Final Exam Transport Phenomena Tu-Free

Convective Heat Transfer

Transport Phenomena

Diffusion Mass Tranfer

Convective Mass Transfer

1 Convective Heat Transfer

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Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer

1. Natural Convection

Rayleigh Number

Grashof Number

Prandtl Number

Fluid Properties Film Temperature

2. Forced Convection for Internal Flow

Fluid Properties bulk Temperature

Tb

Ti Te
2
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3. Forced Convection for External Flow

Fluid Properties Film Temperature

Local and Average Convective Heat Transfer Correlation

L

1
hx dx
L0

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Final Exam Transport Phenomena Tu-Free

1 (1/2010) (24 points) Air is to be cooled in the evaporator section of a

refrigerator by passing it over a bank of 0.8 cm. outer diameter and 1.0 m long tubes inside
which the refrigerant is evaporating at 20 C. Air approaches the tube bank in the normal
direction at 25 C and 1 atm with a mean velocity of 4 m/s. The tubes are arranged in-line with
longitudinal and transverse pitches of SL = ST = 1.5 cm. There are 8 rows in the flow direction
with 4 tubes in each row. Determine
1.1 The exit temperature (first, assume it to be 20 C). If the calculated exit
temperature is different from the assumed temperature for more than 10 K, explain the
calculation procedure required to obtain a more accurate result (you do not have to actually do
it). (18 points)
1.2 The refrigeration capacity, Q (W) (6 points)
Air properties
T
Cp x 10-3
k x 102
Pr
x 105
(kg/m3)
(K)
(J/kg.K)
(W/m.K)
(m2/s)
250
1.4133
1.0054
2.2269
1.1315
0.722
260
1.3587
1.0054
2.3080
1.2146
0.719
280
1.2614
1.0057
2.4671
1.3876
0.713
300
1.1769
1.0063
2.6240
1.5689
0.708
Nusselt number correlations for cross flow over tube banks for N > 16
Range of Re
Correlation
100 - 1000
Nu = 0.52Re0.5Pr0.36(Pr/Prs)0.25
1000 - 2 x 105
Nu = 0.27Re0.63Pr0.36(Pr/Prs)0.25
2 x 105 2 x 106
Nu = 0.033Re0.8Pr0.4(Pr/Prs)0.25

Correction factor F to be used in NuNL = FNu

NL
1
2
3
4
In-line
0.7
0.8
0.86
0.9
4

5
0.93

7
0.96

10
0.98

13
0.99

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Give equations
1.1 The maximum velocity at the minimum flow area between the tubes
Vmax

1.2 The exit temperature

Te

ST
ST

Ts (Ts Ti ) exp

As h
mC p

1.3 Logarithmic mean temperature difference Tln is defined as

Tln

(Ts Te ) (Ts T )
T T
ln s e
Ts Ti

Te
ln

Ti
Te
Ti

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2 (2-2012) (20 points) A cooking oven has a top surface temperature of 40 C

when exposed to an air stream at 20 m/s and 20 C. The area of the surface is 1x1 m2. Determine
the rate of heat loss under this condition. Given that the local Nusselt numbers at location x on a flat
plate for

T (K)
280
300
320

Laminar boundary layer:

Nux = 0.332Rex1/2Pr1/3

Turbulent boundary layer:

Nux = 0.0296Rex4/5Pr1/3

2
x 105 (m2/s) k x 10 (W/m.K) Pr
1.3876
2.4671
0.713
1.5689
2.6240
0.708
1.7577
2.7785
0.703

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2 Diffusion Mass Transfer

GENRAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
o

Rectangular Coordinate

Cylindrical Coordinate

Cylindrical Coordinate

Ficks Equation

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3 (4/2010) (30 points) A sphere of radius R either evaporates or sublimates

into a large body of stagnant fluid. It is assumed that there is no bulk motion of the vapor
formed at the surface of the sphere and the fluid. Derive the expression for the flux at the
surface, and then equate the result to the rate equation of convective mass transfer to show
that Sherwood number is given by
Sh

kc D
DAB

Where kc is the convective mass transfer coefficient

D is the diameter of sphere
DAB is the diffusion coefficient of sphere material in fluid
Ficks rate equation

The general differential equation for mass transfer of component A, or the equation of continuity
of A, written in spherical coordinates

The rate equation of convective mass transfer

NA

kc (C A, s C A, )

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3 Convective Mass Transfer

Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer

o

Rate equation for convective mass transfer

Sherwood Number
Sh

kcL
DAB

Two-Resistance Theory

The individual mass-transfer coefficient according to the equations

The overall mass-transfer coefficient were defined by

11

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and related to the individual coefficients by the relations

We may relate the gas- and liquid-phase concentration at equilibrium by

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4 (3/2011) (35 points) Moist air, having the relative humidity (RH) of
70%,flows over a rectangle water bath fully filled with 40 C water at the velocity of 2.69 m/s.
Total pressure of the moist air is 1.01325 x 105 Pa. A horizontal cylindrical heater supplies
heat to water at the rate that can maintain the temperature of the water bath at 40 C.
Diameter of the heater is 0.5 cm. and its surface temperature is constant at 80 C. Determine
the surface area of the heater. It can be assumed that both moist air and water vapor behave
like ideal gases. The heat transfer by radiation can be neglected.

Necessary data for calculations

1. Density of moist air = 1.122 kg/m3
2. Viscosity of moist air = 1.91 x 10-5 N.s/m2
3. Diffusion coefficient of water vapor in air = 2.77 x 10-5 m2/s
4. Correlation of convective mass transfer coefficient for flow over flat surface
Sh

kc L
DAB

0.664 Re0.5 Sc1/ 3

Where Sh = Sherwood number

Re = Reynolds number
Sc = Schmidt number

13

vL

DAB

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5. Saturated vapor pressure of water at 40 C = 7,377 N/m2

6. Molecular weight of water = 18 kg/kgmol
7. Molecular weight of moist air = 28.2 kg/kgmol
8. (Hint)
xH 2O

H 2O

Where

moist air

H2O

= mass concentration of water in moist air (kg/m3)

H2O

= mass fraction of water in moist air

moist-air

= density of moist air (kg/m3)

9. The latent heat of vaporization (Hvap) of water at 40 C = 2,406.9 kJ/kg

10. Properties of water at various temperatures
Temperature (K)

x 106 (m2/s) k (W/m.K)

Pr

313

0.663

0.633

4.33

333

0.480

0.658

3.00

353

0.326

0.673

2.57

11. Correlation for free convective transfer coefficient for horizontal cylinder
1/ 6

Nu

hD
0.387 Ra
0.6
k
(1 (0.559 / Pr)9 /16 )8/ 27

Where Ra = Rayleigh number

Ra

g (Ts T ) D3
2

Pr

Pr = Prandtl number
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
= coefficient of volume expansion = 1/T for ideal gases
= kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)
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5 (4/2011) (15 points) In the absorption of ammonia into water from an airammonia gas mixture within an absorption tower operated at 289 K and 1.013 x 105 Pa, the
individual film coefficients were estimated to be
kL = 1.736 x 10-5 kgmol/m2.s.(kgmol/m3)
kG = 3.216 x 10-9 kgmol/m2.s.Pa
The equilibrium partial pressure of ammonia over dilute solutions of ammonia in water at 289 K
is given by
PA,i = 1.358 x 103 CA.i
Determine the overall mass transfer coefficients and the percent resistance to mass transfer in
the gas phase.

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