RETHINKING

ISLAMIC
FUNDAMENTALISM
IN PAKISTAN
1
Muhammad Khalid Masud
Islamic fundamenalism is n! as sim"le a "hen!men!n as he #!$ld media
de"ics i% I is !! c!m"le& and !! "a$ad!&ical ! 'e desc$i'ed in sim"le
e$ms !f (!!d and e)il% An a)e$a(e Pa*isani feels +uie uneas, in !""!sin(
Islamic fundamenalism% Pa*isanis c!ndemn and $e-ec e&$emism. e$$!$ism
and )i!lence. 'u he, admi$e fundamenaliss f!$ hei$ c!u$a(e and )ene$ae
hem as hei$ he$!es a(ains #!$ld "!#e$s% F!$ an !$dina$, Muslim.
fundamenalism als! sands f!$ a c!mmimen ! Islam ha s/he finds lac*in(
in his/he$ life% The fundamenalism has succeeded in "!"ula$isin( a
#!$ld)ie# ha "!la$i0es he #!$ld 'e#een Islam and Kuf$% 1n he !he$
hand. he$e a$e inellecuals in Pa*isan #h! e+uae Islam #ih
fundamenalism and hus un#iin(l, "ush m!$e and m!$e masses ! he
fundamenalis cam"s% The siuai!n calls f!$ a $ehin*in( !f Islamic
fundamenalism in Pa*isan% This "a"e$ is an eff!$ in his di$eci!n% The
discussi!n in he "a"e$ is di)ided in! h$ee seci!ns% The fi$s seci!n anal,ses
he c!nce"i!n !f Islamic Fundamenalism% I ha)e ch!sen Ma#lana
Muhammad Masud A0ha$2s '!!*le
3
Bunyad Parasti ! anal,se he c!nce" !f
1
Pa"e$ "$esened a a c!nfe$ence !n Fundamenalisms in L!nd!n !n 45 N!)em'e$ 3553 ', he Insiue !f India
Pa*isan Relai!ns a he Leicese$ Uni)e$si,%
3
Ma#lana Muhammad Mas2ud A0ha$. Bunyad Parasti, khatima ya taraqqi, jurm ya saadat
6Fundamenalism. demise !$ "$!($ess. c$ime !$ h!n!$7. N%"%8 Ha$*aul 9ihad al:Islami. N%d%7%
1
Islamic fundamenalism% N! ha his '!!* $e"$esens Muslim hin*in( !n he
su'-ec !$ ha he Ma#lana $e"$esens Islamic fundamenalism in Pa*isan.
'u 'ecause he '!!*le "$esens "$!'a'l, he m!s ,"ical fundamenalis
)ie# in clea$ e$ms% The sec!nd seci!n $e)ie#s he $ise !f fundamenalism in
Pa*isan% I a$(ues ha is influence !n he inellecual milieu in Pa*isan has
led ! a *ind !f im"asse. and he hi$d seci!n !ffe$s s!me su((esi!ns a'!u
h!# ! c!me !u !f his im"asse%
Defining Islamic Fundamentalism in Pakistan:
Mawlana Masud Azhars Bunyd Parast
Fundamenalism is usuall, $e(a$ded as a "e-!$ai)e e$m and m!s Muslims
$esen his la'el% Discussi!ns !n Islamic fundamenalism f$e+uenl, u$n in!
a"!l!(ies a$(uin( ha fundamenalism is Ch$isian in !$i(in and Islam has
n!hin( ! d! #ih i% A $ecen sud, !f Ch$isian. 9e#ish and Islamic
fundamenalisms l!!*s a he "hen!men!n !f $eli(i!us fundamenalism in a
'$!ade$ "e$s"eci)e% The sud, su((ess disin(uishin( 'e#een he "!"ula$
and he scienific )ie#s !f $eli(i!us fundamenalism
4
%
Fundamenaliss. in "!"ula$ )ie#. a$e d!c$inai$e f!ll!#e$s !f sac$ed
sc$i"u$es. d#elle$s in and !n he "as. and na;)e sim"lifie$s !f c!m"le& #!$ld
e)ens in)!l)ed in a s$u((le 'e#een (!!d and e)il% Scienificall,.
fundamenalism is an ide!l!(,. $ahe$ han a $eli(i!us m!)emen% The sud,
e&"lains ha #hile $eli(i!n ends ! su""!$ he saus +u! and f!cuses !n he
he$eafe$. ide!l!(, is c!nce$ned #ih his #!$ld% Ide!l!(, als! diffe$s f$!m
$eli(i!n in is m!de$nis a""$!ach< i calls f!$ an aci!n ! chan(e he #!$ld%
1= "a(es%
4
Richa$d T% An!un. Understanding Fundamentalism, Christian, Islamic and Jewish Moements
61&f!$d8 Alami$a. 35517%
2
Fundamenalism is hus an !$ienai!n ! he m!de$n #!$ld. '!h c!(nii)e
and em!i!nal. ha f!cuses !n "$!es and chan(e%
The sud, enume$aes he f!ll!#in( as c!mm!n hemes in fundamenalis
ide!l!(ies8 he +ues f!$ "u$i,. he sea$ch f!$ auhenici,. !alism and
aci)ism. he necessi, !f ce$ain,. seleci)e m!de$ni0ai!n. and cen$in( !f
he m,hical "as in he "$esen
>
% These hemes. es"eciall, "u$i, and
auhenici, ha)e a""a$en $efe$ence ! he $adii!n. 'u he m!de$n
!$ienai!n "$!duces an ideali0ed "as ha is inf!$med ', "$esen c!nce$ns%
Alh!u(h -usified ', sc$i"u$es. he hemes !f auhenici, and !alism a$e
m!de$nis in !$ienai!n% T!alism ma*es $eli(i!n $ele)an ! all d!mains !f
culu$e and s!cie,. c!n$a$, ! he $adii!nalis endenc, ! limi $eli(i!n !
$iual and s"i$iual mae$s% ?e fundamenalism is neihe$ m!de$nism n!$
m!de$ni0ai!n. $ahe$ i is a "$!es a(ains s!cial chan(e and m!de$ni,% Sill
i "$acices seleci)e m!de$ni0ai!n. es"eciall, in echn!l!(ical and s!cial
!$(ani0ai!n% This is e)iden in is c!nce"ualisai!n !f 9ihad as a means !f
(ainin( "!liical "!#e$. #hich $e+ui$es laes #ea"!ns and #a$fa$e
echn!l!(,%
C!nse+uenl,. fundamenalism diffe$s f$!m he ide!l!(, !f m!de$nism. #hich
)alues chan(e !)e$ c!ninui,< +uani, !)e$ +uali,< efficien "$!duci!n.
"!#e$ and "$!fi !)e$ s,m"ah, f!$ $adii!nal )alues% In is ec!n!mic
s$ae(,. m!de$nism is c!nsume$:!$iened ca"ialism
@
%
Islamic fundamenalism is "a$icula$l, inf!$med ', a #!$ld)ie# !f (l!'al
"!#e$% Aef!$e he F$ench $e)!lui!n. he$e #e$e en #!$ld "!#e$s. includin(
he 1!mans< afe$ BBI he, #e$e $educed ! = and afe$ BBII ! !nl, #!%
Afe$ he c!lla"se !f S!)ie Uni!n he$e is n!# !nl, !ne #!$ld "!#e$
=
% The
#!$ld su"$emac, is defined esseniall, in e$ms !f milia$, "!#e$ and #a$fa$e
>
An!un 3551. 3%
@
A$uce La#$ence. !e"enders o" #od 6San F$ancisc!8 Ha$"e$ and R!#. 1CDC7. 3E%
=
An!un 3551. 3%
3
echn!l!(,% This ne# #!$ld !$de$ has influenced he #!$ld)ie# !f Islamic
fundamenalism and has led ! an ide!l!(, !f "!#e$ and su"$emac, as he
!nl, s!lui!n ! "$esen Muslim "$edicamen%
Ha)in( summa$ised $ecen sch!la$shi" !n he idea !f fundamenalism. le me
n!# u$n ! Ma#lana Muhammad Masud A0ha$2s Bunyad Parasti$ Ma#lana
A0ha$ c!mes f$!m Aaha#al"u$ in s!uhe$n Pun-a' in Pa*isan and 'el!n(s !
he De!'andi sch!!l !f h!u(h%
The De!'andi Sch!!l. a $ef!$mis m!)emen f!$ he $e)i)al and "$ese$)ai!n
!f Islam. is )e$, c$iical !f l!cal $eli(i!us "$acices li*e )isiin( ($a)es and
cele'$ain( P$!"he Muhammad2s 'i$hda,% The Ahl al:Sunna #a2l:9amaFa.
"!"ula$l, *n!#n as A$ela#i. defend hese "$acices and insis !n he
)ene$ai!n !f he P$!"he% The De!'andi Ulama #e$e als! !""!sed ! A$iish
im"e$ialism and !!* "a$ in aci)e "!liics% 9amFi,,a al:Ulama Hind. an
!$(ani0ai!n !f he De!'andi Ulama. -!ined hands #ih he Indian Nai!nal
C!n($ess in he s$u((le f!$ inde"endence% The, !""!sed Muslim Lea(ue
#h! s!!d f!$ Pa*isan. a se"a$ae h!meland f!$ Muslims in India%
S!me !f he De!'andi Ulama in Pa*isan f!$med 9am2i,,a Ulama Islam%
The, had 'een $eli(i!usl, !""!sed ! 9amaFa Islami. a $eli(i!us "!liical
"a$, ha called f!$ an Islamic sae #ih G!d as s!)e$ei(n. 'u ($aduall, '!h
came cl!se$ du$in( he Af(han #a$ e$a% Tali'an #e$e la$(el, Pa*isani
De!'andis in !$i(in. ,e 9ama2a Islami and !he$ $eli(i!us ($!u"s als!
su""!$ed hem%
Ma#lana A0ha$ 'el!n(s ! he De!'andis !f he Tali'an e$a% He 'ecame
ine$nai!nall, *n!#n #hen he hi-ac*ed an Indian ai$"lane in 1CCC% He has
'een head !f 9aish:I:Muhammad and has alle(edl, a*en "a$ in )a$i!us
e$$!$is aci)iies% He e&em"lifies a ne# '$and !f $eli(i!us sch!la$s #h!
-usif, e$$!$ism as 9ihad a(ains Kuf$
E
%
E
F!$ his 'i!($a"h,. see Ha*im Ta$i+ Mahmud Chu(hai. Mawlana Mas%ud &'har, Mujahid ya
!ahshatgard 6a s!ldie$ !$ a e$$!$is7. Lah!$e. 3555%
4
Unli*e !he$ *n!#n Islamic fundamenaliss Ma#lana A0ha$ d!es n! 'el!n(
! "!liical Islam !f 9ama2 a Islami !$ ! ha !f Salafi 'ac*($!und. e%(%
I*h#an al:Muslimin% He 'el!n(s ! a )e$si!n !f $adii!nalis Islam ha #as
$adicalised du$in( he Af(han #a$ e$a% I ha)e ch!sen his '!!*le ! illus$ae
als! his "hen!men!n% The f!ll!#in( is a '$ief summa$, !f his '!!*le%
C!n$a$, ! m!s !he$ #$ie$s !n Islamic fundamenalism. Ma#lana is n!
a"!l!(eic a'!u he use !f his e$m f!$ Muslims% Ma#lana a$(ues ha
alh!u(h #!$ld media uses he e$m as an insul 'u Muslims sh!uld acce" i
as a $i(h desc$i"i!n !f hei$ faih% Ma#lana !"ens he discussi!n #ih
$efe$ence ! he #ides"$ead fea$ !f fundamenalism% The #!$ld media.
inelli(ence a(encies. hin*e$s. #$ie$s. #!$ld "!#e$s. and s!me Muslim
$ule$s. a$e all af$aid !f fundamenalism% The, asse$ ha fundamenalism is a
h$ea ! #!$ld "eace% Muslim $eli(i!us sch!la$s ha)e als! issued Fa#as
sa,in( ha Islam has n! $!!m f!$ fundamenalism% Bh,. Ma#lana as*s. is
e)e$,!ne af$aid !f fundamenalismG
Acc!$din( ! Ma#lana. he ans#e$ can 'e f!und ', an anal,sis !f he usa(e
!f he e$m Clea$l,. i is a""lied !nl, ! Muslims and am!n( hem !nl, !
h!se #h! demand f!$ he su"$emac, !f Islam% I is n! he fea$ !f he
de)el!"men and use !f a$ms and nuclea$ #ea"!ns. 'ecause n!n:Muslims
e)en if he, "!ssess a$ms !f mass des$uci!n a$e n! called fundamenaliss%
The fea$ als! d!es n! $efe$ ! he use !f a$ms in he name !f $eli(i!n. 'ecause
he$e is n! an&ie, a'!u such n!n:Muslim ($!u"s% Fundamenalism in he
usa(e is $educed ! !nl, #! c!m"!nens8 Islam and "!#e$% I means ha
#hene)e$ and #he$e)e$ he #!$ld is a""$ehensi)e !f Islamic "!#e$. he ala$m
!f fundamenalism 'e(ins ! s!und% Muslims. h!#s!e)e$ "i!us and $eli(i!us.
a$e n! h$ea if he, ha)e n! am'ii!n !$ "lans ! "!#e$% Simila$l, h!se
Muslims #h! ha)e "!#e$ 'u n! Islam 6?asi$ A$afa7 a$e n! called
fundamenaliss% P!#e$ in his c!ne& d!es n! mean "!liical s$en(h< i is
9ihad and #ea"!ns% I*h#an al:Muslimin is n! l!n(e$ called fundamenalis
5
'ecause i d!es n! 'elie)e in 9ihad an, m!$e< i is al:9ama2a al:Islami,,a and
Tan0im al:9ihad% Thus. Ma#lana finds his a""a$enl, ne(ai)e la'el ! 'e a
"!sii)e cae(!$,% Fundamenalis. ! him. means a Muslim #h! "!ssesses !$
desi$es f!$ Islamic "!#e$. l!)es Islam. haes Kuf$ and aci)el, su""!$s he
enf!$cemen !f Islamic s,sem%
Ma#lana2s #!$ld)ie# is 'i"!la$< he$e is an unendin( #a$ f!$ su"$emac,
'e#een Islam and Kuf$% In his #!$ld. Muslims a$e als! "!la$i0ed in! #!
cam"s. h!se #h! a$e c!mmied ! his #a$ and h!se #h! a$e n!% Kuf$ is
e&ceedin(l, a""$ehensi)e a'!u he $ise !f Islamic "!#e$ and he$ef!$e
c!nside$s Islamic fundamenalism a h$ea% C!nse+uenl,. HThe *afi$ "!#e$s
!le$ae !nl, h!se Muslims #h! su'mi ! Kuf$ and ne)e$ s"ea* a'!u he
enf!$cemen !f Islamic s,semI% US ma, !le$ae h!usands !f Muslims li)in(
in he US. #h! ma, 'e faihfull, a'idin( ', he $iual la#s !f Islam. 'u i
cann! !le$ae a fe# Muslims in Pesha#a$ #h! s"ea* a'!u he enf!$cemen
!f Islamic s,sem% Ma#lana A0ha$ disin(uishes Islamic fundamenalism
f$!m "!liical as #ell as $adii!nal n!n:"!liical Islam as he, d! n! a*e u"
a$ms a(ains Kuf$% He is e&$emel, c$iical !f h!se Muslims #h! c$iicise
fundamenalism 'ecause he, d! n! #an ! !ffend Kuf$ "!#e$s% The,
'elie)e ha fundamenaliss a$e hinde$in( hei$ "$!($ess and a$e $es"!nsi'le
f!$ dis!$de$ and u$m!il in )a$i!us c!un$ies% The $uh. acc!$din( ! Ma#lana
A0ha$. is ha he lile (!!d#ill ha Muslims ha)e !da, is due ! h!se
Muslims #h! ha)e (! "!#e$%
In he $emainin( "a(es. Ma#lana -usifies Faih and P!#e$ as #! c!nsiuens
!f he c!nce" !f fundamenalism. #ihin he f$ame#!$* !f Islamic $adii!n
6Ju$2an. Sunnah. "$acice !f he fi$s (ene$ai!n. and Islamic -u$is"$udence7%
Faih means Fs$ic adhe$ence ! Islam2 'ecause Islam is a c!m"lee c!de !f
life% P!#e$. in Islamic e$ms. $efe$s ! 9ihad. #hich is !ne !f he 'asic Islamic
!'li(ai!ns% Muslims can ne)e$ (i)e u" eihe$ !f he #! !'li(ai!ns% In $ecen
,ea$s. Kuf$ has d!ne is um!s ! #ea*en hese #! fac!$s 'u c!uld n!
6
"$e)en he ($!#h !f Islamic fundamenalism% Ma#lana. he$ef!$e.
c!ncludes. HI is necessa$, f!$ us ! acce" #ih "$ide his si(ma !f
fundamenalism as an a#a$d. and his insul as an h!n!u$% The *uf$ #ill
$eali0e lae$ is misa*e 'u hen i #ill 'e !! lae f!$ Kuf$ ! sa)e iself f$!m
is endI%
Ne&. Ma#lana defines he enem, 6Kuf$7 and !)e$)ie#s h!# in $ecen his!$,
he *afi$ "!#e$s ha)e $ied ! #ea*en Muslim faih ! esa'lish hei$
he(em!n,% 9e#s and Ch$isians fi$s $ied ! c!n)e$ Muslims ! hei$ $eli(i!n%
Bhen he, failed he, decided ! #ea*en hei$ faih% F!$ his "u$"!se. he,
$ied ! des$!, hei$ s"i$i !f 9ihad and ! #ea*en he influence !f he Ulama%
The, f!und am!n( Muslims s!me ($!u"s #h! c!uld ca$$, !u his missi!n%
He $efe$s ! A$ela#i 6n! ', name7 and Ahmadis as e&am"les !f such ($!u"s<
he fi$s indul(in( in $iuals and "$acices ha #ea*ened he faih and he lae$
#h! dismissed 9ihad as an !'li(ai!n% The Kafi$ "!#e$s #!uld ha)e 'een
successful 'u f!$ he eme$(ence !f Af(hanisan unde$ he leade$shi" !f he
Ulama
D
%
Bhile e&"lainin( he Islamic du, !f 9ihad. Ma#lana A0ha$ -usifies e$$!$ism
as "a$ !f 9ihad s$ae(,% He a$(ues ha he Ju$2an c!mmands Muslims. H?!u
mus. as much as i is "!ssi'le f!$ ,!u. "$!)ide )e$, "!#e$ful and #ell:
ha$nessed h!$ses. s! ha ,!u ma, f$i(hen ,!u$ enemies and G!d2s enemies%I
The Ju$2an he$e uses he e$m turhi(un 6f$i(hen7% Ma#lana c!ncludes ha
Muslims sh!uld n! 'e ashamed !f he e$m Irha( 6e$$!$ism7 used as an
in)eci)e a(ains Muslims< G!d himself c!mmands Muslims ! e$$!$i0e hei$
enemies%
Ma#lana A0ha$2s e&"lanai!n !f Islamic Fundamenalism is ,"icall, 'ased
!n a 'ina$, c!nce" !f (!!d and e)il ha als! inf!$ms his #!$ld)ie# and
!ul!!* !f his!$,% His fundamenalism is an ide!l!(, !f "!#e$:'ased "!liics%
He is n! !nl, c$iical !f he $iualisic )ie# !f $eli(i!n 'u als! !f "!liical
D
The '!!*le #as #$ien "$!'a'l, 'ef!$e 1CCD. 'ef!$e he c!lla"se !f Tali'an $e(ime in
Af(hanisan%
7
Islam ha a*es he "ah !f )!es ! (ain "!liical "!#e$% F!$ him. an Islamic
s,sem can 'e esa'lished !nl, afe$ he des$uci!n !f Kuf$ "!#e$%
In Ma#lana A0ha$2s anal,sis. $adii!nal Islam is $iualisic and n!n:"!liical<
i fa)!u$s saus +u!% I )alues $adii!n as c!ninui, !f he "$acice !f he
P$!"he. his famil, and his c!m"ani!ns< i su""!$s Ta+lid 6adhe$ence7 !
sch!!ls !f la# and s"i$iuali, !f Sufism% I !""!ses m!de$ni0ai!n and
chan(e% I u"h!lds 9ihad 'u as a c!lleci)e du,< n! as an indi)idual
!'li(ai!n% P!liical Islam calls f!$ Islamic sae and is in his e$$i!$ial% I
aims a (ainin( "!liical "!#e$ h$!u(h eleci!ns and !"e$ain( as a "$essu$e
($!u"% I calls f!$ chan(e 'u !#a$d he $e)i)al !f an ideali0ed "as< !""!ses
Ta+lid and s"i$iualism !f Sufism% I 'elie)es in $e)!lui!n and necessi, !f
9ihad 'u !nl, f!$ he esa'lishmen !f an Islamic sae% The "!liical Islam is
n! !""!sed ! m!de$ni,< $ahe$ i is a "$!duc !f m!de$ni,. 'u i is
seleci)e in is m!de$ni0ai!n%
Islamic fundamenalism is a fu$he$ de)el!"men !f "!liical Islam 'u i is
(l!'al in is !$ienai!n% I aims a (ainin( (l!'al "!#e$ and 'elie)es in 9ihad
as a means ! achie)e his (!al% I d!es n! #ai f!$ he esa'lishmen !f
Islamic sae< i 'elie)es in a*in( la# 6Sha$i2 a7 in! is !#n hands in he
a'sence !f Islamic sae and "$i)aises 9ihad% I is als! seleci)e in
m!de$ni0ai!n% I a)ails !f m!de$n echn!l!(, !f c!mmunicai!n and #a$fa$e%
I is n! $es$ained ', $adii!nal m!$al )alues !f me$c, and c!m"assi!n% I
'elie)es in $uhless efficienc,% Ne)e$heless. he, i ac*n!#led(e he need !f
m!de$ni0ai!n !nl, in case !f 9ihad< he, $e-ec m!de$ni0ai!n in !he$ a$eas
as #ese$nisai!n%
Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Pakistan and its Impact
Ma#lana A0ha$ defines Islamic fundamenalism ', $!!in( i in he Islamic
$adii!n 'u l!caes is $ise in m!de$n his!$, in he 1CC5s in he c!ne& !f
he Ne# B!$ld 1$de$% He )ie#s Tali'an $e(ime in Af(hanisan as he $ise !f
Islamic fundamenalism in his ne# #!$ld !$de$% M!s !he$ anal,ss. f!$
8
e&am"le Fa$!!+ Suleh$ia
C
and Ham0a Al#i
15
see he $ise !f Islamic
fundamenalism as a c!ninui, !f $eli(i!us "!liics ha came a'!u due ! he
)a$i!us s!ci!:ec!n!mic fac!$s and ($e# !n acc!un !f he failu$e !f
e$$i!$ial nai!nalism in Pa*isan% The, seem ! 'e $efe$$in( ! he eme$(ence
!f $eli(i!us "!liical "a$ies such as 9ama2 a Islami as he em'!dimen !f
fundamenalism in Pa*isan%
Ham0a Al#i. a $en!#ned Pa*isani s!ci!l!(is. a$(ues ha Muslim Lea(ue
#as n! $eli(i!us in is !$ienai!n% I #as du$in( he f!$mai)e "hase !f
Pa*isan ha insead !f f!$(in( nai!nalism he !""!$unis "!liicians used
$eli(i!n ! su""$ess demands f!$ $e(i!nal au!n!m,% C!nse+uenl,. $eli(i!us
fundamenalism ($e# ! 'e a "!#e$ful and dan(e$!us f!$ce% Reli(i!us "a$ies
"!sed hemsel)es as cus!dians !f Pa*isan% Al#i d!es n! diffe$eniae
'e#een fundamenalism and $eli(i!n% Fa$!!+ Suleh$ia. a la'!u$ leade$ and an
inellecual !n he !he$ hand. cha$ace$ises Islamic fundamenalism as an
ale$nai)e "!liical "hen!men!n. #hich is disinc f$!m he $eli(i!n !f Islam%
Islamic fundamenalism. acc!$din( ! him. is a $eaci!na$,. n!n:scienific
m!)emen aimed a $eu$nin( ! cenu$ies !ld se u"% Fundamenalism f!und
$!!s in he 'ac*#a$dness !f he s!cie,. s!cial de"$i)ai!n. l!# le)el !f
c!nsci!usness. "!)e$, and i(n!$ance in Pa*isan% He finds f!u$ (ene$al
causes !f is $ise8 617 c!n$adici!ns !f im"e$ialism. 637 ina'ili, !f ca"ialism
! s!l)e he 'asic "$!'lems. 647 failu$e !f he lef. 6>7 fundamenalism2s a'ili,
! "$!)ide an ale$nai)e s!cie, 6massi)e ne#!$* !f s!cial se$)ices. sch!!ls.
h!s"ials. ec%7% E&"lainin( he c!nneci!n 'e#een ca"ialis im"e$ialism and
fundamenalism. he a$(ues ha since 1C@5. US a(encies ha)e 'een su""!$in(
"!liical Islam in he Muslim #!$ld a(ains s!cialism. Nasse$ism% The, #e$e
$es"!nsi'le f!$ enc!u$a(in( fundamenalism in Pa*isan du$in( Af(han 9ihad%
C
Fa$!!+ Suleh$ia. HIslamic Fundamenalism in Pa*isanI. )inks no$ *+, May to &ugust, ,--*,
h"8//###%ds"%!$(%au/lin*s/'ac*/issue1D/suleh$ia.hm
15
Ham0a Al#i. HThe Rise !f $eli(i!us Fundamenalism in Pa*isanI.
h"8//!u$#!$ld%c!m"use$)e%c!m/h!me"a(es/san(a/fundamen%hm
9
T! c!nclude. Islamic fundamenalism is a m!de$n "hen!men!n. 'u i has
eme$(ed f$!m he dialecical "$!cess !f he "!liicisai!n !f $eli(i!n in
!""!sii!n ! c!mmunism du$in( he c!ld #a$% Am!n( he $eli(i!us "!liical
"a$ies i #as 9amaFa Islami #h! cham"i!ned "!liical Islam in Pa*isan% The
9amaFa called f!$ an Islamic sae. !al Islam and s!cial chan(e h$!u(h
"!liical $e)!lui!n% The 9amaFa !""!sed secula$ism. c!mmunism and
s!cialism and 'ecame he m!s li*el, all, !f ca"ialism in he c!ld #a$ e$a% I
#as f!$em!s in he Af(han 9ihad and su""!$ed Kiaul Ha+2s Islami0ai!n
"!licies% In he 1CD5s. he c!ld #a$ e&ended is '!unda$ies and included I$an
in he enem, lis% The Saudi A$a'ia. a cl!se all, !f he US fel h$eaened ',
he Islamic $e)!lui!n in I$an and his c!nflic s!!n u$ned in! a "$!&, #a$
'e#een Shi2a and Sunni Islam !n he Pa*isani s!il% I #as a his m!men
ha $adii!nal $eli(i!us "!liical "a$ies als! 'ecame milian% T!(ehe$. he,
"$!duced he m!s )i!len fundamenalism in he his!$, !f Pa*isan%
I is difficul ! assess he "!liical im"ac !f Islamic fundamenalism in
Pa*isan% Islamic fundamenalis ($!u"s a$ac im"$essi)e num'e$ !f "e!"le
in hei$ "u'lic (ahe$in(s% Du$in( he las decade !f he #enieh cenu$,.
m!$e han !ne milli!n "e!"le ha)e 'een aendin( Lash*a$i Ta,,i'a2s annual
c!n($e(ai!ns in Mu$id*e. and m!$e han @55.555 in An-uman:I Si"ahi
Saha'a and Lash*a$i 9han(a#i and 9amaFa Islami annual (ahe$in(s in
Lah!$e
11
% I is an im"$essi)e num'e$. ,e i is "a$ad!&ical ha Islamic
fundamenalism d!es n! en-!, a massi)e "!liical su""!$ in eleci!ns%
The$e is n! scienific #a, als! ! measu$e he e&ac $an(e !f "!liical 'ase !f
Islamic fundamenalism. 'ecause he, d! n! 'elie)e in elec!$al "!liics% ?e.
since m!s !f he fundamenalis ($!u"s ha)e lin*a(es #ih ce$ain $eli(i!us
"!liical "a$ies. he anal,ss esimae hei$ "!liical influence in
c!mmensu$ai!n #ih he "e$f!$mance !f hese $eli(i!us "a$ies in he
eleci!ns% In he $ecen 3553 eleci!ns MMA. an alliance !f si& $eli(i!us
"a$ies #h!se milian #in(s ha)e 'een in)!l)ed in seca$ian )i!lence.
11
Saeed Shaf+a. HF$!m 1fficial Islam ! Islamism8 The Rise !f Da#a:ul:I$shad and Lash*a$:e:Tai'aI.
in Ch$is!"he$ 9aff$el!. Pakistan, .ationalism without a .ation/ 6L!nd!n8 Ked A!!*s. 35537. "% 141%
10
suddenl, eme$(ed as !ne !f he h$ee ma-!$ "a$ies% These $eli(i!us "!liical
"a$ies did n! en-!, a la$(e s!cial 'ase in Pa*isan in he "as< he, ha)e 'een
a'le ! #in a )e$, small num'e$ !f seas in he nai!nal Assem'l,% These
"a$ies did n! secu$e m!$e han 1D seas in 1CE5. 1CDD and 1CC5. and e)en
his num'e$ dec$eased ! C seas in 1CC4 and ! !nl, 3 in 1CCE% H!#e)e$. in
he 3553 eleci!ns. MMA has sh!#n a s$i*in( success #innin( @3 !f 3E3
seas% The anal,ss $e(a$d his success as fundamenali0ai!n !f s!cie, in he
c!un$,% In m, )ie#. his c!nclusi!n is e&a((e$aed% Acc!$din( ! he Eleci!n
C!mmissi!n !f Pa*isan. he u$n !u in 3553 eleci!ns #as la$(e$ han in he
"$e)i!us eleci!ns% I means ha his ime he $eli(i!us "a$ies ha)e 'een a'le
! sh!# hei$ ma&imum "!liical s$en(h% M!s !f he "!liicall, m!i)aed
)!e$s "a$ici"aed in hese eleci!ns% Ne)e$heless. des"ie he inc$easin(
num'e$ !f seas in he Nai!nal Assem'l,. he "!liical 'ase !f he $eli(i!us
"!liical "a$ies $emains small% MMA secu$ed 4%3 milli!n !u !f he !al 45
milli!n cas )!es% I is 15%3 L !f he cas and less han @ L !f he !al
$e(ise$ed )!es% Neihe$ eleci!n $esuls n!$ "u'lic (ahe$in(s and
dem!ns$ai!ns "$!"e$l, indicae he $eal im"ac !f fundamenalism !n
Pa*isani s!cie,%
The im"ac !f fundamenalism ma, n! 'e s$i*in(l, !')i!us !n he "!liical
le)el 'u i has dee"l, influenced he Pa*isani mind% The "hen!men!n !f
fundamenalism is "a$ad!&ical in se)e$al !he$ #a,s% The, ha)e 'een
in)!l)ed in 'ie$ seca$ian c!nflics. ,e he, c!uld f!$m an elec!$al alliance
in he 3553 eleci!ns% The $eli(i!us "!liical "a$ies disa)!# )i!lence and
"$!mise chan(in( he s!cie, ', dem!c$aic means ,e each !ne !f hem
"a$!ni0e fundamenalis ($!u"s< each mem'e$ !f he MMA alliance has
milian #in(s% M!s anal,ss in Pa*isan. he$ef!$e. end ! e+uae $eli(i!n
#ih fundamenalism% This m,!"ic "!liical aiude. sha$ed ', 'u$eauc$as.
li'e$als and secula$iss has *e" hem disine$esed in $eli(i!n and un#iin(l,
he field !f $eli(i!n #as lef !"en ! "!liical Islam. $e"$esened ', 9amaFa
Islami% Lael,. 9ama2a lie$au$e has 'een he sa"le s!u$ce !f inf!$mai!n !n
11
Islam in )a$i!us se$)ices c!m"eii)e e&aminai!ns% A he same ime. due !
his ne(lec !f he $eli(i!us fac!$ in "!liics. he 9ama2a #as a'le ! m!'ili0e
!he$ $eli(i!us "a$ies in he name !f Islam% Since 1CE5. he 9amaFa has
succeeded in f!$min( )a$i!us "!liical alliances #ih he $eli(i!us "a$ies%
PNA 6Pa*isan Nai!nal Alliance7 in 1CEE succeeded in ushe$in( Kiaul Ha+2s
$e(ime !f Islamisai!n ha fu$he$ $adicalised "!liical Islam !#a$d a milian
Islam% Alm!s e)e$, $eli(i!us "a$, had a milian #in( ha "a$ici"aed in he
Af(han #a$ and lae$ in seca$ian )i!lence% MMA is an!he$ such alliance%
Islamic fundamenalism fl!u$ishes !n his "!liical c!nfusi!n%
N!#ihsandin( is limied s"ace in Pa*isani "!liics. fundamenalism has
'een a'le dee"en is im"ac !n Pa*isani mind due ! se)e$al !he$ fac!$s ha
ha)e 'een "!la$i0in( Pa*isani s!cie, since is ince"i!n% A 'ina$, )ie# !f
Pa*isani ideni, *ee"s he de)el!"men !f Pa*isan ide!l!(, f$!0en in he
"$e:1C>E #!:nai!n he!$,% The s!cialis )ie# !f Pa*isani s!cie, $emains
im"$is!ned in he c!ld #a$ 'i"!la$ #!$ld% The '!d, "!liic in Pa*isan is
f$a(mened in! lin(uisic. $e(i!nal. seca$ian and ehnic di)isi!ns%
Fundamenalism in Pa*isan is n! sim"l, $eli(i!us< i is aiudinal%
This fundamenalis aiude e&"$esses iself in a !alisic and a's!luis
#!$ld)ie#% E)e$,hin( is 'lac* and #hie< he$e a$e n! !he$ c!l!u$s% All
hin(s a$e eihe$ (!!d !$ e)il% All n!n:Muslims a$e enemies% This aiude
$eflecs and nu$u$es e&$eme fea$ and insecu$i,% This ,"e !f "h!'ia is !fen
c$eaed ', a sae !f #a$ siuai!n 'u if i is ine$nalised i des$!,s a s!cie,
f$!m #ihin als!% I leads ! an a(($a)aed sense !f f$us$ai!n and im"asse%
Pa*isanis feel s! insecu$e ha he, fea$ f$eed!m !f e&"$essi!n% The, a$e
af$aid !f f$esh hin*in(% Fundamenalism (ene$aed !he$in( aiudes ha
disall!# s,m"aheic unde$sandin( !f he !he$% The siuai!n ce$ainl, calls
f!$ a se$i!us $ehin*in( !f fundamenalism%
12
Rethinking Fundamentalism
Rehin*in( fundamenalism. i is necessa$, ! l!!* a s!me !f he 'asic issues !n
#hich fundamenalism has successfull, !'scu$ed Pa*isani mind% 1ne !f he 'asic
issue c!nce$ns Islamic sae% Islamic fundamenalism 'lu$s he 'asic c!nce"s li*e
sae. secula$ism. I-ihad. and s!)e$ei(n,% I #ill '$iefl, $efe$ ! I+'al2s )ie#s !n his
"!in% In fac is I+'al2s c!nce" !f Pa*isan has 'een he f!$em!s )icim !f Islamic
fundamenalism in Pa*isan% His idea !f a Muslim sae has 'een u$ned in! an
Islamic sae as "!liical Islam defined i lae$ !n is !#n e$ms% In fac. he sae !f
Pa*isan came in! 'ein( 'ef!$e Pa*isani nai!nalism had a*en $!!s% I+'al #as
c$iical !f he idea !f nai!nalism In (ene$al 'u he sill c!ncei)ed Pa*isan as a
nai!n:sae in e$$i!$ial e$ms% His c$iicism !f nai!nalism #as f!unded !n his 'elief
in he uni)e$sali, !f m!$al )alues% He fea$ed ha nai!nal ine$ess unde$mine
uni)e$sal $uhs and m!$al )alues% In his 1C45 Allaha'ad Add$ess. he e&"lained h!#
e$$i!$ial nai!nalism des$!,ed uni)e$sal ehics in he $es !f he #!$ld% He s$essed
ha i sh!uld n! ha""en in he Muslim #!$ld% Au I+'al2s d$eams #e$e shae$ed ',
Islamic fundamenalism ha dec$ied nai!nalism 'u defied uni)e$sal ehical )alues%
The fundamenalis c!nce" !f Islamic sae insised !n a""l,in( diffe$en ses !f
)alues ! !he$s includin( is !#n n!n:Muslim cii0ens%
In his 1C45 Add$ess. I+'al2s main heme #as ha nai!n:sae "$!)ided a 'alance
'e#een he #! e&$emes !f uni)e$sal and l!cal )alues% I is a c!m"$!mise s!lui!n
! a)!id im"asse% The 'asic a$(umen in his Add$ess #as ha des"ie h!nes eff!$s
', Hindus and Muslims. Hindu Muslim uni, c!uld n! 'e achie)ed% I+'al #as
c!n)inced ha Hindus #e$e $es"!nsi'le f!$ his failu$e. 'ecause Hindus defined
Indian nai!nalism as Hindu nai!nalism. #hich $e+ui$ed Muslims ! (i)e u" hei$
indi)idual ideni,%
In I+'al2s )ie# he s!lui!n lied in a se"a$ae Muslim sae. 'u as inde"enden saes
'!h India and Pa*isan c!uld "la, a c!ns$uci)e $!le in he fuu$e de)el!"men !f
Asia% I+'al did n! c!ncei)e India and Pa*isan as ad)e$sa$ies% He $ahe$ h!"ed ha
he, #!uld -!in hands n! !nl, f!$ he 'ee$men !f he "e!"les !f India and Pa*isan
'u f!$ a 'ee$ Asia%
13
In his Add$ess. he als! h!"ed ha Pa*isan #!uld 'e a'le ! c$eae a 'alance !f
"!#e$ in Asia% Bih "eace and "$!s"e$i, in he $e(i!n. Muslims in his $e(i!n #!uld
'e a'le ! f$ee hemsel)es f$!m he sa(nai!n f$!m #hich he culu$e. s!cie, and
sciences in his $e(i!n ha)e 'een suffe$in( f!$ cenu$ies% He als! "!ined !u ha he
A$a' im"e$ialism #as $es"!nsi'le f!$ his sa(nai!n%
The cali"hae #as an!he$ insiui!n ha had 'ec!me a s,m'!l !f im"e$ialism and
sa(nai!n in I+'al2s da,s% He is !ne !f he fe# Muslim hin*e$s #h! su""!$ed he
a'!lii!n !f he Cali"hae in 1C3> in Tu$*e, unde$ Musafa Kemal Aau$* and
desc$i'ed i as an I-ihad in m!de$n imes% This as"ec !f I+'al2s life and h!u(h
!fen (!es unn!iced due ! his a""a$en disa""$!)al !f his a'!lii!n in his
immensel, "!"ula$ "!ems% Gene$all,. I+'al2s admi$e$s end ! 'elie)e in his "!e$,
$ahe$ han his "$!se and c!nduc in his life% His c$iics accuse him !f c!n$adici!ns%
I+'al did n! su""!$ he Khilafa m!)emen% He #as in Lah!$e 'u a'sained f$!m
"a$ici"ain( in he M!)emen aci)iies% Ai!($a"he$s !f I+'al e&"lain ha he did n!
su""!$ Khilafa M!)emen 'ecause he Hindus had -!ined he m!)emen% Au his is
n! admissi'le% I+'al2s s!n 9a#ed I+'al $i(hl, sa,s ha I+'al sa,ed a#a, f$!m his
m!)emen 'ecause n!'!d, #as "$e"a$ed ! lisen !$ ! a""$eciae his )ie#s !n he
su'-ec%
13

He #$!e a l!n( "!em 0ulu% Islam 6he $ise !f Islam7 and $ead i in a "u'lic meein(
in Lah!$e !n 45 Ma$ch 1C34%
14
In his "!em I+'al s"!*e a'!u Tu$*s as he fi$s
Muslim nai!n #a*in( u" in m!de$n imes% Islam2s d$eam !f li'e$, #as c!min( $ue%
The his!$, #as a'!u ! assi(n he as* !f leade$shi" ! Muslims%
Ne& ,ea$. !n 14 Decem'e$ 1C3>. a fe# m!nhs afe$ he a'!lishmen !f he
Cali"hae. I+'al $ead his "a"e$ HAl:I-ihad fi2l IslamI in a "u'lic meein( a he
Islamia C!lle(e Lah!$e
1>
% Refe$$in( ! he Tu$*ish G$and Assem'l,2s ac !f
a'!lishin( he Cali"hae. he said8
Le us see h!# he G$and Nai!nal Assem'l, has e&e$cised his "!#e$ !f I-ihad in
$e(a$d ! he insiui!n !f Khilafa% M The fi$s +uesi!n ha a$ises in his c!nneci!n
13
9a#ed I+'al. 1inda 2ud 6Lah!$e8 Sha,*h Ghulam Ali. 1CD47. N!l%3. "% 3@D%
14
I #as an annual meein( !f he An-uman Hima,a Islam. Lah!$e. #he$e I+'al $ead his "!em% The
"!em s$uc* a )e$, em!i!nal "!"ula$ $es"!nse% See 9a#ed I+'al. Kinda Rud 6Lah!$e8 Sha,*h Ghulam
Ali. 1CD47. "% 3EE% The "!em is included in I+'al. Bangi !ara, 3ulliyati Iq(al 6Lah!$e8 Sha,*h Ghulam
Ali. 1CE@7%
14
is his OSh!uld he Cali"hae 'e )esed in a sin(le "e$s!nG Tu$*e,2s I-ihad is ha
acc!$din( ! he s"i$i !f Islam he Cali"hae !$ Imamae can 'e )esed in a '!d, !f
"e$s!ns. !$ an eleced Assem'l,%
1@
I+'al su""!$ed his ine$"$eai!n sa,in(.
Pe$s!nall, I 'elie)e ha he Tu$*ish )ie# is "e$fecl, s!und% I is ha$dl,
necessa$, ! a$(ue his "!in% The $e"u'lican f!$m !f (!)e$nmen is n! !nl,
h!$!u(hl, c!nsisen #ih he s"i$i !f Islam. 'u has als! 'ec!me a necessi, in
)ie# !f he ne# f!$ces ha a$e se f$ee in he #!$ld !f Islam%
*4
I+'al had deli'e$aed !n he +uesi!n !f cali"hae f!$ a l!n( ime% F$!m he )e$,
'e(innin( he #as c!n)inced ha "!liical s!)e$ei(n, #as in)esed #ih he Muslim
Ummah% The f!undai!n !f he la# ma*in( in Islam #as laid d!#n !n he "$inci"le !f
I-maF. he c!nsensus !f he ma-!$i, !f Ummah% In a "a"e$ HIslam and he Islamic
Cali"haeI #$ien in 1C5D. he a$(ued ha he "!liical s!)e$ei(n, 'el!n(ed ! he
Muslim "e!"le. n! ! a s"ecific indi)idual%
1E
In an!he$ "a"e$ HIslam as an Ehical
and a P!liical IdealI. he had c!ncluded. HDem!c$ac,. hen. #as he m!s im"!$an
as"ec !f Islam as a "!liical idealI%
1D
His su""!$ f!$ Tu$*ish $e"u'licanism #as he
$esul !f a l!n( and c!ninued deli'e$ai!n !f he issue%
I+'al 'elie)ed ha a ha m!men a uni)e$sal Cali"hae #as n! "!ssi'le
I+'al 'elie)ed ha se"a$ai!n !f $eli(i!n and "!liics !$ chu$ch and sae d!es n!
!$i(inall, a$ise as a "$!'lem in Islam 'ecause
In Islam he s"i$iual and he em"!$al a$e n! #! disinc d!mainsM% In Islam i is
he same $eali,. #hich a""ea$s as Chu$ch l!!*ed a f$!m !ne "!in !f )ie# and sae
f$!m an!he$%
1C
1>
This lecu$e f!$med a "a$ !f a se$ies !f lecu$es lae$ deli)e$ed in Mad$as and Ali(a$h du$in( 1C3D:
1C45% These lecu$es #e$e "u'lished ', he 1&f!$d Uni)e$si, P$ess in 1C4> #ih he ile 0he
2econstruction o" 2eligious 0hought in Islam% The lecu$e al:I-ihad fi2l Islam c!nsiues he si&h
cha"e$ eniled HThe P$inci"le !f M!)emen in he S$ucu$e !f IslamI% This "a"e$ $efe$s ! he
f!ll!#in( edii!n8 Muhammad I+'al. 0he 2econstruction o" 2eligious 0hought in Islam, edied and
ann!aed ', M% Saeed Shei*h 6Lah!$e8 Insiue !f Islamic Culu$e. 1CD=7. he$e!n $efe$$ed ! as I+'al
1CD=%
1@
I+'al 1CD=. "% 13>%
1=
I+'al 1CD=. ""%13>:13@%
1E
I+'al, 3hila"at Islamiyya, T$ansl% Ch Muhammad Husa,n. in Sa,,id A'dul Bahid MuP ini. Ma+ala
I+'al 6Lah!$e8 Sh% Muhammad Ash$af. 1C=47. "%DD%
1D
I+'al. Islam as an Ehical and a P!liical Ideal. edied S ? Hashimi 6Lah!$e8 Islamic A!!* Se$)ice.
1CEE7. "% 154% He$e!n $efe$$ed ! as I+'al 1CEE%
1C
I+'al. 1CD=. 133%
15
In I+'al2s )ie#. all sae is he!c$aic in he sense ha i is an eff!$ ! $eali0e he
s"i$iual in a human !$(ani0ai!n% Secula$ism. as se"a$ai!n !f Chu$ch and Sae has
is !$i(in in he his!$, !f Eu$!"ean "!liical ideas% The ea$l, Ch$isiani, #as a
m!nasic !$de$ in a "$!fane #!$ld% I #as n! a "!liical !$ a ci)il uni% Islam. !n he
!he$ hand. 'e(an as a ci)il s!cie,%
35
In his lae$ #$iin(s. I+'al e&"lained fu$he$ ha Secula$ism in Tu$*e, did n! mean
a'and!nin( Islam% I #as s! unde$s!!d 'ecause i #as seen in he Eu$!"ean
"e$s"eci)e !f he se"a$ai!n !f Chu$ch and Sae%
N!$ is he idea !f se"a$ai!n !f Chu$ch and Sae alien ! Islam% The d!c$ine !f he
Ma-!$ 1cculai!n !f he Imam in a sense effeced his se"a$ai!n l!n( a(! in Shi2a
Pe$sia% The Islamic idea !f he di)isi!n !f he $eli(i!us and "!liical funci!ns !f he
Sae mus n! 'e c!nf!unded #ih he Eu$!"ean idea !f he se"a$ai!n !f Chu$ch and
Sae% The f!$me$ is !nl, a di)isi!n !f funci!nsM he lae$ is 'ased !n he
mea"h,sical dualism !f s"i$i and mae$
31
% %
Islam #as. f$!m he )e$, 'e(innin(. a ci)il s!cie, #ih la#s ci)il in hei$ nau$e
h!u(h 'elie)ed ! 'e $e)elai!n in !$i(in
33
M
I cann! 'e mainained ha in Muslim c!un$ies he se"a$ai!n !f Chu$ch and Sae
means he f$eed!m !f Muslim le(islai)e aci)i, f$!m he c!nscience !f he "e!"le.
#hich has f!$ cenu$ies 'een $ained and de)el!"ed ', he s"i$iuali, !f Islam%
34
In 1C4>:4=. he issue !f Cali"hae a$!se a(ain a su'-ec !f de'ae 'e#een I+'al and
9a#aha$ Lal Neh$u% I+'al #$!e an a$icle a'!u $eli(i!us de)el!"mens in India in
1C4>% C!mmenin( !n I+'al2s saemen. Neh$u #$!e a se$ies !f a$icles in #hich he
$e)ie#ed he siuai!n !f Muslims in India and !he$ c!un$ies% Acc!$din( ! him.
Tu$*e, had ceased ! 'e a Muslim c!un$,% He $efe$$ed ! he $ef!$ms in$!duced ',
Aau$*8 a'!lii!n !f he cali"hae. secula$ (!)e$nmen. Laini0ai!n !f he sc$i".
in$!duci!n !f Eu$!"ean d$ess and ad!"i!n !f Tu$*ish lan(ua(e in $eli(i!us $iuals%
3>
Neh$u #as in fac $eflecin( he "$e)alen )ie# ha m!de$ni, c!uld n! (! hand in
hand #ih Islam% The c!nse$)ai)e Muslims als! had held he same "!sii!n%
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I+'al. 1CD=. 134%
31
I+'al 1CE=. "% >E:>D%
33
I+'al 1CD=. "%134< I+'al 1CE=. "% >D
34
I+'al 1CE=. "% >C%
3>
These a$icles #e$e "u'lished in Modern 2eiew. Calcua. in 1C4=%
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I+'al $es"!nded ! Neh$u. $efuin( his a$(umen in deail% He #$!e se)e$al a$icles
in ne#s"a"e$s and -!u$nals ! cla$if, his issue% He a$(ued ha all hese $ef!$ms #e$e
in fac I-ihad eff!$s ', he Tu$*s% Acc!$din( ! Islamic eachin(s. I-ihad $esuls
c!uld 'e e$$!ne!us 'u he eff!$ iself is $ec!mmended% 1ne d!es n! cease ! 'e a
Muslim ', c!mmiin( an e$$!$ in I-ihad%
T! c!nclude. I+'al called f!$ an !"en mind in dealin( #ih issues in m!de$n imes%
These a$e ne# issues !n #hich !"ini!ns ma, diffe$% Bhile !ne mus n! claim !ne2s
!#n as he final )ie#. !he$ )ie#s ma, 'e $eaed as a $esul !f I-ihad. #hich ma, 'e
e$$!ne!us 'u i cann! 'e c!ndemned as Kuf$% P!liical he!$ies in Islam ha)e 'een
mu-ahad fih. !"ini!ns 'ased !n I-ihad% T!da, als! se)e$al he!$ies !f Islamic sae
ha)e 'een !ffe$ed% N! Muslim hin*e$ has a $i(h ! claim ha !nl, his/he$ he!$, is
Islamic%
I is $ue !n !he$ issues as #ell% The )a$i!us !"ini!ns mus 'e $eaed as !n(!in(
de'aes !n )a$i!us issues% Fundamenalism aims ! eliminae he s"i$i !f "u'lic
de'ae ', insisin( !n s!me )ie#s as he !nl, auhenic !nes% I has "a$icula$l,
affeced he educai!nal s,sem in Pa*isan% G$aduall,. he cu$$icula "!licies ha)e
eliminaed he e&isence !f !he$s% The e&'!!*s n! l!n(e$ "$!)ide inf!$mai!n a'!u
n!n:Muslims. 'e he, !u$ nei(h'!u$s !$ !he$ nai!ns% The na$$!# #!$ld)ie# ha
hese '!!*s c$eae !nl, $einf!$ces fundamenalis aiudes% Acc!$din( ! Mu'a$a*
Ali. he m!s f$i(henin( as"ec !f fundamenalism in Pa*isan is ha he s!cie,
iself is 'ec!min( fundamenalis% An, "e$s!n #$iin( a(ains he !fficial ide!l!(, !f
Pa*isan is lia'le ! 'e -ailed f!$ en ,ea$s% C!nse+uenl,. he $e(i!nal and lin(uisic
ideniies. #hich ha)e n! 'een denied e&"$essin( hemsel)es. ha)e 'ec!me s$!n(e$
han nai!nal ideni,% The !fficial ide!l!(, !f Pa*isan e+uaes Islam #ih sae%
Acc!$din(l,. Islam !f Islamic fundamenalism is !! na$$!# ! 'e uni)e$sal%
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