Ivory Coast

1
Ivory Coast
For other uses, see Ivory Coast (disambiguation).
Republic of Ivory Coast
Rpublique de Cte d'Ivoire
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:"Union Discipline Travail"(French)
"Unity Discipline Work"
Anthem:L'Abidjanaise
Song of Abidjan
Location of Ivory Coast(dark blue)
in Africa(light blue &dark grey)
in the African Union(light blue)
Ivory Coast
2
Capital
Yamoussoukro
651N 518W
[1]
Largest city Abidjan
Official languages French
Vernacular
languages
Dioula
Baoul
Dan
Anyin
Cebaara Senufo
others
Ethnicgroups (1998)
42.1% Akan
17.6% Voltaiques/ Gur
16.5% Northern Mand
11.0% Krous
10.0% Southern Mand
2.8% others
a
Demonym Ivorian
Ivoirian
Government Presidential republic
- President Alassane Ouattara
- Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan
Legislature National Assembly
Independence
- from France 7 August 1960
Area
- Total
322,463km
2
(69th)
124,502sqmi
- Water(%) 1.4
Population
- 2013estimate 22,400,835 (53rd)
- 1998census 15,366,672
Ivory Coast
3
- Density
63.9/km
2
(139th)
165.6/sqmi
GDP(PPP) 2012estimate
- Total $40.348billion
- Per capita $1,726
GDP(nominal) 2012estimate
- Total $24.627billion
- Per capita $1,053
Gini(2008) 41.5
medium
HDI (2013) 0.432
low 168th
Currency West African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zone GMT (UTC+0)
- Summer(DST) not observed(UTC+0)
Drives on the right
Calling code +225
ISO 3166 code CI
Internet TLD .ci
a.
Including approximately 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French people.
Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in a lower total population than
might otherwise be expected.
Ivory Coast (
i
/avriHelp:IPA for English#Keykost/) (French: Cte d'Ivoire) (/kotHelp:IPA for
English#Keydvwr/; French:[kot divwa]( )), officially the Republic of Ivory Coast (French: Rpublique de
Cte d'Ivoire), is a country in West Africa. It borders Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana; its southern
boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong
Empire, and Baoul. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indni and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate
identity through the French colonial period and after independence. An 184344 treaty made Ivory Coast a
protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa. Ivory
Coast became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Flix Houphout-Boigny.
It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time
maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphout-Boigny's rule, Ivory Coast has
experienced one coup dtat, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the
government and the rebels brought a return to peace.
Ivory Coast is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President of Ivory Coast. Its de jure capital is
Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81
departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin
Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. Through
production of coffee and cocoa, the country was an economic powerhouse during the 1960s and 1970s in West
Africa. However, Ivory Coast went through an economic crisis in the 1980s, leading to the country's period of
political and social turmoil. The 21st-century Ivoirian economy is largely market-based and relies heavily on
agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production being dominant.
Ivory Coast
4
The official language is French, although many indigenous local languages are widely used, including Baoul,
Dioula, Dan, Anyin and Cebaara Senufo. The main religions are Islam, Christianity (primarily Roman Catholic) and
various indigenous religions.
Names
Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very
roughly, into five coasts reflecting local economies. The coast that the French named the Cte d'Ivoire and the
Portuguese named the Costa do Marfimboth, literally, being "Ivory Coast"lay between what was known as the
Guin de Cabo Verde, so-called "Upper Guinea" at Cabo Verde, and Lower Guinea.
[2][3]
There were also a "Grain
Coast", a "Gold Coast", and a "Slave Coast", and, like those three, the name "Ivory Coast" reflected the major trade
that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory.
[4][2][5][6][7]
Other names for the coast of ivory included the Cte de Dents,
[8]
</ref> literally "Teeth Coast", again reflecting the
trade in ivory;
[9][10][4][3][7][11]
the Cte de Quaqua, after the people that the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively
Kwa Kwa);
[10][2][12]
the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there;
[10]
and the
Cte du Vent
[13][2]
</ref>, the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions.
[4][2]
One can find
the name Cote de(s) Dents regularly used in older works.
[10]
It was used in Duckett's Dictionnaire (Duckett 1853)
and by Nicolas Villault de Bellefond, for examples, although Antoine Franois Prvost used Cte d'Ivoire.
[11]
But in
the 19th century it died out in favour of Cte d'Ivoire.
[10]
The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew as
the "Teeth" or "Ivory" coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is
thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia).
[9][5][11][12]
But it retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960. The name had long since been translated
literally into other languages,
[14]
</ref> which the post-independence government considered to be increasingly
troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986,
the government declared Cte d'Ivoire (or, more fully, Rpublique de Cte d'Ivoire
[15]
) to be its formal name for the
purposes of diplomatic protocol, and officially refuses to recognize or accept any translation from French to another
language in its international dealings.
[16][17][18]
Despite the Ivorian government's request, the English translation "Ivory Coast" (sometimes "the Ivory Coast") is still
frequently used in English, by various media outlets and publications.
[19]
The Guardian newspaper's style guide
says: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Cte d'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians." ABC News, FOX News, The
Times, The New York Times, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or predominantly..
[citation needed]
</ref>
[20]
Encyclopdia
Britannica, and National Geographic Society. both use Cote d'Ivoire.</ref>
Ivory Coast
5
History
Main article: History of Ivory Coast
Land migration
Prehistoric polished stone celt from Boundiali in
northern Ivory Coast. Photo taken at the IFAN
Museum of African Arts in Dakar, Senegal.
The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine
because human remains have not been well preserved in the country's
humid climate. However, the presence of newly found weapon and tool
fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants
of cooking and fishing) has been interpreted as a possible indication of
a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to
10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.
The earliest known inhabitants of Ivory Coast have left traces scattered
throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either
displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous
inhabitants, who migrated south into the area before the 16th century.
Such groups included the Ehotil (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Dis (Divo).
Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods
The first recorded history is found in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times,
conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods. The southern terminals of the
trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far
south as the edge of the rain forest. The more important terminalsDjenn, Gao, and Timbuctugrew into major
commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed.
By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouring
states. The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education. Islam had been introduced in the western
Sudan (today's Mali) by Muslim Berber traders from North Africa; it spread rapidly after the conversion of many
important rulers. From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it
spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.
The Ghana empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern Mauritania from the fourth
to the 13th century. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to
Timbuctu. After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee
in the early part of the 14th century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the north-west
corner around Odienn.
Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of
which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Songhai was also weakened
by internal discord, which led to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations of peoples southward
toward the forest belt. The dense rain forest, covering the southern half of the country, created barriers to the
large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north. Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages;
their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agriculture
and hunting.
Ivory Coast
6
Pre-European era
Pre-Colonial kingdoms.
Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast in the pre-European era.
The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Juula in the early
18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Snoufo, who
had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although Kong became a
prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and
religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. The city of Kong
was destroyed in 1895 by Samori Ture.
The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th century
by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti
confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana. From their
settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their
hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent
migrs from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into a
major centre of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West
Africa. In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups' fleeing the Asante established a
Baoul kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indni and Sanwi.
The Baoul, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three
successive rulers. It finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoul strongly
resisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity
long after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and
form an independent kingdom. The current king of Sanwi is Nana Amon Ndoufou V (since 2002).
Establishment of French rule
Compared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast suffered little from the slave trade, as European slaving and merchant
ships preferred other areas along the coast with better harbours. The earliest recorded European voyage to West
Africa was made by the Portuguese and took place in 1482. The first West African French settlement, Saint Louis,
was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal while, at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a
settlement at Goree Island, off Dakar. A French mission was established in 1637 Assinie near the border with the
Gold Coast (now Ghana).
Assinie's survival was precarious, however it was not until the mid-19th century that the French were firmly
established in Ivory Coast. In 18434, French admiral Bout-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand
Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading
companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region. Pacification
was not accomplished until 1915.
Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the
Senegal and the Niger. Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved
slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of
treaties with local West African rulers that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to
serve as permanent trading centres.
Ivory Coast
7
Louis-Gustave Binger of French West Africa in
1892 treaty signing with Famienkro leaders, in
present-day N'zi-Como Region, Ivory Coast.
The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at
Grand Bassam, which became the colony's first capital. The treaties
provided for French sovereignty within the posts, and for trading
privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local
rulers for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirely
satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and
misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless,
the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.
France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the
increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. The
French built naval bases to keep out non-French traders and began a
systematic conquest of the interior. (They accomplished this only after
a long war in the 1890s against Mandinka forces, mostly from Gambia. Guerrilla warfare by the Baoul and other
eastern groups continued until 1917).Wikipedia:Citation needed
The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French
province of Alsace Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its
military garrisons from its French West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The
trading post at Grand Bassam in Ivory Coast was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in
1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.
In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African
coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior. In 1887 Lieutenant
Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of the
journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast. Also in 1887, Verdier's
agent, Marcel Treich-Laplne, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the
headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.
French colonial era
Arrival in Kong of new French West Africa
governor Louis-Gustave Binger in 1892.
By the end of the 1880s, France had established what passed for
control over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast, and in 1889 Britain
recognized French sovereignty in the area. That same year, France
named Treich-Laplne titular governor of the territory. In 1893 Ivory
Coast was made a French colony, and then Captain Binger was
appointed governor. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain
in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony,
but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts
by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day
Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for
economic and administrative reasons.
France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa and palm oil crops were soon planted
along the coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of settlers;
elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British were largely bureaucrats.Wikipedia:Citation needed As
a result, French citizens owned one third of the cocoa, coffee and banana plantations and adopted a forced-labour
system.
Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. Some
of the native population resisted French penetration and settlement. Among those offering greatest resistance was
Ivory Coast
8
Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts
of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could
manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The French responded to
Samori Ture's expansion of regional control with military pressure. French campaigns against Samori Ture, which
were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898.
France's imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony in a public works program, provoked a number of
revolts. Ivoirians viewed the tax as a violation of the terms of the protectorate treaties, because they thought that
France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse. Much of the
population, especially in the interior, considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission. In 1905, the French
officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa.
[21]
Samori Tour
From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was a constituent unit of the
Federation of French West Africa. It was a colony and an overseas
territory under the Third Republic. Until the period following World
War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered
from Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its
philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast
were officially French "subjects", but without rights to representation
in Africa or France.
French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and
association. Based on an assumption of the superiority of French
culture over all others, in practice the assimilation policy meant
extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs in the
colonies. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the
French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems
of laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Under this policy, the
Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs
insofar as they were compatible with French interests.
An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between the French and
the Africans. Assimilation was practiced in Ivory Coast to the extent that after 1930, a small number of Westernized
Ivoirians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as French
subjects and were governed under the principle of association. As subjects of France, they had no political rights.
They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax
responsibility. They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indignat, a separate system of
law.
In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles de Gaulle's
provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first
Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War
II led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the
right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished.
Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct,
centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in policy making. Whereas British colonial
administration adopted divide-and-rule policies elsewhere, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite,
the French were interested in ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo
to refrain from any anti-French sentiment. Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated
Ivoirians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through
Ivory Coast
9
complete independence from France. But, after the assimilation doctrine was implemented entirely through the
postwar reforms, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the
Ivoirians, and that discrimination and political inequality would end only with independence.
Independence
Flix Houphout-Boigny in the White House
Entrance Hall with President John F. Kennedy in
1962
The son of a Baoul chief, Flix Houphout-Boigny, was to become
Ivory Coast's father of independence. In 1944 he formed the country's
first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself.
Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, they
united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms.
Houphout-Boigny soon rose to prominence and within a year was
elected to the French Parliament in Paris. A year later the French
abolished forced labour. Houphout-Boigny established a strong
relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that the
country would benefit from it, which it did for many years. France
appointed him as the first African to become a minister in a European
government.
A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956
Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred a number of
powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West
Africa and also removed remaining voting inequalities. In 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the
French Community (which replaced the French Union).
At the time of Ivory Coast's independence (1960), the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous,
contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When Houphout-Boigny became the first president, his
government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production. This was further boosted by
a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly,
catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output (behind Brazil and Colombia). By 1979, the country was the
world's leading producer of cocoa.
It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the 'Ivoirian
miracle'. In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence; but in Ivory Coast,
they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 prior to independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of
them teachers, managers and advisors.
[22]
For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly
10%the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.
Houphout-Boigny administration
Houphout-Boigny's one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo, who would be the
president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee as he incurred the ire of Houphout-Boigny when Gbagbo founded the
Front Populair Ivoirien.
[23]
Houphout-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population who continually elected
him. He was also criticized for his emphasis on developing large scale projects. Many felt the millions of dollars
spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new capital that it became, were wasted; others support
his vision to develop a centre for peace, education and religion in the heart of the country. But in the early 1980s, the
world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivoirian economy. Due to the overcutting of
timber and collapsing sugar prices, the country's external debt increased threefold. Crime rose dramatically in
Abidjan.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Ivory Coast
10
In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrest
forced the government to support multi-party democracy. Houphout-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in
1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bdi as his successor.
Bdi administration
In October 1995, Bdi overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. He
tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook
improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt.
Election results of 2002 in Ivory Coast
Unlike Houphout-Boigny, who was very careful in avoiding any
ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to
immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedi emphasized the
concept of "Ivority" (Ivoirit) to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara,
who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for future
presidential election. As people originating from foreign countries are
a large part of the Ivoirian population, this policy excluded many
people from Ivoirian nationality, and the relationship between various
ethnic groups became strained which resulted in two civil wars in the
following decades.
1999 coup
Similarly, Bedi excluded many potential opponents from the army. In
late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup,
putting General Robert Gu in power. Bedi fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and
corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and openly campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.
Gbagbo administration
A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Gu, but it was peaceful. The
lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around
180 deaths, Gu was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme
Court, due to his alleged Burkinab nationality. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Gu] did not
allow non-citizens to run for presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the
country's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.
Ivorian Civil War
Main article: First Ivorian Civil War
In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the President was in Italy, there was an armed uprising. Troops who
were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in
Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime the government forces had secured the main city, Abidjan. They
had lost control of the north of the country, and the rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouake.
The rebels threatened to move on Abidjan again and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop any
rebel advance. The French said they were protecting their own citizens from danger, but their deployment also aided
the government forces. It was not established as a fact that the French were helping either side but each side accused
them of being on the opposite side. It is disputed as to whether the French actions improved or worsened the
situation in the long term.
Ivory Coast
11
What exactly happened that night is disputed. The government claimed that former president Robert Gu had led a
coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and fifteen
others had been murdered at his home and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Alassane
Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had burned down.
President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels
were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and
burned homes by the thousands, attacking the residents.
"Child soldier in the Ivory Coast." (drawing by
Gilbert G. Groud)
An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much of
the northern populace, proved short-lived, and fighting over the prime
cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the
cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters
from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize
parts of the west.
2002 unity government
In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a
"government of national unity". Curfews were lifted and French troops
patrolled the western border of the country. The unity government was
unstable and the central problems remained with neither side achieving
its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed in an opposition rally,
and subsequent mob violence led to foreign nationals being evacuated.
A later report concluded the killings were planned.
Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a Zone of
Confidence, relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.
Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed following the rebels' refusal to disarm,
Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouak, on 6 November 2004, French
soldiers were hit and nine were killed; the Ivorian government has said it was a mistake, but the French have claimed
it was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivoirian military aircraft (2 Su-25 planes and 5 helicopters),
and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.
[24]
Gbagbo's original mandate as president expired on 30 October 2005, but due to the lack of disarmament it was
deemed impossible to hold an election, and therefore his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year,
according to a plan worked out by the African Union; this plan was endorsed by the United Nations Security
Council.
[25]
With the late October deadline approaching in 2006, it was regarded as very unlikely that the election
would be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for
Gbagbo.
[26]
The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006;
however, the resolution provided for the strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo
said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.
[27]
A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, and
subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events have been seen by
some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.
[28]
Ivory Coast
12
2010 election
Main article: Ivorian presidential election, 2010
The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The
preliminary results announced by the Electoral Commission showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of his rival, former
prime minister Alassane Ouattara. The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging
massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the Forces Nouvelles de Cte d'Ivoire (FNCI).
These charges were contradicted by international observers. The report of the results led to severe tension and
violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consists of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven
northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote (instead of Ouattara
winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission). After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara,
recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations, organized an alternative inauguration. These
events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees have fled the country. The African Union
sent Thabo Mbeki, former President of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Council
adopted a common resolution recognising Alassane Ouattara as winner of the elections, based on the position of the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS suspended Ivory Coast from all its
decision-making bodies
[29]
while the African Union also suspended the country's membership.
[30]
In 2010, a Colonel of the Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charging for procuring and illegal export weapons and munitions
of 4,000 9-mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of UN embargo.
Several other Ivory Coast officers were released for their diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor,
an international trader, was located in Virginia.
[31]
2011 Civil War
A shelter for internally displaced persons during
the 2011 civil war.
Main article: Second Ivorian Civil War
The 2010 presidential election led to the 20102011 Ivorian crisis and
to the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported
numerous human rights violations by both sides. In the city of
Dukou, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Blolquin, dozens
were killed. UN and French forces took military action against
Gbagbo.
Ivory Coast
13
Regions and departments
Main articles: Regions of Ivory Coast and Departments of Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast is divided into nineteen
regions (rgions):
1. 1. Agnby
2. 2. Bafing
3. 3. Bas-Sassandra
4. 4. Dengul
5. 5. Dix-Huit Montagnes
6. 6. Fromager
7. 7. Haut-Sassandra
8. 8. Lacs
9. 9. Lagunes
10. 10. Marahou
11. 11. Moyen-Cavally
12. 12. Moyen-Como
13. 13. N'zi-Como
14. 14. Savanes
15. 15. Sud-Bandama
16. 16. Sud-Como
17. 17. Valle du Bandama
18. 18. Worodougou
19. 19. Zanzan
The regions are further divided into 81
departments.
Population of major cities
The official capital of Ivory Coast is Yamoussoukro (295,500), the fourth most populous city. Abidjan, with a
population of 3,310,500, is the largest city and serves as the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well as
the de facto capital. It is also the most populous city in French-speaking Western Africa.
City Population
Abidjan 3,310,500
Bouak 775,300
Daloa 489,100
Yamoussoukro 295,500
Korhogo 163,400
San Pdro 151,600
Divo 134,200
Ivory Coast
14
Politics
Main article: Politics of Ivory Coast
Since 1983, Ivory Coast's official capital has been Yamoussoukro; Abidjan, however, remains the administrative
center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan, although some have closed. The Ivoirian population
continues to suffer because of an ongoing civil war (See the History section above). International human rights
organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergence
of child slavery among workers in cocoa production.
Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by the
New Forces (FN). A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005, and an agreement was
reached among the rival parties in March 2007 to proceed with this, but it continued to be postponed until November
2010 due to delays in its preparation.
Elections were finally held in 2010. The first round of elections were held peacefully, and widely hailed as free and
fair. Runoffs were held 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November.
Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara.
On 2 December, the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54% to 46%.
In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that
country's borders had been sealed. An Ivorian military spokesman said, "The air, land and sea border of the country
are closed to all movement of people and goods."
Geography
Main article: Geography of Ivory Coast
A street market in Abidjan
Ivory Coast is a country of western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders
Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north,
Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the
south. The country lies between latitudes 4 and 11N, and longitudes
2 and 9W.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Ivory Coast
Graphical depiction of Ivory Coast's product
exports in 28 color-coded categories.
Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita
(USD 960 in 2007) and plays a key role in transit trade for
neighboring, landlocked countries. The country is the largest economy
in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40
percent of the monetary unions total GDP. The country is the world's
largest exporter of Cocoa beans, and the fourth largest exporter of
goods, in general, in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa,
Nigeria and Angola). In 2009, the cocoa bean farmers earned $2.53
billion for cocoa exports and is expected to produce 630,000 metric
tons in 2013. According to The Hershey Company, the price of cocoa
beans are expected to rise dramatically in upcoming years.
[32]
The
Ivory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers which earned a total of
$105 million in 2012.
Ivory Coast
15
The maintenance of close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agriculture for export, and
encouragement of foreign investment, have been factors in the economic growth of Ivory Coast. In recent years
Ivory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary
agricultural crops: coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the
grower and those exporting into foreign markets.
Environment
Main article: Environment of Ivory Coast
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Ivory Coast
See also: Languages of Ivory Coast
Ivoirian woman in a head tie.
The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be
20,617,068 in 2009 and 22,400,835 in July 2013. Ivory Coast's first national
census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
[33]
According to 2012 government survey, fertility rate was 5.0 with 3.7 in urban
areas and 6.3 in rural areas.
[34]
French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca in
the country. Ethnic groups include Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%,
Northern Mandes 16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8%
(includes 30,000 Lebanese and 45,000 French; 2004). 77% of the population are
considered Ivoirians. They represent several different peoples and language
groups. An estimated 65 languages are spoken in the country. One of the most
common is Dyula, which acts as a trade language as well as a language
commonly spoken by the Muslim population.
The native born population is roughly split into three groups of Muslim,
Christian (primarily Roman Catholic) and animist. Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most
successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4million) consists of workers from
neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso and Guinea.
4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French, Lebanese, Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as
well as Protestant missionaries from the United States and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French and
other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.
[35]
Aside from
French nationals, there are native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country's colonial
period.
Largest cities
Religion
Ivory Coast
16
Religion in Ivory Coast
Religion Percent
Islam 38.6%
Christianity 32.8%
African indigenous 28%
Further information: Religion in Ivory Coast
Religion in Ivory Coast remains very heterogeneous, with Islam (almost all Sunni Muslims) and Christianity (mostly
Roman Catholic) being the major religions. Muslims dominate the north, while Christians dominate the south. In
2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the
population, while an estimated 25% of the population practiced traditional religions.
[36]
Ivory Coast's capital,
Yamoussoukro, is home to the largest church building
[37]
in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of
Yamoussoukro.
Health
Main article: Health in Ivory Coast
Life expectancy at birth was 41 for males in 2004; for females it was 47. Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live
births. There are 12 physicians per 100,000 people. About a quarter of the population lives below the international
poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
[38]
Education
Children in a classroom in Abidjan
Main article: Education in Ivory Coast
A large part of the adult population, in particular women, are illiterate.
Many children between 6 and 10 years are not enrolled in school. The
majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of
secondary education, students can sit the Baccalaurat examination.
The country has universities in Abidjan (Universit de Cocody) and
Bouak, (Universit de Bouak).
Culture
Main article: Culture of Ivory Coast
Music
Main article: Music of Ivory Coast
Each of the ethnic groups in Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Talking
drums are also common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found
throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest.
Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou and Coup-Dcal. A few Ivorian artists who have
known international success are Magic Systme, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahore, Tiken Dja Fakoly,
Christina Goh from Ivorian descent
Ivory Coast
17
Sport
See also: Ivory Coast at the Olympics
Didier Drogba, captain of Cte
d'Ivoire national football team.
The country has been host for several major African sporting events, with the
most recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship. In the past, the
country further hosted the 1984 Africa Cup of Nations, in which its football team
finished 5th, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where its
basketball team won the gold medal.
Ivory Coast won an Olympic silver medal for men's 400-metre in the 1984
games, where it competed as "Cte d'Ivoire".
The most popular sport in Ivory Coast is association football. The national
football team has played in the World Cup twice, in Germany 2006 and in South Africa 2010. Ivory Coast also
qualified to play in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Rugby union is also popular, and the national rugby union team
qualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995.
Cuisine
Yassa is a popular dish throughout West Africa
prepared with chicken or fish. Chicken yassa is
pictured.
Main article: Ivorian cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Ivory Coast is very similar to that of
neighboring countries in west Africa in its reliance on grains and
tubers. Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine. A
type of corn paste called "Aitiu" is used to prepare corn balls, and
peanuts are widely used in many dishes. Attik is a popular side dish
in Ivory Coast made with grated cassava and is a vegetable-based
couscous. A common street-vended food is aloko, which is ripe banana
fried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili and eaten alone
or with grilled fish. Chicken is commonly consumed, and has a unique
flavor due to its lean, low-fat mass in this region. Seafood includes
tuna, sardines, shrimp and bonito, which are similar to tuna. Maf is a
common dish consisting of meat in a peanut sauce.
[39]
Slow-simmered stews with various ingredients are another
common food staple in Ivory Coast. "Kedjenou" is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables that are slow-cooked
in a sealed pot with little or no added liquid, which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables and
tenderizes the chicken. It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slight fire, or cooked in an oven.
"Bangui" is a local palm wine.
Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. Maquis
normally feature braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with attik, or kedjenou, a
chicken dish made with vegetables and a mild sauce.
Ivory Coast
18
Notes
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Ivory_Coast& params=6_51_N_5_18_W_type:country
[2] Thornton 1996, p.5356.
[3] [3] Lipski 2005, p.39.
[4] [4] Duckett 1853, p.594.
[5] [5] Homans 1858, p.14.
[6] [6] Lipsky 2005, p.39.
[7] [7] Ple 1868, p.146.
[8] Joseph Vaisste, in his 1755 Gographie historique, ecclsiastique et civile, lists the name as La Cte des Dents ("The Coast of the Teeth")
but notes that Cte de Dents is the more correct form.<ref name="FOOTNOTEVaisste1755185186">Vaisste 1755, p.185186.
[9] [9] Blanchard 1818, p.57.
[10] [10] Chisholm 1911, p.100.
[11] [11] Walckenaer 1827, p.35.
[12] Vaisste 1755, p.185186.
[13] Cte du Vent sometimes denoted the combined "Ivory" and "Grain" coasts, or sometimes just the "Grain" coast.<ref
name="FOOTNOTEDuckett1853594">Duckett 1853, p.594.
[14] Literal translations include Elfenbeinkste (German), Costa d'Avoria (Italian), Norsunluuraniko (Finnish),
(Russian), and of course Ivory Coast.<ref name="FOOTNOTEDavid20007">David 2000, p.7.
[15] Auzias & Labourdette 2008, p.9.
[16] [16] David 2000, p.7.
[17] Lea & Rowe 2001, p.127.
[18] [18] Jessup 1998, p.351.
[19] The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country.<ref>
[20] Many governments use "Cte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons, as do their outlets, such as the Chinese CCTV News. Other organizations that
use "Cte d'Ivoire" include FIFA and the IOC (referring to their national football and Olympic teams in international games and in official
broadcasts),
[citation needed]
and The Economist newsmagazine.<ref>
[21] " Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 19051914 (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ agrarianstudies/ colloqpapers/ 16peterson. pdf)". p.
11.
[22] Ivory Coast The Economy (http:/ / countrystudies.us/ ivory-coast/ 41. htm), U.S. Library of Congress
[23] McGovern, Mike, Making War in Cte d'Ivoire, The University of Chicago Press, 2011, p. 16.
[24] Holguin, Jaime (15 November 2004) " France's 'Little Iraq' (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20131008165150/ http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/
stories/ 2004/ 11/ 15/ opinion/ fenton/ main655762. shtml)". CBS News.
[25] "UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate" (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ report. aspx?reportid=56730), IRIN, 14
October 2005.
[26] Bavier, Joe (18 August 2006) "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President" (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/
20070312061303rn_1/ www. voanews.com/ english/ archive/ 2006-08/ 2006-08-18-voa13. cfm?CFID=121056525& CFTOKEN=68059362),
VOA News.
[27] "Partial rejection of UN peace plan" (http:/ / www.irinnews. org/ report. aspx?reportid=61473), IRIN, 2 November 2006.
[28] "New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'" (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071026105514/ http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index.
php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20070412095335190C984275), AFP via int.iol.co.za, 12 April 2007.
[29] "FINAL COMMUNIQUE ON THE EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE AUTHORITY OF HEADS OF STATE AND
GOVERNMENT ON COTE DIVOIRE" (http:/ / news. ecowas. int/ presseshow. php?nb=188& lang=en& annee=2010), ECOWAS, 7
December 2010.
[30] "COMMUNIQUE OF THE 252ND MEETING OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL" (http:/ / www. africa-union. org/ root/ au/
Conferences/ 2010/ december/ Communiqu of the 252nd. pdf), African Union, 9 December 2010.
[31] FBI nabbed colonel on official business (http:/ / www. upi. com/ Top_News/ US/ 2010/ 09/ 21/ FBI-nabbed-colonel-on-official-business/
UPI-16431285082800/ ). UPI, 21 September 2010.
[32] Tuttle, Brad (23 September 2013), "Time to Get Ready for a Smaller Hershey Bar?" (http:/ / business. time. com/ 2013/ 09/ 23/
time-to-get-ready-for-a-smaller-hershey-bar) Business.time.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2014.
[33] Ivory Coast Population (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ ivory-coast/ 19. htm), U.S. Library of Congress.
[34] Enqute Dmographique et de Sant et Indicateurs Multiples (http:/ / www. measuredhs. com/ pubs/ pdf/ PR21/ pr21. pdf). Cte dIvoire
20112012. Ministre de la Sant et de la Lutte contre le Sida, Institut National de la Statistique. July 2012
[35] " Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast (http:/ / www. worldpress. org/ Africa/ 1986. cfm)"
[36] Cote d'Ivoire (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2009/ 127228. htm). State.gov. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.
[37] It is actually a basilica, but is listed in the Guinness World Records as the largest "church" in the world.
[38] Human Development Indices (http:/ / hdr.undp. org/ en/ media/ HDI_2008_EN_Tables. pdf), Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35.
Retrieved on 1 June 2009.
Ivory Coast
19
[39] "Ivory Coast, Cte d'Ivoire: Cuisine and Recipes." (http:/ / www. whats4eats. com/ africa/ ivory-coast-cuisine) Whats4eats.com (http:/ /
www.whats4eats.com). Retrieved June 2011.
References
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress
Country Studies.
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department
of State (Background Notes).
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Ivory Coast
21
(French) Loucou, Jean Nol (2007), Cte dIvoire: les rsistances la conqute coloniale, Abidjan: CERAP,
ISBN2-915352-31-3, OCLC 234202640 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 234202640)
(French) Ministry of Economy and Finances of the Republic of Cte d'Ivoire (2007), La Cte d'Ivoire en chiffres,
Abidjan: Dialogue Production, OCLC 173763995 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 173763995)
(French) Miran, Marie (2006), Islam, histoire et modernit en Cte dIvoire, Paris: Karthala,
ISBN2-84586-776-X, OCLC 70712775 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 70712775)
Mundt, Robert J. (1997), "Cte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-Democracy", in John F. Clark and
David Gardinier, Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder: Westview Press, ISBN0-8133-2785-7,
OCLC 35318507 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 35318507)
Ple, Victorine Franois (1868). "Cte des Dents o d'Ivoire". Peinture gographique du monde moderne: suivant
l'ordre dans lequel il a t reconnu et decouvert (in French). Paris: Pigoreau.
(French) Rougerie, Gabriel (1978), L'Encyclopdie gnrale de la Cte d'Ivoire, Abidjan: Nouvelles publishers
africaines, ISBN2-7236-0542-6, OCLC 5727980 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 5727980)
(French) Sauvy, Jean (1968), Initiation l'conomie des pays en voie de dveloppement, Paris: Institut
international d'Administration publique, ISBN2-84515-020-2, OCLC 4502227 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/
oclc/ 4502227)
(French) Thomas, Yves (1995), "Pays du monde: Cte-dIvoire: 19901994", Mmoires du XXe sicle:
Dictionnaire de France, Paris: Socit gnrale d'dition et de diffusion, ISBN2-84248-041-4, OCLC 41524503
(http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 41524503)
Thornton, John K. (1996). "The African background to American colonization". In Engerman, Stanley L.;
Gallman, Robert E. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States 1. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN9780521394420.
(French) Garrier, Claude (2005), Le millefeuille ivoirien: un hritage de contraintes, Paris: Harmattan,
ISBN2-7475-9866-7, OCLC 62895346 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 62895346)
(French) Tour, Saliou (1996), L'ivoirit ou l'esprit du nouveau contrat social du Prsident Henri Konan Bdi,
Abidjan: Presses Universitaires de Cte d'Ivoire, ISBN2-7166-0392-8, OCLC 40641392 (http:/ / www. worldcat.
org/ oclc/ 40641392)
Vaisste, Jean Joseph (1755). Gographie historique, ecclesiastique et civile (in French) 11. Paris: chez Desaint
& Saillant, J.-T. Herissant, J. Barois.
Walckenaer, Charles-Athanase (1827). Histoire gnrale des voyages ou Nouvelle collection des relations de
voyages par mer et par terre (in French) 8. Paris: Lefvre.
(French) Wodi, Francis (1996), Institutions politiques et droit constitutionnel en Cte dIvoire, Abidjan: Presses
Universitaires de Cte d'Ivoire, ISBN2-7166-0389-8, OCLC 37979208 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/
37979208)
External links
Official website of the Government of Ivory Coast (http:/ / www. gouv. ci) (French)
Cote d'Ivoire (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ iv. html) entry at The
World Factbook
Ivory Coast (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Africa/ Cte_d'Ivoire) at DMOZ
Wikimedia Atlas of Cte d'Ivoire
Trade
Ivory Coast 2012 Trade Summary (http:/ / wits. worldbank. org/ CountryProfile/ Country/ CIV/ Year/ 2012/
Summary)
Article Sources and Contributors
22
Article Sources and Contributors
Ivory Coast Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610163755 Contributors: (, *drew, -- April, 1297, 1966batfan, 1KRock1, 1exec1, 334a, A Werewolf, A-giau, A12n, ABCD,
AP2B1R, Aaker, Abdullah Geelah, Abhijitsathe, Abidjannaise, Abigail alderate, Abrech, Acather96, Acerperi, Acntx, Acs4b, Adam Rusling, Addps4cat, AdjustShift, Adrianbrodal,
Aetheling1125, Agihard, Ahoerstemeier, Akanemoto, Alan J Shea, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aldux, Aloginiwillremember, Alphax, Alucard (Dr.), Amakuru, Amcaja, Amorymeltzer, Ana-babiie,
Ando228, Andrew Gray, Andrewphelps, Andy Marchbanks, Andy120290, Andycjp, AnonMoos, Anradt, Antandrus, Aordictator, Aquanaut 2000, Aquintero82, Arctic Fox, Ardenn, Ardeshire
Babakan, Arkuat, Armbrust, Arron114, Arthur Holland, Ashishbhatnagar72, Ashmoo, Asidemes, Astanhope, Astrotrain, Aude, Auntof6, AutoGeek, Avala, Avalon, Avoided, Axeman89,
Azmi1995, BD2412, Bahador, Bahar101, Balloonguy, Bardofcornish, Baristarim, Baronnet, Barryob, Baseball Bugs, Bazonka, Bcorr, Beeblebrox, Ben Ben, Ben MacDui, Benchik, Bender235,
Bensaccount, Berton, Beshmour, Betternotsay, Bezuidenhout, Bhny, BigHaz, Bigtree99, Billinghurst, Biolife, BionicWilliam, BirdValiant, Biruitorul, Black Falcon, Black-Velvet, BlankVerse,
Blessthishouse, Blimeycallthecops, Bloodshedder, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Bongwarrior, Bookermorgan, Borisblue, Born2cycle, Boscaswell, Bradwilkins, Bramlet Abercrombie, Brattydevil101,
BreakALeg, Brholden, Brianski, Brightgalrs, Brilliant Pebble, Brion VIBBER, BritishWatcher, Bronxbebe, Bryan Derksen, Buaidh, Buttons, C.lettingaAV, C628, CJLL Wright, CSWarren,
Calliopejen1, Calverto2k2, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantus, Capmo, Caponer, Carabinieri, CaradocTheKing, Card, Carey Evans, Carlineke, Casewicz, Castncoot,
Ccgrimm, Cernunnos, Chameleon, Chandler, Charvex, Cheickoerick, Chelsea-fan1, Chickyfuzz123, Chile, Chill doubt, Chipmunkdavis, Chris the speller, Chrism, Christopherjfoster, Chuunen
Baka, Cielbleu, Citicat, Ckatz, Coahogoireah, Codex Sinaiticus, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Coop12, Corvus13, Courcelles, Cptnono, Credema,
Creidieki, CsDix, Cst17, Cubbyblueman, Cwolfsheep, Cybercobra, Czarkoff, CteD'Ivoire2, D Monack, D6, DAtkRaK, DD Ting, DO'Neil, DVdm, DW, Dac04, Damirgraffiti, Danger,
DangerousPanda, Daniel, Danlaycock, Danny, Darwinek, Davehi1, David Edgar, David Kernow, David.Monniaux, DavidLeighEllis, Dawnseeker2000, Debresser, Deflective, Delirium,
Delrithslayd`, Demicx, Demmy, Denisarona, DennyColt, Descendall, Devahn58, Devojames, Dewan357, Dhnlin, Dialectric, Diannaa, Dienstag, Discospinster, DivineIntervention, DocWatson42,
Docu, Doczilla, Dohn joe, Domaleixo, Domino theory, Donner60, Dosai, Dpmuk, Dragone26, Drbug, Dsmccohen, Dubhe.sk, Dumarest, Dvyost, DylanW, E Pluribus Anthony, ENeville, Eastlaw,
Eclecticology, Ed, Ed Poor, Editor2423, EdwinHJ, Eggstasy, Ego White Tray, El C, Elche99, Electionworld, Elf, Elipongo, Eliyak, Elockid, EmadIV, EncycloPetey, EngineerScotty, Enzino,
Epbr123, Equazcion, Eranb, Erianna, Ericd, Erik Baas, Eroach, Eroux, Etams, Euchiasmus, Eurocopter, Everyking, Excirial, Ezeu, Ezraj, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238,
FLCJPA, Fatmanonatreeblob, Favonian, FayssalF, Felixboy, Ferkelparade, Fieldday-sunday, Fixer88, Fk fredrik, Flatterworld, Flauto Dolce, Flibirigit, Four Score And Seven Years Ago,
Fridgeman52, Frietjes, Funandtrvl, Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Furrykef, Fyunck(click), Fte, GAllegre, GK, GRUM75, GTBacchus, Gabbe, Gadfium, Gary, Gary Morgan, Gavin9898, Gene
Nygaard, GeneralCheese, Geremia, Gggh, GidKid, Gidonb, Gigemag76, Globalsolidarity, Glynhughes, Gobonobo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Goldom, Good Olfactory, Gozar, Gracenotes, Grafen,
Graham87, GreatLeapForward, Green Cardamom, Green Giant, Greenshed, Greg Godwin, Grendelkhan, Ground Zero, Gryffindor, Guffydrawers, Gwernol, Gyopi, Gzornenplatz, Hajhouse,
Hanacy, Hardouin, Hardyplants, Harold Segers, Hayden5650, Hazhk, Hbdragon88, Hdt83, Headhitter, HeikoEvermann, Heimstern, Hephaestos, Hercule, HerpJeDerp, Hipocrite, Hobartimus,
Homeworlds, Homsar2, HonztheBusDriver, Hookers, Horologium, Humanisticmystic, Husond, I dream of horses, IJA, Iamnooby, Ianxxwhite, Ida Shaw, Idaltu, Ief, Inhakito, Int21h,
IronGargoyle, Islahaddow, Istanbuljohnm, Itbeso, Ivoire8, Iwanttoeditthissh, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, J04n, JDEDIT, JIP, JNW, Jack Merridew, JackSparrow Ninja, Jackollie, Jacob Newton,
Jacob.jose, JakeQuick, James086, JamesAM, JamesBWatson, JamesR, Jamesx12345, Jason M, JasonDomination, Java13690, Jcarroll, Jeandr du Toit, Jeff G., Jenks24, Jersey Devil, Jersyko,
Jester5x5, Jhendin, Jiang, Jim1138, JimCubb, Jimtaip, Jingapore, Jitse Niesen, Jklamo, Jmaddux23, Jmclark23, Jncraton, John K, John Price, John ygonger, JohnCD, Jojhutton, Jojit fb, Jon C.,
Jonathunder, Jonesey95, Jonkerz, Jorunn, Jose77, Joseph031164, Joy, Jpgordon, Jrquinlisk, Jshearon, Jtdirl, Julesd, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, Jwoodger, Kaare, Kakaka, KalevTait, Kanags,
KariLaneB, Katalaveno, Kauffner, Kemet, Ken6en, Kenderducky, Kevin B12, Kharoon, Khazar2, Khoikhoi, Kieshe, Kikos, Kilom691, Kingpin13, Kingturtle, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiosacoup,
Kjkolb, Kman543210, Kmiki87, Knutux, Koavf, Korg, Kotniski, Kowtoo, Koyaanis Qatsi, Krun, KuduIO, Kusma, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, Kwertii, KyraVixen, LA2, Lahiru k, Lajsikonik,
Laligabbva, Largeissue, LedgendGamer, Leif, Lekriner, Lexicon, Liftarn, Lilac Soul, Limongi, Lithistman, LittleWink, Livajo, Local hero, Lokifer, London Boy, Longjohn3, Lottamiata, Lt.Salt,
LuK3, Lupo, Luvzoeya, Lycurgus, M.O.X, M.boli, MCB, MECU, MINGESELLE299, MJCdetroit, Maarten van Vliet, Macbookdemon, Magmagirl, Magnus Manske, Mahanga, Mahmudmasri,
Major Danby, Malo, Man vyi, Mangostar, Manop, Mardochaios, Marek69, Margana, Mariostorti, Mark, Mark Arsten, Mark Dingemanse, Mark Schierbecker, Markdarb, Markham, Martarius,
Masterjamie, Matadorbullfighter, Materialscientist, Matt111111, Mattbr, Maxim, Maxtremus, Mayumashu, Mayur, McDogm, McTrixie, Medicineman84, Meeples, Mervyn, Mesgul82, Meters,
Mewulwe, Mic, Middayexpress, Mightymights, Miho, Mike Rosoft, Mike22r, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miranda, Mirokado, Mitch1981, Mmovchin, Moilleadir, Monocletophat123, Montrealais,
Moon.feed, Morwen, Mr Adequate, MrMarmite, Mrzero, Munci, MusikAnimal, Muskydusky, Mustafaa, Mvpo666, Mxn, N5iln, N8chz, NICK REMY SWAGG POP, Nakon, Namiba, Nanib,
Nate Silva, Natrix, Natural RX, NawlinWiki, Necronudist, Netknowle, Netoholic, Neutrality, Nevanderson, NewTestLeper79, Nh3, Nhajivandi, Niceguyedc, Niceley, Nick125, Night w,
Nightstallion, Nikkimaria, Nips, Nishkid64, Nixeagle, Nk, Node ue, Noldoaran, Nord-Sud, Northamerica1000, Notheruser, Nownownow, Nsaa, Nubiatech, Numbo3, Nyttend, Obiwankenobi,
Obradovic Goran, Octane, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Oiftanker, Okaingest, Olivier, OneGuy, Orange Tuesday, OrbitOne, Orderinchaos, Ordinary Person, Orijok, Orioane, Osanne, OttawaAC,
OttomanJackson, Ourima, OwenBlacker, Owenb1, Oxey89, PDH, PFPillon, Paleorthid, Parkwells, Pascal, PatGallacher, Patstuart, Paxsimius, Pdicampo, Pdytwong, Pepper, Pernod1982,
PeterisP, Peyre, Pfranson, Pgan002, Pgenie1, Pharos, Philg88, PhnomPencil, Picapica, Pierre de Villefranche de Conflent, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Pippu d'Angelo, Pjrm, PlasticMan, Poepkop,
Polaron, Prayspot, Profoss, Prolog, Proteus, Proxy User, Prozaker, Pteron, Purple987, Qero, Qrfqr, Quantumor, Quebec99, Qwfp, R'n'B, R9tgokunks, RFBailey, RJN, RKernan, RaakaArska87,
Raghu.kuttan, Raindrop jiggy, Rakela, Rakhtael, RandomAct, Ranveig, RarefiedDeer, Rarelibra, Rasputinsloved1, Rdenis, Remembermn, RenamedUser01302013, Renesis, Renvarian, Retired
user 0001, Rettetast, RexNL, Rexparry sydney, Rhaley33, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Rickard Vogelberg, Rif Winfield, Rmhermen, RoadTrain, Roastytoast, Robin.r, Robscure, Roke,
RomaC, Romanm, Rothorpe, Roux, Rreagan007, Ruang rak noi nid mahasan, Russavia, Ryan Vesey, ST47, Saforrest, Salamurai, Samantha555, Sampi, Samueloiuy0, Sandstein, Sango123,
SarahStierch, Sarajcic, Sarcelles, Sardur, Savidan, Schaengel89, Scientizzle, Scimitar, Sciurin, Scythian1, Sdrawkcab, Seaphoto, Seb az86556, Secfan, Sergffs, Sesel, Sfan00 IMG,
ShelfSkewed, Shorts5555, Shredder2012, Siddheshk, Silnois1337, SimonP, Sinhala freedom, Sirkad, SisuUnlimited, Sjorford, Skanza, Skarebo, Sladen, Sluzzelin, Smalljim, Smartse, Smmurphy,
Smooth O, SnowFire, Snowmanradio, Soman, Some jerk on the Internet, SpLoT, Spacepotato, Spaceriqui, Speedboy Salesman, SpeedyGonsales, Sroc, Status, Steel1943, Stephreef, Stereotek,
Steven J. Anderson, Steven Zhang, Stevenmitchell, Stubzy, Svick, Sweetrevelation, Swooningdisaster, T L Miles, TBrandley, THF, TOttenville8, Tabletop, TaerkastUA, Taospark, Targeman,
Tarret, Taylor1111, Tbhotch, Tellyaddict, Template namespace initialisation script, Tempodivalse, ThaGrind, Thane, The Gonz, The Lizard Wizard, The Madras, The Man in Question, The Nut,
The Random Editor, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, TheBlueFox, TheFreeloader, TheOtherJesse, Thecheesykid, Theog2005, Therequiembellishere, Thewayforward,
Thomas Ducheyne, Thricecube, Thuresson, Ticonibl, Tiller54, Tim Starling, Tim1357, TimJimBoBob, Timc, Timeconsumer033, Timrollpickering, Tired time, Tirinti, Tobby72, Tobias Conradi,
Tommyboy122000, Tony1, Tonyfaull, Tonym88, Tot-futbol, Touch Of Light, Towel401, Tpbradbury, Transcendence, Travelbird, Treemapper, Trevor MacInnis, Troglo, TrollVandal, Trovatore,
Trusilver, Tunold, Twillisjr, USchick, Ugen64, Ugncreative Usergname, Uncle G, Und3rlord, Underlying lk, Unschool, Urhixidur, User27091, Vanished user, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj,
Vardion, Varlaam, Vilcxjo, Vina, Viridae, Vittu kimi, Vlma111, VoodooIsland, WHEN I WAS A YOUNG BOY, Waldir, Welsh, Wessel Gordon, WhisperToMe, Wik, Wiki alf, WikiDao,
WikiLaurent, Wikiacc, Wikien2009, Wikipedian2, Wikipelli, Willem Tijssen, Wizzy, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Woolters, Xareu bs, Xed, Xezbeth, Yuka Chan, Zdenek bs, Zenman,
Zimbabweed, Zoeytheangel123, Zonafan39, Zzet, vitrigaila, , . , , , 1504 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Flag of Cte d'Ivoire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cte_d'Ivoire.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Jon Harald Sby
File:Coat of Arms of Cte d'Ivoire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cte_d'Ivoire.svg License: unknown Contributors: -
File:Location Cte d'Ivoire AU Africa.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_Cte_d'Ivoire_AU_Africa.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alvaro1984
18
File:Ivory Coast - Location Map (2013) - CIV - UNOCHA.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ivory_Coast_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_CIV_-_UNOCHA.svg
License: unknown Contributors: Odder, Pharos
File:Increase2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sarang
file:speakerlink-new.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink-new.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: User:Kelvinsong
File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Jianhui67, Mobius, Tehdog, 3
anonymous edits
File:Cistones.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cistones.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: gbaku
File:Royaumes ci.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royaumes_ci.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Zenman
File:Aouabou-Trait-1892.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aouabou-Trait-1892.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Ji-Elle, Look2See1
File:Arrive Kong-1892.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arrive__Kong-1892.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Foroa, Ji-Elle, Look2See1
File:Almamy Samory Tour.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Almamy_Samory_Tour.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andro96, Atamari, Ji-Elle, Zenman
File:Houphouet-Boigny Kennedy.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Houphouet-Boigny_Kennedy.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Robert Knudsen, White
House photographer
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
23
File:Coted'Ivoire Elections2002.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coted'Ivoire_Elections2002.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
Contributors: Etienne Ruedin
File:Child-soldier-afrika.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Child-soldier-afrika.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Gilbert G.
Groud
File:Internally Displaced Persons Duekoue 2011 Cote dIvoire.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Internally_Displaced_Persons_Duekoue_2011_Cote_dIvoire.jpg
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: FlickreviewR, OttawaAC
File:Cote d'Ivoire.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cote_d'Ivoire.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: created with the GIMP. Made by
en:User:Acntx.
File:Adjamemarche1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adjamemarche1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Zenman
File:Tree map export 2009 Cote d'Ivoire.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tree_map_export_2009_Cote_d'Ivoire.jpeg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Clusternote, Donarreiskoffer, TeleComNasSprVen, Treemapper
File:Ivorian woman.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ivorian_woman.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Steve Evans from India and USA
File:Collgiens en classe5.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Collgiens_en_classe5.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0
Contributors: Zenman
File:Didier Drogba, ORANGE, Hotel Sofitel, Abidjan-Plateau, Ivory Coast, 11.06.'08 (9994).jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Didier_Drogba,_ORANGE,_Hotel_Sofitel,_Abidjan-Plateau,_Ivory_Coast,_11.06.'08_(9994).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
Contributors: Stefan Meisel
File:Yassapoulet.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yassapoulet.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was KVDP at en.wikipedia
File:PD-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz, PBS,
Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous edits
File:Gnome-globe.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnome-globe.svg License: GNU Lesser General Public License Contributors: David Vignoni
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/