l mt i lng vc t, chi u ca n ph thuc vo

chi u chuyn ng ca dng in v c xc nh bng quy tc bn tay phi. By gi nu ta thay dy in trn bng mt ng dy in th- cm ng t to ra trong lng ng dy cng c xc nh bng quy tc trn. Nu xung

T hc

quanh cun dy l chn khng th- chng ta nh ngha t trng Nh vy th- vc t t trng trng bn trong ng dy. T thm v t cm ch ph thuc vo dng in

nh sau:

, vi

l t thm chn khng.

v h-nh dng ca dy ch khng ph thuc vo mi

By gi trong lng ng dy khng phi l chn khng m l mt vt no th- s c mt ca vt s lm thay i cm ng t trong ng dy. Cm ng t ny t l vi t trng vi h s t l c gi l t thm th- cm ng t trong lng vt l: Ta nh ngha vi: Ngi ta cn nh ngha: Phn loi vt liu T cm ca vt liu l mt i lng c trng cho s cm ng ca vt liu di tc ng ca t trng ngoi. Ngi ta da vo i lng ny phn chia cc vt liu thnh 5 loi nh sau: Nghch t: l vt liu c nh hn khng (m) v c gi tr tuyt i rt nh, ch c khong 10- 5. Thun t: l vt liu c ln hn khng (dng) v c gi tr tuyt i nh c 10- 3. St t: l vt liu c Feri t: l vt liu c ln (tuy nh hn st t). Phn st t: l vt liu c dng nhng rt nh. dng v dng v
a cng, mt trong nhng thnh tu tiu biu ca t hc ng dng trong vic lu tr thng tin.

l vc t t xut hin bn trong vt vi l t cm ca vt liu

vi

: t thm tng i ca vt so vi chn khng.

rt ln, c th t n 10 5.

M t vi m
Chuyn ng ca cc in t Chuyn ng ca cc in t trong nguyn t to nn cc m my in tch. Chnh chuyn ng qu o l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra t tnh ca nguyn t lm cho nguyn t c mt m men t. Mt nguyn nhn khc l spin, c th c h-nh dung th thin nh s t quay ca in t, mc d v bn cht, spin l mt khi nim ch c trong c hc lng t. Nh vy t tnh ca nguyn t c hai ngun gc: spin v qu o, m men t tng ng vi hai ngun gc ny c gi l m men t spin v m men t qu o.

T hc Tnh nghch t ca vt cht Nghch t l mt hin tng c hu ca vt cht, tn ti mi loi vt liu theo quy tc chung v cm ng in t. Khi c mt ca t trng ngoi, cc in t s hng ng vi t trng bng cch to ra mt m men t cm ng. M men t ny c xu hng chng li t trng ngoi, n t l nhng ngc hng vi t trng p dng. chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nghch t trong mt s cht.

Vi t hc
Mt cch tng qut, tnh cht ca cc vt liu t tun theo cc quy lut v vi t hc m tnh cht t b quy nh bi cu trc t hc vi m v cu trc ny c quy nh bi s cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, c th quy thnh 5 dng nng lng: Nng lng trao i Nng lng d hng Nng lng tnh t Nng lng Zeeman Nng lng t gio (xem chi tit bi Nng lng vi t)

Lch s t hc
T hc l mt ngnh c ng dng trong cuc sng con ngi t rt sm m u tin l Trung Hoa v Hy Lp c i. Hy Lp, lch s ghi nhn nhng i thoi v t hc gia Aristotle v Thales t nhng nm 625 n 545 trc cng nguyn song song vi vic s dng nam chm vnh cu (l nhng thin nhin) cho mt s mc ch khc nhau[1] phng ng, Trung Hoa l ni sm nht s dng cc nam chm lm kim ch nam ch phng Nam-Bc t thi i ca Chu Cng (thi i nh Chu, 1122 - 256 trc Cng nguyn), v cun sch chnh thc ghi li vic s dng cc nam chm l cun Qu Cc t ( , thy dy ca Tn Tn) vo th k th 4 trc cng nguyn[2] , [3] . Alexander Neckham l ngi Chu u u tin m t v la bn v vic s dng la bn cho vic nh hng vo nm 1187. Vo nm 1269, Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt vit cun Epistola de magnete, c coi l mt trong nhng lun thuyt u tin v nam chm v la bn. Nm 1282, cc tnh cht ca cc nam chm v la bn kh c tho lun bi Al-Ashraf, mt nh vt l, thin vn, a l ngi Yemeni [4] . Cun sch kho cu chi tit u tin v cc hin tng l cun De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) ca William Gilbert xut bn nm 1600 Anh Quc. Cun sch tho lun v nhi u th nghim in t do ng xy dng, ng thi gi thit v t trng ca Tri t, nguyn nhn gy ra s nh hng Nam-Bc ca cc la bn. Tng tc gia dng in v t trng ln u tin c pht hin v m t bi Hans Christian Oersted, mt gio s i hc Copenhagen (an Mch). ng pht hin ra vic kim la bn b lch hng khi t gn mt dy dn mang dng in. Th nghim ny c coi l bc ngot trong lch s ngnh t hc, v c t tn l Th nghim Oersted. Sau Oersted, hng lot cc nh khoa hc tin hnh cc th nghim v cc cng tr-nh nghin cu v mi quan h gia in v t trng nh Andr-Marie Ampre, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Michael Faraday dn n vic h-nh thnh nhng kin thc c bn v t hc cng nh t trng. James Clerk Maxwell tng hp cc l thuyt v t trng, in trng, v quang hc pht trin thnh l thuyt tng qut v trng in t. Vo nm 1905, Albert Einstein s dng nhng nh lut ny xy dng l thuyt tng i hp[5] . Th k 20 cng l th k m t hc c pht trin mnh m t vic to ra cc vt liu t a chc nng, xy dng cc l thuyt vi m v hin tng t da trn cc l thuyt ca c hc lng t v vt l cht rn nh l thuyt vi t hc, l thuyt v men t, vch men, vt liu st t, tng tc trao i, phn st t,... i km vi n l s pht

T hc trin ca nhi u k thut chp nh cu trc t v o c cc tnh cht t ca vt liu. Cui th k 20, u th k 21, ngnh mi spintronics ra i da trn nhng thnh tu ca t hc v in t hc.

n v in t
Cc n v chun SI
SI electromagnetism units K hiu i lng I Q U, V, ; E R; Z; X P C E D e G; Y; B , , B H L, M [6] Tn i lng Dng in in tch Hiu in th; Sut in ng in tr; Tr khng; in khng in tr sut Cng sut in dung Cng in trng phn cc in Hng s in mi cm in n v d n xut ampere (SI base unit) coulomb volt ohm ohm metre watt farad volt per metre K hiu n v A C V m W F V/m n v c bn A (= W/V = C/s) As J/C = kgm2s3A1 V/A = kgm2s3A2 kgm3s3A2 VA = kgm2s3 C/V = kg1m2A2s4 N/C = kgmA1s3 Asm2 kg1m3A2s4 1 = kg1m2s3A2 kg1m3s3A2 Wb/m2 = kgs2A1 = NA1m1 Vs = kgm2s2A1 Am1 Wb/A = Vs/A = kgm2s2A2 kgms2A2 -

coulomb per square metre C/m2 farad per metre (khng n v) F/m S S/m T Wb A/m H H/m -

dn; Admittance; Susceptance n v Siemens dn in T trng, Cm ng t T thng Cng t trng t cm t thm cm t siemens per metre tesla weber ampere per metre henry henry per metre (khng n v)

T hc

Cc n v khc
gauss Vit tt l G l n v ca cm ng t B trong h CGS Oersted vit tt l Oe l n v ca cng t trng H trong h CGS. Maxwell l n v ca t thng trong h CGS. gamma l n v ca mt t thng (trong h SI l Tesla - T), 1 gamma = 1 nT. 0 l k hiu vit tt quen thuc ca t thm tuyt i ca chn khng, c gi tr 4x10-7 N/(ampere-vng).

T hc v spintronics
Nhng thnh tu v t hc cui th k 20[7] , [8] dn n vic h-nh thnh mt lnh vc mi gi l spintronics[9] , ngnh nghin cu to ra cc linh kin in t mi khai thc c thuc tnh spin cng nh in tch ca in t, thay th cc linh kin in t truy n thng li thi. S hp dn ca spintronics cng dn n vic thc y vic nghin cu v t hc t-m hiu v bn cht t tnh, ng thi nghin cu to ra nhi u vt liu t c bit ng dng trong cc linh kin t tnh. Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t c th i u khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l: Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin? Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu? Lm th no ghi nhn spin? Spintronics ha hn l mt th h linh kin mi trong th k 21 vi mc tiu tng tc x l, gim nng lng hao tn v gi thnh m t hc l mt n n tng ca spintronics. Xem bi chi tit Spintronics

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Fowler, Michael (1997). Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism (http:/ / galileoandeinstein. physics. virginia. edu/ more_stuff/ E& M_Hist. html). Truy cp 2 April nm 2008. [2] Li Shu-hua, Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole, Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.175 [3] Li Shu-hua, Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole, Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.176 [4] Schmidl, Petra G. (1996-1997), Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 1: 81132 [5] A. Einstein: On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, June 30, 1905. (http:/ / www. fourmilab. ch/ etexts/ einstein/ specrel/ www/ ) [6] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1993). i Lng, n V v K Hiu trong H a L, n bn th hai, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. pp.1415. Bn ton vn. (http:/ / www. iupac. org/ publications/ books/ gbook/ green_book_2ed. pdf) [7] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1) [8] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1) [9] I. Zutic, J. Fabrian, S.D. Sarma, Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (2004) 323 (http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ RMP/ v76/ p323)

T hc

Xem thm
Vi t hc St t Nng lng vi t Nam chm vnh cu

Lin kt ngoi
Lch s ca t hc (http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/magnet_university/history_of_magnetism.htm) S lc v t hc v vt liu t (http://ndthe.multiply.com/journal/item/5) Magnetism flash (http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/flash/magnetism) Electricity and Magnetism: Video lectures (http://web.mit.edu/smcs/8.02/) P10D Electricity and Magnetism P10D Electricity and Magnetism, online lectures (http://scitec.uwichill.edu. bb/cmp/online/P10D/p10D.htm) Exploring magnetism lesson series (http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/SEGwayed/lessons/exploring_magnetism/)

t ha
t ha hay t (ting Anh: Magnetization) l mt i lng s dng trong t hc c xc nh bng tng mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch ca vt t. i khi, t cn c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v khi lng. T l mt i lng vct.

nh ngha
T , M, c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v th tch. V mt ton hc, n c cho bi cng thc:

vi m l mmen t nguyn t, V l th tch. T c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng, uc lin h vi t trng qua h s t ha (hay cn gi l cm t ca vt liu, k hiu l ): M = H

n v
Do c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng nn t mang n v ca t trng, n v trong SI l A/m. Trong t hc, ngi ta cn s dng n v khc cho t c k hiu l emu/cm3 = 1000 A/m. emu l ch vit tt ca electromagnetic unit - n v in t. n v ny c dng ph bin trong t hc, xut pht t h n v CGS.

T t pht
L khi nim m t t ca cc cht st t khng tuyt i (0 K). i lng t t pht mang c trng ca mi cht st t, 0 K, tt c cc mmen t ca cht st t song song vi nhau, to nn t t pht ca cht st t (to nn t tnh m khng cn c t trng ngoi). khng tuyt i, do khng c cc thng ging nhit, tng tc trao i gia cc mmen t s khin cho tt c cc mmen t song song vi nhau (ging nh trng thi bo ha t) to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t.

 t ha

Xem thm
T hc St t Mmen t S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0.

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / ndthe. multiply. com/ journal/ item/ 5

cm t
cm t l i lng vt l c trng cho kh nng t ha ca vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. cm t cn c tn gi khc l h s t ha (khng nhm vi t ha). cm t th hin mi quan h gia t (l i lng ni ti) v t trng ngoi, nn thng mang nhi u ngha vt l gn vi cc tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu. cm t, thng c k hiu l t ha v ln ca t trng: , hay ( phn bit vi - cm in) c nh ngha l t s gia

vi M l t ha, H l cng t trng. T M v t trng H c cng th nguyn do khng c th nguyn.

l i lng

cm t v t thm
Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu thc:

vi

l hng s t, hay t thm ca chn khng, c ln

. Nh vy:

i lng

c gi l t thm. t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh

nng phn ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n gi tr t thm hiu dng c nh ngha bi: .

 cm t

cm t vi phn
Trong cc vt liu st t, cm t khng phi l mt hng s, m c gi tr bin thin ph thuc vo t trng ngoi v ph thuc c vo ti n s t (tc l ph thuc c vo cc qu tr-nh t din ra trc ), nn ngi ta s dng khi nim cm t vi phn:

cm t xoay chiu
Hay l h s t ha xoay chi u, l cm t to ra khi vt liu c t trong t trng xoay chi u. Cc php o cm t xoay chi u ph thuc vo nhit rt quan trng trong cc nghin cu chuyn pha t trong cc vt liu st t. cm t xoay chi u thng c k hiu l (ch AC l k hiu ca dng in xoay chi u).

Xem thm
St t Vt liu t m m t ha

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X.

t thm
t thm (ting Anh: Magnetic permeability, thng c k hiu l l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tnh thm ca t trng vo mt vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi nim t thm thng mang tnh cht k thut ca vt liu, ni ln quan h gia cm ng t (i lng sn sinh ngoi) v t trng ngoi. t thm thc cht ch ng k cc vt liu c trt t t (st t v feri t).

Mi quan h gia t thm v cm t

Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu thc:
S thay i ca t thm ban u ca permalloy theo hm lng Ni 1) Ch to bng phng php cn lnh, 2) Ch to bng cn nng

 t thm vi l hng s t, hay c gi l t thm ca chn khng, c ln

Nh vy: Nh vy, i lng t thm v cm t quan h vi nhau qua biu thc[1] :

t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n gi tr t thm tng i c nh ngha bi:

Khi ni t thm th- ngi ta thng ngm hiu l l t thm tng i, v i lng ny l i lng khng c th nguyn.

Cc khi nim v t thm cc vt liu c trt t t

Trn thc t, gi tr t thm ch ng k cc vt liu c trt t t. T trn ng cong t ha ca vt liu, ngi ta c quan tm n mt s t thm khc nhau:

t thm ban u
c nh ngha l t thm ca vt liu di t trng ngoi bng khng, hay thng qua biu thc:

Trn thc t, khng th xc nh gi tr t thm ban u khi t trng ngoi chnh xc bng 0 nn ngi ta xc nh bng cch t t trng t ha rt nh trong li dn t c ch to thnh dng mch t kn ( kh hiu ng trng kh t dn n vic d t ha) v nu phi o trong t trng xoay chi u th- o trong tn s rt nh (gi l php o chun tnh). Gi tr t thm ban u rt c ngha trong vic s dng cc vt liu st t m m v- vt liu t m m rt d bo ha v cn s dng trong t trng nh. Trong cc vt liu t m m c kch thc ht ln (vt kch thc vch men), t thm ban u t l thun vi kch thc ht theo cng thc[2] :

Cn cc vt liu c kch thc ht mn, t thm ban u t l nghch vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht[3] :

Vi:

l h s t l,

l t bo ha,

ln lt l hng s trao i v d hng t tinh th bc 1.

 t thm

10

t thm cc i
L gi tr cc i ca t thm trong ton di t trng t ha. Trn thc t, nu t trng ngoi vt ngng ( qu tr-nh t ha vt qua qu tr-nh t ha ban u (xy ra bc nhy Barkhausen) th- gi tr t thm s t cc i, sau s gim dn khi vt liu tin ti trng thi bo ha t.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X. [2] Y. Yoshizawa, Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials in Handbook of Advanced Magnetic Materials ed. by Y. Liu et al., Vol. 4, Springer, 2006, ISBN-10 1-4020-7983-4. [3] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389)

Xem thm
St t cm t Permalloy Vt liu t m m

T ha

11

T ha
T ha l qu tr-nh thay i cc tnh cht t (cu trc t, mmen t...) ca vt cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi c s dng nh mt ng t, t ha c ngha l lm thay i tnh cht t ca cht bng t trng ngoi.

Qu trnh t ha
Xt v mt hin tng, t ha l s thay i tnh cht t ca vt cht theo t trng ngoi, xt v mt bn cht, y l s thay i cc mmen t nguyn t. Khi t vo t trng ngoi, cc mmen t nguyn t c xu hng b quay i theo t trng ngoi dn n s thay i v tnh cht t. Ty theo s hng ng ny m c th phn ra nhi u loi vt liu t khc nhau: Nghch t Nghch t l bn cht c hu ca mi loi vt cht, , cht khng c mmen t nguyn t, v to ra mt t trng ph ngc vi chi u ca t trng ngoi theo xu hng ca cm ng in t (quy tc Lenz). V- th, cht nghch t c mmen t m v ngc vi chi u t trng ngoi. Thun t Qu tr-nh t ha cht thun t, cht c mmen t nguyn t nh v khng lin kt, xy ra n gin, cc mmen t nguyn t s quay theo t trng ngoi v to ra mt t trng ph dng (thng th hiu ng nghch t c hu). V- th, qu tr-nh t ha ch n gin l s tng tuyn tnh ca t theo t trng ngoi v t bo ha khi t trng rt ln v nhit rt thp. St t v cc vt liu c trt t t khc (phn st t, feri t) Trong cc vt liu ny, mmen t nguyn t ln v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua tng tc trao i nn qu tr-nh t ha tr nn rt phc tp. Qu tr-nh ny ph thuc vo nhi u yu t nh cu trc t, cu trc tinh th cng nh s ng nht ca vt liu. Cc qu tr-nh t ha lc ny l s thay i cu trc men ca cht, v dn n nhi u loi cht khc nhau, v d nh vt liu st t m m, vt liu st t cng...

Cu trc t ca mng mng hp kim permalloy (dy 20 nm) thay i trong qu tr-nh t ha (nh quan st bng knh hin vi Lorentz Philips CM20.

T ha

12

t ha
t ha l mt i lng vt l ni ln kh nng b t ha ca mt vt t, c xc nh bng tng mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch, hoc mt n v khi lng.

Qu trnh kh t
Ngc vi qu tr-nh t ha l qu tr-nh kh t. Kh t l qu tr-nh lm trit tiu t tnh ca vt t, bng cch t vo mt t trng ngc ln, hoc lm tng nhit n trn nhit nh hng ca cht. Kh t bng t trng: Kh t bng t trng l cch thng dng nht, bng cch t vo t trng ngc (vi chi u ca t d trong cht) bng vi gi tr lc khng t ca cht. Nu t trng ngc t vo tip tc tng, t ca cht s b o ngc, v ta c qu tr-nh o t. kh t hon ton, ngi ta khng dng t trng ngc mt chi u m dng t trng xoay chi u c bin gim dn (tt dn theo hm s m v i chi u), nh vy, t trng d trong mu s b nh dn v o lin tc quay gi tr 0 v ngy cng tin ti gi tr 0. Cc cch khc: C nhi u cc khc kh t, v d t nng vt t n trn nhit trt t t ca cht (nhit Curie vi cc cht st t, hay nhit Nel vi cc cht phn st t...), lc ny cc cht t trng thi c t ln s b mt t tnh v tr thnh cht thun t. Ngoi ra, s va p c hc v n mn ha hc cng l nhng cch kh i t tnh ca cht.

Xem thm
T hc St t Thun t Mmen t

Lin kt ngoi
S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]

T gio

13

T gio
T gio (ting Anh: magnetostriction) l hin tng h-nh dng, kch thc ca cc vt t (thng l st t) b thay i di tc dng ca t trng ngoi (t gio thun) hoc ngc li, tnh cht t ca vt t b thay i khi c s thay i v h-nh dng v kch thc (t gio nghch). Trong cc sch gio khoa vt l c Vit Nam, ngi ta cn dng thut ng "p t" cho t gio ( tng ng vi hin tng p in l s thay i kch thc do in trng). Tuy nhin, thut ng ny hin nay hu nh khng c s dng. Ngi ta nh ngha h s t gio (hay t gio Joule) l t l phn trm s thay i v chi u di hoc th tch:

C ch hin tng t gio do tng tc spin-qu o v s phn b m my in t: a) dng i xng cu: khng c t gio; b) khng c i xng cu: c t gio

hoc:

vi

ln lt l chi u di (hay th tch) ca vt th trong t trng (H) v khi khng c t ta s c t gio m.

trng. H s t gio l i lng khng c th nguyn. Theo nh ngha ny, nu ta c t gio dng,

Hin tng t gio dn n s thay i v chi u di gi l t gio di, cn hin tng dn n s thay i v ton th tch gi l t gio khi. Trong cc nghin cu v t hc v k thut, ngi ta cn quan tm n i lng cm t gio, c nh ngha bi s bin thin ca h s t gio theo t trng:

cm t gio mang ngha tng t nh cm t, u ch kh nng phn ng ca cht di t trng ngoi, trong trng hp t gio, cm t gio c ngha ch kh nng thay i tnh cht t gio do t trng. cm t gio c th nguyn l nghch o ca t trng, c n v l m/A hay Oe-1.

T gio

14

C ch hin tng t gio

Bn cht ca hin tng t gio l do tng tc spin-qu o trong cc in t trong vt liu st t. Hin tng t gio ch c th xy ra khi m my in t khng c dng i xng cu v c tng tc spin-qu o mnh. Di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, s phn H-nh nh m t c ch hiu ng t gio. b ca cc in t ( y l mmen qu o) s quay theo s quay ca mmen t (mmen spin) t hng ny sang hng khc v t gio c to ra do s thay i tng ng ca tng tc tnh in gia in t t v in tch ca mi trng. Khi m my in t c dng i xng cu (c ngha l mmen qu o bng 0), tt c cc v tr ca cc in ln cn u tng ng i vi s phn b in t. Khi c s tc ng ca t trng ngoi, mmen spin tuy c quay i, nhng s phn b khng gian ca in t hon ton khng thay i nn khong cch gia cc in t vn gi nguyn (khng dn n s thay i v kch thc cng nh h-nh dng mu. Nu m my in t khng c dng i xng cu (c ngha l mmen qu o khc 0), lc ny cc v tr phn b xung quanh khng cn tnh cht i xng, s quay ca mmen spin khi c t trng ngoi dn n s thay i m my in t, do dn n s thay i v kch thc cng nh h-nh dng mu. Hay ni mt cch n gin, t gio phn nh tnh cht i xng ca mng tinh th. T gio mang tnh cht ca i xng tinh th nn n ph thuc vo phng ca t trng, vct t v hng ca tinh th. Ngi ta thng s dng i lng t gio bo h-a (k hiu l l h s t gio t c trong trng thi bo ha t. T gio bo ha l mt hm (lin hp tuyn tnh) ca cc h s t gio o theo cc phng khc nhau ca tinh th.

Vt liu t gio
Hu ht cc nguyn t st t u c t gio. Trong cc nguyn t st t, cban (Co) l nguyn t c h s t gio ln nht nhit phng(do cban c cu trc bt i xng kh cao - lc gic xp cht), t ti 60.10-6 trong t trng bo ha. Cc vt liu c h s t gio ln c gi l vt liu t gio khng l. C nhi u loi vt liu t gio khc nhau, ti thi im hin ti, vt liu t gio thng phm tt nht l Terfenol-D (c tn l cc t vit tt ghp bi: Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Nol - Naval Ordnance Laboratory, D - Dysproxium Dy) l hp kim TbxDy1-xFe2 c h s t gio t ti 2000.10-6 trong t trng 2 kOe[1] , v ch t 400.10-6 dng mng mng [2] . y l vt liu t gio c dng ph bin nht hin nay. Gn y, nhm nghin cu ti Vit Nam Phng Th nghim Vt l Nhit thp, i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni lnh o bi Gio s Nguyn Hu c cng b vt liu t gio khng l dng cc mng mng (h s t gio t ti 720.10-6)[3] , l cc mng mng hp kim TbFeCo) mang tn TerfecoHan (Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Co - Cban, Han - H Ni, ng thi cng ci tin to ra cc mng mng a lp trn c s TerfecoHan to ra cc mng mng t gio vi h s t gio ln v cm t gio cao trong t trng thp[4] .

T gio

15

ng dng ca hin tng t gio

Vt liu t gio c ng dng trong cc linh kin, thit b chuyn i in - t - c c dng cc vt liu dng khi v vt liu dng mng mng, v d nh cc cm bin t trng (da trn t hp t gio-p in), cc cm bin o gia tc, cm bin c o dch chuyn c hc, cc my pht siu m - t gio, cc linh kin vi c trong cc b vi c in t (MEMS)...

Xem thm
D hng t tinh th St t p in

Ti liu tham kho

[1] http:/ / aml. seas. ucla. edu/ research/ areas/ magnetostrictive/ mag-composites/ Magnetostriction%20and%20Magnetostrictive%20Materials. htm [2] N.H. Duc, Jornal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 242-245 (2002) 1411-1417 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-44N027N-14& _user=5613324& _coverDate=04/ 30/ 2002& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& view=c& _acct=C000067901& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=5613324& md5=10c452ca6b484972a24c29577dfab6a9& ref=full) [3] N.H. Duc, Jornal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 242-245 (2002) 1411-1417 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-44N027N-14& _user=5613324& _coverDate=04/ 30/ 2002& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& view=c& _acct=C000067901& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=5613324& md5=10c452ca6b484972a24c29577dfab6a9& ref=full) [4] D.T.H. Giang et al., Applied Physics Letters 85 (2004) 1565-1567 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=APPLAB000085000009001565000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes)

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Nguyn Hu c (2003). Vt liu t lin kim loi. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni. ISBN 1K-02044-01403.

Lin kt ngoi
T gio khng l thm mt bc tin vo tng lai (http://datrach.blogspot.com/2004/12/ t-gio-khng-l-thm-mt-bc-tin-vo-tng-lai.html)

T tr

16

T tr
T tr (ting Anh: magnetic hysteresis) l hin tng bt thun nghch gia qu tr-nh t ha v o t cc vt liu st t do kh nng gi li t tnh ca cc vt liu st t. Hin tng t tr l mt c trng quan trng v d thy nht cc cht st t. Hin tng t tr c biu hin thng qua ng cong t tr (T - t trng, M(H) hay Cm ng t - T trng, B(H)), c m t nh sau: sau khi t ha mt vt st t n mt t trng bt k, nu ta gim dn t trng v quay li theo chi u ngc, th- n khng quay tr v ng cong t ha ban u na, m i theo ng khc. V nu ta o t theo mt chu tr-nh kn (t chi u ny sang chi u kia), th- ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng cong t tr hay chu tr-nh t tr. Tnh cht t tr l mt tnh cht ni ti c trng ca cc vt liu st t, v hin tng tr biu hin kh nng t tnh ca ca cc cht st t.

ng cong t tr ca 2 loi vt liu st t, vt liu t cng v vt liu t m m, v cc thng s ca vt liu c xc nh trn ng cong t tr

Cc tham s
T bo h-a L gi tr t t c khi c t ha n t trng ln (vt qua gi tr trng d hng) sao cho vt trng thi bo ha t, c ngha l cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau. Khi ng cong t tr T -T trng, M(H) c dng nm ngang. T bo ha l tham s c trng ca vt liu st t. Nu khng tuyt i (0 K) th- n l gi tr t t pht ca cht st t. T bo ha thng c k hiu l Ms hoc Is (ch "s" c ngha l saturation - bo ha). T d L gi tr t cn gi c khi ngt t trng (H = 0), thng c k hiu l Mr hoc Ir (ch "r" c ngha l remanent - d). T d khng phi l thng s mang tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu m ch l thng s dn xut, ph thuc vo cc c ch t tr, cc phng t ho, h-nh dng vt t... T s gia t d v t bo ha Mr/Ms c gi l t rt gn hoc h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr (gi tr Mr/Ms cng gn 1 th- ng cong t tr cng tin ti dng h-nh ch nht).