DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Whats in this chapter? Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Calculations
Chemical Engineering Profession Units and Dimension Conversions of Unit Systems of Units Force, Weight and Mass
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2005/2006 I
Syed Mohd Saufi
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Introduction
Describe the basic techniques for the handling of units and dimensions in calculations. Describe the basic techniques for expressing the values of process variables and for setting up and solving equations that relate these variables. Develop an ability to analyze and work engineering problems by practice.
Chemical Engineering Profession
CHEMIST VS CHEMICAL ENGINEER
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2005/2006 I
Syed Mohd Saufi
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Role of Chemical Engineering
exploit advances in chemistry to create new products design chemical processes & operate plants develop energy resources, protect the environment. Develop new, environmentally benign, and safer processes to make the chemical products that people depend on. Work in research and development laboratories, creating polymeric materials with improved performance and durability. Work in manufacturing, making vaccines and antibiotics. Invent new ways to keep our food and water supplies safe.
CHEMICAL PROCESS
RAW MATERIALS SEPARATION PROCESS INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT REACTION PROCESS INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT SEPARATION PROCESS
FINAL PRODUCT
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Chemical Engineer Task
You need to: Minimize production of unwanted byproducts Separate the good (product) from the bad (byproducts) Recover the unused reactants Maximize profit, minimize energy consumption, minimize impact on the environment
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OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
petroleum and petrochemical pharmaceuticals polymers energy food consumer products biotechnology electronic and optical materials.
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Units and Dimensions
Objectives: Convert one set of units in a function or equation into another equivalent set for mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and force Specify the basic and derived units in the SI and American engineering system for mass, length, volume, density, time, and their equivalence. Explain the difference between weight and mass Apply the concepts of dimensional consistency to determine the units of any term in a function
Units and Dimensions
Dimensions are: properties that can be measured such as length, time, mass, temperature, properties that can calculated by multiplying or dividing other dimensions, such as velocity (length/time), volume, density Units are used for expressing the dimensions such as feet or meter for length, hours/seconds for time. Every valid equation must be dimensionally homogeneous: that is, all additive terms on both sides of the equation must have the same unit
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2005/2006 I
Syed Mohd Saufi
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Conversion of Units
A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units having the appropriate dimension To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given quantity by the conversion factor Conversion factor a ratio of equivalent values of a quantity expressed in different units Let say to convert 36 mg to gram
Dimensional Equation
1. Write the given quantity and units on left 2. Write the units of conversion factors that cancel the old unit and replace them with the desired unit 3. Fill the value of the conversion factors 4. Carry out the arithmetic value
36 mg
1g 1000 mg
0.036 g
Conversion factor
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Dimensional Equation
Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
1 cm s2 s2 h2 h2 day2 day2 yr2 m cm km m
Systems of Units
Components of a system of units: Base units - units for the dimensions of mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current, and light intensity. Multiple units- multiple or fractions of base unit E.g.: for time can be hours, millisecond, year, etc. Derived units - units that are obtained in one or two ways;
1 cm s2
36002 s2 1 2 h2
242 h2 12 day2
3652 day2 12 yr2
1m 100 cm
1 km 1000 m
a) By multiplying and dividing base units; also referred to as compound units Example: ft/min (velocity), cm2(area), kg.m/s2 (force) b) As defined equivalent of compound unit (Newton = 1 kg.m/s2)
(3600 x 24 x 365) 100 x 1000
km yr2
9.95 x 109 km/ yr
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Systems of Units
3 systems of unit:
Quantity SI meter
Base Units
Base Units Symbol m kg mole s American foot pound mass pound mole second Symbol ft lbm lbmole s CGS centimeter gram gram-mole second Symbol cm g mole s
a) SI system b) American engineering system c) CGS system
Length Mass Moles Time
kilogram grammole second
Temperature
Kelvin
Rankine
Kelvin
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Multiple SI Units
Multiple Unit Preferences tera (T) = 10 giga (G) = 10 mega (M) = 10 kilo (k) = 10
12 9 6 12
Derivatives SI Units
Derived SI Units Quantity
-2 -3 -6 -9
Unit Liter Newton (SI) Dyne (CGS) Pascal Joule Calorie Watt
Symbol L N
Equivalent to the Base Unit 0.001m3 = 1000 cm3 1 kg.m/s2 1 g.cm/s2
centi (c) = 10 milli (m) = 10 micro () = 10 nano (n) = 10
Volume Force
Pressure Energy/ Work Power
Pa J cal W
1 N/m2 1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2 4.184 J =4.184 kg.m2/2 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
Force and Weight
Force is proportional to product of mass and acceleration Usually defined using derived units ; 1 Newton (N) 1 dyne 1 Ibf = = = 1 kg.m/s2 1 g.cm/s2 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2
Force and Weight
gc is used to denote the conversion factor from a natural force unit to a derived force unit.
Weight of an object is force exerted on the object by gravitational attraction of the earth i.e. force of gravity, g. Value of gravitational acceleration: g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2
gc
1 kg.m/s2 1N
= 32.174 lbm.ft/s2 1 lbf
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DKK2313: Chapter 1
FKKSA, KUKTEM
ANY QUESTION?
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