Mô Phỏng Tính Toán Quá Điện Áp Do Sét Trên Đường Dây Truyền Tải Sử Dụng Phương Pháp Monte Carlo

1
Mc lc
DANH MC HNH V............................................................................................ 3
DANH MC CH VIT TT ................................................................................ 5
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V S C DO ST I VI NG DY
TRUYN TI. ............................................................................. 6
1.1. Tnh hnh ging st ti Vit Nam. ............................................................... 6
1.2. nh hng ca ging st n ng dy truyn ti. ................................... 8
1.3. Hin tng qu in p do st trn ng dy truyn ti............................ 9
1.4. Kt lun. ..................................................................................................... 11
CHNG 2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TON SUT CT DO ST
CA NG DY TRUYN TI. ........................................ 12
2.1. Phng php c in. ................................................................................ 12
2.1.1. Sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn. ........................................ 12
2.1.2. Sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc nh vo khong vt. ......... 15
2.1.3. Nhn xt. ............................................................................................. 17
2.2. Phng php CIGRE. ................................................................................ 18
2.2.1. Sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn. ........................................ 18
2.2.2. Sut ct do st nh nh ct hoc khong vt. ............................... 22
2.2.3. Nhn xt. ............................................................................................. 32
2.3. Phng php Monte Carlo. ........................................................................ 33
2.3.1. Cc bc tnh ton ca phng php Monte Carlo. ........................... 34
2.3.2. Tnh hi t ca phng php Monte Carlo. ....................................... 37
2.3.3. Nhn xt. ............................................................................................. 38
2.4. Chng trnh EMTP/ATP (Electromagnetic transient program). ............. 38
2.5. Kt lun. ..................................................................................................... 39
CHNG 3. TNH TON SUT CT CHO NG DY TRUYN TI
220kV BNG PHNG PHP MONTE CARLO. ................. 41
an tt nghip M phong ti
nh toan qua in ap do set trn ng dy truyn tai s dung phng phap Monte Carlo
Hanoi University of Science and Technology - K53 Nguyn Thai Thanh thanhnteps@gmail.com
2

3.1. Gii thiu v ng dy 220kV s dng trong tnh ton m phng. ........ 41
3.2. Cc m hnh s dng trong m phng EMTP. .......................................... 44
3.2.1. Xy dng m hnh ng dy. ........................................................... 44
3.2.2. M hnh ct. ........................................................................................ 46
3.2.3. Sng st. .............................................................................................. 47
3.2.4. M hnh chui cch in v m hnh m phng. ............................... 48
3.2.5. M hnh chng st van. ....................................................................... 48
3.3. Xc nh cc tham s ngu nhin. ............................................................. 49
3.3.1. Bin dng st, thi gian u sng, thi gian ui sng. ................ 49
3.3.2. Phn b gc ca c st. ....................................................................... 51
3.3.3. Phn b in tr chn ct. .................................................................. 51
3.3.4. Thi im xy ra st nh. ................................................................. 52
3.4. Kt qu m phng tnh ton sut ct bn tuyn ng dy 220kV. ......... 52
3.4.2. Phn b cng dng st gy ra phng in khi st nh vo nh
ct hoc khong vt. ....................................................................... 53
3.4.3. Phn b gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
ca c st nh vo nh ct
hoc khong vt gy phng in. .................................................. 55
3.4.4. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr thi gian u sng t
f

khi st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy phng in. .......... 56
3.4.5. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr in tr ct khi st
nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy ra phng in. ................. 56
3.4.6. Phn b gc st khi st nh vo dy dn gy phng in. ................ 58
3.5. Kt lun. ..................................................................................................... 58
CHNG 4. KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI. ................... 60
4.1. Kt lun. ..................................................................................................... 60
4.2. Hng pht trin ti. ............................................................................. 60
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 62

3

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. Bn mt ging st th gii ......................................................................... 6
Hnh 1.2. Bn mt st ti Vit Nam . .......................................................................... 7
Hnh 1.3. Thng k s c ca Cng ty truyn ti in 1. ..................................................... 8
Hnh 1.4. Sut ct ca ng dy 220kV theo thng k . .................................................... 8
Hnh 1.5. Qu in p do st trn ng dy truyn ti. ...................................................... 9
Hnh 2.1. Cc bc tnh ton sut ct do st nh vo dy dn theo phng php c in.
........................................................................................................................... 12
Hnh 2.2. Din tch thu ht st ca ng dy xc nh theo phng php c in . ........ 14
Hnh 2.3. Cc bc tnh ton sut ct khi st nh vo khong vt. ............................... 15
Hnh 2.4. Xc nh thi gian xy ra phng in theo phng php c in v min nguy
him. .................................................................................................................. 17
Hnh 2.5. M hnh in hnh hc xc nh din tch thu ht st do st nh vo dy dn
theo phng php CIGRE . ............................................................................... 18
Hnh 2.6. Mt bn m hnh in hnh hc . ........................................................................ 19
Hnh 2.7. Xc nh r
gm
v I
m
............................................................................................... 20
Hnh 2.8. Phn b xc sut tch lu cng dng st .................................................... 22
Hnh 2.9. S lan truyn sng khi st nh vo dy chng st ............................................ 23
Hnh 2.10. in p ti cc im trn ct v in p t ln chui cch in khi st nh
vo nh ct. ...................................................................................................... 23
Hnh 2.11. H s khong vt ........................................................................................... 26
Hnh 2.12. in p t ln chui cch in v dng xung chun th nghim xc nh
CFO ca cch in ........................................................................................... 28
Hnh 2.13. Xc nh min nguy him ca tng pha i vi ng dy 345kV ................ 29
Hnh 2.14. nh hng ca thi gian u sng ti cng dng st nh nht gy phng
in trn cch in ca ng dy 230kV v 500kV . ..................................... 30
Hnh 2.15. Vng lp xc nh t
f
v I
C
theo phng php CIGRE ..................................... 31
Hnh 2.16. Hnh dng ct ng dy 400kV c Martinez s dng trong tnh ton sut
ct s dng phng php Monter Carlo .......................................................... 33
Hnh 2.17. S thut ton tnh ton sut ct do st ca ng dy theo phng php
Monte Carlo da trn m hnh tnh ton qu in p xy dng trong
EMTP/ATP. ...................................................................................................... 34
Hnh 2.18. M hnh in hnh hc khi xt n phn b gc ca st. .................................. 36
Hnh 2.19. Chng trnh con trong EMTP/ATP ............................................................... 39
4

Hnh 3.1. Phn b mt xc sut v phn b tch lu gi tr in tr trn tuyn Thanh
Thu H Giang. ................................................................................................. 41
Hnh 3.2. Phn b mt xc sut v phn b tch lu gi tr in tr trn tuyn H Giang
Thu in Tuyn Quang. ............................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.3. Phn b mt xc sut v phn b tch lu gi tr in tr trn tuyn Tuyn
Quang Yn Bi. .............................................................................................. 42
Hnh 3.4. Phn b mt xc sut v phn b tch lu gi tr in tr trn tuyn Tuyn
Quang Bc Cn Thi Nguyn. .................................................................... 43
Hnh 3.5. Sut ct do st theo thng k ca bn tuyn ng dy. .................................... 44
Hnh 3.6. M hnh ng dy trong EMTP/ATP. .............................................................. 44
Hnh 3.7. Thng s ng dy s dng trong chng trnh EMTP ................................... 45
Hnh 3.8. M hnh ct s dng trong chng trnh EMTP. ............................................... 46
Hnh 3.9. Dng sng ngun dng Slope ramp. ................................................................ 47
Hnh 3.10. Cc tham s ca ngun dng st trong m phng EMTP. ............................... 47
Hnh 3.11. c tnh chng st van c khe h (EGLA). ...................................................... 49
Hnh 3.12. Hm phn b mt xc sut ca cng dng st s dng trong m phng.
........................................................................................................................... 50
Hnh 3.13. Hm phn b mt xc sut ca thi gian u sng s dng trong m phng.
........................................................................................................................... 50
Hnh 3.14. Phn b gc ca c st. ..................................................................................... 51
Hnh 3.15. So snh sut ct ca mt s ng dy theo thng k vi kt qu tnh theo
phng php Monte Carlo v phng php c in. ........................................ 52
Hnh 3.16. Phn b cng dng st gy ra phng in khi st nh vo nh ct. ....... 54
Hnh 3.17. Phn b gi tr thi gian u sng ca nhng c st nh vo nh ct gy ra
phng in. ........................................................................................................ 55
Hnh 3.19. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
khi st
nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy phng in. ...................................... 56
Hnh 3.20. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr in tr ct khi st nh vo
nh ct hoc khong vt gy ra phng in. ................................................. 57
Hnh 3.21. Phn b gc st ca nhng c st nh vo dy dn gy phng in............... 58

5

DANH MC CH VIT TT
Gc bo v
BFR Sut ct do phng in ngc (Back Flashover Rate)
c Vn tc truyn sng
CFO in p phng in b mt (Critical Flashover)
CFO
NS
in p phng in b mt in p khng tiu chun (Critical Flashover Non-
Standard)
D
C
Khu vc st nh vo dy dn
D
g
Khu vc st nh vo dy chng st
g(+) Phn b gc st
I
C
Cng dng st nh nht gy ra phng in khi st nh vo dy dn
I
m
Cng dng st ln nht gy ra phng in khi st nh vo dy dn
K
SF
H s khong vt
K
SP
H s suy gim do chiu di khong vt
K
TA
T s gia in p ti v tr pha A vi cng dng st
K
TT
T s gia in p ti nh ct vi cng dng st
N
c
Sut ct do st ca ng dy.
N
c
S ln st nh vo nh ct
N
dd
S ln st nh vo dy dn
N
g
Mt ging st
P (I > Ic) Xc sut xut hin dng in st c cng ln hn Ic
SFFOR Sut ct do st ca ng dy khi st nh vo dy dn (Shielding Failure
Flashover Rate)
S
g
Khong cch gia hai dy chng st
T
A
Thi gian truyn sng t v tr dy dn pha A
t
f
Thi gian u sng
T
T
Thi gian truyn sng trn ct
V
TA
in p ti v tr pha A
V
TT
in p ti nh ct
+ Gc st
Z
dd
Tng tr sng ca dy dn
Z
g
Tng tr sng ca dy chng st
Z
T
Tng tr sng ca ct
6

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V S C DO ST I VI NG
DY TRUYN TI.
1.1. Tnh hnh ging st ti Vit Nam.

Hnh 1.1. Bn mt ging st th gii [1].
Hnh 1.1 th hin s c st nh xung mt t tnh trung bnh hng nm trn
mt km
2
da trn d liu thu thp bi v tinh ca NASA t nm 1995 n nm
2003 [1]. Nhng ni mt ging st thp c mu sng, ni c mt ging st
cao nht l mu vng. Vit Nam thuc khu vc c mt ging st cao. Vin Vt l
a cu lp Bn mt st trn ton quc (hnh 1.2). Theo mi nm c
khong 2 triu c st nh xung t trn ton lnh th Vit Nam. Hot ng ging
st nc ta din ra mnh t thng t n thng chn. Thng k cho thy s ngy
ging trung bnh khong 100 ngy/nm v s gi ging trung bnh l 250h/nm [2].
Mt ging st phn b khng u, cao nht cc vng pha Nam nh Ty Ninh,
Bnh Dng, Long An ln ti 13,7 ln/1km
2
.nm, tip n l Ho Bnh 10,9
ln/1km
2
.nm, cc vng ni pha bc nh H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Yn Bi c mt
ging st l 8,2 ln/100km.nm, trong khi Bnh Thun mt ging st rt
thp (1,4 ln/1km
2
.nm)
7

Hnh 1.2. Bn mt st ti Vit Nam [2].
8

1.2. nh hng ca ging st n ng dy truyn ti.
ng dy truyn ti in c c im l cao ct ln, ng dy di v
thng chy qua cc khu vc ni cao, ni c mt ging st cao nn khng th
trnh khi s c do st. Kt qu thng k ca Cng ty Truyn ti in 1 (PCT1) v
tnh hnh s c trn mt s ng dy 220kV t nm 2006 n 2012 th hin trn
hnh 1.3 cho thy s c trn ng dy truyn ti ch yu l s c do st. c bit
tuyn ng dy Thanh Thu - H Giang, Trng Bch - Honh B c 100% s c
l do st.

Hnh 1.3. Thng k s c ca Cng ty truyn ti in 1.

Hnh 1.4. Sut ct ca ng dy 220kV theo thng k [3,4].
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Thanh thu -
HG
Ung B -
Trng Bch
Trng Bch -
Honh B
TQ VN
mch 1
TQ VN
mch 2
Tng s s c
S s c do st
5.51
8.02
9.45
12.96
13.47
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
TQ - VN
mch 1
Thanh thu -
HG
TQ - VN
mch 2
Ung B -
Trng Bch
Trng Bch -
Honh B
Sut ct (ln/100km.nm)
9

Hnh 1.4 ch ra sut ct do st theo thng k ca cc tuyn ng dy trn. Sut
ct l s ln ct in trong 1 nm tnh trn 100km. Sut ct do st ca ng dy
Trng Bch Honh B l cao nht (13,47 ln/100km.nm). ng dy ny di
43,3 km, vy tnh trung bnh trong 1 nm th ng dy ny b ct in ti ~6 ln.
Trong cng tc vn hnh, mi ng dy c qui nh mt tr s sut ct. Mc d
ngha ca vic qui nh nh vy vn cn nhiu tranh ci nhng n l mt tiu ch
duy nht hin nay xc nh nng lc vn hnh ca tng n v. Ch tiu v sut
ct i vi cc cng ty truyn ti thuc cng ty Truyn ti in quc gia (NPT)
c cho trong bng 1.1. i vi ng dy 220kV, ch tiu i vi s c thong
qua l 0,985 ln/100km.nm. Sut ct theo thng k ca cc ng dy k trn ln
hn rt nhiu so vi ch tiu cng ty truyn ti in 1 ra, t 5,6 ln (ng dy
mua in Trung Quc mch 1) n 11,2 ln (ng dy Trng Bch Honh B)
Bng 1.1. Ch tiu v sut ct i vi cc cng ty truyn ti ca NPT [4].
ng dy 500kV ng dy 220kV ng dy 110kV
Vnh cu
(** )
Thong qua
(*)
Vnh cu Thong qua Vnh cu Thong qua
0,263 0,197 0,985 0,263 0,831 3,351
1.3. Hin tng qu in p do st trn ng dy truyn ti.

Hnh 1.5. Qu in p do st trn ng dy truyn ti.

* S c thong qua l s c m phn t s c c khi phc trong thi gian nh hn hoc bng 20
pht. Ring trng hp t ng li thnh cng khng gy gin on cung cp in s c tnh l 0,2 v.
** S c vnh cu l s c c thi gian khi phc ln hn 20 pht.

10

Qu in p do st trn ng dy xut hin do st nh vo nh ct, khong
vt, dy dn hoc st nh xung t gn ng dy to nn qu in p cm ng
(hnh 1.5). Qu in p cm ng c tr s khng ln nn ch nguy him vi ng
dy h p c mc cch in thp [5]. ng dy truyn ti c in p 110kV tr ln
c mc cch in cao nn qu in p cm ng khng ng quan tm, do qu
in p kh quyn xut hin ch yu do st nh vo dy dn, nh vo nh ct
hoc khong vt.
Khi st nh vo nh ct dng in st ch yu i xung t, mt phn nh tn
sang hai ct ln cn theo dy chng st. Trong trng hp st nh vo khong
vt, dng in st s chia u sang hai bn v i xung t ct ngay cnh n.
Do hin tng st nh vo nh ct s gy nguy him hn so vi trng hp
nh vo khong vt. in p t ln chui cch in c gi tr tu thuc vo cc
tham s ca dng in st. Nu gi tr ip p ny vt qu ngng chu ng in
p ca chui cch in, hin tng phng in ngc s xy ra. Sut ct do hin
tng phng in ngc (Back Flashover Rate hay gi tt l BFR theo nh ngha
ca CIGRE [6]) c tnh bng s ln st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy
ra phng in trn 100km tnh trong 1 nm.
Hin tng nguy him nht l khi st nh trc tip vo dy dn. Khi dng
st khng th tn xung t c do dy dn cch in vi ct thng qua chui cch
in. Chui cch in s chu ton b in p do knh st gy ra. S ln st nh
trc tip vo dy dn gy nn phng in trn 100km trong 1 nm c gi l sut
ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn (theo nh ngha ca CIGRE l Shielding
Failure Flashover Rate hay gi tt l SFFOR [6]).
Sut ct do st ca mt ng dy (N
C
) c tnh bng tng sut ct do st nh
trc tip vo dy dn (SFFOR) v sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc khong
vt (BFR).

(ln/100km.nm) ( 1.1)
Thng thng sut ct do st nh vo ng dy phi c tnh ton t khu
thit k. Ngha l vi mi ng dy vi cc thng s c th v ct, in tr tip
11

a, a hnh c mt sut ct c th. Cc thng s ca ng dy phi c thay i
ngay t khu thit k t c tr s sut ct do st mong mun.
1.4. Kt lun.
Vit Nam nm trong vng c mt ging st cao tuy nhin mt phn b
khng u, c nhng vng c mt rt thp nh Bnh Thun (1,4 ln/1km
2
.nm),
c nhng vng c mt rt cao nh Ty Ninh, Long An (13,7 ln/1km
2
.nm).
ng dy truyn ti ca chng ta tri di trn khp lnh th v i qua cc vng c
mt ging st cao, do hng nm c rt nhiu cc c st nh vo ng dy.
Thng k ca PTC1 t nm 2006 ti nm 2012 ch ra rng s c trn ng dy
truyn ti ch yu l do st. S c do st c th do st nh vo khong vt, nh
vo nh ct hay nh trc tip vo dy dn gy nn phng in trn chui cch
in. S ln st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy nn phng in trn
100km trong 1 nm c gi l sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt,
sut ct do st nh vo dy dn l s ln st nh vo dy dn gy nn phng in
trn 100km trong 1 nm. Sut ct do st ca ng dy l tng sut ct do st nh
vo dy dn v sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt.

12

CHNG 2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TON SUT CT DO
ST CA NG DY TRUYN TI.
xc nh sut ct do st ca mt ng dy truyn ti, ngi ta thng s
dng mt trong ba phng php sau:
1- Phng php c in.
2- Phng php CIGRE.
3- Phng php m phng qu trnh qu kt hp vi phng php Monte
Carlo gi tt l phng php Monte Carlo.
Sau y s xt ln lt 3 phng php tnh ton trn.
2.1. Phng php c in.
Phng php ny c s dng trong cc tnh ton n gio hc [7]. Phng
php ny s dng mt khong ct i din cho ton b ng dy tnh ton sut
ct do st. Sut ct cho ng dy N
c
l tng ca sut ct do st nh vo dy dn
v sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt. Sut ct ca tng loi c
tnh nh sau.
2.1.1. Sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn.

Hnh 2.1. Cc bc tnh ton sut ct do st nh vo dy dn theo phng php c in.
Thng s ct (chiu cao ct, gc bo v, in tr ct,
chiu di cch in, chiu cao treo dy, bn knh dy dn)
Mt st, s
ngy ging st
S ln st
nh vo
ng
dy: N

Xc
sut st
nh
vo dy
dn:

Xc sut
hnh
thnh h
quang:

Xc sut xy ra phng
in:
( >
4
50%
)
Sut ct do st nh vo dy dn:
.
Tng tr sng
ca dy dn Z
dd

13

Hnh 2.1 ch ra cc bc tnh sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn theo
phng php c in. Sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn c xc nh bi:

. (ln/100km.nm) ( 2.1)
Vi: N l s ln st nh vo ng dy .
0
l xc sut st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn.

l xc sut hnh thnh h quang.
0
p
l xc sut xy ra phng in khi st nh vo dy dn
* S ln st nh vo ng dy N

. . .
(ln/100km.nm) ( 2.2)
Vi: m
s
l mt st nh vng c ng dy i qua.
n
s
l s ngy st trong 1 nm.
h l chiu cao trung bnh ca dy dn.
L l chiu di ca ng dy.
* Xc sut st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn 0
) .
( 2.3)
Vi : Gc bo v (
0
)
h
c
: Chiu cao ct (m).
* Xc sut hnh thnh h quang , n ph thuc vo in p lm vic trn
cch in, chiu di chui cch in v c xc nh theo bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1. Xc sut hnh thnh h quang.
50 30 20 10
0,6 0,45 0,25 0,1
Trong U
lv
l in p lm vic, l
cs
l chiu di chui cch in.
* Xc sut xy ra phng in khi st nh vo dy dn 0
p

. >
4
50%
/
(
50%
.
)
( 2.4)
14

Trong Z
dd
l tng tr sng ca dy dn:

. ..
/ O ( 2.5)
h : treo cao trung bnh ca dy dn (m).
r : Bn knh dy dn (m).
Trong tnh ton ny, s ln st nh trc tip vo ng dy c xc nh nh
hnh 2.2. T phm vi thu st ca mt ng dy nm ngang, th s ln st nh vo
mt din tch dc theo dy dn ca mt ng dy vi b rng 6h (h l chiu cao
trung bnh ca dy dn k c dy chng st) chnh l s ln st nh trc tip vo
ng dy. Ngoi phm vi trn st s nh xung t.

Hnh 2.2. Din tch thu ht st ca ng dy xc nh theo phng php c in [7].

15

2.1.2. Sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc nh vo khong vt.
Cc bc tnh ton sut ct do st khi st nh vo khong vt th hin trn
hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3. Cc bc tnh ton sut ct khi st nh vo khong vt.

Mt st,
S ngy
ging st.
Thng s ct (in tr ni t,
chiu cao ct, in cm thn
ct, chiu cao dy dn, DCS)
.
Loi dng st: in p lm vic
ca ng dy:
U
lv

in p ti nh
ct U
C
(t)
H s
ngu hp
K
in p t ln cch in:
U
c
(t) = f(a,t)
Thay i dc u sng a,
kim tra phng in.
Xc nh cc cp s (a,I)
Xc sut xy ra phng in:
0
p

Xc sut
hnh thnh
h quang:

Sut ct do st nh vo khong vt:
. .

S ln st
nh vo
ng
dy: N
S ln st nh
vo khong vt:
N
kv
~ N/2
16

S khc nhau khi tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct v sut ct do st nh
vo khong vt l bc xc nh in p t ln chui cch in. Vic xc nh
sut ct do st nh vo nh ct c cc bc hon ton tng t nh hnh 2.3. Khi
st nh vo khong vt, ip p t ln cch in s thp hn so vi trng hp
st nh vo nh ct. Sut ct do st nh vo khong vt c xc nh theo
cng thc (2.6)

. .
(ln/100km.nm) ( 2.6)
Vi:
N
kv
l s ln st nh vo khong vt v c gi tr bng s ln st
nh vo ng dy.
l xc sut hnh thnh h quang.
0
p
l xc sut xy ra phng in khi st nh vo khong vt.
xc nh xc sut xy ra phng in khi st nh vo khong vt 0
p
ta thc
hin nh sau:
u tin xc nh in p t ln chui cch in:

()
() (kV) ( 2.7)
Vi:
U
lv
l in p lm vic ca ng dy:

. . () ..
(kV) ( 2.8)
U
C
(t) l in p ti nh ct:

() 0
..
1 . ( ) (kV) ( 2.9)
Vi R
C
: in tr ni t chn ct.
L
C
: in cm thn ct. L
C
= L
0
.h
C

L
0
= 0,6H/m, h
C
l chiu cao ct
K : h s ngu hp ca dy dn.
T y ta v c cc ng in p t ln cch in cc dc a khc nhau
(hnh 2.4a). Phng in xy ra khi ng c tnh ny ct ng c tnh V-S ca
chui cch in. T hnh 2.4a ta xc nh c cc cp thng s (I
i
,a
i
) l giao ca
ng cong U
c
(t) vi ng c tnh V-S ca chui cch in. Da vo cc cp
17

thng s ny ta xy dng c ng cong nguy him I = f(a) t xc nh min
nguy him (hnh 2.4b) v xc sut xy ra phng in 0
p
*( ) +
. (
( 2.10)
Trong
0
/

Hnh 2.4. Xc nh thi gian xy ra phng in theo phng php c in (2.4a) v min
nguy him (2.4b).
2.1.3. Nhn xt.
u im ca phng php ny l cch tnh ton n gin v thun tin cho vic
tnh ton bng tay. Tuy nhin, mt s hn ch c th k n nh sau:
- Gi thit dng in st c dng tng tuyn tnh i
s
= a.t, trong a (kA/s) l
dc u sng l khng ph hp.
- Phng php ny gi nh in p ti mi im trn ct l nh nhau. Pha chu
in p ln nht l pha c h s ngu hp nh nht. iu ny dn n sai s
khi tnh xc sut xy ra phng in. Thc t in p t trn cch in ca
tng pha khng ch ph thuc vo h s ngu hp m cn ph thuc vo thi
im xy ra st nh so vi in p lm vic ca ng dy.
- Phng php ny ch tnh cho mt loi ct sau suy ra sut ct ca ton b
ng dy. Thc t ng dy c nhiu loi ct, nhiu in tr tip a ct, v
th sai st ca tnh ton bi phng php ny l khng th trnh khi.
18

2.2. Phng php CIGRE.
Phng php CIGRE [6] c trnh by trong hng dn cc bin php nh gi
kh nng chng st ca ng dy (WG. 33.01 xut bn nm 1991). Hng dn ny
trnh by phng php nh gi sut ct do st nh vo dy dn v sut ct do st
nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt. Sau y s trnh by c th phng php ny.
2.2.1. Sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn.
Khng ging vi phng php c in, phng php CIGRE da trn m hnh
in hnh hc xc nh din tch thu ht st [8]. M hnh in hnh hc cho
ng dy treo 2 dy chng st c v nh hnh 2.5. Cc bc thc hin tnh
sut ct do st khi st nh vo dy dn nh sau.
- T tr s ca dng in st ta xc nh khong cch thu ht st r
c
, r
g
:
.
(m) ( 2.11)
Vi: A, b l cc hng s, ph thuc vo m hnh la chn tnh ton [6].
- V mt ng thng song song vi mt t cch mt t mt khong bng r
g
.
- V cung trn bn knh r
c
vi tm l v tr dy dn hoc dy chng st. Cc
cung ny giao nhau ti im B,C v ct vi ng thng va v ti im A.

Hnh 2.5. M hnh in hnh hc xc nh din tch thu ht st do st nh vo dy dn
theo phng php CIGRE [9].

19

Vi: h : chiu cao ca dy chng st so vi mt t (m)
y : chiu cao ca dy dn so vi mt t (m)
S
g
: khong cch gia 2 dy chng st (m)
: gc bo v ca dy chng st (
0
)
Gi thit rng tt c cc c st nh xung theo phng vung gc vi mt t.
Nhng c st nh vo gia cung AB s nh vo dy dn, nh vo cung BC s
nh vo dy chng st, nhng c st nh ngoi cung AB, BC s nh xung mt
t. Khu vc m dy chng st khng th bo v c dy dn hay gi l khu vc
st nh vo dy dn D
C
, khu vc st nh vo dy chng st l D
g
. xc nh D
C

v D
g
ta xt mt bn ca m hnh in hnh hc nh hnh 2.6

Hnh 2.6. Mt bn m hnh in hnh hc [9].
- Khu vc st nh vo dy dn D
C

,() ( )- ( 2.12)
Vi:
(
()
()
) ( 2.13)

/ ( 2.14)
: gc bo v ().
r
c
: khong cch thu ht st ca dy dn v dy chng st (m).
h, y: chiu cao ca dy chng st v dy dn (m).
20

Nu r
g
y th u = 0
0
. Khi
, ( )-
- Khu vc st nh vo dy chng st D
g

( ) ( 2.15)
Vi cc gi tr cng dng st I khc nhau, khong cch D
C
v D
g
cng khc
nhau (hnh 2.7). Khi cho tng dn gi tr cng dng st I, khong cch thu ht
st r
c
, r
g
tng theo, cung AB v khong cch D
C
gim dn, cung BC v khong cch
D
g
tng ln. Khi tng I ti mt tr s no m khong cch D
C
= 0, lc dy dn
c bo v hon ton bi dy chng st. Tt c cc c st s nh vo dy chng
st hoc nh xung mt t. Gi tr cng dng st l cng dng st ln
nht c th nh vo dy dn I
m
. Nhng c st c cng ln hn gi tr I
m
th
khng nh vo dy dn m s nh vo dy chng st hoc nh xung mt t.
Cng dng st ln nht c th nh vo dy dn c xc nh bi:

( 2.16)

()
( 2.17)

Hnh 2.7. Xc nh r
gm
v I
m
Sut ct do st nh trc tip vo dy dn (SFFOR) bng tng s c st nh trc
tip vo dy dn gy ra phng in trn 100km trong mt nm v c xc nh
theo cng thc (2.18)

()
(ln/100km.nm) ( 2.18)
21

Vi D
C
: Khu vc st nh vo dy dn (m)
N
g
: Mt ging st (ln/1km
2
.nm)
L
l
: Chiu di ca ng dy (100km)
I
m
: Cng dng st ln nht c th nh vo dy dn (kA)
I
C
: Cng dng st nh nht gy ra phng in (kA) xc nh
theo cng thc (2.19)

50%
( 2.19)
f(I) l hm mt xc sut ca cng dng st c thng k theo [6] tun
theo hm mt xc sut log chun:
()
)
( 2.20)
Vi:
(

M l gi tr trung bnh ca cng dng st I, l lch chun. Cc gi tr
ny c cho trong bng 2.2
Bng 2.2. Phn b cng dng in st [6].
Tham s I < 20kA I > 20kA
M [kA] 61 33,3
1,33 0,605
Hnh 2.8 th hin phn b xc sut tch lu cng dng st c s dng rng
ri trong cc tnh ton sut ct v c khuyn co bi IEEE [10], CIGRE[6], IEC
[11]. th 2.8 th hin s phn trm c st c cng nh hn gi tr I (kA) v
d c 20% c st c cng nh hn 20kA v c ti 95% s c st c cng
nh hn 100kA.
22

Hnh 2.8. Phn b xc sut tch lu cng dng st [6].
2.2.2. Sut ct do st nh nh ct hoc khong vt.
Khi st nh vo khong vt (hnh 2.9), to ra sng in p lan truyn dc theo
dy chng st. Khi sng lan truyn ti ct in, mt phn sng truyn theo ct v
tn xung t, mt phn truyn theo dy chng st sang ct k tip, mt phn phn
x ngc tr li im st nh (sng phn x sinh ra do gp mi trng khng ng
nht, y l do tng tr sng ca ct khc vi tng tr sng ca dy dn). S lan
truyn sng trn dy chng st cm ng sang dy dn mt gi tr in p. in p
cm ng trn dy dn v in p trn dy chng st to nn mt chnh lch in
p. Phng in xy ra khi s chnh lch in p ny ln hn in p chu ng ca
cch in (cch in c th l khng kh hoc chui cch in ti ct). Phng in
hon ton c th xy ra ti gia khong vt tuy nhin khng ng k so vi phng
in xy ra ti ct v khong cch gia dy dn v dy chng st khong vt ln
hn rt nhiu so vi chiu di cch in ti ct. V vy, trong phng php ca
CIGRE ch xt cho trng hp phng in ti ct khi tnh sut ct do st khi st
nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt.
23

Hnh 2.9. S lan truyn sng khi st nh vo dy chng st (TT l thi gian truyn sng
t nh ct xung tip a, TA l thi gian truyn sng t v tr pha A xung tip a).
Hnh v c sa li t [9]
Khi c st c cng I (kA) nh vo nh ct (hnh 2.10a), dng sng in p
ti im i din trc tip vi dy dn (im TA) nm trn ct c c tnh nh hnh
2.10b. in p ny gim t gi tr nh V
TA
ti gi tr V
F
l do nh hng ca ct.
in p gim dn phn ui sng l do sng phn x t cc ct ln cn tr v.

Hnh 2.10. in p ti cc im trn ct v in p t ln chui cch in khi st nh
vo nh ct (b) [9].
24

Sng in p trn dy dn c xc nh bng tch ca h s ngu hp C ca dy
dn vi sng in p trn dy chng st. in p t ln chui cch in V
I
c
xc nh theo cng thc (2.21)

). ( 2.21)
Vi:
. ( 2.22)

. ( 2.23)
Cc t s K
TT
, K
TA
, K
SP
ph thuc vo cc h s phn x, tng tr sng ca ct,
in tr ni t chn ct, thi gian truyn sng v c xc nh nh cc cng thc
bn di:

( 2.24)

( 2.25)
) [(
) (
) ] ( 2.26)

Vi:
Z
T
: Tng tr sng ca ct (O).
Z
g
: Tng tr sng ca dy chng st (O).
c = 3.10
8
(m/s) l vn tc truyn sng.
Phng in s xy ra nu gi tr in p t ln chui cch in V
I
ln hn gi tr
in p U
50%
ca chui cch in (cn gi l CFO). Cng dng in nh nht
gy ra phng in trn chui cch in I
C
c xc nh theo cng thc (2.27)

)
( 2.27)
Sut ct do st nh vo nh ct BFR :

. ( >
) (ln/100km.nm) ( 2.28)

.(
0
( 2.29)
( >
( 2.30)
25

Trong , N
l
: S ln st nh vo ng dy trn 100km trong 1 nm
N
g
: Mt ging st (ln/1km
2
.nm)
S
g
: Khong cch gia hai dy chng st (m)
h : Chiu cao ct (m)
P (I > I
C
) : Xc sut xut hin dng st c cng ln hn I
C
.
Phng trnh (2.28) l phng trnh n gin nht xc nh BFR theo phng
php CIGRE, mt s nh hng khng c cp n y nh l:
1- Kh nng st nh vo khong vt. Phng trnh (2.28) xy dng cho
trng hp st ch nh vo nh ct. Thc t st c th nh vo bt k im
no trn dy chng st.
2- nh hng ca dng in st ti tr s in tr ni t. Dng in st c
cng rt ln. Khi tn xung t s gy ion ho mi trng xung quanh
tip a. Gi tr in tr lc ny khng cn l gi tr in tr o c tn s
thp.
3- in p in p phng in b mt in p khng tiu chun CFO
NS
. Thng
thng gi tr in p t ln chui cch in xy ra phng in U
50%
hay
gi l CFO c xc nh dng xung chun 1,2/50 s. Tuy nhin, khi xut
hin sng phn x t cc ct ln cn tr v, sng phn x t h thng ni t
th xung ny khng cn dng chun.
4- nh hng ca s pha v in p tn s 50Hz. Tnh ton BFR theo cng thc
(2.28) ch xt cho pha c h s ngu hp nh nht. Thc t phng in c th
xy ra bt k pha no. Gi tr in p pha cn lm gim in p ri trn
chui cch in.
5- Thi gian u sng t
f
y c coi l c nh, tuy nhin t
f
c mt phn b
xc sut v n ph thuc vo cng dng st. Gi tr in p nh V
TA
ph
thuc vo thi gian u sng t
f
. Vy chn gi tr t
f
l bao nhiu tnh ton
cho ph hp cng l mt vn ng quan tm.
xc nh chnh xc sut ct BFR ta cn phi xt ti tt c 5 yu t nh hng
trn. Cc phn sau y s lm r iu .
26

a. Kh nng st nh vo khong vt.
Phn 1.3 ch ra rng st nh vo nh ct gy nguy him hn khi st nh
vo khong vt. Nu gi s st ch nh vo nh ct th tr s sut ct do st tnh
c trong trng hp ny s cao hn tr s sut ct do st tnh c trong trng
hp st nh vo c nh ct v khong vt. so snh hai tr s sut ct do st
ny ta s dng h s khong vt K
SF
. H s K
SF
c tnh theo cng thc (2.31)

( 2.31)
Trong
- BFR
c+kv
l sut ct do st tnh c trong trng hp st nh vo c
nh ct v khong vt.
- BFR
c
l sut ct do st tnh c trong trng hp st ch nh vo nh
ct.
H s ny l mt hm theo cng dng st (hnh 2.11). Vi gi thit l s c
st nh vo dy chng st khng i theo chiu cao ca dy chng st, h s K
SF
l
ng nt m trn hnh 2.11. Nu s c st thay i th K
SF
s gim v c biu
din bi ng nt t, trong trng hp ny cho thy h s K
SF
thay i t 0,63
cho I
C
= 50kA ti 0,42 cho I
C
= 200kA. Tuy nhin vi mc ch tnh ton BFR,
CIGRE s dng tr s K
SF
= 0,6 [6]. Do sut ct do st nh vo nh ct v dy
chng st c tnh bi cng thc (2.32)
.
. ( >
) (ln/100km.nm) ( 2.32)

Hnh 2.11. H s khong vt [6].
27

b. nh hng ca in tr ni t.
Khi dng in st c cng ln chy qua tip a, n lm cho lp t xung
quanh b ion ho v xy ra phng in. in tr khi c xc nh bi:

(O) ( 2.33)
Vi, I
R
: Cng dng in st qua tip a xc nh theo cng thc (2.34)

. .

(kA) ( 2.34)
: in tr sut ca t (Om).
E
0
: in trng xy ra phng in trong t thng ly E
0
= 400kV/m
Nh vy dng in st cng cao th kh nng xy ra ion ho cng ln, do gi
tr in tr ct cng gim xung.
c. in p in p phng in b mt in p khng tiu chun CFO
NS

Dng sng in p t ln chui cch in ca ct c v bi ng nt m
trn hnh 2.12a bao gm nh hng ca in p tn s cng nghip V
PF
, in p gy
ra bi in tr ct V
IF
, v in p gy ra bi ct AV. S suy gim in p phn
ui sng gy ra bi sng phn x t ct ln cn. Ta thy rng dng sng ny khc
rt nhiu so vi dng xung chun 1,2/50 s, xung m dng xc nh gi tr CFO
ca cch in (hnh 2.12b). Gi tr CFO
NS
c tnh xp x theo cng thc (2.35)

0. .
.
/1 . 0
1 . 0 . .
/ .
/1.
0 . .
/ .
/1 .
[(
)(
)]
( 2.35)
Trong
() .

).
. ( 2.36)

. ( ). ( 2.37)
28

Hnh 2.12. in p t ln chui cch in (a) v dng xung chun th nghim xc
nh CFO ca cch in (b).
d. nh hng ca s pha v in p lm vic.
Trong phn tnh ton BFR theo cng thc (2.28), ngi ta ch xt ti pha vi h
s ngu hp C nh nht. Ta cn phi xt nh hng ca cc pha ti gi tr BFR.
n gin ta xt ng dy 1 mch (ng dy 2 mch cng lm tng t). Cc dy
dn 3 pha c cc h s ngu hp ln lt l C
A
, C
B
, C
C
. Khi xt c nh hng ca
in p dy V
LN
, in p t ln chui cch in ca 3 pha ln lt l:

() ( 2.38)

( ) ( 2.39)

( ) ( 2.40)
Gi thit c ba pha u c cng gi tr CFO
NS
. Khi cng dng st nh
nht gy phng in ca 3 pha l:

()
)
( 2.41)

()
)
( 2.42)

()
)
( 2.43)
Thay i gi tr e t 0
0
n 360
0
ta v c th nh hnh 2.13. T y ta xc
nh c xc sut xy ra phng in ca tng pha. Pha xy ra phng in l pha c
29

cng dng st I
C
nh nht. Hnh 2.13 minh ho xc sut xy ra phng in ti
cc pha c tnh cho ng dy mt mch 345kV vi gi tr in tr tip a l 16
O [12]. Trong trng hp ny, c 49,1% phng in ti pha A, 34,2% phng in
ti pha B v 16,7% phng in ti pha C.

Hnh 2.13. Xc nh min nguy him ca tng pha i vi ng dy 345kV [12].
e. nh hng ca thi gian u sng t
f
.
Thi gian u sng t
f
nh hng ln n tr s cng dng st nh nht gy
phng in I
C
. Khi thi gian u sng t
f
tng ln, cng dng st I
C
cng tng
theo (hnh 2.14). Thi gian u sng t
f
l mt hm ph thuc vo cng dng st
I
C
xc nh theo cng thc (2.44)

.4
( 2.44)
30

Hnh 2.14. nh hng ca thi gian u sng ti cng dng st nh nht gy phng
in trn cch in ca ng dy 230kV v 500kV [9].
Tr s t
f
thay i, I
C
cng thay i theo cho nn cn phi xc nh chnh xc tr
s t
f
tnh BFR. xc nh gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
v cng dng st I
C

ta thc hin vng lp nh hnh 2.15. u tin chng ta s chn mt gi tr t
f
. Theo
gi ca CIGRE [6] th vi ng dy 115-230kV ta chn t
f
= 2,5s, ng dy
345kV tr ln ta chn t
f
= 4,0s, sau chn R
i
= 0,5R
0
(R
i
l gi tr in tr xung
kch khi xy ra phng in, R
0
l gi tr in tr mt chiu o c t thc t). Tip
theo ta xc nh c cng dng st nh nht gy ra phng in (I
C
). Sau
tnh li c gi tr R
i
. Nu sai s gia 2 gi tr R
i
ban u v R
i
tnh c ln hn
gi tr cho php c, ta chn li R
i
v thc hin bc lp nh trn. Nu tm c R
i

tho mn iu kin nh hn c, ta tnh c gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
mi. Nu sai
s gia hai tr s t
f
ny ln hn c th chn li t
f
, thc hin vng lp R
i
tm t
f
mi,
nu hai gi tr t
f
c sai s nm trong khong cho php c, ta dng php lp. Qu
trnh lp kt thc, ta xc nh c gi tr t
f
v I
C
[6].

31

Hnh 2.15. Vng lp xc nh t
f
v I
C
theo phng php CIGRE [9]
Sau khi xc nh c tt c cc tham s trn, sut ct do st nh vo khong
vt hoc nh ct BFR xc nh theo cng thc (2.45)
.
. ( >
) (ln/100km.nm) ( 2.45)
( >
( 2.46)

Yes
Sai s t
f
< c
4

Sai s R
i
< c
No

Chn R
i

Chn t
f

Yes

No
32

2.2.3. Nhn xt.
u im:
- Phng php ny s dng m hnh in hnh hc xc din tch thu ht
st, t xc nh sut ct do st ca ng dy khi st nh vo dy dn.
- Trong qu trnh tnh ton BFR c xt n tng tr sng ca ct v qu
trnh truyn sng trong ct, t xc nh in p ri ti mi im trn
thn ct in.
- Phng php ny c cc t chc trn th gii khuyn co s dng nh:
IEEE, CIGRE, IEC
Nhc im:
- Do st l mt hin tng ngu nhin khng th on trc chnh xc cc
tham s ca n, cho nn vic ch xt mt gi tr t
f
khi tnh sut ct l cha
c tnh tng qut.
- Vic tnh ton sut ct c tnh theo mt khong ct c trng vi gi tr
in tr c nh. Ri suy ra sut ct cho c ng dy. Tuy nhin gi tr
in tr ni t thay i dc theo ng dy cho nn vic nh gi l
thiu thc t.

33

2.3. Phng php Monte Carlo.
Phng php Monte Carlo c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc
nh ton hc, ha hc, vt l, y hc gii cc bi ton c nhiu bin phn b
theo quy lut thng k. Phng php Monte Carlo s dng thut ton to cc bin
ngu nhin tnh ton kt qu bng cch s dng tr s trung bnh ca mu c
lng gi tr k vng ca bi ton. Bi ton c gii bng cch to nhng bin
ngu nhin (nhng theo quy lut) sau kt qu tnh c s c hai trng thi ng
(S: success) hoc khng ng. Tng s ln c kt qu ng (S) chia cho tng s
ln th N s c gi tr k vng ca bi ton nu s ln th ln.
Phng php Monte Carlo c s dng tnh sut ct do st ca ng dy
truyn ti nh tnh sut ct do st cho ng dy 150kV ct thp [13], cho ng
dy 345kV hai mch [14]. Martinez s dng phng php Monte Carlo tnh sut
ct do st cho ng dy 400kV mt mch c thng s ct nh hnh 2.16 [15].

Hnh 2.16. Hnh dng ct ng dy 400kV c Martinez s dng trong tnh ton sut
ct s dng phng php Monter Carlo [15]
p dng phng php Monte Carlo c tnh sut ct do st cho ng dy
truyn ti 220kV trong H Thng in Vit Nam c trnh by chi tit trong cc
phn sau.
34

2.3.1. Cc bc tnh ton ca phng php Monte Carlo.
Phng php Monte Carlo s dng nguyn tc nh gi theo xc sut thng k.
Ngha l ta xt rt nhiu kch bn khc nhau, st c th nh vo bt k ct no trn
ng dy vi cc thng s in tr ct khc nhau, dng in st c tham s bt k.
Phng php ny kt hp chng trnh m phng qu trnh qu in t (EMTP)
vi phng php Monte Carlo tnh sut ct do st cho ng dy truyn ti. Cc
bc thc hin c c ch ra trn hnh 2.17

Hnh 2.17. S thut ton tnh ton sut ct do st ca ng dy theo phng php
Monte Carlo da trn m hnh tnh ton qu in p xy dng trong EMTP/ATP.
Chn ngu nhin gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
theo phn b xc sut f(t
f
), thi
gian ui sng t
h
theo phn b xc sut f(t
h
), gc st + theo phn b g(+).
Yes
No
No
S kch bn N
max

Chn ngu nhin gi tr cng dng st I theo phn b xc sut f(I)
Xy dng m hnh ng dy trong EMTP/ATP
Bt u chy
Kim tra phng in
Cp nht s ln phng in
Sut ct ca ng dy.
N
max
?
Yes
Chn ngu nhin in tr ni t R
C
theo phn b xc sut f(R
C
)
p dng m hnh in hnh hc, xc nh im m st nh vo: dy
dn hoc dy chng st.
N= N+1
Chn ngu nhin gc pha in lm vic ca pha A so vi thi
im xy ra st nh vo ng dy (t 0-360
0
)
35

p dng phng php Monte Carlo tnh ton sut ct do st cn thc hin cc
bc nh sau:
- Reo cc bin ngu nhin nh gc ca c st +,cng dng st I, thi gian
u sng t
f
, thi gian ui sng t
h
, in tr chn ct R
C
, thi im st nh
vo ng dy.
- S dng m hnh in hnh hc xc nh im m st nh vo ng dy
(dy dn hoc dy chng st).
- Tnh ton qu in p xy ra sau mi ln st nh vo ng dy.
- Tnh sut ct do st ca ng dy.
Mi mt kch bn m phng vi mi bin ngu nhin nh gc ca c st, cng
dng st, thi gian u sng, thi gian ui sng, gi tr in tr ct, gi tr gc
pha. Cc bin ngu nhin ny c reo theo cc hm phn b xc sut khc nhau.
Trc khi chy m phng trong EMTP, cn phi p dng m hnh in hnh hc
xc nh im m st nh vo (c th l dy dn hoc dy chng st). xc nh
im m nhng c st c phn b gc + khc nhau nh vo ng dy ta s dng
m hnh in hnh hc nh hnh 2.18 [16]. Gc st y c hiu l gc so vi
phng thng ng. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
- V tr mt t (im P) s c xc nh ngu nhin theo phn b u
- Gc ca c st + c chn ngu nhin theo hm phn b g(+) theo cng thc
(3.3)
- p dng m hnh in hnh hc (hnh 2.18) xc nh im m st nh vo
ng dy. Nu c st c gc + nm trong tr s (+
1
, +
2
) hoc (+
3
, +
4
) th s nh
vo dy dn. Cn cc c st c gc + nm ngoi khong th nh vo dy chng
st. Cc gi tr +
1
, +
2
, +
3
, +
4
c xc nh nh sau:

) ( 2.47)

) ( 2.48)

) ( 2.49)
36

) ( 2.50)

. ( ) ( 2.51)
Cc gi tr D
C
, , D
g
c xc nh theo cc cng thc (2.12), (2.13), (2.15).

Hnh 2.18. M hnh in hnh hc khi xt n phn b gc ca st [16].
Ta tin hnh chy m phng sau khi xc nh c tt cc cc tham s trn, sau
mi kch bn m phng cn phi kim tra xem c xy ra phng in hay khng.
Nu xy ra phng in, b m tng ln. Qu trnh m phng dng li khi s kch
bn t n gi tr N
max
. Kt thc qu trnh m phng ta xc nh c tr s sut
ct do st ca ng dy bao gm sut ct do st nh vo dy dn v sut ct do
st dnh vo nh ct hoc dy chng st. Sut ct do st nh vo dy dn c
tnh bi (2.52)

(ln/100km.nm) ( 2.52)
Vi N
dd
: S ln st nh vo dy dn tnh trn 100km trong 1 nm.
N
pdd
: S ln xy ra phng in khi st nh vo dy dn
N
max
: S kch bn m phng.

37

Sut ct do st nh vo nh ct c tnh theo hng dn ca CIGRE [6]
.
(ln/100km.nm) ( 2.53)
N
L
: S ln st nh vo khong vt hoc nh ct trn 100km trong 1 nm.
N
c
: S ln phng in khi st nh ti nh ct.
xc nh s ln st nh vo nh ct, khong vt hoc nh vo ng dy
ngi ta s dng m hnh in hnh hc (hnh 2.6). S ln st nh vo nh ct
hoc dy chng st c xc nh theo cng thc (2.54), s ln st nh vo dy
dn xc nh theo cng thc (2.55)

( 2.54)

( 2.55)
Vi: I
min
l cng dng st nh nht (kA)
I
maxc
l cng dng st ln nht nh vo nh ct (kA)
I
maxdd
l cng dng st ln nht nh vo dy dn (kA)
D
c
v D
g
xc nh theo cng thc (2.12) v (2.15)
Sut ct do st ca ng dy c tnh bng tng sut ct do st nh vo dy
dn v sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc dy chng st:
(ln/100km.nm) ( 2.56)
2.3.2. Tnh hi t ca phng php Monte Carlo.
Tnh hi t ca phng php Monte Carlo c kim tra bng cch so snh hm
mt xc sut ca tt c cc bin vi cc hm l thuyt ca n. Qu trnh m
phng dng li khi t n mt gi tr sai s nht nh. V d t c sai s
10% cn phi chy ti 10.000 kch bn, vi sai s 5% th cn chy ti hn 30.000
kch bn [13]. Chng 3 th hin kt qu tnh ton sut ct theo phng php
Monte Carlo khi chy vi 40.000 kch bn.

38

2.3.3. Nhn xt.
u im:
- Phng php ny khc phc hu ht cc nhc im ca phng php c
in v phng php CIGRE. Bi ton m phng v tnh sut ct cho ng
dy st vi thc t hn.
- in tr chn ct khng c nh. N thay i tu thuc vo tng v tr ct.
St c th nh vo bt c ct no trn tuyn ng dy.
- Cc c st c m phng gn ging vi thc t hn ch chn cc tham s
ca c st, nh l phn b gc ca c st, cng dng st, thi gian u
sng, thi gian ui sng c chn ngu nhin theo cc hm mt xc
sut ca n.
- St c th nh vo ng dy bt c thi im no so vi gc pha ca in
p pha A (gc pha ca in p thay i t 0 360
0
).
- Phng php ny kt hp vi phn mm m phng qu trnh qu in t
EMTP/ATP tnh ton sut ct ca ng dy.
Nhc im:
- gim bt sai s cn phi tng s kch bn m phng. S kch bn m
phng rt ln (40000 kch bn t c sai s di 5%) dn n khi
lng tnh ton ln cng nh thi gian m phng ko di.
2.4. Chng trnh EMTP/ATP (Electromagnetic transient program).
EMTP/ATP l chng trnh m phng qu in t c s dng kh ph bin
hin nay. Chng trnh ATP tnh ton cc bin cn quan tm theo hm ca thi
gian. Chng trnh s dng qui tc hnh thang gii cc phng trnh vi phn ca
cc phn t trong min thi gian hoc min tn s [18,19].
EMTP h tr m hnh m phng cc phn t nh l ng c, my bin p, ng
dy in trn khng, ng dy cp, chng st van. Cc mdun TACS (Transient
Analysis of Control Systems) v MODELS (ngn ng m phng) cho php m hnh
ho cc h thng iu khin v cc thnh phn phi tuyn trong h thng in nh l
39

hin tng vng quang, h quang xy ra trong qu trnh phng in, qu trnh
phng in ngc trn chui cch in cch in [20]. Cc chng trnh con h
tr trong ATP c th hin trn hnh 2.19

Hnh 2.19. Chng trnh con trong EMTP/ATP [18].
Trong n ny, chng trnh EMTP c s dng tnh ton in p trn
chui cch in ca ng dy trong trng hp st nh vo nh ct v dy dn.
Cc m hnh phn t ca ng dy c trnh by trong chng 3 phn 3.2.1
2.5. Kt lun.
Chng ny cp ti ba phng php tnh sut ct do st cho mt ng dy
hin nay ang c s dng, bao gm phng php c in, phng php CIGRE,
phng php Monte Carlo. Mi phng php u c nhng u im cng nh
nhc im ring.
Phng php c in c cch tnh ton thun li cho vic tnh ton bng tay, d
hiu tuy nhin nhc im ca phng php ny l khng xt ti nh hng ca
40

in p ti cc im trn ct, tnh ton sut ct do st cho pha c h s ngu hp
nh nht sau suy ra sut ct cho c ng dy. in tr ct c ly c nh.
Phng php CIGRE khc phc c mt s nhc im ca phng php c
in. Ct c thay th bi mt tng tr sng v trong tnh ton ngi ta xt n
in p ti cc im trn ct. Phng php ny tnh ton sut ct do st cho tt c
cc pha sau suy ra sut ct cho ng dy. Phng php CIGRE cn c u im
l s dng m hnh in hnh hc xc nh din tch thu ht st khi st nh vo
dn dn hoc dy chng st, qua xc nh s ln st nh vo ng dy mt
cch chnh xc hn. Tuy nhin nhc im ca phng php ny l thiu thc t.
Gi tr in tr chn ct thay i theo tng vng ch khng phi l mt gi tr c
nh, cc tham s ca dng st ta khng th on trc c, cng nh thi im
xy ra st nh so vi gc pha ca in p pha A hay phn b gc ca c st
(phng php CIGRE gi nh cc c st ch c hng nh vung gc vi mt
t).
Phng php Monte Carlo l phng php kt hp phn mm m phng qu
trnh qu in t (EMTP) vi l thuyt phng php Monte Carlo xc nh
sut ct do st ca mt ng dy. Phng php ny c cch nh gi trc quan v
ng dy truyn ti ca chng ta, cc tham s ca dng st c bit l s phn b
ca gc st, gi tr in tr chn ct, thi im xy ra st nh u l cc tham s
ngu nhin phn b theo hm mt xc sut ca chng. Phng php ny khc
phc c cc nhc im ca hai phng php trn, vic kt hp chng trnh
EMTP vo tnh ton qu in p gip nh gi chnh xc sut ct do st ca ng
dy. Tuy nhin hn ch ca phng php ny l t c chnh xc cao th s
kch bn m phng phi ln dn n khi lng tnh ton ln v thi gian m
phng ko di.

41

CHNG 3. TNH TON SUT CT CHO NG DY
TRUYN TI 220kV BNG PHNG PHP MONTE CARLO.
Trong chng ny, ta s p dng phng php Monte Carlo tnh sut ct do
st cho mt s ng dy truyn ti 220kV trong h thng in Vit Nam.
3.1. Gii thiu v ng dy 220kV s dng trong tnh ton m phng.
Ta s tnh ton sut ct do st cho bn ng dy Thanh Thu - H Giang, H
Giang Thu in Tuyn Quang, Thu in Tuyn Quang Yn Bi, Tuyn
Quang Bc Cn Thi Nguyn.
1. Tuyn ng dy 220kV Thanh Thu - H Giang c cp ngun t
Malutang Trung Quc qua Thanh Thu ti trm H Giang. ng dy ny
ko di 27km gm c 67ct. Phn b in tr trn tuyn ny tri di t 2O
ti 40O (hnh 3.1)

Hnh 3.1. Phn b mt xc sut (a) v phn b tch lu gi tr in tr (b) trn tuyn
Thanh Thu H Giang.
2. ng dy 220kV H Giang T. Tuyn Quang ko di 98,2km gm 233
ct c phn b in tr tri di t 2O ti 30O (hnh 3.2).
42

H Giang Thu in Tuyn Quang.
3. ng dy T.Tuyn Quang Yn Bi c chiu di 86,2km gm 180 ct.
Tuyn ny c gi tr in tr kh thp, phn b tp trung ch yu 5O, c
ti 70% s ct c in tr di 5O (hnh 3.3)

Tuyn Quang Yn Bi.
4. ng dy 220kV Thu in Tuyn Quang - Bc Kn Thi Nguyn c
chiu di 134km bao gm 292 ct v c phn b in tr nh hnh 3.4. Cc
gi tr in tr phn b tp trung quanh gi tr 10O, c ti 88% s ct c
in tr nh hn 10O.
43

Tuyn Quang Bc Cn Thi Nguyn.
Bn tuyn ng dy ny s dng chung 7 loi ct khc nhau vi chiu cao t
33m cho ti 49,5m bao gm 3 loi ct v 4 loi ct no [4]. Trong n ny s
dng loi ct 222AY+6,5 c chiu cao 44,5m tnh ton sut s c do st.
Lot ct ny c la chn tnh ton do n chim 14% s lng ct trn c 4
tuyn.
Thng k ca cng ty Truyn Ti in 1 t nm 2006 ti nm 2012 [4] cho thy
bn tuyn ng dy ny i qua vng c mt ging st cao (8~9 ln/1km
2
.nm)
do mt nm c rt nhiu c st nh vo ng dy, dn n sut ct do st ca
bn tuyn ng dy ny rt cao v c th hin trn hnh 3.5. Tuyn Thanh Thu
- H Giang l tuyn c sut ct do st cao nht (8,02 ln/100km.nm), cc tuyn cn
li c sut ct ~5 ln/100km.nm. Trong phn sau ta s tin hnh m phng v tnh
sut ct do st ca bn tuyn ng dy ny bng phng php Monte Carlo.
44

Hnh 3.5. Sut ct do st theo thng k ca bn tuyn ng dy.
3.2. Cc m hnh s dng trong m phng EMTP.
3.2.1. Xy dng m hnh ng dy.

Hnh 3.6. M hnh ng dy trong EMTP/ATP.
Hnh 3.6 l m hnh ng dy trong chng trnh EMTP. Cc phn t cn a
vo trong m hnh nh ct in, ng dy, ngun xoay chiu tn s 50Hz, ngun
dng xung st.
st s nh hng ca sng phn x t cc ct ln cn, ng dy s c
m phng bi 5 ct vi 3 khong ct mi pha m im st nh vo (hnh 3.6).
Chiu di ca mi khong ct c ghi trn hnh 3.6. Mi khong ct c thay th
bi m hnh LCC - J.Martis trong EMTP [21]. M hnh J.Martis s tnh ton s
thay i tng tr sng ca dy dn theo cc tn s khc nhau.
8.02
5.09 5.22
5.22
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Thanh thu - H
Giang
H Giang-T
Tuyn Quang
T Tuyn
Quang - Yn
Bi
Tuyn Quang-
Bc Cn-Thi
Nguyn
45

Hai ngun AC1 v AC2 c kt ni vi 2 u ng dy thng qua mt ma
trn tng tr. Ma trn ny c tc dng trit tiu sng phn x t 2 u ng dy.
Ta c th thay th tng tr n gin bi ng dy di.
Hnh 3.7 th hin cc thng s ct, dy dn, dy chng st c nhp vo trong
m hnh LCC
- Ph.No l v tr dy dn, dy chng st. Cc v tr t 1 n 6 l v tr
dy dn. V tr 7,8 l v tr dy chng st (DCS) (hnh 3.8).
- R
in
, R
out
l bn knh trong, bn knh ngoi ca dy dn, DCS.
- Horiz khong cch theo phng ngang ca dy dn hoc DCS ti
tm ct.
- Vtower khong cch so vi mt t.
- Vmid = Vtower f. f l vng ca dy dn hoc DCS.
- Separ : khong cch pha (cm)
- NB : s dy dn/1pha.

Hnh 3.7. Thng s ng dy s dng trong chng trnh EMTP
46

3.2.2. M hnh ct.

Hnh 3.8. M hnh ct s dng trong chng trnh EMTP.
M hnh ct ng dy 220kV c thay th bi m hnh nhiu phn on [22]
(hnh 3.8) Cc tr s tng tr sng Z
t1
= Z
t2
= Z
t3
= 220O. Z
t4
= 150O.
Vn tc truyn sng trong ct v = 3.10
8
m/s
Hng s thi gian truyn sng trn ct t = h/v
Hng s suy gim dc theo ct = 0.8944
Cc gi tr in tr R
1
= r
1
.h
1
, R
2
= r
1
.h
2
, R
3
= r
1
. h
3
, R
4
= r
2
. h
4

L
1
= R
1
. t, L
2
= R
2
. t, L
3
= R
3
. t, L
4
= R
4
. t
Trong cc tr s in tr n v r
1
, r
2
tnh theo cng thc (3.1) v (3.2)

. .
/ ( 3.1)

.
4
. .
/ ( 3.2)
H thng ni t chn ct c thay th trong chng trnh EMTP bi mt in
tr tuyn tnh R vi gi tr in tr o c t thc t.
47

3.2.3. Sng st.
Sng st c m phng bi mt ngun dng dng dc Slope ramp (hnh 3.9)
nh khuyn co ca Ametani [22]. Tng tr sng ca st c thay th bi mt
in tr tuyn tnh c gi tr 1000O mc song song vi ngun dng. Cc tham s
ca ngun dng nh hnh 3.10. Do st l mt hin tng ngu nhin, nn vic gi
nh dng st vi xung chun 1,2/50 s l mt hn ch. Thc t th ta khng th
on trc c tham s ca nhng c st nh xung ng dy. Cc i lng
Amplitude, T0, A1,T1 l cc gi tr ngu nhin. Theo nghin cu ca CIGRE [6]
cho thy s phn b cc tham s ca st theo cc hm phn b xc sut log chun.

Hnh 3.9. Dng sng ngun dng Slope ramp.

Hnh 3.10. Cc tham s ca ngun dng st trong m phng EMTP.
48

Trong
T0 : thi gian u sng (s).
Amplitude : cng dng in ti thi im T0 (kA)
T1 : thi gian ui sng (s).
A1 : cng dng in ti thi im T1 (kA)
3.2.4. M hnh chui cch in v m hnh m phng.
Chui cch in ng dy 220kV gm 15 bt s vi chiu di mi bt l
146mm s c thay th bi mt in dung vi tr s 100pF/1 bt s [11]. Trn mi
chui cch in c trang b hai m phng hai u bo v chui cch in.
Khe h phng in to bi hai m phng trn chui cch in c m phng bi
m hnh phng in ngc trong EMTP. n ny s dng phng php pht trin
tia tin o ca Montoyama [21] m phng qu trnh phng in trn chui cch
in. Phng php ca Montoyama xt n nhng thng s c bit ca s phng
in v nhng c tnh vt l lin quan n c ch phng in. Phng php ny
da vo cc kt qu th nghim a ra cc cng thc gii tch. Bng vic gii
mt tp hp cc phng trnh khc nhau, ngi ta tnh ton c s pht trin
ca tia tin o, v sau ta thu c ng c tnh volt giy ca chui cch
in.
3.2.5. M hnh chng st van.
Chng st van s dng trong m phng l loi chng st van c khe h (EGLA).
Loi chng st van ny c lp t th nghim trn tuyn 220kV Ung B
Trng Bch v s c trin khai trn ton tuyn H Giang Thu in Tuyn
Quang Yn Bi. Chng st van loi c khe h bao gm mt in tr phi tuyn c
c tnh nh hnh 3.11 ni tip vi mt m phng c chiu di khe h l 1m.
49

Hnh 3.11. c tnh chng st van c khe h (EGLA).
3.3. Xc nh cc tham s ngu nhin.
Cc tham s ca ngun dng st, tham s in tr ni t, thi gian m st nh
vo ng dy so vi gc pha in p pha A hay l im m st nh vo u l cc
tham s ngu nhin. Tuy nhin vic chn cc bin ny phi tun theo hm mt
xc sut ca chng.
3.3.1. Bin dng st, thi gian u sng, thi gian ui sng.
Mi tham s ca dng st u c mt phn b xc sut theo hm xc sut log
chun. Trong n ny s dng phn b xc sut c khuyn co bi CIGRE
[15] (bng 3.1). Hnh 3.12 v 3.13 ch ra phn b mt xc sut ca tr s
cng dng st v tr s thi gian u sng t
f
s dng trong m phng.
Bng 3.1. Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca cc bin [13].
Tham s
Phn b log chun
Gi tr trung bnh lch chun o
I
m
(kA) 34 0,74
t
f
(s) 2 0,4943
t
h
(s) 77,5 0,577
50

Hnh 3.12. Hm phn b mt xc sut ca cng dng st s dng trong m phng.

Hnh 3.13. Hm phn b mt xc sut ca thi gian u sng s dng trong m phng.
51

3.3.2. Phn b gc ca c st.
Hnh 3.14 th hin phn b gc ca c st theo hm phn b g(+) xc nh theo
cng thc (3.3) [23]. Cc tham s ca phn b gc st c ly trong bng 3.2, vi
cc gi tr m khc nhau th phn b gc st cng khc nhau. Cc c st c phn b
gc tri di t -90
0
ti 90
0
nhng tp trung ch yu quanh gi tr 0
0
. Ta s chn m =
2 theo khuyn co ca IEEE [23] thc hin m phng.
()
( 3.3)
Bng 3.2. Tham s ca phn b gc st.

Hnh 3.14. Phn b gc ca c st.
3.3.3. Phn b in tr chn ct.
Tr s in tr chn ct c chn ngu nhin t cc tr s in tr thng k
c ca tng tuyn ng dy. Phn b in tr ca tng tuyn th hin trong
phn 3.1
m K
m

0 1/t
1 1/2
2 2/t
3 3/4
4 8/3t
5 15/16
52

3.3.4. Thi im xy ra st nh.
Thi im xy ra st nh vo ng dy so vi gc pha in p pha A c
chn ngu nhin t 0
0
360
0
theo phn b u.
3.4. Kt qu m phng tnh ton sut ct bn tuyn ng dy 220kV.
Ta tin hnh chy m phng vi bn tuyn ng dy: Thanh Thu - H Giang,
H Giang T Tuyn Quang, T Tuyn Quang Yn Bi, Tuyn Quang- Bc Cn
- Thi Nguyn. Kt qu sau khi m phng th hin trn hnh 3.15. Ngoi ra trn
hnh 3.15 cn th hin sut ct do st theo thng k t nm 2006 ti nm 2012 v
sut ct do st tnh c t phng php c in [24]. Trong phng php c in
tnh vi tr s in tr l tr s cao nht ca tuyn ng dy (tuyn Thanh Thu -
H Giang ly tr s in tr 40O, ba tuyn cn li ly tr s in tr l 30O). T
ta rt ra mt s nhn xt nh sau:
S
u
a
t

c
a
t

(
l
a
n
/
1
0
0
k
m
.
n
a
m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Suat cat theo thong ke
SFFOR tnh theo monte carlo
BFR tinh theo monte carlo
phuong phap co dien
Thanh Thuy
Ha Giang
Ha Giang
Tuyen Quang
Tuyen Quang
Yen Bai
Tuyen Quang
Bac Can Thai Nguyen

Hnh 3.15. So snh sut ct ca mt s ng dy theo thng k vi kt qu tnh theo
phng php Monte Carlo v phng php c in.
- ng dy Thanh Thu - H Giang c tr s sut ct do st l cao nht (8,26
ln/100km.nm) trong sut ct do st nh vo dy dn ~1,4 ln/100km.nm.
ng dy ny c tr s in tr kh cao (tr s in tr trung bnh ca ton
tuyn l ~15O trong khi cc tuyn cn li c tr s in tr trung bnh di 8O)
dn n sut ct do st ca tuyn ng dy ny l cao nht.
53

- Do s dng cng mt loi ct cho nn sut ct do st nh vo dy dn ca cc
tuyn ng dy ny xp x bng nhau (~1,5 ln/100km.nm). Sut ct do st
nh vo dy dn chim khong 20% sut ct tng cng (tu thuc vo tng
tuyn ng dy).
- So snh kt qu thu c vi kt qu tnh sut ct theo thng k cho thy tin
cy ca phng php ny. Vi ng dy Thanh Thu - H Giang, sut ct do
st tnh theo phng php Monte Carlo l 8,26 ln/100km.nm, sut ct do st
theo thng k ca ng dy ny l 8,02 ln/100km.nm. ng dy Tuyn
Quang Yn Bi c sut ct tnh c l 5,67 ln/100km.nm so vi 5,22
ln/100km.nm theo thng k.
- Phng php c in tnh sut ct do st vi tr s in tr cao nht ca tuyn
. Ch c mt s ct trn tuyn mi c tr s in tr cao nh vy. Mc d vy
kt qu tnh ton cho thy sai s kh ln khi so vi thc t. V d tuyn Thanh
Thu - H Giang sut ct tnh c ch c 5,6 ln/100km.nm trong khi theo
thng k ng dy ny c sut ct l 8,02 ln/100km.nm.
- Sut ct do st ph thuc kh nhiu vo mt ging st (N
g
), hot ng ca
ging st rt phc tp v thay i theo tng nm, tng vng, hn na ng
dy truyn ti li tri di cho nn rt kh nh gi chnh xc tr s mt ging
st chung ca c tuyn ng dy. ng dy cng ngn th tr s N
g
cng
chnh xc. iu ny dn ti sai s trong qu trnh tnh ton sut ct do st. V d
khi mt ging st thay i t 8,2 ln/1km
2
.nm ln 10,9 ln/1km
2
.nm, tr s
sut ct do st tnh cho ng dy Thanh Thu H Giang tng ln t 8,26
ln/100km.nm ln 10,97 ln/100km.nm.
Phn sau s ch ra nh hng ca cc tham s dng st ti tr s sut ct do st
tnh theo phng php Monte Carlo.
3.4.2. Phn b cng dng st gy ra phng in khi st nh vo nh ct
hoc khong vt.
Hnh 3.16 ch ra phn b cng dng st gy ra phng in khi st nh vo
nh ct ti bn tuyn ng dy. Cc tr s cng dng st tri di t 50kA ti
300kA. Cc c st nh vo nh ct c xc sut gy ra phng in cao nht nm
54

trong di t 100kA ti 150kA. ng dy Thanh Thu - H Giang c tr s in tr
kh cao nn tr s cng dng st xy ra phng in tp trung cao tr s
100kA, cc tuyn cn li c gi tr in tr thp hn nn tr s cng dng st
tp trung nhiu tr s 120kA. Khi m tr s in tr R tng, phn in p t ln
h thng ni t (I.R) cng tng tng ng lm cho in p t ln chui cch in
tng theo. V vy tr s cng dng st gy phng in s gim i.
Xut hin nhng c st c cng rt cao (ln hn 200kA) nh vo ng
dy nhng xc sut gy ra phng in ca chng li thp, nguyn nhn l do xc
sut xut hin nhng c st c cng ln hn 200kA l rt thp. Mc d gi tr
phn b dng in st dao ng quanh gi tr trung bnh 34kA nhng xc sut cc
c st nh vo nh ct gy ra phng in li tp trung quanh tr s 100kA l do
cng dng st nh nht nh vo nh ct gy ra phng in l ~55kA.

Hnh 3.16. Phn b cng dng st gy ra phng in khi st nh vo nh ct.
55

3.4.3. Phn b gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
ca c st nh vo nh ct hoc
khong vt gy phng in.

Hnh 3.17. Phn b gi tr thi gian u sng ca nhng c st nh vo nh ct gy ra
phng in.
Mc d thi gian u sng ca dng st phn b quanh tr s 2s (hnh 3.13)
nhng tr s thi gian u sng t
f
ca nhng c st nh vo nh ct gy phng
in li phn b quanh tr s trung bnh 1,5s (hnh 3.17). Cc tr s t
f
c xc sut
gy ra phng in cao nht nm trong khong t 1s ti 1,6s. Cc c st c thi
gian u sng t
f
ln hn 4s th t c xc sut phng in thp hn do xc sut xut
hin nhng c st c tham s t
f
>4s rt thp. Ta thy rng cc c st c gi tr thi
gian u sng t
f
cng nh th cng d gy ra phng in trn chui cch in. iu
ny d hiu v khi phn in p ging ln thn ct xc nh theo cng thc (3.4)
ch yu ph thuc vo thnh phn in cm ca thn ct. Tr s in tr chn ct
trong trng hp ny nh hng rt t ti tr s U
c
.

() ().
( 3.4)
56

3.4.4. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
khi
st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy phng in.

Hnh 3.18. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr thi gian u sng t
f
khi st
nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy phng in.
Hnh 3.18 ch ra mi quan h gia cng dng st v thi gian u sng t
f
ca
nhng c st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy phng in. Cc hnh tam
gic mu en th hin cc c st c tham s cng I v thi gian u sng t
f
gy
phng in. Cc du chm mu ghi th hin cc c st khng gy ra phng in.
Vi tr s thi gian u sng ~0,4s th cng dng in st gy ra phng in
rt thp (~55kA), nhng c st c tr s thi gian u sng t
f
> 5s gy ra phng
in thi cng ca n phi rt cao (I
c
= 250kA i vi tuyn ng dy thu
in Tuyn Quang Yn Bi). Khi tr s thi gian u sng tng th tr s cng
dng st gy phng in cng tng theo.
3.4.5. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr in tr ct khi st nh
vo nh ct hoc khong vt gy ra phng in.
Hnh 3.19 th hin mi quan h gia cc cng dng st v gi tr in tr ct
khi st nh vo nh ct hoc gia khong ct v gy ra phng in. Cc hnh tam
gic mu en th hin cng dng st gy ra phng in ti cc ct. Cc du
chm mu ghi th hin cc c st khng gy ra phng in. Ta rt ra mt s nhn
xt nh sau:
57

- St c th gy ra phng in ti bt k im no trn ng dy, t nhng
ct c gi tr in tr rt nh (~2O) hay nhng ct c gi tr in tr rt cao
(43O).
- Khi gi tr in tr chn ct tng, tr s cng dng st gy ra phng in
gim.
- Vi tr s in tr rt nh vn tn ti nhng c st c cng thp gy
phng in do cc c st ny c dc u sng ln cho nn nh hng ca
tr s in tr ct l khng ng k nh trnh by phn 3.4.3

Hnh 3.19. Mi quan h gia cng dng st v gi tr in tr ct khi st nh vo
nh ct hoc khong vt gy ra phng in.
58

3.4.6. Phn b gc st khi st nh vo dy dn gy phng in.

Hnh 3.20. Phn b gc st ca nhng c st nh vo dy dn gy phng in.
Hin ti ng dy ny c thit k vi ct c gc bo v l 0
0
(hnh 3.8). Nu
gi s ch xt n cc c st nh theo phng vung gc vi mt t (gc st = 0
0
)
th s khng cn xy ra hin tng st nh vo dy dn. Tuy nhin thc t th cc
c st c th nh bt k hng no, hnh 3.20 ch ra phn b gc st khi st nh
vo dy dn gy phng in. Gc ca cc c st tri di t 5
0
n 60
0
. Xc sut
xut hin cc c st c gc nm trong khong 5
0
n 10
0
nh vo dy dn gy
phng in l rt cao.
3.5. Kt lun.
Phng php Monte Carlo kt hp vi chng trnh m phng qu in t
EMTP c s dng tnh ton hin tng phng in do st trn mt s tuyn
ng dy 220kV trong h thng in Vit Nam. Cc tham s ca dng in st
c chn ngu nhin theo hm phn b xc sut c khuyn co bi CIGRE [6].
Cc tr s in tr ct c chn ngu nhin theo cc tr s o c t thc t ca
tng ng dy. Kt qu tnh ton cho thy:
- Khi xt n phn b gc ca cc c st, sut ct do st nh vo dy dn l rt
ng k (~1,5 ln/100km.nm) mc d gc bo v ca ng dy hin ti l 0
0
.
59

Nu vic gi s st ch nh theo phng vung gc vi mt t th kh nng
st nh vo dy dn l hu nh khng cn.
- Khi gi tr tham s thi gian u sng ca c st cng nh, gi tr cng
dng st nh nht gy ra phng in cng gim, cc c st gy nguy him hn
khi tham s thi gian u sng t
f
ca n rt nh.
- in tr chn ct gim lm tng cng dng st nh nht gy phng in
trn ct, tuy nhin vic gim in tr ct khng c ngha nhiu i vi nhng
c st c tr s thi gian u sng t
f
nh.

60

CHNG 4. KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI.
4.1. Kt lun.
- Sut ct do st ca ng dy truyn ti c tnh tng sut ct do st nh vo
dy dn v sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc khong vt. Sut ct do st
ca mt s ng dy truyn ti trong h thng in Vit Nam l rt cao. V th
cn c cc phng php tnh ton sut ct do st chnh xc t ra cc
gii php ph hp nhm gim sut ct cho ng dy.
- tnh ton sut ct do st hin nay trn th gii ngi ta thng dng ba
phng php (phng php c in, phng php CIGRE v phng php
Monte Carlo). Trong n ny s dng phng php Monte Carlo kt hp vi
phn mm m phng qu in t EMTP tnh ton sut ct do st ca mt
s ng dy truyn ti trong h thng in Vit Nam. Cc ng dy ny hin
ang c sut ct do st thng k c l rt cao.
- Trong qu trnh m phng tnh ton theo phng php Monte Carlo, cc tham
s ca dng st c bit l phn b gc ca c st c chn ngu nhin theo
cc hm phn b c khuyn co bi CIGRE, tr s in tr c ly t s
liu thng k ca tng tuyn ng dy. V vy vic m phng hin tng st
nh vo ng dy cng st vi thc t.
- Kt qu cho thy sut ct do st tnh ton theo phng php Monte Carlo chnh
xc hn nhiu so vi phng php c in. V th n c th c coi l phng
php ng tin cy tnh ton qu in p do st trn ng dy truyn ti.
4.2. Hng pht trin ti.
- Cc tham s ca dng st c chn trong n ny l cc tham s ngu nhin
v mi tham s u c mt phn b c lp. Tuy nhin cc tham s ny u
ph thuc ln nhau. bi ton m phng tnh ton sut ct st vi thc t hn
th cn phi xem xt n kh nng ny.
- Trong cc ti liu ca CIGRE ch ra rng nu c st nh vo khong vt th t
nguy him hn khi nh trc tip xung nh ct [6,9], v b qua hin tng
phng in ti khong vt khi tnh ton sut ct do st. Tuy nhin thc t
61

ngi ta quan st thy hin tng phng in xy ra ti gia khong vt [23].
Trng hp ny xy ra vi cc khong ct di (>400m). Trong qu trnh chy
m phng theo phng php Monte Carlo vi khong ct 1000m, tc gi nhn
thy xc sut xy ra phng in ti gia khong ct cn cao hn xc sut phng
in ti nh ct (phng in ti khong vt chim 57%). Tuy nhin vn
ny cn phi c xem xt v nh gi k cng hn.
- Do ng dy s dng nhiu loi ct khc nhau cho nn cn phi xt ti tt c
cc loi ct hin c trn ng dy, khi bi ton m phng tnh ton sut ct
do st ca ng dy truyn ti s chnh xc hn.

62

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_lightning#cite_note-18
[2] http://www.phongchonglutbaotphcm.gov.vn/?id=46&cid=3557
[3] http://www.baocongthuong.com.vn/nang-luong/33848/giam-thieu-su-co-
luoi-dien-do-set.htm.
[4] Cng ty truyn ti in 1, Tng k s c tuyn ng dy mua in Trung
Quc t nm 2006 n 2012, 2012.
[5] V Vit n, Gio trnh k thut in cao p, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni,
1972.
[6] CIGRE WG 33-01: Guide to Procedures for Estimating the Lightning
Performance of Transmission Lines, Technical Brochure, October 1991.
[7] TS Nguyn Th Minh Chc, Hng dn thit k tt nghip k thut in
cao p, B mn H thng in, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, 2002.
[8] Trn Vn Tp, K thut in cao p, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni,
2007.
[9] Andrew R. Hileman, Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, CRC 1999
[10] IEEE Working Group on Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines: A
Simplified Method for Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission
Lines, IEEE Trans. on Power App. & Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 4, pp.
919-927, April 1985.
[11] IEC TR 60771-4 Part 4: Computational guide to insulation coordination and
modelling of electrical networks. 2004-06.
[12] Electric Power Research Institute, Transmission Line Reference Book 345
KV and Above, 1982.
[13] J. G. Anderson, Monte Carlo Computer Calculation of Transmission-Line
Lightning Performance. AIEE Trans, vol. 80, pp. 414-420, August 1961.
63

[14] G. Furst, Monte Carlo lightning backflash model for EHV lines. A
MODELS-based application example, in EEUG Meeting, Budapest,
Hungary, Nov. 1012, 1996, pp. 1012.
[15] Juan A. Martinez, Lightning Performance Analysis of Overhead
Transmission Lines Using the EMTP, IEEE Transactions on power
delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 2005.
[16] Amir Shafaei, Ahmad Gholami, Reza Shariatinasab, A New Developed
Method for Evaluation of Lightning Performance of Overhead Transmission
Lines with Considering Impact of Stroke Angle, 2011 International
Conference on Circuits, System and Simulation IPCSIT vol.7 (2011)
IACSIT Press, Singapore.
[17] J.A. Martinez and F. Castro-Aranda. Influence of the stroke angle on the
flashover rate of an overhead transmission line. Proc. of IEEE PES General
Meeting 2006. Montreal. June 2006.
[18] EMTP/ATP Quick Guide, Electric Power Engineering Group UPR-
Mayagez, P.R. June 18,2002.
[19] H.W. Dommel, ElectroMagnetic Transients Program. Reference Manual
(EMTP Theory Book), Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, 1986
[20] Lszl Prikler, Hans Kristian Hidalen, ATPDRAW version 5.6 for
Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista Users' Manual, Preliminary Release No. 1.0
November 2009.
[21] T. Pham and S. Boggs, Flashover of Arcing Horn in Transient Simulation,
2010 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation (ISEI 2010),
San Diego, CA, 5-9 June, 2010
[22] Ametani, A.; Kawamura, T.: A Method of a Lightning Surge Analysis
Recommended in Japan Using EMTP, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,Vol.
20, No. 2, pp. 867-875, April 2005.
64

[23] H. R. Armstrong, Edwin R. Whitehead, Field and Analytical studies of
transmission Line Shielding, IEEE Transactions on Power Appatatus and
Systems vol. Pas-87, No. 1 January 1968.
[24] L Vn Thin, Phm Hng Thnh, Tnh ton bo v chng st cho trm bin
p 110/220kV v bo v chng sng truyn vo trm t pha ng dy
220kV, n tt nghip i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, thng 06 nm 2013.
[25] T. Udo, Estimation of lightning shielding failures and mid-span back-
flashovers based on the performance of EHV double circuit transmission
lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 1997.

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