Khoa Luan Ve Anten

Kha lun tt nghip i hc Ngnh: Thng tin v tuyn
LI CM N

Em xin chn thnh cm n Tin s Trn Minh Tun, thy tn tnh hng dn, gip
em trong sut thi gian thc hin kha lun. Khng c s gip v nhng li
khuyn v gi ca thy, kha lun ca em khng th c hon thnh.

Thm na, em cng mun by t li cm n ti GS. Phan Anh v Ths. Trn Th Thy
Qunh kp thi tr li nhng cu hi v nhng thc mc ca em trong qu trnh
thc hin kha lun, cng nh to iu kin thun li em s dng cc thit b,
my mc trong phng th nghim thc hin ch to v o c thc nghim.

Cui cng, em mun cm n su sc ti gia nh em. Gia nh yu thng, ng h
v gip em khng ch trong thi gian lm kha lun m trong c kha hc.

H Ni, thng 06 nm 2008
Sinh vin
Lu Vn Hoan

Sinh vin: Lu Vn Hoan Lp K49 Thng tin v tuyn i


TM TT NI DUNG KHA LUN

Kha lun tp trung nghin cu, thit k, ch to mt anten vi di bng rng, c kh
nng hot ng ti nhiu di tn. Anten ny s dng cho cc thit b di ng hot ng
trong cc di tn GSM, DCS, PCS, UTMS, WLAN. Anten c ch to trn cht nn
c hng s in mi
r
= 4.4, dy l 0.8 mm v c thit k ti tn s 900 MHz v
2000 MHz.

Ni dung kha lun bao gm 4 chng v phn nh gi kt qu kha lun v hng
pht trin tip theo. Trong c th chia thnh hai phn vi ni dung nh sau:

Phn u tin ca kha lun cp ti l thuyt c bn v anten, anten vi di v
ng truyn vi di. Chng 1 gii thiu v nh ngha anten, nu ra mt s tham s
c bn nh gi hiu sut ca anten nh: gin bc x, cng sut bc x, h s
nh hng, h s tng ch, phn cc, tr khng vo, Tip theo l khi nim v
anten vi di: cc u im, nhc im v mt s loi anten vi di c nghin cu
v thit k. Mt s im tng qut v ng truyn vi di cng c trnh by.
Chng 2 a ra cc phng php thit k anten vi di bng rng v anten vi di c
th hot ng ti nhiu bng tn. Trong , mt s phng php thit k anten vi
di c trnh by nh: phng php phi hp tr khng lin tc, phng php s
dng cht nn dy hn, phng php kch thch a mode, phung php s dng nhiu
patch xp chng nhau, ng thi a ra cc phng php thit lp anten vi di
c kh nng hot ng ti nhiu di tn khc nhau. Vic thit k cc anten bng rng
v a di tn p ng xu th tch hp, thu nh kch thc cho cc thit b di ng a
nng.

Phn th hai i vo thit k, m phng v o c cc tham s ca anten. Chng 3
trnh by phng php thit k cc thnh phn ca anten: thnh phn bc x, b phi
hp tr khng di rng, v ng truyn vi di 50 . Chng 4 trnh by qu trnh m
phng, qui trnh thit k v o c thc nghim. Phn m phng gii thiu v phn
mm Ansoft HFSS, phn mm c s dng trong m phng cc bi ton in t 3D.
Trong trnh by vic thit t cc tham s quan trng thc hin phn tch cu
trc anten, kt qu m phng cu trc anten c nhnh iu chnh v khng c nhnh
iu chnh. Sau khi qu trnh thit k, m phng hon thnh (t c cc tiu ch
yu cu), tin hnh ch to v o c cc tham s ca anten s dng my Network
Analyse v h o trng bc x ca anten.

Kt qu o c thc nghim v kt qu m phng cho anten c thit k trong kha
lun tng i ph hp nhau. Da vo vic phn tch kt qu v phn tch qui trnh
ch to anten, kha lun a ra cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai lch. ng thi ra
phng hng gii quyt v phng hng nghin cu tip theo nhm ci thin cc
c tnh ca anten.
Sinh vin: Lu Vn Hoan Lp K49 Thng tin v tuyn ii


MC LC
LI CM N...................................................................................................................i
TM TT NI DUNG KHA LUN......................................................................... ii
MC LC..................................................................................................................... iii
LI NI U.................................................................................................................1

Chng 1: L thuyt c bn v anten v anten vi di
1.1. L thuyt chung v anten .........................................................................................3
1.1.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................................................3
1.1.2. Cc tham s c bn ca anten...........................................................................5
1.1.2.1. S bc x sng in t bi mt anten .......................................................5
1.1.2.2. Gin bc x...........................................................................................6
1.1.2.3. Mt cng sut bc x..........................................................................10
1.1.2.4. Cng bc x......................................................................................11
1.1.2.5. H s nh hng.....................................................................................12
1.1.2.6. H s tng ch ..........................................................................................13
1.1.2.7. Bng thng...............................................................................................14
1.1.2.8. Phn cc...................................................................................................15
1.1.2.9. Tr khng vo..........................................................................................17
1.2. ng truyn vi di v anten vi di .......................................................................18
1.2.1. ng truyn vi di ........................................................................................18
1.2.1.1. Cu trc ng truyn vi di ...................................................................18
1.2.1.2. Cu trc trng ca ng truyn vi di .................................................18
1.2.2. Anten vi di .....................................................................................................19
1.2.2.1. Gii thiu chung ......................................................................................19
1.2.2.2. Mt s loi anten vi di c bn................................................................20
1.2.2.3. Anten patch hnh ch nht .......................................................................22

Chng 2: Anten mch di bng rng v anten mch di nhiu bng tn
2.1. Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................24
2.1.1. Di thng tn...................................................................................................24
2.1.2. Di tn cng tc...............................................................................................25
2.2. M rng bng thng ca anten vi di .....................................................................25
2.2.1. Gii thiu.........................................................................................................25
2.2.2. nh hng ca cc tham s cht nn ti bng thng .....................................27
2.2.3. La chn hnh dng thnh phn bc x thch hp..........................................28
2.2.4. La chn k thut tip in thch hp.............................................................29
2.2.5. K thut kch thch a mode ...........................................................................30
2.2.5.1. M rng bng thng s dng nhiu thnh phn bc x xp chng.........30
2.2.5.2. M rng bng thng s dng cc thnh phn k sinh ng phng..........31
2.2.5.3. Cc k thut kch thch a mode khc .....................................................35
2.2.6. Cc k thut m rng bng thng khc ..........................................................35
2.2.6.1. Phi hp tr khng...................................................................................36
2.2.6.2. Mc ti in tr........................................................................................37
Sinh vin: Lu Vn Hoan Lp K49 Thng tin v tuyn iii

2.3. Anten vi di nhiu bng tn....................................................................................37
2.3.1. Anten vi di 2 tn s cng hng ...................................................................37
2.3.2. Anten vi di nhiu hn 2 tn s cng hng ..................................................38
2.4. Phi hp tr khng di rng...................................................................................39
2.4.1. ngha ca vic phi hp tr khng ..............................................................39
2.4.2. Phi hp tr khng di rng............................................................................39
2.4.3. Mt s b phi hp tr khng di rng...........................................................42
2.4.3.1. B phi hp tr khng lin tc dng hm m .........................................42
2.4.3.2. B phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic.........................................43
2.4.3.3. B phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein...........................................44
2.4.4. Tiu chun Bode Fano .................................................................................46

Chng 3: Thit k anten dt cu trc xon, tip in dng ng truyn vi di
3.1. Gii thiu................................................................................................................48
3.2. Thit k thnh phn bc x ....................................................................................49
3.3. Thit k thnh phn phi hp tr khng di rng ..................................................50
3.3.1. So snh mt s b phi hp tr khng di rng..............................................50
3.3.2. La chn b phi hp tr khng di rng.......................................................52
3.4. Thit k ng truyn vi di 50 .........................................................................53
3.4.1. Thit k vi Ansoft Designer 2.0....................................................................53
3.4.2. Thit k da vo l thuyt ng truyn vi di ..............................................54
3.4.2.1. Tr khng c trng Z
0
............................................................................54
3.4.2.2. Bc sng trn ng vi di .................................................................55
3.4.2.3. Cng sut cho php trung bnh P
av
..........................................................57
3.4.2.4. Cng sut cho php ti a P
p
...................................................................58

Chng 4: M phng, ch to v o c cc tham s ca anten
4.1. M phng cu trc anten vi phn mm Ansoft HFSS..........................................59
4.1.1. Phn mm HFSS phin bn 9.1.......................................................................59
4.1.2. Kt qu m phng vi HFSS 9.1 ....................................................................61
4.2. Ch to anten ..........................................................................................................67
4.3. o c cc tham s ca anten.................................................................................69

PH LC......................................................................................................................73
A. Ph lc 1: Thut ton chia li thch nghi ca Ansoft HFSS 9.1........................73
B. Ph lc 2: Mt s lu v thit t cc tham s trong HFSS..............................74
B.1. Solution Setup ...............................................................................................74
B.2. Mesh Operations ...........................................................................................77
B.3. Radiation Boundary ......................................................................................78

TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................80

Sinh vin: Lu Vn Hoan Lp K49 Thng tin v tuyn iv


LI NI U

Truyn thng khng dy pht trin rt nhanh trong nhng nm gn y, theo cc
thit b di ng ang tr nn cng ngy cng nh hn. tha mn nhu cu thu nh
cc thit b di ng, anten gn trn cc thit b u cui cng phi c thu nh kch
thc. Cc anten phng, chng hn nh anten vi di (microstrip antenna) v anten
mch in (printed antenna), c cc u im hp dn nh kch thc nh v d gn ln
cc thit b u cui, ; chng s l la chn tha mn yu cu thit k trn. Cng
bi l do ny, k thut thit k anten phng bng rng thu ht rt nhiu s quan tm
ca cc nh nghin cu anten.

Gn y, c bit l sau nm 2000, nhiu anten phng mi c thit k tha mn cc
yu cu v bng thng ca h thng truyn thng di ng t bo hin nay, bao gm
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication, 890 960 MHz), DCS (Digital
Communication System, 1710 1880 MHz), PCS (Personal Communication System,
1850 1990 MHz) v UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, 1920
2170 MHz), c pht trin v xut bn trong nhiu cc ti liu lin quan. Anten
phng cng rt thch hp i vi ng dng trong cc thit b truyn thng cho h thng
mng cc b khng dy (Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN) trong cc di tn 2.4
GHz (2400 2484 MHz) v 5.2 GHz (5150 5350 MHz).

Anten vi di vn c bng thng hp, v m rng bng thng thng l nhu cu i
vi cc ng dng thc t hin nay. Do , vic gim kch thc v m rng bng
thng ang l xu hng thit k chnh cho cc ng dng thc t ca anten vi di.
Nhiu s ci tin ng k thit k anten vi di nn vi c tnh bng rng, nhiu
bng tn, hot ng vi c hai loi phn cc, phn cc trn v tng ch cao c
bo co trong mt vi nm gn y.

Kha lun tp trung thit k mt anten vi di bng rng v a di tn. ng thi s
dng phn mm Ansoft HFSS thit k v m phng. HFSS s dng phng php
phn t hu hn (Finite Element Method, FEM), k thut chia li thch nghi
(adaptive meshing) v giao din ha p mang n s hiu bit su sc i vi
tt c cc bi ton trng in t 3D.

Kha lun gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: L thuyt c bn v anten v anten vi di
Chng 2: Anten mch di bng rng v anten mch di nhiu bng tn
Chng 3: Thit k anten dt cu trc xon, tip in dng ng truyn vi di
Chng 4: M phng, ch to v o c cc tham s ca anten

Bng nhng nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim, kt hp vi m phng kha lun
thc hin c nhng ni dung chnh sau y:
Sinh vin: Lu Vn Hoan Lp K49 Thng tin v tuyn 1

Nghin cu l thuyt v anten v anten vi di.
Nu ra nguyn l v cc phng php xy dng anten vi di bng rng v
anten c kh nng hot ng ti nhiu di tn.
Thit k, m phng v ch to anten vi di dt c cu trc xon, tip in dng
ng truyn mch di.
o c v nh gi cc c tnh ca anten c thit k nh: tn s cng
hng, bng thng, tr khng vo, gin bc x.



L THUYT C BN V ANTEN V ANTEN VI DI
CHNG 1
Tm tt
Chng ny trnh by cc vn sau:
nh ngha anten
Cc tham s c bn ca anten
ng truyn vi di
Anten vi di, m t c th anten vi di c patch hnh ch nht

1.1. L thuyt chung v anten
1.1.1. Gii thiu
Thit b dng bc x sng in t (anten pht) hoc thu nhn sng (anten thu) t
khng gian bn ngoi c gi l anten. Ni cch khc, anten l cu trc chuyn tip
gia khng gian t do v thit b dn sng (guiding device), nh th hin trong hnh
1.1. Thng thng gia my pht v anten pht, cng nh gia my thu v anten thu
khng ni trc tip vi nhau m c ghp vi nhau qua ng truyn nng lng
in t, gi l fide. Trong h thng ny, my pht c nhim v to ra dao ng in
cao tn. Dao ng in s c truyn i theo fide ti anten pht di dng sng in
t rng buc. Ngc li, anten thu s tip nhn sng in t t do t khng gian bn
ngoi v bin i chng thnh sng in t rng buc. Sng ny c truyn theo fide
ti my thu. Yu cu ca thit b anten v fide l phi thc hin vic truyn v bin i
nng lng vi hiu sut cao nht v khng gy ra mo dng tn hiu.

Hnh 1.1. Anten nh mt thit b truyn sng [3]

Phng trnh tng ng Thevenin h thng anten trong hnh 1.1 lm vic ch
pht c th hin trong hnh 1.2, trong ngun c th hin bi b to dao ng l
tng, ng truyn dn c th hin bi ng dy vi tr khng c trng Z
c
, v
anten c th hin bi ti Z
A
, trong Z
A
=(R
L
+ R
r
)+jX
A
. Tr khng ti R
L
th hin
s mt mt do in mi v vt dn (conduction and dielectric loss), 2 thnh phn mt
mt ny lun gn vi cu trc anten. Tr khng R
r
c gi l tr khng bc x, n th
hin s bc x sng in t bi anten. in khng X
A
th hin phn o ca tr khng
kt hp vi s bc x bi anten. Ngoi sng in t bc x ra khu xa, cn c trng
in t dao ng gn anten, ging buc vi anten. Phn cng sut ny khng bc x
ra ngoi, m khi th chuyn thnh nng lng in trng, khi th chuyn thnh nng
lng t trng thng qua vic trao i nng lng vi ngun. Cng sut ny gi l
cng sut v cng, v c biu th thng qua in khng X
A
. Trong iu kin l
tng, nng lng to ra bi ngun s c truyn hon ton ti tr khng bc x R
r
.
Tuy nhin, trong mt h thng thc t, lun tn ti cc mt mt do in mi v mt
mt do vt dn (ty theo bn cht ca ng truyn dn v anten), cng nh ty theo
s mt mt do phn x (do phi hp tr khng khng hon ho) im tip in gia
ng truyn v anten.

Hnh 1.2. Phng trnh tng ng Thevenin cho h thng anten trong hnh 1.1 [3]

Sng ti b phn x ti im tip in gia ng truyn dn v u vo anten. Sng
phn x cng vi sng truyn i t ngun thng ti anten giao thoa nhau to thnh
sng ng (standing wave) trn ng truyn dn. Khi trn ng truyn xut hin
cc nt v bng sng ng. Mt m hnh sng ng in hnh c th hin l ng
gch t trong hnh 1.2. Nu h thng anten c thit k khng chnh xc, ng
truyn c th chim vai tr nh mt thnh phn lu gi nng lng hn l mt thit b
truyn nng lng v dn sng. Nu cng trng cc i ca sng ng ln,
chng c th ph hy ng truyn dn. Tng mt mt ph thuc vo ng truyn,
cu trc anten, sng ng. Mt mt do ng truyn c th c ti thiu ha bng
cch chn cc ng truyn mt mt thp, trong khi mt mt do anten c th c
gim i bng cch gim tr khng bc x R
L
trong hnh 1.2. Sng ng c th c
gim i v kh nng lu gi nng lng ca ng truyn c ti thiu ha bng
cch phi hp tr khng ca anten vi tr khng c trng ca ng truyn. Tc l
phi hp tr khng gia ti vi ng truyn, y ti chnh l anten.

Mt phng trnh tng t nh hnh 1.2 c s dng th hin h thng anten
trong ch thu, ngun c thay bng mt b thu. Tt c cc phn khc ca

phng trnh tng ng l tng t. Tr khng pht x R
r
c s dng th hin
trong ch thu nhn nng lng in t t khng gian t do truyn ti anten.

Cng vi vic thu nhn hay truyn pht nng lng, anten trong cc h thng khng
dy thng c yu cu l nh hng nng lng bc x mnh theo mt vi hng
v trit tiu nng lng cc hng khc. Do , anten cng cn phi c vai tr nh
mt thit b bc x hng tnh. Hn na, anten cng phi c cc hnh dng khc nhau
ph hp cho cc mc ch c th.

Anten l mt lnh vc si ng. Cng ngh anten l mt phn khng th thiu trong
cc gii php truyn thng. Nhiu s ci tin c a ra trong thi gian cch y
hn 50 nm vn cn s dng ngy nay; tuy nhin cc kt qu mi v nhng thay i
c a ra ngy nay, c bit l nhu cu hiu sut h thng ngy cng ln hn.

1.1.2. Cc tham s c bn ca anten
Phn ny trnh by mt s khi nim v cc quan h c bn v anten nh: s bc x
sng, trng bc x v gin trng bc x, phn cc sng bc x, nh hng,
tn s cng hng, tr khng, bng thng, tng ch,

1.1.2.1. S bc x sng in t bi mt anten
Khi nng lng t ngun c truyn ti anten, 2 trng c to ra. Mt trng l
trng cm ng (trng khu gn), trng ny ging buc vi anten; cn trng kia l
trng bc x (trng khu xa). Ngay ti anten (trong trng gn), cng ca cc
trng ny ln v t l tuyn tnh vi lng nng lng c cp ti anten. Ti khu xa,
ch c trng bc x l c duy tr. Trng khu xa gm 2 thnh phn l in trng
v t trng (xem hnh 1.3).

Hnh 1.3. Cc trng bc x ti khu xa [8]

C hai thnh phn in trng v t trng bc x t mt anten hnh thnh trng
in t. Trng in t truyn v nhn nng lng in t thng qua khng gian t do.
Sng v tuyn l mt trng in t di chuyn. Trng khu xa l cc sng phng.
Khi sng truyn i, nng lng m sng mang theo tri ra trn mt din tch ngy cng
ln hn. iu ny lm cho nng lng trn mt din tch cho trc gim i khi khong
cch t im kho st ti ngun tng.

1.1.2.2. Gin bc x
Cc tn hiu v tuyn bc x bi anten hnh thnh mt trng in t vi mt gin
xc nh, v ph thuc vo loi anten c s dng. Gin bc x ny th hin cc
c tnh nh hng ca anten.

Gin bc x ca anten c nh ngha nh sau: l mt hm ton hc hay s th
hin ha ca cc c tnh bc x ca anten, v l hm ca cc ta khng gian.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, gin bc x c xt trng xa. c tnh bc x l
s phn b nng lng bc x trong khng gian 2 chiu hay 3 chiu, s phn b l
hm ca v tr quan st dc theo mt ng hay mt b mt c bn knh khng i. H
ta thng c s dng th hin trng bc x trong hnh 1.4.

Hnh 1.4. H thng ta phn tch anten [3]

Trong thc t, ta c th biu din gin 3D bi hai gin 2D. Thng thng ch
quan tm ti gin l hm ca bin vi vi gi tr c bit ca , v gin l
hm ca vi mt vi gi tr c bit ca l a ra hu ht cc thng tin cn
thit.

Gin ng hng v hng tnh
Anten ng hng ch l mt anten gi nh, bc x u theo tt c cc hng. Mc d
n l l tng v khng th thc hin c v mt vt l, nhng ngi ta thng s
dng n nh mt tham chiu th hin c tnh hng tnh ca anten thc. Anten
hng tnh l anten c c tnh bc x hay thu nhn sng in t mnh theo mt vi
hng hn cc hng cn li.


Mt v d ca anten vi gin bc x hng tnh c th hin trong hnh 1.5. Ta
nhn thy rng gin ny l khng hng tnh trong mt phng cha vector H
(azimuth plane) vi [ 2 / ), ( = f ] v hng tnh trong mt phng cha vector E
(elevation plane) vi ] ), ( [ const g = .

Hnh 1.5. Gin bc x v hng ca mt anten [3]

Mt phng E c nh ngha l mt phng cha vector in trng v hng bc x
cc i, v mt phng H c nh ngha l mt phng cha vector t trng v
hng bc x cc i. Trong thc t ta thng chn hng ca anten th no t
nht mt trong cc mt phng E hay mt phng H trng vi mt trong cc mt phng
ta (mt phng x hay y hay z). Mt v d c th hin trong hnh 1.6. Trong v d
ny, mt phng x-z (vi 0 = ) l mt phng E v mt phng x-y (vi 2 / = ) l mt
phng H.

Hnh 1.6. Gin bc x trong mt phng E v mt phng H cho anten loa [3]

Cc bp sng ca gin bc x hng tnh
Cc bp sng khc nhau ca gin bc x nh hng hay cn gi l cc thy (lobe)
c th phn loi thnh thy chnh, thy ph, thy bn v thy sau. Hnh 1.7(a) minh
ha gin cc 3D i xng vi mt s thy bc x. Mt vi thy c cng bc
x ln hn cc thy khc. Nhng tt c chng u c gi l cc thy. Hnh 1.7(b)
th hin gin 2D (mt mt phng ca hnh 1.7(a)).

Hnh 1.7. Cc bp sng ca anten bc x hng tnh [3]
(a). Thy bc x v rng chm ca anten
(b). th ca gin cng sut v cc thy v cc rng chm kt hp vi n

Thy chnh (cng c gi l chm chnh) c nh ngha l thy cha hng bc
x cc i. Trong hnh 1.7, thy chnh ang ch theo hng 0 = . C th tn ti
nhiu hn mt thy chnh. Thy ph l bt k thy no, ngoi tr thy chnh. Thng
thng, thy bn l thy lin st vi thy chnh v nh x bn cu theo hng ca
chm chnh. Thy sau l thy bc x m trc ca n to mt gc xp x 180 so vi
thy chnh. Thng th thy ph nh x bn cu theo hng ngc vi thy chnh.

Thy ph th hin s bc x theo cc hng khng mong mun, v chng phi c
ti thiu ha. Thy bn thng l thy ln nht trong cc thy ph. Cp ca thy ph
c th hin bi t s ca mt cng sut theo hng ca thy vi mt cng
sut ca thy chnh. T s ny c gi l t l thy bn hay cp thy bn.

Trng khu gn v trng khu xa
Khng gian bao quanh mt anten c chia thnh 3 vng; (a) trng gn tc ng tr
li (reactive near-field), (b) trng gn bc x (radiating near-field, Fresnel) v (c)
trng xa (Fraunhofer) nh ch ra trong hnh 1.8.

Cc vng trng c phn nh nh vy xc nh cu trc trng trong mi vng.
Khng c s thay i trng t ngt no khi i qua bin gii gia cc vng ni trn.
Cc bin phn gii cc vng trng khng phi l duy nht, do c nhiu tiu chun
khc nhau s dng xc nh cc vng trng.

Vng trng gn tc ng tr li (reactive near-field region) c nh ngha l
phn khng gian trng gn trc tip bao quanh anten, xt kha cnh trng tc
ng tr li chim u th. Trng ny ging buc vi ngun bc x v trao i nng
lng vi ngun. Vi hu ht cc anten, bin ca vng ny c tnh ti khong cch
/ 62 . 0
3
D R < tnh t mt phng anten, l bc sng v D l ng knh ln
nht ca anten.

Hnh 1.8. Cc vng trng ca mt anten [3]

Vng trng gn bc x (radiating near-field (Fresnel) region) c nh ngha l
phn khng gian nm gia trng gn tc ng tr li v trng xa, xt kha cnh
trng bc x chim u th. Nu ng knh cc i ca anten khng ln hn so vi
bc sng, vng ny c th khng tn ti. Bin trong c tnh khong cch
/ 62 . 0
3
D R v bin ngoi khong cch , trong D l kch thc
ln nht ca anten.
/ 2
2
D R <


Vng trng xa (Far-field (Fraunhofer) region). Nu anten c kch thc ln nht l
D (D phi ln hn bc sng, > D ), vng trng xa thng c xem l tn ti
khong cch ln hn tnh t anten. Trong vng ny, trng l trng in t
ngang. Bin bn trong c xem nh khong cch v bin ngoi v
cc. Trong vng trng xa, dng ca gin bc x hu nh khng thay i khi dch
chuyn im quan st ra xa dn. iu ny c minh ha trong hnh 1.9.
/ 2
2
D
/ 2
2
D R =

Hnh 1.9. Gin bc x trng xa ca anten parabol ti cc khong cch R khc
nhau [3]

1.1.2.3. Mt cng sut bc x
Sng in t c s dng truyn ti thng tin qua mi trng v tuyn hay cu
trc dn sng, t im ny ti im khc. i lng c s dng m t nng
lng kt hp vi sng in t l vector Poynting tc thi c nh ngha nh sau:
(2.1)
, vector Poynting tc thi (W/m
2
)
cng in trng tc thi (V/m)
cng t trng tc thi (A/m)

Tng cng sut i qua mt mt kn c th thu c bng cch tch phn thnh phn
php tuyn vi mt kn ca vector Poynting trn ton mt kn . Phng trnh l:
( 2.2)
Trong , tng cng sut tc thi (W)
vector n v php tuyn vi b mt
vi phn din tch ca b mt (m
2
)

Khi trng bin i theo thi gian, ta thng tm mt nng lng trung bnh bng
cch tch phn vector Poynting tc thi trong 1 chu k v chia cho chu k. Khi trng
bin i tun hon theo thi gian c dng , ta nh ngha cc trng phc E v
H, chng c quan h vi cc thnh phn tc thi
t j
e

v bi cng thc:
(2.3)
(2.4)
Ta c ] [
2
1
] Re[
* t j t j t j
e E Ee Ee

+ = . Khi (2.1) c th c vit li l:
(2.5)
Thnh phn u tin ca (2.5) khng bin i theo thi gian, v thnh phn th hai
bin i theo thi gian c tn s bng 2 ln tn s cho trc. Vector Poynting trung
bnh theo thi gian (mt cng sut trung bnh) c th c vit li l:
(2.6)
Thnh phn xut hin trong (2.5) v (2.6) bi v cc trng E v H tnh theo bin
.

Da trn nh ngha (2.6), cng sut trung bnh bc x bi anten (cng sut bc x) c
th c nh ngha l:
(2.7)

1.1.2.4. Cng bc x
Cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc c nh ngha nh sau: nng lng
c bc x t anten trn mt n v gc c. Cng bc x l tham s trng xa,
v c tnh bng cch n gin l nhn mt bc x vi bnh phng ca khong
cch.
(2.8)
rad
W r U
2
=
, U l cng bc x (W/n v gc c).
W
rad
l mt bc x (W/m
2
).

Cng bc x cng c quan h vi in trng trong trng xa ca anten bi:
] ) , ( ) , ( [
2
1
] ) , , ( ) , , ( [
2
] , , ( [
2
) , (
2 2
2
2
2
2
2

o o
E E
r E r E
r
r E
r
U
+
+ =

(2.8a)
: l tr khng sng ca mi trng.

r
e
E r E
jkr
o

= ) , ( ) , , ( l cng in trng trong trng xa ca anten.

E E , l cc thnh phn in trng trong trng xa ca anten.

Tng cng sut bc x nhn c bng cch tch phn cng bc x, nh c cho
bi (2.8) trn ton gc c 4 . Do :
(2.9)
, d d d sin = l mt vi phn gc c.

1.1.2.5. H s nh hng
H s nh hng ca anten c nh ngha nh sau: t l ca cng bc x theo
mt hng cho trc so vi cng bc x trung bnh trn tt c cc hng. Cng
bc x trung bnh bng tng cng sut bc x bi anten chia cho 4 . Nu hng
khng c xc nh, hng ca cng bc x cc i c chn.

n gin hn, h s nh hng ca mt ngun bc x hng tnh bng vi t l ca
cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc (U) v cng bc x ca mt ngun
ng hng (U
0
):

rad
P
U
U
U
D
4
0
= = (2.10)
Hng bc x cc i (hng tnh cc i) c biu din nh sau:

rad
P
U
U
U
U
U
D D
max
0
max
0
max
0 max
4
= = = = (2.10a)
, D l hng tnh (khng c th nguyn).
D
0
l hng tnh cc i (khng c th nguyn).
U l cng bc x (W/n v gc c).
U
max
l cng bc x cc i (W/n v gc c).
U
0
l cng bc x ca ngun ng hng (W/n v gc c).
P
rad
l tng cng sut bc x (W).

Vi ngun ng hng, hin nhin t (2.10) hay (2.10a) ta nhn thy rng hng tnh
bng 1 khi U, U
max
v U
0
bng nhau.

Vi anten c cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao, chng ta nh ngha h s nh hng
ring (partial directivity), theo mt phn cc cho trc v mt hng cho trc, l t l
ca cng bc x tng ng vi mt phn cc cho trc chia cho tng cng
bc x trung bnh trn tt c cc hng. Vi nh ngha ny, th theo mt hng cho
trc h s nh hng tng l tng ca cc h s nh hng ring. Trong h ta
cu, hng tnh cc i D
0
vi cc thnh phn ta v ca anten c th c
vit l:

D D D + =
0
(2.11)

Trong h s nh hng ring v c biu din bi:
D

D

) ( ) (
4
rad rad
P P
U
D
+
= (2.11a)

) ( ) (
4
rad rad
P P
U
D
+
= (2.11b)
, l cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc ch ph thuc
U .
l cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc ch ph thuc
U .
l cng sut bc x theo tt c cc hng ch ph thuc vo
) (
rad
P .
l cng sut bc x theo tt c cc hng ch ph thuc vo
) (
rad
P .

1.1.2.6. H s tng ch
Mt n v khc m t hiu sut ca anten l h s tng ch (G). H s tng ch ca
anten c quan h vi h s nh hng, v l n v dng tnh ton hiu sut ca
anten cng nh kh nng hng tnh ca n. Trong khi h s nh hng ch th hin
c c tnh hng tnh ca anten.
H s tng ch c xc nh bng cch so snh mt cng sut bc x ca anten
thc hng kho st v mt cng sut bc x ca anten chun (thng l anten v
hng) cng hng v khong cch nh nhau, vi gi thit cng sut t vo hai
anten bng nhau, cn anten chun l anten c hiu sut bng 1 (khng tn hao).

Cng bc x ca anten ng hng bng vi cng sut t vo anten chia cho 4
(do ta gi thit anten chun c hiu sut bng 1, nn cng sut bc x bng cng sut
t vo anten). Do , ta c:

G = 4
Cng bc x ca anten thc ti hng kho st
Cng bc x ca anten anten v hng
=>
in
P
U
G
) , (
4

=
(Khng th nguyn)
(2.12)

Tng cng sut bc x (P
rad
) c quan h vi tng cng sut t vo anten (P
in
) bi:
in cd rad
P e P = (2.13)

, e
cd
l hiu sut bc x ca anten (khng th nguyn). S dng (2.13) bin i
(2.12) thnh:
=
rad
cd
P
U
e G
) , (
4 ) , (

(2.14)

S dng cng thc (2.10), ta c:
) , ( ) , ( D e G
cd
= (2.15)

Gi tr cc i ca h s tng ch c quan h vi h s nh hng cc i bi:

0
max max
0
) , ( ) , ( D e D e G G
cd cd
= = = (2.16)

Cng nh i vi h s nh hng, ta nh ngha h s tng ch ring (partial gain)
ca anten theo mt phn cc cho trc v mt hng cho trc nh sau: phn cng
bc x tng ng vi mt phn cc cho trc chia cho tng cng bc x khi
anten bc x ng hng. Vi nh ngha ny, th theo mt hng cho trc tng h
s tng ch l tng ca cc h s tng ch ring. Trong h ta cu, h s tng ch
cc i G
0
theo cc thnh phn trc giao v ca anten c th c vit nh sau,
theo dng tng t nh h s nh hng cc i trong (2.11a) v (211b):
(2.17)

G G G + =
0
Trong khi cc h s tng ch ring v c biu din bi:
G

G
in
in
P
U
G
P
U
G
4
4
=
=

(2.17a)
(2.17b)
Trong : l tng cng sut a vo anten.
in
P
U l cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc cha trong thnh phn trung .
U l cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc cha trong thnh phn trng .
E
Thng th h s tng ch c biu din theo khi nim dB thay v khng c th
nguyn nh trong cng thc (2.16). Cng thc tng ng c cho bi:
(2.18) ] [ log 10 ) (
0 10 0
D e dB G
cd
=

1.1.2.7. Bng thng
Bng thng (BW) ca anten c nh ngha nh sau: khong tn s m trong
hiu sut ca anten tha mn mt tiu chun nht nh. Bng thng c th c xem
xt l khong tn s, v hai bn ca tn s trung tm (thng l tn s cng hng),
cc c tnh anten (chng hn nh tr khng vo, gin , rng chm, phn cc,
cp thy bn, h s tng ch, hng chm, hiu sut bc x) t gi tr c th chp
nhn c.

Vi cc anten di rng, bng thng thng c biu din l t s ca tn s trn v
tn s di khi anten hot ng vi cc c tnh c th chp nhn c. V d, bng
thng 10:1 ch ra rng, tn s trn ln hn 10 ln tn s di.

min
max
f
f
BW = (2.19)

Vi anten di hp, bng thng c th hin bi t l phn trm ca s sai khc tn s
(tn s trn tn s di) so vi tn s trung tm ca bng thng. V d, bng thng
5% th hin rng, s sai khc tn s l 5% tn s trung tm ca bng thng.

0
min max
f
f f
BW

= (2.20)


Bi v cc c tnh nh tr khng vo, gin bc x, h s tng ch, phn cc, ca
anten khng bin i ging nhau theo tn s, nn c nhiu nh ngha bng thng khc
nhau. Ty tng ng dng c th, yu cu v cc c tnh ca anten c chn th no
cho ph hp.

1.1.2.8. Phn cc
Phn cc ca anten theo mt hng cho trc c nh ngha nh sau: l phn cc
ca sng c truyn i bi anten. Ch : khi khng cp ti hng no, phn cc
c xem l phn cc theo hng c h s tng ch cc i.

S phn cc ca sng bc x c th hin bi u mt ca vector in trng tc
thi, v hng m n vch theo khi quan st dc theo hng truyn sng. Mt ng
vch theo bi u mt ca vector in trng l hm ca thi gian c th hin trong
hnh 1.10(a) v (b).

(a)

(b)

Hnh 1.10. S quay ca sng in t phng phn cc elip l hm theo thi gian [3]
(a). S quay ca vector in trng (b). Phn cc elip z = 0

Phn cc phn thnh 3 loi: thng, trn v ellip. Nu u mt vector in trng mt
im trong khng gian lun hng theo mt ng thng, trng ny c gi l phn
cc tuyn tnh. Tng qut, u mt vector in trng vch ra l mt elip, v trng
c gi l phn cc ellip. Phn cc tuyn tnh v trn l trung hp c bit ca phn
cc elip. u mt vector in trng quay theo chiu kim ng h (clockwise, CW)
gi l phn cc phi v ngc kim ng h (counterclockwise, CCW) gi l phn cc
tri.

Trng tc thi ca sng phng khi sng ny truyn theo chiu m trc z, c th c
biu din nh sau:
(2.21)
Cc thnh phn tc thi c quan h vi cc thnh phn phc ca n bi:

(2.22)
(2.23)
, E
xo
v E
yo
tng ng l bin cc i ca cc thnh phn trng theo trc x v
y.
Phn cc thng
sng bc x phn cc thng, lch pha theo thi gian gia 2 thnh phn phi l:
(2.24)

Phn cc trn
Phn cc trn c th t c ch khi bin ca 2 thnh phn l ging nhau, v s
khc pha theo thi gian gia chng phi bng s l ln . Tc l:
(2.25)

(2.26)
(2.27)
Nu hng truyn sng b o ngc (v d, theo hng +z), cc lch pha trong
(2.26) v (2.27) cho hng CW v CCW phi trao i cho nhau.

Phn cc ellip
Phn cc ellip c th t c ch khi lch pha theo thi gian gia 2 thnh phn l
mt s l ln v bin ca chng khng bng nhau hay lch pha gia 2 thnh
phn khng l bi ca (khng quan tm n bin ca chng). l:

(2.28)

(2.29)
Hay:


(2.30)

Vi phn cc ellip, ng cong c qut mt v tr cho trc nh mt hm theo
thi gian, v ni chung n l mt ellip, nh c ch ra trong hnh 1.10(b). T l bn
trc ln v bn trc nh ca ellip c gi l h s trc (axial ratio, AR), v bng vi:

(2.31)
:

(2.32)

(2.33)

nghing ca ellip, c quan h vi trc y, c th hin bi gc cho bi:

(2.34)
Khi ellip thng vi cc trc chnh trc chnh (ph) bng
vi E
x0
(E
yo
) hay E
yo
(E
xo
) v t l trc (AR) bng:

1.1.2.9. Tr khng vo
Tr khng vo c nh ngha nh sau: tr khng ca anten ti im u vo ca n
hay t s in p so vi dng in ti u vo hay t s ca cc thnh phn tng ng
ca in trng so vi t trng mt im. Trong phn ny, chng ta quan tm ch
yu ti tr khng vo ti u vo ca anten. T s in p trn dng in u vo
ny, khng c ti, xc nh tr khng ca anten nh sau:
Z
A
= R
A
+ jX
A
(2.35)
Trong , Z
A
l tr khng ca anten cc u vo (Ohm).
R
A
l in tr ca anten cc u vo (Ohm).
X
A
l in khng ca anten cc u vo (Ohm).

Ni chung, thnh phn in tr trong (2.35) bao gm 2 thnh phn l:
R
A
= R
r
+ R
L
(2.36)
Trong , R
r
l tr khng bc x (radiation resistance) ca anten.
R
L
tr khng mt mt (loss resistance) ca anten.

Tr khng vo ca mt anten ni chung l hm ca tn s. Do , anten ch c phi
hp tt vi ng tip in ch trong cng mt di tn no . Thm na, tr khng
vo ca anten ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: hnh dng ca anten, phng php tip
in cho anten, v nh hng ca cc i tng bao quanh n. Do s phc tp ca
chng, ch mt lng gii hn cc anten thc t c nghin cu v phn tch t m.
Vi cc loi anten khc, tr khng vo c xc nh bng thc nghim.

1.2. ng truyn vi di v anten vi di
1.2.1. ng truyn vi di
1.2.1.1. Cu trc ng truyn vi di
ng truyn vi di c s dng nhiu nht trong mi trng truyn dn l cc mch
tch hp siu cao tn. ng truyn vi di l cu trc mch in cp cao, bao gm mt
di dn in bng ng hoc kim loi khc trn mt cht nn cch in, mt kia ca
tm in mi cng c ph ng gi l mt phng t. Ta thy mt phng t l mt
phn x. Do , ng truyn vi di c th c xem nh l ng truyn gm 2 dy
dn.

Hnh 1.11. Cu trc ca ng truyn vi di [9]

C hai tham s chnh l rng di dn in W v chiu cao tm in mi h. Mt
tham s quan trng khc l hng s in mi tng i ca cht nn
r
. dy ca di
dn in l t v in dn sut l l cc tham s km quan trng hn v i khi c th
b qua.

1.2.1.2. Cu trc trng ca ng truyn vi di
Sng truyn trn ng truyn vi di l sng c dng gn vi TEM (quasi-TEM). iu
ny c ngha rng c mt vi vng trong ch c mt thnh phn in trng hoc t
trng theo hng truyn sng. Hnh 1.12 th hin gin trng in t ca mt
ng truyn vi di c bn.

Hnh 1.12. Gin trng ca mt ng vi di [9]


Trn cu trc ng vi di, gin quasi-TEM xut hin, bi v mt tip gip gia
cht nn in mi v khng gian xung quanh l khng kh. Cc ng sc in trng
khng lin tc ti mt tip gip ny. iu kin bin cho in trng l thnh phn tip
tuyn ca in trng phi lin tc khi truyn xuyn qua bin; do mt cht nn c
hng s in mi l 10, th in trng s gim t ngt 10 ln so vi trong khng kh.
Mt khc, thnh phn tip tuyn (song song vi b mt di dn in) ca in trng
cng phi lin tc khi xuyn qua bin. Do , mt phn nng lng in trng c
lu tr trong khng kh v mt phn c lu tr trong in mi. Hng s in mi
hiu dng i vi cc sng trn ng truyn nm gia gi tr hng s in mi khng
kh v hng s in mi ca cht nn.

1.2.2. Anten vi di
1.2.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Khi nim anten vi di ln u tin c a ra bi Deschamps vo nm 1953, Gutton
v Bassinot vo nm 1955. Tuy nhin mi ti tn nm 1972 ngi ta mi i vo ch
to cc anten vi di, bi v thi im ny mi xut hin cht nn c cc c tnh tt.

Nh c ch ra trong hnh 1.13, anten vi di vi cu hnh n gin nht bao gm mt
patch pht x nm trn mt mt ca cht nn in mi (
r
<=10), mt kia ca cht nn
l mt phng t. Patch l vt dn in, thng thng l ng hay vng, c th c hnh
dng bt k, nhng cc hnh dng thng thng ni chung c s dng nhiu.

Hng s in mi ca cht nn ng vai tr quan trng nht i vi hot ng ca
anten. N nh hng n tr khng c tnh, tn s cng hng, bng thng v hiu
sut ca anten.

Hnh 1.13. Cu trc ca anten vi di n gin nht [7]

u im ca anten vi di
Trng lng nh, kch thc nh, c cu trc phng nn d dng ch to.
Gi thnh sn xut thp, ph hp cho nhiu ng dng.
D dng c gn ln cc i tng khc.
C th to ra cc phn cc trn, tuyn tnh ch n gin bng cch thay i
phng php tip in.
D dng ch to cc anten c th hot ng vi nhiu di tn.
Mng phi hp tr khng v ng tip in c th c in cng vi cu trc
anten.

Nhc im ca anten vi di
Bng thng nh (ch ~ 0.5 ti 10%).
Hu ht anten vi di bc x trong na khng gian.
Gii hn tng ch cc i (~ 20 dB).
Hiu sut bc x km.
Xut hin cc sng mt.
Cng sut cho php thp.

1.2.2.2. Mt s loi anten vi di c bn

Anten patch vi di
Anten c patch vi di (microstrip patch antenna, MPA) bao gm mt patch dn in c
hnh dng phng hay khng phng trn mt mt ca mt cht nn in mi, v mt
phng t trn mt cn li ca cht nn. Cc cu hnh c bn m c s dng trong
thc t c ch ra trong hnh 1.14(a).

Hnh 1.14 (a). Cc hnh dng anten patch vi di c bn thng c s dng trong
thc t [7]

Hnh 1.14 (b). Cc hnh dng kiu khc cho cc anten patch vi di [7]


Anten dipole vi di

Hnh 1.15. Mt vi dipole mch in v vi di [7]

Anten khe mch in
Cc anten khe mch in (printed slot antenna) c mt khe c ct trn mt kim loi.
Khe ny c th c bt k hnh dng no. V l thuyt, hu ht cc hnh dng ca patch
vi di m c ch ra trong hnh 1.7 c th c thc hin li trong dng ca mt khe
mch in.

Hnh 1.16. Mt s anten khe mch in c bn vi cc cu trc tip in [7]

Anten sng chy vi di
Anten sng chy vi di (microstrip traveling-wave antenna, MTA) gm cc di dn
in tun hon hoc mt ng vi di di rng h tr TE mode. im cui kia
ca anten sng chy c mc mt ti c in tr c phi hp tr khng trnh
cc sng phn x trn anten.

Hnh 1.17. Vi cu hnh anten sng chy vi di mch in [7]

1.2.2.3. Anten patch hnh ch nht
y l mt anten phng c bn nht, n bao gm mt phin dn in phng bn trn
mt mt phng t. C nhiu phng php tip in cho anten, nhng thng thng
tip in bng cp ng trc hoc ng truyn vi di. Phn tip in a nng lng
in t vo v/hoc ra khi patch. Hnh di y th hin phn b in trng ca
anten patch hnh ch nht c kch thch mode c bn.

Trn hnh 1.18a, in trng bng 0 tm patch, t cc i (dng) mt cnh v
t cc tiu (m) cnh i din. Tuy nhin s bin i gia cc i v cc tiu xy
ra lin tc do pha tc thi ca tn hiu t vo anten. in trng m rng ra c bn
ngoi mt phn gii in mi khng kh. Thnh phn in trng m rng ny c
gi l trng vin (fringing field) v n lm cho patch bc x. Mt s phng php
phn tch anten vi di ph bin da trn khi nim hc cng hng r (leaky-cavity).
Do , mode c bn khi s dng l thuyt hc cng hng l mode TM
10
.

K hiu ny thng gy ra nhm ln. TM tng trng cho phn b t trng ngang.
iu ny c ngha rng ch c 3 thnh phn, l: in trng theo hng z, t trng
theo hng x v y trong h ta cc, trong trc x v y song song vi mt
phng t, v trc z vung gc vi mt phng t. Ni chung, cc mode c k hiu
l TM
nmz
. Gi tr z hu nh b b qua do s bin i ca in trng theo trc z coi
nh khng ng k. Do , k hiu TM
nm
ch ra s bin i ca trng theo hng x
v y. S bin i ca trng theo hng y hu nh khng ng k, do m bng 0.
Trng bin i ch yu theo hng x, do mode c bn th n = 1.

Hnh 1.18b,c th hin s bin i dng (t trng) v in p (in trng) trn patch,
dng t cc i ti tm patch v cc tiu gn cc cnh tri v phi; trong khi in
trng bng 0 ti tm patch v t cc i gn cnh tri, cc tiu gn cnh phi. T
bin ca dng v p, ta c th tm c tr khng (trong hnh 1.18c). Tr khng t

cc tiu gia patch v cc i gn 2 cnh. C mt im nm u dc theo
trc x, ti tr khng l 50 , ta c th t im tip in ti .

(a)

(b)

(c)
Hnh 1.18. Anten patch hnh ch nht
(a). Phn b trng mode c bn
(b). Phn b dng trn b mt patch
(c). Phn b in p (U), dng (I) v tr khng (|Z|) theo chiu di patch



ANTEN MCH DI BNG RNG V
ANTEN MCH DI NHIU BNG TN CHNG 2
Tm tt
Thit k cc anten bng rng v anten nhiu bng tn l xu hng pht trin mi ca
cc anten vi di. iu ny nhm p ng nhu cu m rng bng thng cho cc ng
dng a phng tin trn thit b di ng. Hn na, cc thit b di ng ngy cng
c tch hp nhiu chc nng, v anten nhiu bng tn p ng yu cu ny.
Chng ny trnh by cc phng php (v nguyn l) thit k cc anten mch di
bng rng v nhiu bng tn.

2.1. Gii thiu chung
Mt trong cc nhc im ln ca anten vi di l bng thng rt hp. Thng thng
bng thng ch nh hn 1%, v nhiu nht l ch vi %. Tuy nhin hin nay, c rt
nhiu ng dng i hi anten phi c kch thc nh, bng thng rng, ng thi li
phi c kh nng hot ng ti nhiu di tn khc nhau. Chng ny s gii thiu mt
s phng php thit k anten vi di bng rng v anten vi di hot ng ti nhiu di
tn. Nhng trc ht chng ta s lm r hn mt s khi nim nh: di thng tn
(bng thng) v di tn cng tc.

2.1.1. Di thng tn
Ngoi cc c tnh bc x ca anten v mt nng lng, khi kho st anten cn cn lu
n mt c tnh quan trng na l di thng tn (hay bng thng), ngha l di tn
s m trong gii hn y anten c th m bo c qu trnh bc x hoc thu ph ca
tn hiu m khng b mo dng tn hiu.

Hnh 2.1. Bng thng ca anten

Thng thng, tr khng vo ca mi anten l mt hm ph thuc vo tn s. Do ,
nu anten lm vic vi tn hiu c ph rng (nh tn hiu xung s, tn hiu video
truyn hnh, ) th ng vi mi tn s khc nhau ca ph tn hiu, bin tng i
ca dng in t vo anten (trong trng hp anten pht) hoc sc in ng thu
c (trong trng hp anten thu) s bin i, do lm thay i dng ph ca tn
hiu. Khi dng fide tip in cho anten, s bin i tr khng vo ca anten theo tn
s s dn n tnh trng lch phi hp tr khng v lm xut hin sng phn x trong
fide. Khi ng vi mi tn s khc nhau ca ph s c s tr pha khc nhau, v gy
ra mo dng tn hiu. V vy, tt nht l phi m bo c trong sut di tn lm
vic: R
v.A
= const v X
v.A
= 0.

Ngoi ra, v c tnh phng hng ca anten cng ph thuc tn s, nn khi n lm
vic vi tn hiu c ph rng th bin tng i ca cng trng bc x (hoc
thu c) i vi cc tn s khc nhau ca ph cng bin i v gy ra mo dng tn
hiu. Thng th nh hng ca yu t ny khng ln lm, v trong thc t, rng
di tn (bng thng) ca anten c quyt nh ch yu bi c tnh ph thuc ca tr
khng vo ca anten theo tn s.

2.1.2. Di tn cng tc
Trong nhiu ng dng, chng ta yu cu anten phi c kh nng lm vic mt s tn
s khc nhau. ng vi mi tn s khc nhau y, anten phi m bo nhng ch tiu k
thut nht nh v c tnh phng hng, tr khng vo, di thng tn, . Di tn s
m trong gii hn y, anten lm vic tho mn cc ch tiu k thut yu cu gi l di
tn cng tc ca anten. Ch tiu k thut ny c th khc nhau i vi tng loi anten
c th.

Cn c theo di tn cng tc, c th phn loi anten thnh 4 nhm:
Anten di tn hp: % 10
0
<
f
f

Anten di tn tng i rng: % 50 % 10
0
<
<
f
f

Anten di tn rng:
1
4
1
5 . 1
min
max
< <
f
f

Anten di tn siu rng:
1
4
min
max
>
f
f

T s ca tn s cc i v tn s cc tiu ca di tn cng tc f
max
/f
min
gi l h s bao
trm di sng.

2.2. M rng bng thng ca anten vi di
2.2.1. Gii thiu
Anten vi di c nhiu c tnh rt hu ch, nhng mt trong cc hn ch ng k ca
cc anten loi ny l c tnh bng hp ca chng. Bng thng tnh theo tr khng
(impedance bandwidth) ca anten vi di in hnh thng trong khong nh hn 1%
ti vi % i vi cc cht nn mng tha mn tiu chun h/
0
< 0.023 v c 10
r
,

cho ti h/
0
< 0.07 v c 3 . 2
r
. iu ny hon ton tri ngc vi bng thng t
15% ti 50% ca cc anten nh l dipole, khe v loa. Cc nh nghin cu i vo
nghin cu cc anten mch di ny ci thin gii hn bng hp trong gn 20 nm,
v thnh cng trong vic ci thin bng thng tnh theo tr khng ti 90% v bng
thng tnh theo h s tng ch (gain bandwidth) ti 70%. Hu ht nhng s i mi
ny u s dng nhiu hn 1 mode, iu lm tng kch thc, chiu cao hoc th
tch, v ng thi lm gim st mt s c tnh khc ca anten. Mong mun lm tng
bng thng cng c th t c bng vic chn k thut tip in v mng phi hp
tr khng thch hp.

Chng ta bt u bng vic nh ngha bng thng (bandwidth). Mt s c tnh ca
anten chng hn nh VSWR (hoc S
11
), rng chm (beamwidth), bc thy bn
(sidelobe level), h s tng ch (gain), phn cc (polarization), . Cc c tnh ny
u bin i theo tn s. Do , c th c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v bng thng
tng ng vi cc c tnh trn.

Tr khng vo ca anten vi di bin i nhanh hn theo tn s, do vic gii hn di
tn gip cho thnh phn bc x c th c phi hp tr khng vi ng tip in.
Chng ta s s dng bng thng tnh theo tr khng trong phn cn li ca chng
nh ngha bng thng ca anten. Bng thng tnh theo tr khng ca mt anten vi di
cng hng c th c xc nh t p ng tn s ca mch tng ng ca n. i
vi mch tng ng cng hng song song, bng thng na cng sut (BW) c
cho bi:
0
0
2
d
dB
G
BW =

(2.1)
Trong , Y = G + jB l dn np u vo ti tn s cng hng
0
. i vi mch
tng ng cng hng ni tip G c thay th bi R v B c thay th bi X
trong (2.1), trong Z = R + jX l tr khng vo ti tn s cng hng. Mt vi nh
nghin cu nh ngha bng thng tr khng (impedance bandwidth) theo khi nim
bng thng vi VSWR = 2. Bng thng na cng sut ca (2.1) tng ng vi bng
thng vi VSWR2.4 khi anten c tip in bi ng truyn mch di. S chuyn
i bng thng t mt gi tr VSWR ny sang mt gi tr VSWR khc c th c
thc hin thng qua quan h sau:
VSWR Q
VSWR
BW
1
=

(2.2)
Trong Q l h s phm cht ca anten. Cng thc (2.2) ch ra rng, bng thng vi
VSWR 2 bng khong 78% bng thng na cng sut. Cc yu cu i vi bng
thng tr khng khng nht thit phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun bng thng tnh theo
cc c trng khc ca anten. Cc nghin cu gn y ch ra rng phn cc xin
(cross-polarization) l thnh phn chnh hn ch bng thng ca cc anten vi di bng
rng.


2.2.2. nh hng ca cc tham s cht nn ti bng thng
Bng thng tr khng ca anten vi di t l nghch vi h s phm cht Q ca anten
(xem (2.2)). Do , ta c th thay i cc tham s ca cht nn chng hn nh hng s
in mi
r
v dy h t c h s Q mong mun nhm tng bng thng tr
khng. H s Q ca anten cng hng c nh ngha nh sau:
Nng lng c tch tr (Energy stored)
(2.3)
Q =
Nng lng mt mt (Power lost)

Hnh 2.2 biu din nh hng ca dy cht nn ti bng thng tr khng v hiu
sut vi 2 gi tr hng s in mi l 2.2 v 10. Ta thy rng bng thng tng n iu
theo dy. Khi hng s in mi
r
gim th bng thng tng. iu ny c th c
gii thch t vic thay i gi tr Q.

Hnh 2.2. nh hng ca hng s in mi v dy cht nn ti bng thng tr
khng (VSWR < 2) v hiu sut bc x [7]

Hnh 2.3. S bin i ca h s Q ca anten vi di c patch hnh ch nht theo hng
s in mi cht nn. Trong h=1.59 mm, W=0.9L, f=3 GHz [7]

H s Q ca anten vi di vi patch hnh ch nht l hm ca
r
v h c v trong hnh
2.3 v 2.4. Hnh 2.3 ch ra rng, h s Q hu nh tng tuyn tnh khi tng
r
. Thnh
phn bc x (patch) hnh ch nht c m hnh ho nh mt t c mt mt (lossy
capacitor), vic tng h s Q l do nng lng c tch tr (energy strored) tng v
nng lng bc x gim khi tng
r
(theo cng thc 2.3). Tng t, khi dy cht

nn tng ln, nng lng c tch tr gim lm gim h s Q nh thy trong hnh 2.4.
V mt vt l, iu ny xy ra l do trng vin (fringing field) tng khi tng h v
gim
r
.

Kt lun, tng h v gim
r
s lm tng bng thng tr khng ca anten. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny ch c th p dng khi h < 0.02. C nhiu nhc im do s dng
cc cht nn c hng s in mi cao v dy ln, bao gm:
Nng lng sng mt tng ln, dn ti kt qu l hiu sut bc x km (xem
hnh 2.2). Bc x t cc sng mt c th lm mo gin bc x gn u cui
ng tip in vi di.
Cc cht nn c dy ln, khi tip in ti cnh ca thnh phn bc x s lm
tng bc x gi (spurious radiation) t ng vi di ti nhng ch thay i v
rng (step-in-width) v nhng ch bt lin tc trn ng vi di. S bc x
t u tip in (probe feed) cng s tng.
Cc cht nn dy hn 0.11
0
v c
r
=2.2 c tr khng ti im tip in cho
anten tng, dn ti cc vn v phi hp tr khng.
Cc mode bc cao hn chy dc theo chiu dy cht nn c th tng, iu ny
lm mo cc gin bc x v thay i tr khng c tnh. y l mt tham s
hn ch vic t c bng thng ln hn.

Hnh 2.4. S bin i ca h s Q ca anten vi di c patch hnh ch nht theo dy
cht nn. Trong
r
=2.2, W=0.9L, f=3 GHz [7]

2.2.3. La chn hnh dng thnh phn bc x thch hp
Ngi ta nhn thy rng: mt vi hnh dng thnh phn bc x (patch) c h s Q thp
hn so vi nhng hnh dng khc. Do bng thng ca chng s cao hn. Cc hnh
dng thnh phn bc x ny bao gm: vnh khuyn (annular ring), vnh hnh ch
nht/hnh vung (rectangular/square ring), patch phn t bc sng (c ngn mch)
v mt s hnh dng khc. Anten c patch vnh khuyn trn vi b = 2a khi hot ng
mode TM
12
cho bng thng gp 5 ln anten patch hnh ch nht vi L = 1.5W.
Tng t, anten c patch vnh hnh ch nht/hnh vung vi chu vi trung bnh 1
g
c
th c s dng.


Bng thng ca anten c patch phn t sng ngn mch hay vnh khuyn c so snh
vi anten c patch hnh trn hay hnh ch nht trong bng 2.1. Chng ta c th nhn
thy t bng ny rng: bng thng ca anten patch hnh ch nht tng khi rng ca
patch tng.

Bng 2.1. So snh bng thng ti VSWR = 2
Hnh dng patch Kch thc patch Bng thng (%)
Hnh ch nht hp L=4.924 cm, W=2.0 cm 0.7
Hnh ch nht rng L=4.79 cm, W=7.2 cm 1.6
Hnh vung L=W=4.82 cm 1.3
Hnh trn Bn knh a=2.78 cm 1.3
Hnh vnh khuyn b=8.9 cm, a=4.45 cm 3.8
Hnh ch nht bc sng L=2.462 cm, W=2.0 cm 1.05
r
= 2.32, h = 1.59 mm, f = 2 GHz

2.2.4. La chn k thut tip in thch hp
C nhiu k thut tip in khc nhau nh: tip in bng u d (probe feeding),
tip in cnh patch (edge feeding), ghp gn patch vi mt ng truyn vi di
(proximity coupling to a microstrip line), ghp khe patch vi mt ng tip in vi
di (aperture coupling to a microstrip feed line). Trong phng php ghp khe
(aperture coupling) c s dng cho cc anten bng rng trn cc cht nn dy. iu
ny l do thc t rng: k thut tip in ny cho php mt lng ln tham s c th
iu chnh nh di khe, rng khe v hnh dng khe, . Phng php ghp khe
khi c iu chnh mt cch k lng c th lm tng bng thng mt cch ng k.
Bng thng khong 70% c th t c khi s dng k thut tip in ny.

Anten vi di ghp khe
Anten vi di ghp khe c th hin trong hnh 2.5. N bao gm mt patch hnh ch
nht c kch thc a x b c in trn cht nn c dy h v hng s in mi
ra
.
Patch vi di c tip in bi ng vi di thng qua mt khe h hoc mt rnh rch
trn mt phng t chung ca patch v ng tip in vi di nh trong hnh 2.5.

Khe c cc kch thc l L
a
x W
a
v tm khe ti im (x
0
, y
0
). rng ca ng vi
di l W v c in trn mt cht nn c dy t v hng s in mi
rf
. Tr khng
c trng ca ng vi di c k hiu l Z
0m
v tr khng c trng ca khe c k
hiu bi Z
0s
. Vic ghp khe vi gia patch v ng vi di xy ra bi v khe ph v
s lin tc ca dng in chy theo dc theo patch. Phn tch anten vi di ghp khe
cho thy: hu ht cc c tnh u tng t vi anten khe tip in bng ng vi di.

K thut tip in ghp khe c gii thiu bi Pozar v n c nhiu u im so vi
cc k thut tip in khc. Cc u im l: bo v c anten khi s bc x gi
t phn tip in (spurious feed radiation), s dng cht nn cho c cu trc tip in
v anten, s dng cht nn dy tng bng thng ca anten.



Hnh 2.5. Anten vi di tip in bng ghp khe [7]

2.2.5. K thut kch thch a mode
S dng nhiu mode cng hng l phng php rt hiu qu trong thit k cc anen
vi di bng rng. tng c bn ca phng php ny xut pht t cc b cng
hng (resonator) c ghp, trong th 2 b cng hng hoc nhiu hn c ghp
vi nhau bao ph ton di tn mong mun. Phng php ny c p dng cho
nhiu hnh dng patch khc nhau. C nhiu phng php thit k theo khi nim
ny vi mc tiu tng bng thng tr khng (impedance bandwidth). Ta kho st mt
phng php, trong dng 2 thnh phn cng hng hoc nhiu hn (tn s cng
hng ca mi thnh phn khc nhau i cht), mi thnh phn cng hng ny c
ghp st vi thnh phn cng hng khc. Vic ghp st c iu khin tng
bng thng. Cc phng php thng thng nht m rng bng thng s dng
phng php ghp k sinh (parasitic coupling) c m t ngay sau y.

2.2.5.1. M rng bng thng s dng nhiu thnh phn bc x xp chng
Anten vi di vi 2 patch c xp chng in hnh c th hin trong hnh 2.6. nh
hng ca vic xp chng cc patch c nghin cu u tin vo nm 1978 ngay khi
cc nghin cu v anten vi di bt u. Patch bn di c th c tip in bng mt
connector ng trc hoc bi mt ng vi di. Patch bn trn c ghp st vi
patch bn di. Kch thc ca patch pha trn hi khc kch thc ca patch bn di
thu c tn s cng hng hi khc mt cht.

Ta c th thay i mt s tham s, v d: dy d
1
v d
2
ca cc cht nn; hng s
in mi
r1
v
r2
; lch gia tm ca cc patch; kch thc ca cc patch v v tr
tip in. i vi cc anten c 2 di tn, kch thc ca 2 patch c quyt nh bi 2
tn s cng hng mong mun. i vi anten bng rng, cc tham s khc c ti
u ha t c bng thng ln nht c th. Mt s dch chuyn nh cc patch theo
cc hng x v y cng c nh hng ng k n bng thng tr khng v gin bc
x.


Hnh 2.6. Anten vi di vi patch xp chng tip in bng ghp khe [7]

Cc nghin cu ch ra rng, vic xp lch cc patch c tc dng m rng bng
thng, tnh khng i xng ca cu trc lm tng bc x xin (beam squint) trong mt
phng E. Bng thng tr khng t 10% ti 29% t c vi cc patch xp chng tip
in bng u ni (probe-fed), v bng thng tr khng t 18% ti 67% t c vi
cc patch xp chng tip in bng ghp khe. Bng thng ln hn c th t c khi
s dng cht nn dy hn.

Anten vi patch xp chng c mt s c im hp dn nh sau:
Vic xp chng cc patch khng lm tng din tch b mt ca anten, so vi
phng php s dng cc thnh phn k sinh ng phng, cc patch xp chng
c s dng trong anten mng m khng cn tng khong cch gia cc patch
v gii quyt c vn bp sng ph.
Gin bc x v tm pha ca anten patch xp chng duy tr tnh i xng trn
ton di tn hot ng ca n.

2.2.5.2. M rng bng thng s dng cc thnh phn k sinh ng phng
Mt phng php khc cng cho c tnh bng rng l ghp gn cc patch ng phng
c tn s cng hng khc nhau cht t. Mt vi hnh dng c th hin trong hnh
2.7 v 2.8. Ch c patch gia (patch iu khin) c tip in v cc patch khc
hoc l c ghp khe hoc l c ghp trc tip vi patch iu khin.

Trong hnh 2.7(a): 2 dipole ghp vi mt patch bc x c a ra vo nm 1979. Khi
2 patch c ghp khe vi patch iu khin dc theo cc cnh bc x ca patch iu
khin (xem hnh 2.7(b)), bng thng ln nht c th tng ti 5.1 ln so vi bng thng
ca anten ch c 1 patch hnh ch nht. Kiu ghp k sinh dc theo cc cnh khng bc
x (hnh 2.7(c)) cho bng thng ln hn gp 4 ln. Mt cu hnh tng t bao gm cc
patch bc sng c ngn mch (xung mt phng t) ghp vi mt patch
bc sng dc theo cc cnh bc x (hnh 2.7(d)) cho bng thng ln gp 5.35 ln.
Mt v d khc, 2 patch ngn mch di /4 c ghp vi nhau dc theo cnh bc x
(xem hnh 2.7(e)). Cu hnh 4 patch c ghp khe ti 4 cnh ca mt patch iu
khin th hin trong hnh 2.7(f). N cho bng thng ti 6.7 ln bng thng ca anten
ch c mt patch n.


Hnh 2.7. Mt vi anten vi di bng rng s dng cc patch ghp khe ng phng [7]
(a). Mt patch iu khin c ghp khe vi 2 dipole dc theo cc cnh bc x
(b). Mt patch iu khin c ghp khe vi 2 patch dc theo cc cnh bc x
(c). Mt patch iu khin c ghp khe vi 2 patch dc theo cc cnh khng bc x
(d). 1 patch iu khin ghp khe vi 2 patch bc sng dc theo cc cnh bc x
(e). Mt patch bc sng (iu khin) c ghp khe vi mt patch bc sng
(f). Mt patch iu khin c ghp khe vi 4 patch dc theo 4 cnh ca n
(g). Anten mng vi di vi mt patch iu khin v cc patch k sinh ghp khe
(h). Mng 7 dipole ghp khe
(i). Anten nhiu patch ghp khe cng hng ti nhiu tn s
(j) Mt hnh dng khc ca anten nhiu patch ghp khe cng hng ti nhiu tn s

Khi nim v cc thnh phn ghp khe c m rng cho cc mng anten ghp khe.
Trong cc mng ny, mt patch iu khin c ghp khe st (v khng gian) vi
cc patch xung quanh, mt s khe c ghp xa hn, to ra mt mng phng (xem
hnh 2.7(g)). Khe ghp gia cc patch lin st nhau thng rt nh, bng khong 0.1
ti 2 ln dy cht nn. Anten mng phng c kch thc 1.56 mm x 30 mm x 30
mm ti tn s 8.55 GHz cho bng thng 16%, tng ch 9 dB v cc thy bn ch -
26dB.

Mt anten mng gm 7 dipole c ghp dc theo cc cnh khng bc x, nhng vi
rng v khong cch khe gia cc dipole c ti u ha t c bng thng
ln hn 8 ln (xem hnh 2.7(h)).

Mt cu hnh khc l mt s dipole c chiu di khc nhau c kch thch bi mt
khe t gia to ra cu hnh xp so le (xem hnh 2.7(i) v (j)). Mt s thay i nho
nh cu hnh ny l tt c cc dipole hot ng cng mt tn s v c ghp khe
vi ng tip in vi di. Bng thng ca cu hnh vi 3 dipole i xng l khong
23% i vi anten c in mi dy 0.083
0
. Bng thng ny bng khong 1.5 ln bng
thng ca anten patch hnh vung tng ng. Cui cng, khi nim patch cng hng
c xp so le c th c m rng cho mng loga chu k c th hin trong hnh
2.8(a).

Anten vi patch cng hng c ghp trc tip cng c nghin cu. Cc anten
ny c th hin trong hnh 2.8(b d). Trong cc trng hp ny, cc patch pha
ngoi l cc patch k sinh vo patch c tip in, nhng cc patch k sinh c ghp
trc tip ti patch c tip in. Bng thng cho cc anten 2.8(b), (c), (d) tng t
nh cc anten ghp khe hnh 2.7(b), (c) v (f).

Anten ghp k sinh ng phng vi patch hnh trn cng c nghin cu. N bao
gm mt a vi di c ghp khe vi mt vnh khuyn ngn mch trn cng b mt.
Anten ny c th hin trong hnh 2.8(e). Anten ny cng c th c xem nh mt
hc hnh tr (cylindrical cavity) ghp vi mt khe vnh khuyn (annular slot). Cc tn
s cng hng ca a vi di v cavity gn bng nhau. Anten ny to ra mt gin
bc x i xng trn vi rng chm 10dB l khong 160
0
, v n thch hp chiu
x (illuminate) cho mt b phn x vi F/D = 3. Phn cc ngang cc i (maximum
cross-polarization) vi rng chm 10dB c o l -21dB trn ton di 5GHz ti
5.44GHz. Ta c th t c bng thng tr khng 10% bng cch iu chnh kch
thc khe ghp.

Tt c cc anten vi di vi cc b cng hng k sinh ng phng c mt nhc im
l din tch b mt tng ln. Hn na, gin bc x v tm pha bin i r rt theo
tn s, c bit i vi cc thit k bng thng rng hn.


Hnh 2.8. Anten vi di bng rng s dng cc patch ghp khe ng phng [7]
(a). Cu hnh ca mt mng vi di loga chu k ghp khe bng rng
(b). Patch iu khin c ghp trc tip vi 2 patch dc theo cc cnh bc x
(c). Patch iu khin c ghp trc tip vi 2 patch dc theo cc cnh khng bc x
(d). Patch iu khin c ghp trc tip vi 4 patch dc theo 4 cnh ca n
(e). Anten vi a vi di c ghp khe vi mt vnh khuyn ngn mch

2.2.5.3. Cc k thut kch thch a mode khc
Cc phng php trong phn ny u s dng 2 mode c lp c kch thch vo
cng mt patch hoc vo patch v mng tip in. Mt patch gn vung c s dng
thu c bng thng gn 3 ln bng cch kch thch 2 mode vi phn cc trc giao.
Trong trng hp ny, kch thch c hai mode, ng tip in c t dc theo
ng cho (xem hnh 2.9(a)). th tr khng vo cho anten ny c v trong hnh
2.9(b) vi L = 13.6 cm, W/L = 0.99,
0
/L = 0.16 v h/
0
= 0.0037.

Hnh 2.9. Anten vi di bng rng s dng 2 mode phn cc trc giao [7]
(a). Patch gn vung (b). th tr khng vo

Patch hnh ch nht vi mt khe U c ct trn n (xem hnh 2.10) cng l anten
bng rng. Patch v khe U c thit k cho tn s cng hng gn nhau. Tn s
cng hng v h s Q ti im cng hng c th c iu khin c lp bng cch
iu chnh chiu di v rng ca chng (patch v khe U).

Hnh 2.10. Patch c rch khe U to ra 2 tn s cng hng v tng bng thng [7]

Patch hnh ch nht vi mt khe H c ct trn n hnh 2.11.

2.2.6. Cc k thut m rng bng thng khc
Trong cc phn trc, chng ta thay i cc tham s ca cht nn lm tng bng
thng tr khng. Cc patch cng hng c t so le trong cu hnh patch xp chng
v cu hnh ghp khe c m t trong phn trc. Vic s dng nhiu hn mt
mode kch thch vo cng mt patch cng c m t. Trong phn ny, chng ta tho
lun thm mt vi phng php tng bng thng tr khng.


Hnh 2.11. Mt anten dipole cun trn kp vi bng thng rng [7]

2.2.6.1. Phi hp tr khng
Mt trong cc k thut trc tip v thng thng nht c s dng ci thin bng
thng tr khng l s dng mt mng phi hp tr khng. Ta c th dng cc nhnh v
cc on vi di bc sng c th c s dng cho mc ch ny. Mng phi hp
tr khng nn c t gn thnh phn bc x nht c th. Tuy nhin, cc ch khng
lin tc trong mng phi hp tr khng cng c th bc x, iu lm gim st c
tnh phn cc ngang (cross-polarization) ca anten. S phc tp v cc mt mt ca
mng phi hp tr khng ni chung hn ch bng thng c th t c ch khong t
10% ti 30%. Pues v Van de Capelle t c bng thng khong 10% ti 12% s
dng mt mng phi hp tr khng ng phng th ng. Cc k thut tng t c
s dng bi Paschen a ra bng thng ln hn 25%, bng thng bao ph c
di GPS ch vi mt thnh phn bc x n.

Mt phng php kho lo khc l mt thnh phn chuyn tip hnh nn 3D (3D
transition) c s dng tng bng thng tr khng ti khong 90%. Hnh dng ca
anten ny c th hin trong hnh 2.12.

Anten v thnh phn chuyn tip khng c in trn bt k mt vt liu in mi no.
Patch c chng tm bi mt tr (kim loi hoc khng phi kim loi). Thnh phn
chuyn tip c th l di kim loi rng khng thay i dng nghing xung ti mt
phng t nh th hin trong hnh 2.12(a), hoc c th l mt di c rng thon dn
vung gc vi mt phng t nh trong hnh 2.12(b). C hai phng php ny cho kt
qu bng rng. u im ca anten ny l c mt bng thng VSWR rt ln, khong
90%, trnh c cc nh hng ca sng mt v nh hng ca phn b
(dispersion) ca cht nn, hiu sut cao hn.


Hnh 2.12. Anten vi patch n bng rng s dng thnh phn chuyn tip 3D [7]
(a). Patch l lng vi mt thnh phn chuyn tip 3D nghing
(b). Patch l lng vi mt thnh phn chuyn tip 3D dng ng

2.2.6.2. Mc ti in tr
Theo Pozar, bng thng tr khng ca anten vi di c th tng ln bng cch hn ch
cc tham s mt mt, nhng b li hiu sut bc x gim. Mt mt gy ra do vt liu
in mi, lp ng dn in, do chnh ti in tr mc vo. Hnh 2.13 th hin mt
anten vi di c gn thm in tr 1 gn cnh ca patch.

Hnh 2.13. Anten vi di bng rng c mc thm ti in tr l = 0.79L [7]

Ti Return Loss = 10 dB, bng thng ca anten ny bng 4.9 ln bng thng khi khng
mc thm ti in tr. Thm na, kch thc patch gim i 0.39 ln so vi khi khng
mc thm ti in tr. Tuy nhin, h s tng ch li gim.

2.3. Anten vi di nhiu bng tn
2.3.1. Anten vi di 2 tn s cng hng
Anten vi di cng hng kp c th hot ng ti 2 tn s cng hng trn cc cu
trc n hoc a bc x. V l thuyt, cc anten vi di cng hng kp phi c cng
cc c tnh bc x v phi hp tr khng ti c hai tn s cng hng. thc hin
iu ny bng cch s dng cng ngh phng l mt vn phc tp.

C mt s phng php thit lp anten cng hng kp v c phn thnh 3 loi
chnh:
Kch thch anten bng 2 mode.
S dng nhiu patch bc x cho anten.
Mc ti hn hp.

K thut kch thch bng 2 mode c thc hin bng cch kch thch 2 mode cng
hng khc nhau ln mt patch vi di n. i vi cu trc s dng nhiu patch bc
x, cng hng kp t c bng cch s dng nhiu patch bc x, mi patch cng
hng ti mt tn s nht nh. Cu trc ny c th c thc hin bng cch s dng
nhiu patch ng phng hoc xp chng nhiu patch, trong cc patch bc x c
hnh dng ging nhau hoc khc nhau. Cc anten ny hot ng hot ng ti 2 tn s
vi cng phn cc hoc 2 phn cc khc nhau. Khi anten vi di c yu cu l phi
hot ng ti 2 tn s khc bit, k thut c s dng ph bin nht l mc ti hn
hp hoc mc ti in khng cho 1 patch n. Mt s kiu mc ti thng s dng
nh: nhnh, khe hnh V, ngn mch, s dng t in v khe.

Anten vi di 2 tn s c th hnh thnh bng cch xp chng 2 phn t mch di, mi
phn t c tn s cng hng ring, v c tip in ni tip nh trn hnh 2.14. c
tnh quan trng nht cn lu y l khi mt trong 2 phn t mch di khng cng
hng vi tn s lm vic ca phn t kia th n ging nh mt phin kim loi b on
mch. iu ny cho php mi phn t mch di hot ng c lp ti tn s khong
cng hng ca phn t mch di kia. iu ny c th t c khi khong cch tn
s nh hn 10%, hoc khi cc tn s l hi nhau.

Hnh 2.14. Hnh dng anten mch di 2 bng tn [1]
(a). Tip in ni tip cho tng phn t
(b). Cu trc tng ng ti tn s f
1
(c). Cu trc tng ng ti tn s f
2

2.3.2. Anten vi di nhiu hn 2 tn s cng hng
S dng k thut kch thch a mode trn ta cng c th thit k cc anten vi di
nhiu tn s cng hng. Bng cch chn cc tn s cng hng nm trong di tn
mong mun.

Ta c th xp chng nhiu phn t v tip in ni tip to thnh mt h anten
mch di nhiu tn s. iu quan trng l phi tm im ph hp ca mi phn t

c th t ngun nui vo vi tr khng u vo l 50 . Kch thc chnh xc ca
phn t tip in ni tip v cc im ph hp t ngun nui tt nht l c xc
nh bng thc nghim.

2.4. Phi hp tr khng di rng
Nh trn trnh by, c nhiu phng php thit k anten mch di bng rng,
phn ny xin trnh by chi tit phng php phi hp tr khng di rng.

2.4.1. ngha ca vic phi hp tr khng
Ni dung ca phi hp tr khng c minh ho hnh 2.15 trong s dng mt
mch phi hp t gia ti v ng truyn dn sng. Mch phi hp thng l mt
mch khng tn hao trnh lm gim cng sut v c thit k sao cho tr khng
vo nhn t ng truyn c gi tr bng tr khng sng Z
o
ca ng truyn. Khi y
s phn x sng pha tri ca mch phi hp v pha ng truyn dn s khng cn
na, ch cn trong phm vi gii hn gia ti v mch phi hp, cng c th l phn x
qua li nhiu ln. Qu trnh phi hp cng c coi l qu trnh iu chnh.

Hnh 2.15. Mch phi hp tr khng khng tn hao gia tr khng ti bt k
v ng truyn dn sng c tr khng c trng Z
0
[2]

Khi thc hin phi hp tr khng cng sut truyn cho ti s t c cc i, cn tn
tht trn ng truyn l cc tiu. Phi hp tr khng s gip ci thin t s tn
hiu/tp nhiu ca h thng khc trong h thng s dng cc phn t nhy cm nh
anten, b khuch i tp m thp, .

Khi ti v ng truyn c phi hp s khng c sng phn x trn ng truyn,
do cng sut truyn vo ti t cc i, bng vi cng sut a vo. Khi khng m
bo vic phi hp tr khng s xut hin sng ng trn ng truyn. Nu gi tr
V
max
ti im bng in p trn ng truyn t ti hoc vt qu gii hn cho php
V
x
s xy ra nh la, iu ny c th dn ti vic ph hu ng truyn.

2.4.2. Phi hp tr khng di rng
Khi kho st b phi hp tr khng dng on bin i /4, ta thy nu cc tr khng
cn phi hp c chnh lch cng cao th di tn ca thit b phi hp cng hp. V
vy mun m rng di tn phi dng nhiu on bin i mc ni tip nhau thnh
chui mi on ch phi hp vi mt t s tr khng thp m thi. chnh l
tng ca b bin i tr khng nhiu cp hay nhiu phn on.

B bin i gm N on dy truyn sng (hnh 2.16) c di ging nhau nhng khc
nhau v tr khng c tnh. Hy rt ra cng thc gn ng tnh h s phn x tng
.


Hnh 2.16. B bin i nhiu phn on [2]

Ti mi ch ni, ta xc nh c cc h s phn x ring nh sau:

0 1
0 1
0
Z Z
Z Z
+
= (2.4a)

n n
n n
n
Z Z
Z Z
+
=
+
+
1
1
(2.4b)

N L
N L
N
Z Z
Z Z
+
= (2.4c)

Ta cng gi thit l cc Z
n
s tng hoc gim n iu dc theo chiu di ca b phi
hp tr khng, ng thi coi Z
L
l thc. iu c ngha cc l thc v c cng
du. Ta thy:
n
n
> 0 khi Z
L
> Z
0
v
n
< 0 khi Z
L
< Z
0
. H s phn x tng:
( )

iN
N
i i
e e e
2 4
2
2
1 0
...

+ + + + = (2.5)

Ta gi thit tip l b bin i c ch to i xng, sao cho:
N
=
0
,
1 1
=
N
,
2 2
=
N
,
Biu thc (2.5) c vit li nh sau:
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
[ ] { } ...
2 2
1 0
+ + + + =

N i N i iN iN iN
e e e e e
(2.6)
Nu N l, s hng cui s l (
i i N
e e

+
2
1
). Nu N chn, s hng cui s l
2
N
.
Phng trnh (2.6) c dng mt chui Fourier cosine hu hn theo , nh sau:
i vi N chn
( ) ( ) ( )

+ + + + + =

2 1 0
2
1
... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
N n
iN
n N N N e

(2.7)
i vi N l
( ) ( ) ( )

+ + + + + =

cos
2
... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
1
1 0
N
n
iN
n N N N e (2.8)

ngha quan trng ca cc kt qu trn l ch trn thc t ta c th tng hp c
h s phn x tng di dng mt hm s theo tn s (hay ) bng cch la chn thch
hp cc
n
v s dng s lng va cc phn on (s N). iu l hin nhin v
nh ta bit, mt chui Fourier cosine c th c biu th nh mt hm trn tu

nu a vo mt s s hng va . Ni dung ny c gi l l thuyt cc phn x
nh.

trn ta tho lun cch thc mt tr khng ti thc bt k c th c phi hp
vi mt ng truyn trn ton mt bng thng mong mun bng cch s dng b
phi hp nhiu phn on. Khi s lng cc phn on ri rc (N) tng ln th s khc
bit v tr khng c tnh gia cc phn on s gim i. Khi N tin n v cng,
chng ta c mt cu trc m s bin i tr khng c trng l lin tc (hnh 2.17).

Hnh 2.17. Phi hp tr khng bng di lin tc v m hnh tng s lng phn
on N ln tin ti v cng [2]
(a). B phi hp tr khng lin tc
(b). B phi hp nhiu phn on

Tt nhin, trong thc t, mt b phi hp tr khng phi c chiu di hu hn, v
thng khng di hn mt vi phn on. Nhng thay v cc phn on ri rc, b
phi hp tr khng c th l on lin tc nh trong hnh 2.17. Sau , bng cch thay
i hnh dng ca b phi hp tr khng, chng ta c th t c cc c tnh di
truyn khc nhau.

Ta s rt ra l thuyt gn ng v b bin i lin tc, da trn l thuyt cc phn x
nh biu th s ph thuc ca h s phn x theo s bin i ca tr khng c
tnh Z(z).

Hnh 2.17a m t mt on ng truyn lin tc ging nh c ghp bi nhiu vi
phn on m tr khng c tnh ca cc vi phn on chnh nhau mt lng
. Khi gia s ca h s phn x ti z s l:
z
( ) z Z
( )
( ) Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
=
+ +
+
=
2
1
2
(2.9)

Cho , ta nhn c: 0 z
( )
dz
dz
Z Z d
Z
dZ
d
0
ln
2
1
2
1
= =

Lu rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
dz
dz
z f d
z f
z df
dz
z df
z f dz
z f d )) ( (ln
) (
) (
) (
1 ln
= =

p dng l thuyt cc phn x nh, h s phn x tng ti z = 0 c th tm c bng
cch ly tng tt c cc h s phn x ring, vi gc dch pha tng ng:

( )

=
=
L
z
z i
dz
Z
Z
dz
d
e
0 0
2
ln
2
1

trong l 2 = . (2.10)
Nu bit Z(z) th c th tm hm ( ) l hm ph thuc tn s, ngc li nu cho
trc ( ) th v nguyn tc c th xc nh hm Z(z), tuy nhin y l mt th tc rt
kh v trong thc th ngi ta thng trnh thc thin.

2.4.3. Mt s b phi hp tr khng di rng
Chng ta s xem xt mt vi trng hp c bit ca Z(z) v a ra cc nh gi v
p ng ca ( ) .

2.4.3.1. B phi hp tr khng lin tc dng hm m
Chng ta hy xem xt b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng hm m, trong :
z
e Z z Z

0
) ( = , trong 0 < z < L (2.11)
Hm Z(z) trong (2.11) c v trong hnh 2.19a.

Hnh 2.18. B phi hp tr khng dng hm m

Ti z = 0, ta mong mun t c: Z(0) = Z
0
. Vi biu thc ca Z(z) chn trn, ta
s c:
0
0
0
) 0 ( Z e Z Z = =

(ng nh iu ta mong mun)
Ti z = L, chng ta mong mun t c:
Z(L) = Z
L
= Z
0
e
L

=
0
ln
1
Z
Z
L
L
(2.12)
By gi chng ta s tm h s phn x tng () bng cch s dng (2.12) v (2.11)
thay vo (2.10), chng ta c:

( )
L
L
e
Z Z
dz e
L
Z Z
dz e
dz
d
e
L j L
L
z j L
L
z z j

sin
2
/ ln
) (
2
/ ln
) (
ln
2
1
) (
0
0
2 0
0
2
=
=
=
(2.13)


(a)

(b)
Hnh 2.19. B phi hp tr khng lin tc dng hm m [4]
(a). S bin i ca tr khng theo z
(b). p ng bin ca h s phn x ()

Ta nhn xt rng, php ly o hm ny tha nhn rng (h s lan truyn ca b phi
hp tr khng kiu lin tc) khng l hm ca z. Gi nh ny ni chung ch hp l i
vi cc ng truyn TEM.

Bin ca h s phn x tng () trong (2.13) c v trong hnh 2.19b; ch rng
cc nh ca || gim khi tng chiu di L ca b phi hp tr khng. V chiu di L
nn chn ln hn /2 (L > ) nhm mc ch ti thiu ho s mt phi hp tr khng
tn s thp.

2.4.3.2. B phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic
Tip theo chng ta xem xt b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic i vi thnh
phn [dln(Z/Z
0
)]/dz. Trong , Z(z) c dng:

=

0
2 2
0
2
/ ln ) 1 / 2 / 4 (
0
/ ln ) / ( 2
0
) (
Z Z L z L z
Z Z L z
L
L
e
e
Z
Z
z Z

(2.14) vi 2 / 0 L z
vi L z L 2 /

Hnh 2.20. B phi hp tr khng dng tam gic

T biu thc (2.14) ta xc nh c:
=
) / ln( ) / 4 / 4 (
) / ln( ) / 4 ( ) / (ln
0
2
0
2
0
Z Z L z L
Z Z L z
dz
Z Z d
L
L

(2.15)
vi L z L 2 /
vi 2 / 0 L z

th ca Z(z) c v trong hnh 2.21a. Thay (2.15) tr li (2.10) ta c:
2
0
2 /
) 2 / sin(
ln
2
1
) (

=

L
L
Z
Z
e
L L j

(2.16)

(a)

(b)
Hnh 2.21. B phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic [4]

Bin ca l || c v trong hnh 2.21b. Ch rng, vi L > 2, cc nh ca
|| ca b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic nh hn cc nh tng ng ca
|| ca b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng hm m. Nhng im khng (ca ||) u
tin i vi b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic xy ra ti L = 2, trong khi
im khng (ca ||) u tin i vi b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng hm m xy
ra L = .

2.4.3.3. B phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein
Hy xem xt mt thc t rng, c rt nhiu hnh dng c th chn cho b phi hp tr
khng lin tc. Do , ta c th t ra cu hi l Hnh dng no ph hp nht i vi
b phi hp tr khng lin tc?. Vi mt chiu di cho trc ca b phi hp tr
khng lin tc (ln hn mt gi tr ti hn), b phi hp tr khng lin tc

Klopfenstein c cho l ti u phng din h s phn x nh nht trn ton di
truyn. Nu xt c im h s phn x cc i trong di truyn, th b phi hp tr
khng Klopfenstein cho chiu di phn phi hp tr khng ngn nht.

B phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein nhn c t b phi hp di rng nhiu
on Chebyshev khi ta cho s lng cc on tin ti v cng, iu ny cng tng t
nh phn b Taylor ca l thuyt mng anten. Chng ta s khng th hin chi tit cc
bin i ny, m ch a ra cc kt qu thit k cc b phi hp tr khng lin tc
Klopfenstein.

Hnh 2.22. B phi hp tr khng Klopfenstein

Loga ca tr khng c trng ca b phi hp tr khng Klopfenstein c cho bi:
) , 1 / 2 (
cosh
ln
2
1
) ( ln
2 0
0
A L z A
A
Z Z z Z
L

+ =
vi L z 0 (2.17)

Trong , hm ) , ( A x c nh ngha nh sau:
dy
y A
y A I
A x A x
x
= =
0
2
2
1
1
) 1 (
) , ( ) , (

vi 1 x (2.18)

Trong , I
1
(x) l hm Bessel sa i. Hm ny nhn cc gi tr c bit di y:
) , 0 ( A = 0
) 0 , ( x = 2 / x
) , 1 ( A =
2
1 cosh
A
A

Nhng nu khng th hm I
1
(x) phi c tnh ton theo phng php s.

H s phn x tng c cho bi:
A
A L
e
L j
cosh
) ( cos
) (
2 2
0

=

vi L > A
(2.19)
Nu L < A, th ta c
2 2
) ( cos A L tr thnh
2 2
) ( cosh L A .

Trong (2.17) v (2.19),
0
l h s phn x ti tn s 0 Hz, v c cho bi:
=
0 0
0
0
ln
2
1
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L

(2.20)

Di truyn c nh ngha vi A L , v gi tr gn cc i trong di truyn l:

A
m
cosh
0
=
(2.21)
Bi v ) ( dao ng trong khong ) cosh / , cosh / (
0 0
A A + vi L > A.

Ch rng, hm Z(z) trong (2.17) c cc bc nhy ti z = 0 v z = L (hai u ca b
phi hp tr khng). Ging nh b phi hp tr khng nhiu on Chebyshev, p
ng ca b phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein c cc nh (phn gn) bng nhau
trn ton di truyn ca n.

(a)

(b)
Hnh 2.23. B phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein [4]

2.4.4. Tiu chun Bode Fano
Chng ta s gii hn cc tho lun i vi mch trong hnh 2.1, mng phi hp
tr khng khng tn hao c s dng phi hp mt ti phc bt k trn ton bng
thng ca n. Chng ta c th t ra my cu hi sau y:
Chng ta c th t c phi hp tr khng hon ho khng (h s phn x
bng 0) trn ton bng thng xc nh?

Nu khng t c phi hp tr khng hon ho, th chng ta c th phi hp
tr khng tt ti mc no? u l s tho hip gia
m
, s phn x cc i c
th cho php trong di truyn v bng thng?
Mng phi hp tr khng phi phc tp n mc no tho mn cc tiu
chun cho trc?

Cc cu hi ny c th c tr li bi tiu chun Bode Fano (ch ph hp vi mt
s loi tr khng ti nht nh). Tiu chun ny ch ra: gii hn nh nht (v l thuyt)
bin ca h s phn x c th t c i vi mt mng phi hp tr khng bt
k. Do , tiu chun Bode Fano th hin kt qu ti u c th t c mt cch l
tng, v d kt qu nh vy trong thc t ch l xp x. Tuy nhin, cc kt qu ti u
nh vy lun quan trng, bi v chng a ra gii hn trn v hiu sut v cung cp
mt im chun m cc thit k thc t c th so snh.



THIT K ANTEN DT CU TRC XON, TIP
IN DNG NG TRUYN VI DI CHNG 3

Tm tt
Kha lun tp trung thit k mt anten n cc phng ph hp cho ng dng trong
cc thit b cm tay di ng (mobile hanset). Anten bao gm mt b pht x hnh ch
nht b x bi cc rnh un khc to thnh 3 nhnh, trong 2 nhnh cng hng v
1 nhnh iu chnh. Anten c in trn cht nn FR4 v c tip in bi mt ng
vi di 50 . Anten ny c th hot ng trong cc di tn GSM, DCS, PCS, UTMS v
WLAN vi h s sng ng VSWR nh hn 2.5.

Chng ny s trnh by chi tit phng php thit k tng thnh phn ca anten nh:
thnh phn bc x, b phi hp tr khng di rng, ng vi di 50 Ohm.

3.1. Gii thiu
S pht trin nhanh cng ca cc h thng truyn thng khng dy hin i ko theo
xu hng thit k cc anten nhiu bng tn v anten bng rng hoc cc anten c c
hai tnh cht ny. C rt nhiu hnh dng anten khc nhau c nghin cu dnh
cho cc thit b cm tay di ng, chng hn nh: anten hnh F ngc phng (PIFA,
Planar Inverted-F Antenna), anten dy phng v anten n cc phng. PIFA c kch
thc tng i nh, nhng bng thng ca n kh hp, v chiu cao t anten ti mt
phng t phi th mi t c hiu sut c th chp nhn c. Anten dy phng
cho bng thng ln hn, nhng n li c kch thc ln nn khng ph hp cho cc
ng dng di ng. Cc anten n cc phng c cc u im hn nh: kch thc nh,
bng thng ln cho cc ng dng di ng v tha mn yu cu v gin bc x.
Tuy nhin, cu trc ca cc anten n cc li l cu trc 3D thay v 2D, iu ny lm
tng s kh khn trong sn xut v gi thnh.

Trong kha lun ny, mt anten n cc phng vi cu trc 2D c thit k. C cu
trc v cc tham s ca cu trc u c iu chnh mt cch cn thn t c
yu cu cng hng nhiu tn s (a cng hng), bng thng v convenient
profile. Anten c 3 nhnh v c in trn mt tm in mi. Trc tin, 2 nhnh c
thit k cng hng 2 tn s nht nh, v sau nhnh th 3 c thm vo
iu chnh tn s cng hng cho ph hp vi cc di tn mong mun. Vi din tch
nh 36 x 15 mm
2
, anten p ng yu cu ca cc chun truyn thng sau: GSM
(Global System for Mobile communications, 890 MHz 960 MHz), DCS (Digital
Communication System, 1710 MHz 1880 MHz), PCS (Personal Communication
Services, 1850 MHz 1990 MHz), UTMS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System, 1920 MHz 2170 MHz) v WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network, 2400
MHz 2484 MHz).


Hnh 3.1. Hnh dng ca anten c thit k trong kha lun

3.2. Thit k thnh phn bc x
Hnh dng tng th ca anten m kho lun thit k c th hin trong hnh 3.1 v
thnh phn bc x c th hin trong hnh 3.2 di y.

Hnh 3.2. Thnh phn bc x ca anten

Thnh phn bc x n cc phng chim din tch l 36 x 15 mm
2
, v c in trn
cht nn FR4 dy 0.8 mm (hng s in mi tng i l 4.4). Tm in mi ny c
dng ph bin lm cc mch PCB cho in thoi di ng. Cht nn (lp in mi)
rng 36 mm v di 75 mm. mt sau ca tm in mi, mt phng t c in c
chiu rng 36 mm v chiu di 60 mm. Thnh phn bc x n cc c tip in bi
mt ng vi di 50 nh c ch ra trong hnh 3.1.

Thnh phn bc x chnh (patch) ban u c dng hnh ch nht. Bng cch x mt
rnh un khc trn thnh phn bc x ban u to ra 3 nhnh, trong nhnh cng
hng th nht l nhnh di hn, nhnh cng hng th hai l nhnh ngn hn v
nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th ba) vi cc kch thc chi tit c ch ra trong hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3. Kch thc chi tit thnh phn bc x ca anten

Ta mong mun anten hot ng ti 2 di tn (di th nht cho GSM v di th hai gm
4 di gn nhau l DCS, PCS, UTMS v WLAN), do thit k ban u ch c 2 nhnh
cng hng (khng c nhnh th ba). Chiu di ca nhnh di hn tnh t im tip
in ti u cui ca nhnh cng hng th nht l khong 75 mm. Gi tr ny rt gn
vi bc sng ti tn s 900 MHz trong khng gian t do. Cng nn ch rng, tn
s cng hng ph thuc c vo chiu di ca nhnh v chiu rng ca u cui. Theo
cch tng t, chiu di ca nhnh cng hng th hai tnh t im tip in ti u
cui ca n l khong 35 mm, xp x bc sng ti tn s 2 GHz. di 2 nhnh
cng hng c chn ngn hn so vi bc sng cng hng c chn. L do
chnh l mt s tn ti trong thc t ca cht nn s thu ngn bc sng cng hng.

Anten vi ch 2 nhnh cng hng 1 v 2 c kh nng hot ng 2 di tn. Tuy
nhin, bng thng li cha bao ph tt c 5 di tn c lit k trn, c bit l
di WLAN (kt qu m phng c th hin trong chng sau). Do , nhnh iu
chnh (nhnh th ba) c thm vo ti mt v tr thch hp trn nhnh cng hng th
nht. Cc kt qu m phng ch ra rng, bng cch iu chnh cn thn cc kch thc
ca nhnh th ba, cc mode cng hng c bn v bc cao hn ca nhnh cng hng
th nht c th c iu chnh ti tn s mong mun. Theo d liu m phng, tn s
cng hng ca mode c bn c gim t 900 MHz xung 870 MHz. i vi mode
bc cao hn, tn s cng hng thay i t ln hn 3 GHz xung khong 2.3 GHz. Do
, anten khi c 3 nhnh c th hot ng c 5 di tn
GSM/DCS/PCS/UTMS/WLAN.

3.3. Thit k thnh phn phi hp tr khng di rng
3.3.1. So snh mt s b phi hp tr khng di rng
Trong phn ny, ta a ra mt v d v thit k b phi hp tr khng di rng. Sau
v th bin i ca Z(z) v ( ) so snh.

V d: Thit k b phi hp tr khng lin tc
Thit k b phi hp tr khng lin tc dng tam gic, dng hm m v dng
Klopfenstein (vi
m
= 0.02) phi hp ti 50 vi ng truyn 100 . V s bin
i tr khng Z(z) theo z v bin ca h s phn x theo L.

Gii

B phi hp tr khng dng tam gic:
T (2.14), s bin i ca tr khng Z(z) theo z l:
vi
=

0
2 2
0
2
/ ln ) 1 / 2 / 4 (
/ ln ) / ( 2
0
0
) (
Z Z L z L z
Z Z L z
L
L
e Z
e Z
z Z

2 / 0 L z
vi L z L 2 /
Vi Z
0
= 100 v Z
L
= 50 . p ng bin ca h s phn x c cho bi (2.16):
2
0
2 /
) 2 / sin(
ln
2
1
| ) ( |

=
L
L
Z
Z
L

B phi hp tr khng dng hm m:
T (2.11) ta c:
z
e Z z Z

0
) ( = , trong 0 < z < L
vi L Z Z L
L
/ 693 . 0 / ln ) / 1 (
0
= = . p ng bin ca h s phn x c cho bi
(2.13):
L
L Z Z
L
sin
2
/ ln
| ) ( |
0
=

B phi hp tr khng Klopfenstein:
S dng (2.20) cho
0
:
346 . 0 ln
2
1
0 0
0
0
=
=
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L

V s dng (2.21) cho A ta c:
543 . 3
002 . 0
346 . 0
cosh cosh
cosh
1 0 1 0
=
=

m
m
A
A

Biu thc ca Z(z) c th tnh c theo (2.17). p ng bin ca h s phn x
c cho bi (2.19):
A
A L
cosh
) ( cos
| ) ( |
2 2
0

=

Di truyn i vi b phi hp tr khng Klopfenstein c nh ngha vi:
L > A = 3.543 = 1.13.

Hnh 3.4.a,b th hin s bin i tr khng (theo z/L) v p ng bin ca h s
phn x (theo L) i vi 3 loi b phi hp tr khng trn.


(a)

(b)
Hnh 3.4. th cho v d trn [4]
(a). S bin i ca Z(z) ca b phi hp dng tam gic (T), hm m (E) v Klop (K)
(b). p ng bin - tn s ca h s phn x cho 3 loi b phi trn

Ta d dng nhn thy rng, b phi hp tr khng Klopfenstein cho p ng mong
mun || <=
m
= 0.02 khi L >= 1.13 thp hn so vi 2 b phi hp tr khng kia.
Trong di thng ca b phi hp tr khng Klopfenstein, p ng bin c cc nh
bng nhau.

3.3.2. La chn b phi hp tr khng di rng
Trong kha lun ny ta la chn b phi hp tr khng dng tam gic. Do hnh dng
ca n d dng thc hin c bng phng php th cng.


3.4. Thit k ng truyn vi di 50
3.4.1. Thit k vi Ansoft Designer 2.0
Chng ta s xc nh rng (W) ca mt ng truyn vi di c tr khng c trng
Z
0
= 50 , hng s in mi cht nn
r
= 4.4 (FR4-epoxy), chiu cao cht nn h = 0.8
mm, dy lp ng l t = 0.034 mm.

Cc bc thit k ln lt nh sau:
1. Khi ng Ansoft Designer 2.0
2. T menu Project, chn Insert Planar EM Design Sau ca s Choose
Layout Technology xut hin cho php bn chn Layout.
3. Ta chn MS-FR4(Er=4.4) 0.060 inch, 0.5 oz copper. Sau nhn Open.
4. Ca s thit k xut hin, cho php bn thc hin cc thao tc thit k. T menu
Layout, ta chn Layers, chn tab Stackup sa i cc thng s ca ng
truyn nh hnh 3.5 sau:

Hnh 3.5. Thit lp cc thng s ca ng truyn

5. Ta s c lng rng (W) ca ng truyn vi di. T menu Planar EM, ta
chn Estimate. Ca s Estimate xut hin, vi tab mc nh l Tline.

Hnh 3.6. c lng rng W ca ng truyn vi di

Nhp tr khng c trng ca ng truyn vo phn Estimate Parameters v nhn
Calculate. Ansoft Designer cho kt qu W = 1.526 mm nh trong hnh 3.6.

3.4.2. Thit k da vo l thuyt ng truyn vi di
ng truyn phng (planar transmission line) l thnh phn to nn mng tip in vi
di v cc anten mch in. Anten c th c tip in bi nhiu loi ng truyn
khc nhau, nh l cc b chia cng sut, b dch pha, b suy gim,

C nhiu phng php s c gii thiu m hnh ha ng truyn vi di, v cc
phng php ny s dng mt s lng ln php tnh ton hc. y, ta a ra cc
biu thc c chnh xc ph hp vi cc loi sai s khc nhau, chng hn nh: dung
sai trong cc tham s vi di (
r
, h v W) v sai s do php o. Cc biu thc s c
th hin bao gm: tr khng c trng, bc sng, mt mt trn ng truyn, cng
sut cho php (power handling capability) v h s phm cht Q. Mode chim u th
trn ng truyn vi di l mode quasi-TEM. Ta s dng php phn tch quasi-static
cho mt cu trc truyn dn xc nh dung khng C trn mi n v chiu di
ng truyn. Sau , gi tr ny c s dng xc nh tr khng c trng (Z
0
)
v hng s in mi hiu dng ca ng truyn (
re
) bng cch s dng cc quan h
di y:

1
0
) (

=
a
CC c Z (3.1)

re
= C/C
a
(3.2)

Trong , C
a
l dung khng trn mi n v chiu di ca ng truyn vi di khi lp
in mi c thay th bng khng kh v c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.

3.4.2.1. Tr khng c trng Z
0
Gi s dy ca lp ng dn in t = 0. Tr khng c trng ca mt ng truyn
vi di c xc nh nh sau:
) / 4 1 / ln(
2
2
1
0
0
u u F Z
re
+ + =

(3.3)
Trong :
} ) / 666 . 30 ( exp{ ) 6 2 ( 6
7528 . 0
1
u F + =
= 120
0

h W u / =

Hng s in mi hiu dng:

ab r r
re
u

+
+
+
= )
10
1 (
2
1
2
1
(3.4)
Trong :
+ +
+
+
+ =
3
4
2 4
1 . 18
1 ln
7 . 18
1
432 . 0
) 52 / (
ln
49
1
1
u
u
u u
a
053 . 0
3 . 0
9 . 0
564 . 0

=
r
r
b



Hnh 3.7. Hnh dng ng truyn vi di v m hnh dn sng phng tng ng

y, W l chiu rng ca di dn in, h l dy ca cht nn in mi, v
re
l
gi tr hng s in mi hiu dng ti tn s zero ca ng vi di. Sai s tng i
ln nht ca Z
0
theo cng thc (3.3) nh hn 1%. chnh xc ca biu thc cho
re

nh hn 0.2% i vi cc cht nn c
re
<= 128 v 0.01 <= u <= 100.

i vi 91 . 89
0
>
re
Z , v A > 1.52, ta c:

2 ) 2 exp(
) exp( 8
=
A
A
h
W
(3.5)
i vi 91 . 89
0
<
re
Z v A<= 1.52, ta c:
+ =
r r
r
B B B
h
W

61 . 0
39 . 0 ) 1 ln(
2
1
) 1 2 ln( 1
2
(3.6)

Trong :
+
+
+
=
r r
r r
Z
A

11 . 0
23 . 0
1
1
2
1
60
2 / 1
0

r
Z
B
0
2
60
=

Mt ln na, chnh xc ca (3.5) v (3.6) t ti nh hn 1%. nh hng ca
dy di kim loi dn in t ti tr khng c trng Z
0
c th c k n bng cch
thay th u bng u trong cng thc (3.3), trong u c nh ngha nh sau :
+ + =
) 517 . 6 ( coth ) / (
) 1 exp( 4
1 ln
1
2
0
'
u h t
h
t
u u
vi
r
= 1 (3.7a)
+ =
1 cosh
1
1
2
0
'
'
r
z
u u
u u
vi
r
> 1 (3.7b)

Da vo cc phng trnh trn y, tr khng c trng v hng s in mi hiu dng
ca mt ng vi di vi t > 0 v
r
> 1 c cho bi cng thc sau :
(3.8a) ) (
'
0 0 z t
u Z Z =
(3.8b) ) (
'
z re ret
u =

3.4.2.2. Bc sng trn ng vi di
Bc sng trn ng vi di c yu cu thit k cc mch vi di v cc anten vi
di. N c nh ngha nh sau :


f
p
= (3.9)
Trong , f l tn s hot ng, v
p
l vn tc pha trn ng vi di, v c cho
bi :

) ( f
c
re
p
= (3.10)
V c l vn tc nh sng. Gi tr
re
(f) lun nh hn hng s in mi
r
ca cht nn.
T (B.9) v (B.10) ta c :

) (
0
f
re
= (3.11)
Trong ,
0
l bc sng trong khng gian t do. Hng s in mi hiu dng
re
(f)
c cho bi :

) ( 1
) (
f P
f
re r
r re
+

=

(3.12a)
Trong :
( ) { }
5763 . 1
4 3 2 1
1844 . 0 ) (
n
f P P P P f P + =
{ } ) 7513 . 8 exp( 065683 . 0 ) 00157 . 0 1 /( 525 . 0 6315 . 0 27488 . 0
20
1
u f u P
n
+ + + =
{ } ) 03442 . 0 exp( 1 33622 . 0
2 r
P =
{ } ] ) 7 . 38 / ( exp[ 1 ) 6 . 4 exp( 0363 . 0
97 . 4
3 n
f u P =
{ } ] ) 916 . 15 / ( exp[ 1 75 . 2 1
8
4 r
P + =
h k mm Hz G fh f
n 0
713 . 47 ) . ( = = (3.12b)

Tn s f tnh theo GHz v dy h tnh theo mm. chnh xc ca (3.12a) khong
0.6% khi tn s ti tn 60 GHz vi 13 . 0 / 0 , 100 / 1 . 0 , 20 1
0
h h W
r
.

M hnh dn sng phng
M hnh dn sng phng ca mt ng vi di c pht trin phn tch nhng
ch bt lin tc trong cc mch vi di. T , n c s dng trong nhiu ng dng
khc. i vi m hnh dn sng phng, ng vi di c m hnh ha nh mt dn
sng c 2 bn dn in song song v chiu di hu hn, vi cc vt dn t l tng
cc mt xung quanh v cc vt dn in l tng mt trn v mt di ca dn sng.
Cu hnh ny c th hin trong hnh 3.7. Dn sng c cao h bng vi dy ca
cht nn vi di. Dn sng c lp y bi mt in mi c hng s in mi tng
i
re
. iu ny m bo rng, dn sng phng v ng vi di tng ng c cng
vn tc pha. rng bn i vi dn sng l W
e
c xc nh m bo rng c
dn sng v ng vi di u c cng tr khng c trng Z
0
l :

e
re
W
h
Z
0
0
= (3.13)

Mt biu thc i vi rng hiu dng W
e
l mt hm ca cc tham s vt l ca
ng vi di c th c xc nh bng cch so snh (3.3) v (3.13). Hng s in mi

hiu dng
re
c th nhn c hoc l t (3.4) hoc l t (3.12). Biu thc W
e
ph
thuc vo tn s l :

2
1
) / ( 1
) 0 (
) (
c
e
e
f f
W W
W f W
+

+ = (3.14)

Trong W
e
(0) l gi tr W
e
khi s dng php phn tch quasi-static c nh ngha
trong (3.13) v f
c1
l tn s ct ca mode TE
10
trong m hnh dn sng phng :

re e
c
W
c
f
) 0 ( 2
1
= (3.15)

Gi tr ph thuc tn s ca tr khng c trng Z
0
(f), da trn m hnh dn sng
phng, c nh ngha nh sau :

) (
) (
) (
0
0
f W
h
f
f Z
e
re
= (3.16)

3.4.2.3. Cng sut cho php trung bnh P
av
Cng sut cho php trung bnh (average power handling capability, APHC) ca mt
ng vi di c quyt nh bi s tng nhit ca di dn in v cht nn in
mi. Cc tham s tham gia vo cc php tnh ton kh nng lu gi nng lng trung
bnh l cc tham s mt mt trn ng truyn, nhit dn sut ca vt liu cht nn,
din tch b mt ca di dn in v nhit . Do , cc cht nn in mi vi mt
mt b mt thp (low-loss tangent) v nhit dn sut ln s lm tng kh nng lu gi
nng lng trung bnh ca ng vi di.

Nng lng trung bnh cc i i vi mt ng vi di cho trc c th c tnh
ton t cng thc :

T
T T
P
amb
av
=
max
(3.20)
Vi gia s nhit l :
) / (
) ( 2
2303 . 0
W C
f W W K
h
T
o
e
d
e
c
+ =

(3.21)

Trong , W
e
c nh ngha (3.13) v :

2
) / ( 1
) (
p
e
e
f f
W W
W f W
+

+ = (3.22)

h
Z
f
p
0
0
2
= (3.23)

T
max
: nhit ln nht cho php i vi cht nn
T
amb
: nhit mi trng xung quanh (ambient)
c
(dB/n v chiu di) : mt mt do vt dn trn di dn in
d
(dB/n v chiu di) : mt mt do in mi ca cht nn
K = nhit dn sut ca vt liu cht nn

Cc c tnh ca cc cht nn khc nhau c a ra trong bng 3.1. i vi
polystyrene, nhit ln nht cho php l 100
0
, trong khi cc in mi cn li u c
nhit ln nht cho php ln hn 100
0
. Vi T
max
= 100
0
, T
amb
= 25
0
v Z
0
= 50 , gi
tr ca APHC i vi cc cht nn khc nhau ti 2 GHz v 10 GHz c tnh ton v
c lit k trong cng bng. Trong cc in mi xem xt, APHC thp nht in
mi polystyrene v cao nht in mi BeO.

Bng 3.1 : Cc c tnh ca cc cht nn in mi khc nhau v APHC
Vt liu
tan 10
GHz
K
(W/cm/
0
C)
bn
(kV/cm)
APHC
2.0 GHz
APHC
10.0GHz
Polystyrene 2.53 4.7x10
-4
0.0015 280 0.321 0.124
Thch anh 3.8 1.0x10
-4
0.01 10x10
3
1.200 0.523
Si (=10
3
-cm) 11.7 50x10
-4
0.9 300 3.19 2.23
GaAs(=10
7
-cm) 12.3 16x10
-4
0.3 350 3.55 1.47
Ngc bch 11.7 1x10
-4
0.4 4x10
3
11.65 5.10
Alumina 9.7 2x10
-4
0.3 4x10
3
12.12 5.17
BeO 6.6 1x10
-4
2.5 - 174.5 75.7

3.4.2.4. Cng sut cho php ti a P
p
Vic tnh ton cng sut cho php ti a ca ng vi di phc tp hn. in p nh
c th t vo ng vi di m khng gy ra nh thng in mi xc nh cng sut
cho php ti a (Peak Power Handling Capability, PPHC). Nu Z
0
l tr khng c
trng ca ng vi di v V
0
l in p cc i m ng vi di c th chu ng
c, nng lng cc i c cho bi:
P
p
= V
0
2
/(2Z
0
) (3.24)

Cc cht nn dy c th chu ng in p cao hn. Do , cc ng truyn c tr
khng c trng thp v cc ng truyn c cht nn dy s cho cng sut cho php
ti a ln hn.

Cng trng cc i cho vt liu in mi (dielectric strength) ca vt liu cht
nn, cng nh cng trng cc i cho khng kh, l cc tham s quan trng.
Cng nh thng ca khng kh kh xp x 30 kV/cm. Do , in trng cc i
gn cnh ca di dn phi nh hn 30 kV/cm. trnh nh thng khng kh gn
cnh ca di dn in, th cnh ca di dn in nn c sn mt lp sn (c tnh
cht in mi), lp sn ny c cng hng s in mi nh cht nn v l vt liu
khng tn hao. Cng trng cc i cho cc in mi khc nhau cng c lit k
trong bng 3.1.



M PHNG, CH TO V O C CC THAM S
CA ANTEN
CHNG 4
Tm tt
Kha lun s dng phn mm Ansoft HFSS phin bn 9.1 m phng cu trc anten
c thit k. Phn u chng gii thiu v cng c dng m phng HFSS, phn
ph lc a ra mt s ch khi thit lp cc tham s quan trng trc khi tin hnh
phn tch.

Tip theo nu ra qui trnh thit k anten vi di, xut pht t yu cu ca bi ton, thit
k s b ban u, tin hnh m phng, iu chnh tham s, cho ti khi t c
anten tha mn cc yu cu ni trn. Cui cng trnh by kt qu o c bng my
network analyze, v so snh kt qu thc nghim vi kt qu m phng.

4.1. M phng cu trc anten vi phn mm Ansoft HFSS
4.1.1. Phn mm HFSS phin bn 9.1
HFSS l vit tt ca Hight Frequency Structure Simulator. HFSS l phn mm m
phng trng in t theo phng php ton sng (full wave) m hnh ha bt k
thit b th ng 3D no. u im ni bt ca n l c giao din ngi dng ha.
N tch hp m phng, o ha, m hnh ha 3D v t ng ha (t ng tm li gii)
trong mt mi trng d dng hc, trong li gii cho cc bi ton in t 3D thu
c mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Ansoft HFSS s dng phng php phn t
hu hn (Finite Element Method, FEM), k thut chia li thch nghi (adaptive
meshing) v k thut ha. Ansoft HFSS c th c s dng tnh ton cc tham
s chng hn nh: tham s S, tn s cng hng, gin trng, tham s , ...

HFSS l mt h thng m phng tng tc, trong phn t mt li c bn l mt t
din. iu ny cho php bn c th tm li gii cho bt k vt th 3D no. c bit l
i vi cc cu trc c dng cong phc tp. Ansoft l cng ty tin phong s dng
phng php phn t hu hn (FEM) m phng trng in t bng cc k thut
nh: phn t hu hn, chia li thch nghi,

Ansoft HFSS cung cp mt giao din trc gic v d dng s dng pht trin cc
m hnh thit b RF th ng. Chu trnh thit k c minh ha trong hnh 4.1, bao
gm cc bc sau:
1. V m hnh vi cc tham s cho trc: v m hnh thit b, cc iu kin bin
v ngun kch thch.
2. Thit t cc thng s phn tch: thc hin thit t cc thng s tm li
gii.
3. Chy m phng: qu trnh ny hon ton t ng.
4. Hin th kt qu: a ra cc bo co v th trng 2D.


Trong qu trnh thc hin phn tch, HFSS s chia ton b cu trc thnh cc t din
nh (gi l mt li). H thng mt li s lp kn ton b cu trc. Ti mi bc
thch nghi, HFSS s tnh gi tr ca tham s S cho tng mt li. Gia 2 bc thch
nghi lin tip, HFSS s tnh gia s Delta S vi cng thc nh sau:

Delta S = Max
ij
[mag(S
N
ij
S
(N-1)
ij
] (4.1)

Trong i v j l ch s ca phn t tung ng trong ma trn S v N l ch s ca bc
thch nghi. Delta S l gi tr ln nht ca gia s ca bin ca tham s S tng ng.
HFSS s so snh gi tr Delta S ny vi tiu chun hi t do ngi dng nh ngha
kt lun s hi t ca li gii.

Hnh 4.1. Chu trnh thc hin m phng vi HFSS

K thut m phng c s dng trong HFSS tnh ton trng in t 3D bn
trong mt cu trc da trn phng php phn t hu hn (Finite Element Method,
FEM). Mt cch tng qut, phng php FEM chia ton b khng gian ca bi ton
thnh hng ngn vng con nh hn (gi l phn t mt li) v biu din trng trong
mi phn t mt li theo mt hm c s ring cho phn t .
Cn trong HFSS, ton b cu trc c chia t ng thnh mt s lng ln cc khi
t din. Tp hp ton b cc khi t din ny gi l h thng mt li phn t hu

hn. Ta phi chn la gia kch thc mt li, chnh xc mong mun v ti
nguyn (b nh) m my vi tnh sn c. Bn lun mong mun t c chnh xc
ti a, iu c ngha l mt li cc nh. Nhng rt c th trn b nh v vt qu
kh nng x l ca my vi tnh.

to ra h thng mt li ti u, HFSS s dng quy trnh lp, gi l phn tch thch
nghi (adaptive analysis), trong mt li c t ng ci tin trong cc vng con
quan trng. Trc tin, n a ra mt li gii da trn mt h thng mt li c
khi to th. Sau , n ci tin mt li trong cc vng c t trng li cao v to
ra li gii mi. Khi cc tham s chn hi t trong mt gii hn mong mun, HFSS
s thot khi quy trnh lp.

4.1.2. Kt qu m phng vi HFSS 9.1
Vi tiu chun hi t c thit t trn l: s thay i cc i ca bin ca tham
s S phi nh hn 0.02 (gi tr mc nh), HFSS cn 6 bc thch nghi tha mn
tiu chun hi t ny. Hnh 4.2 th hin qu trnh hi t ca li gii.

Hnh 4.2. S hi t ca li gii trong HFSS

Trong HFSS, ta thu c bng ny bng cch click phi vo Resuls, sau chn
Solution Data. S lng bc thch nghi (Number of Passes) cc i ta thit lp ban
u l 12, trong khi li gii hi t ch sau 6 bc thch nghi. Bin cc i ca Delta
S (Max Mag. Delta S) ta thit lp ban u l 0.02, v khi li gii hi t gi tr ny ch
l 0.0099079. S lng mt li (khi t din) tng ln sau tng bc thch nghi. Khi
li gii hi t ti bc thch nghi th 6, h thng mt li c 15791 khi t din, h
thng ny s lp y ton b khng gian gii hn bi bin bc x nh hnh 4.3 di
y.


Nu mun t c kt qu chnh xc hn na, ta c th thay i tham s Minimum
Number of Passes ti gi tr ln hn 6. V tin hnh phn tch li.

Hnh 4.3. H thng mt li khi li gii hi t

th h s phn x S
11
(Return Loss) theo tn s cho anten c m phng th hin
trong hnh 4.4a v 4.4b. Trong hnh ny th hin kt qu m phng cho c anten c
nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th 3) v khng c nhnh iu chnh.

Hnh 4.4a. th S
11
cho anten c nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th 3)


Hnh 4.4b. th S
11
cho anten khng c nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th 3)

Hnh 4.5. th VSWR cho anten c nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th 3)

Vi mt mt do phn x (Return Loss) S
11
= -8 dB (tng ng vi h s sng ng
VSWR = 2.5), ta thy anten khng c nhnh th 3 cng hng gn cc tn s 900
MHz v 2200 MHz, tuy nhin bng thng cha bao ph tt c 5 di tn yu cu,
c bit l di ca WLAN v GSM. Cn anten c nhnh th 3 cng hng gn cc tn
s 870 MHz, 2160 MHz. v 2380 MHz. Khi c nhnh th 3, tn s cng hng ca

anten c iu chnh ti xung quanh 5 di tn ta mong mun, ng thi bng thng
cng gn bao ph tt c 5 di yu cu. Tuy nhin tn s cng hng ti di GSM
khng c su, v bng thng vn cha bao ph di ny. Ta cng thy rng
nh cng hng anten c nhnh th 3 su hn.

Bng 4.1. Tn s cng hng v bng thng tng ng ca anten c nhnh th 3
Di tn Tn s cng hng Bng thng VSWR = 2.5
GSM (890 MHz 960 MHz) 870 MHz 860 MHz 880 MHz
DCS (1710 1880 MHz)
PCS (1850 1990 MHz)
UMTS (1920 2170 MHz)
WLAN (2400 2484 MHz)
2160 MHz
2380 MHz
1530 MHz 2530 MHz

Tip theo ta xem xt cc gin trng bc x c a ra bi HFSS. y, ta ch
quan tm ti gin bc x trng xa trong cc mt phng ta XOY, XOZ v
YOZ.

Hnh 4.6. Gin bc x trng xa trong mt phng XOY

T cc hnh 4.6, 4.7 v 4.8 ta thy, ti tn s 870 MHz, anten bc x c hng trong
mt phng XOY v XOZ, bc x v hng trong mt phng YOZ. Tuy nhin, ti cc
tn s cng hng cao hn th gin bc x trong c ba mt phng b mo dn so vi
ti tn s cng hng 870 MHz.


Hnh 4.7. Gin bc x trng xa trong mt phng XOZ

Hnh 4.8. Gin bc x trng xa trong mt phng YOZ


Hnh 4.9. Gin bc x 3D trng xa trong h ta cc ti tn s 870 MHz




T cc gin bc x trn ta thy, khi tn s tng ln th gin bc x ca anten b
bp mo dn, do nh hng ca bc x ca mt phng t, cng nh bc x do ng
tip in vi di, cng nh s lch phi hp tr khng tng ln.

4.2. Ch to anten
S khi trong hnh 4.12 th hin phng php thit k v ch to anten vi di tha
mn cc yu cu ca bi ton.

Thit k s b anten (trc khi m phng)
Cng vic ny c thc hin trc khi thc hin qu trnh m phng. bc ny, ta
phi xc nh cc tham s ca anten da trn cc yu cu ca bi ton:
Cc tham s c bn ca anten.
Cc tham s ca anten vi di: hng s in mi cht nn, mt mt b mt, hnh
dng v kch thc thnh phn bc x, chiu cao cht nn, in dn sut ca di
dn in, v tr tip in, VSWR u vo c th chp nhn c tnh ton
bng thng.

Thit k anten (giai on m phng)
Tnh ton chi tit cc tham s ca anten s dng cc phng trnh ton hc:
Lit k cc phng trnh tnh ton cc tham s ca anten vi di.
Thc hin m phng anten vi cc tham s c tnh s b trn v biu
din kt qu thu c.
So snh kt qu m phng vi yu cu mong mun xem ph hp cha?
Chun b ch to anten: v li kt cu anten trn Protel hoc AutoCAD.

Ch to anten
T file Protel hoc AutoCAD, ta c th i t mch in hoc thc hin lm th cng.

Thit k
Kt qu
phn tch
Ch to
o c
Thit k
cui cng
Con ngi
Cc
tng
Cc k
thut thit
k anten
Thit k
s b
Phn mm
m phng
Hnh 4.12. Phng php thit k anten vi di


(a). Mt trc

(b). Mt sau

(c). So snh vi kch thc ca ng xu
Hnh 4.13. Anten c thit k trong kha lun

o c cc tham s ca anten
S dng my Network Analyze o cc tham s: h s phn x (return loss,
hay S
11
), h s sng ng, tr khng vo,
Lp h o trng bc x ca anten.
Lu li tt c d liu v th.
So snh kt qu o c vi kt qu m phng.

Thit k hon thin
Thc hin m phng li ti thiu ha cc li.
Ch to li anten.
Tip tc o c anten mi cho ti khi kt qu c th chp nhn c.

Hnh 4.13 th hin hnh nh thc t ca anten c thit k trong kha lun, s dng
cht nn FR4 c hng s in mi
r
= 4.4, dy cht nn 0.8 mm.

4.3. o c cc tham s ca anten
Bng my Network Analyse ta c th o c cc tham s ca anten nh: suy hao do
phn x (S
11
), h s sng ng trn ng truyn vi di (VSWR), tr khng vo ti
im t u o (R + jX), Sau thc hin lp h o trng bc x ca anten.

T hnh 4.14 v 4.15, ta thy dng ca ng cong h s phn x S
11
v h s sng
ng VSWR tng i khp vi m phng trn HFSS.

Vi gi tr h s phn x (Return Loss, hay S
11
) c chn l: S
11
= -8 dB, tng ng
vi h s phn x VSWR = 2.5.
S
11
(dB) = -20log
10
(VSWR) (4.2)

Bng thng o c trn my Network Analyse tng ng cho tng di nh sau:
Bng 4.2. Bng thng thu c trn thc nghim
Bng tn Tn s Bng thng
GSM 856 MHz 891 MHz 35 MHz
UMTS
WLAN
1941 MHz 2235 MHz
2337 MHz 2556 MHz
294 MHz
219 MHz

Bng 4.3. Bng thng chun cho cc di tn mong mun
Bng tn Tn s Bng thng
GSM 890 MHz 960 MHz 70 MHz
DCS 1710 MHz 1880 MHz 170 MHz
PCS 1850 MHz 1990 MHz 140 MHz
UMTS 1920 MHz 2170 MHz 250 MHz
WLAN 2400 MHz 2484 MHz 84 MHz

Bng thng cha bao ph tt c 5 di tn mong mun nh lit k trong bng 4.3.
Trong c bit l cc di GSM, DCS, PCS. Anten c ch to mi ch bao ph
c 3 l GSM, UMTS v WLAN.


Hnh 4.14. Tham s S
11

Hnh 4.15. H s sng ng (VSWR)

th so snh kt qu m phng v kt qu o c thc nghim trn hnh 4.16:

Hnh 4.16. So snh kt qu thc nghim v m phng

Kt qu thc nghim hi lch so vi kt qu m phng c th do mt s nguyn nhn
sau:
Vic ch to anten c thc hin theo phng php th cng, do thnh
phn phi hp tr khng di rng c kch thc khng chnh xc nh thit k.
iu ny lm tng hin tng sng ng trn ng truyn vi di, do cng
sut truyn ra thnh phn bc x gim i. ng thi lm gim su cng
hng.
Vt liu cht nn (tm in mi mch in) ti phng th nghim khng phi l
vt liu tt, v vy hng s in mi ca cht nn
r
khng chnh xc bng 4.4,
chiu cao cht nn h v dy di dn in t khng hon ton khp vi thit
t trn Ansoft HFSS v Ansoft Designer, cc tham s mt mt do vt liu in
mi cao hn.
Vic m phng cha c ti u ha.



NH GI KT QU KHA LUN
HNG NGHIN CU TIP THEO
Kha lun l bc m u trong nghin cu, thit k v ch to anten mch di bng
rng c kh nng hot ng ti nhiu bng tn. Tuy nhin trong iu kin c s vt
cht cn kh khn, em thc s c gng t c mt s kt qu thit thc nht
nh.

Hng pht trin tip theo ca kha lun gm nhng vn sau:
Ti u ha cc thit t tham s trong phn mm m phng Ansoft HFSS 9.1
thu c kt qu chnh xc hn na (Chi tit trnh by trong phn ph lc
B). Mt s tham s quan trng trong l:
o Mesh Operations
o Chia di tn cn quan st thnh cc di nh hn, thc hin phn tch tng
di vi tham s Solution frequency c chn ph hp cho tng di.
Lm tng bng thng thm na. Tp trung vo vic iu chnh kch thc ca
nhnh cng hng th 1, v tr ca im tip in, v nghin cu chi tit cc
nh hng ca nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th 3).
La chn b phi hp tr khng di rng khc c c tnh tt hn. C th l b
phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein (nh chng 2 phn tch).
S dng cc thit b chuyn dng ch to anten nhm thc hin chnh xc
cc kch thc nh thit k.


PH LC

A. Ph lc 1: Thut ton chia li thch nghi ca Ansoft HFSS 9.1
K thut chia li thch nghi to ra mt li ph hp cho cc php phn tch cu trc.
Bng cch thc hin k thut chia li thch nghi, li c t ng iu chnh t
c mt li chnh xc v hiu qu nht c th. Nu khng c k thut chia li
thch nghi, th vic to ra li chnh xc s dnh cho ngi s dng. y l cng vic
chn ngt v d gy ra li. Vi k thut chia li thch nghi, bn s bit cu tr li
ng ngay ln u tin.

K thut chia li thch nghi lm vic nh th no?
Thut ton chia li thch nghi tm cc gradient ln nht trong trng E hoc sai s v
chia thnh cc mt li trong cc vng ny. Cc v tr c bit, chng hn nh vng
gn bin ca vt dn, phi chia thnh cc mt li c dng c bit.

S gia tng s lng mt li sau mi bc thch nghi (adaptive pass) c iu khin
bi tu chn Tetrahedron Refinement trong phn Setup Solution ( tab Advanced).
Bn nn ch rng, tu chn Tetrahedron Refinement tnh theo phn trm. iu ny
m bo rng gia mi bc, mt li c xo trn v m bo bn s khng
nhn c im hi t sai. Sau khi h thng mt li lp kn ton b cu trc, li gii
c thc hin v qu trnh lp li cho ti khi hi t.

S hi t
Sau mi bc thch nghi, HFSS so snh tham s S nhn c t mt li hin ti vi
tham s S nhn c t mt li trc . Nu kt qu khng thay i so vi gi tr
c nh ngha bi ngi dng hoc gi tr Delta S khng thay i, th li gii c
coi l hi t, v mt li hin ti hoc trc c th c s dng tnh ton cc
tham s khc. Nu li gii hi t, th v mt k thut mt li trc cng nh
mt li hin ti. Trong trng hp ny, HFSS s s dng mt li trc biu
din cc th.

Hnh A.1. S hi t ca li gii trong HFSS

Trn hnh v cho ta thy, li gii hi t sau 6 bc thch nghi. Gi tr Delta S m ta
mong mun l 0.02 (gi tr mc nh ca HFSS, thng thng l cho cc ng
dng), v sau khi li gii hi t gi tr Delta S t c l 0.009711.

Delta S
Delta S l tiu chun mc nh c s dng xc nh hi t ca li gii. Delta S
c nh ngha l gi tr chnh lch ln nht ca bin ca tham s S gia 2 bc
thch nghi lin tip.
Max
ij
[mag(S
N
ij
S
(N-1)
ij
], trong i v j l ch s ca phn t tung ng trong
ma trn S v N l s lng bc thch nghi.
Bi v y l bin ca mt i lng vector, n c th bin i trong khong
0 n 2.

Do k thut chia li thch nghi da trn trng E, vic chn Adaptive Frequency
(hay Solution Frequency) thch hp c th l tham s quyt nh. Ging nh bt k
iu g trong k thut, tt c cc qui tc u c ngoi l, nhng ni chung, cc gi
di y s gip bn chn Solution Frequency hp l.
Cc cu trc bng rng: gii hn trn ca di tn bn quan tm nn c s
dng, do mt li nh hn s hp l tt c cc im tn s thp hn.
Cc b lc hoc cc thit b bng hp: mt tn s trong di thng (pass-band)
hoc vng hot ng nn c s dng, do trong di trit (stop-band) th trng
E ch xut hin ti cc port. .

Thit t tiu chun hi t
Ta thng yu cu chnh xc qu ln khi nh ngha Delta S. Hy nh rng, qu
trnh ch to, cc thit b trong phng th nghim v qu trnh o c u c dung sai
c hu. Ni chung, Delta S khong 0.02 (2%), l gi tr mc nh, hoc 0.01 (1%)
l .

S hi t ca li gii Ma trn S v cc i lng trng
Tiu chun hi t c thit lp da trn ma trn S. Thng thng, ma trn S hi t
trc khi cc i lng trng (E v H) hi t. iu ny ni ln rng, nu bn ang
tm gi tr trng tuyt i trong min khng gian bn nh ngha, c th bn cn phi
gii thm mt vi bc thch nghi thu c cng gi tr hi t m bn t c i
vi ma trn S. V iu ny cng cn ph thuc vo i lng trng (E hay H) m bn
ang tm li gii. Ansoft HFSS tm trc tip li gii cho trng E. T trng E, n
tnh ra trng H v t trng H n mi tnh ra dng. Do , cc i lng trng cng
s hi t khi thay i mt mt li.

B. Ph lc 2: Mt s lu v thit t cc tham s trong HFSS
B.1. Solution Setup
Click phi vo Analysis v chn Add Solution Setup. Ca s Solution Setup s hin
th. Ti y ta s thit t Solution Frequency (hay Adaptive Frequency) v
Convergence Criteria (tiu chun hi t).


General Tab
Solution Frequency
Tn s ny c s dng bi thnh phn chia li thch nghi (adaptive mesher) t
ng chia mt li. Sau khi thit t Solution frequency, tt nhin s nhn c mt
gi tr bc sng tng ng, v HFSS s thit t vic tnh ton cc mt li theo gi
tr bc sng ny. Do , nu thit t tn s Solution frequency cao hn, ta s nhn
c bc sng ngn hn, mt li ta thu c cng nh hn. iu cng c ngha
rng, s lng mt li s ln hn. V l thuyt, kt qu m phng nhn c s
chnh xc hn. V vy, Solution frequency khng nht thit phi trng vi tn s
cng hng ca cu trc.

Tuy nhin, ta s gp mt vn khc l: ti nguyn ca my vi tnh (b nh) l c
hn. Do , nu s lng mt li qu ln, s lm trn b nh my tnh. Gii php cho
vn ny c thc hin nh sau: chia di tn quan tm (500 MHz 3 GHz), i vi
anten c thit k trong kha lun ny, thnh 5 di tn nh hn v thc hin phn
tch vi thit t Solution frequency cho tng di nh nh sau:
Bng B.1. La chn Solution frequency
Di tn Solution frequency
500 -- 1000 MHz
1000 -- 1500 MHz
1500 -- 2000 MHz
2000 -- 2500 MHz
2500 -- 3000 MHz
1000 MHz
1500 MHz
2000 MHz
2500 MHz
3000 MHz

Hnh B.1. Thit t cc ty chn Solution Setup trong tab General

Khi qu trnh phn tch cho tt c 5 di tn trn kt thc, ta s v cc kt qu thu c
cho 5 di tn trn trn cng mt th bng cch xut d liu ra file *.m (Matlab), sau
s dng Matlab v th.

Solve Ports Only
Khi s dng ty chn ny, HFSS xc nh tn s hoc mode ban u c s dng
kch thch cu trc. Li gii ch p dng ti cc port c th c s dng tnh ton
gin trng ti port. Li gii ny hu dng khi cn xc nh s lng mode, di
port v/hoc thit lp port hp l trc khi chy Analysis tm ton b li gii.

Adaptive Solutions
Maximum Number of Passes: gi tr ny iu khin s lng bc thch nghi ln nht
m th tc chia li thch nghi s thc hin khi n c gng tho mn tiu chun hi t.

Maximum Delta S Per Pass: gi tr ny nh ngha tiu chun hi t cho qu trnh chia
li thch nghi. Thng thng gi tr ny c chn khong 0.02 hoc 0.01 l .

Qu trnh chia li thch nghi c th s ngng khi s lng bc thch nghi cha t
n gi tr Maximum Number of Passes nu gi tr Delta S tha mn tiu chun
hi t Maximum Delta S Per Pass c thit lp trn.

Advanced Tab
Initial Mesh Options
Do Lambda Refinement: li khi to l mt h thng mt li c dng t din bt k.
Qu trnh Lambda Refinement s thao tc trn li khi to cho ti khi hu ht cc
di ca phn t mt li xp x bc sng trong khng kh v 1/3 bc sng trong
in mi. Bc sng c tnh ton t gi tr tn s c nhp vo trong tu chn
Solution Frequency trong tab General.

Use Free Space Lambda: tu chn ny s p qu trnh Lambda Refinement hng ti
kch thc mt li xp x bc sng trong khng kh. Cc c tnh vt liu ca cu
trc s b b qua. iu ny c th hu dng trong cc ng dng s dng cc in mi
c dn in cao.

Adaptive Options
Refinement Per Pass: s lng mt li tng ln sau mi bc thch nghi v c iu
khin bi tu chn Refinement Per Pass, tham s ny tnh theo phn trm. iu ny
m bo rng gia mi bc thch nghi, mt li xo trn v m bo rng bn s
khng nhn c s hi t sai.

Minimum Number of Passes: mt phn tch thch nghi s khng dng cho ti khi s
lng bc ti thiu m bn xc nh trong ty chn ny hon thnh, thm ch ngay
c khi tiu chun hi t tho mn.


Minumum Converged Passes: mt phn tch thch nghi s khng dng tr khi s lng
bc hi t ti thiu m bn xc nh hon thnh. Tiu chun hi t phi ph hp
vi s lng bc ti thiu ny trc khi cc phn tch thch nghi dng. Thng thng
cc ty chn trong tab ny u mc nh l . Nu mun kt qu chnh xc hn, ta
c th thay i cc ty chn ny.

Hnh B.2. Thit t cc ty chn Solution Setup trong tab Advanced

B.2. Mesh Operations
Click phi vo Mesh Operations, chn Assign, chn On Selection, chn Length
Based Ca s Element Length Based Refinement xut hin. Ti y cho php bn
thit t cc ty chn cho qu trnh chia li thch nghi.

Maximum Length of Elements
Kinh nghim thc t t m phng cho ta mt nhn xt rng: thit t ty chn
Maximum Length of Elements vi gi tr bng 1/30 gi tr bc sng trong chn
khng tn s cao nht trong di tn thc hin phn tch s cho kt qu chnh xc.
V d trong di 500 MHz 1000 MHz th tn s 1000 MHz l tn s cao nht trong
di, bc sng trong chn khng tng ng vi tn s l 300 mm, do 1/30 ca
bc sng ny s l 10 mm.

top
f
c
Elements of Length Maximum
30
1
= (B.1)

Gi tr Maximum Length of Elements c thit t cho 5 di tn trong m phng cho
anten trong kha lun nh sau:

Bng B.1. La chn di cc i ca mt li
Di tn Maximum Length of Elements
500 -- 1000 MHz
1000 -- 1500 MHz
1500 -- 2000 MHz
2000 -- 2500 MHz
2500 -- 3000 MHz
10 mm
7 mm
5 mm
4 mm
3 mm

Hnh B.3. Thit t ty chn Mesh Operations

B.3. Radiation Boundary
Bin bc x (radiation boundary), cng cn gi l bin hp th (absorbing boundary).
Sng in t bc x ra ngoi cu trc anten v i thng ti bin bc x. H thng s
hp th cc sng bc x ny ti bin bc x. Cc bin bc x cng c th c t
tng i gn vi cu trc v c th c hnh dng bt k. Vi cu trc c thit lp
bin bc x, cc tham s S c tnh ton c tnh n c cc nh hng ca mt mt
do bc x. Khi bin bc x c thit lp trong mt cu trc, trng xa c tnh ton
da trn sng hp th thu c ti bin bc x.

n gin, ta thng v bin bc x l mt hnh hp ch nht, v di cnh ca n
thng c chn bng bc sng trong chn khng ca tn s thp nht trong di tn
quan tm. Tuy nhin, i khi qu trnh m phng vi thit t bin bc x nh vy
din ra qu chm, ta c th thit t bin bc x bng ch gi tr bc sng trong
chn khng ca tn s thp nht. Trong kha lun ny, tn s thp nht trong di 500
MHz 3000 MHz l 500 MHz, do ta v bin bc x l mt hnh hp ch nht (hnh
B.4) vi di cnh l 300 mm (1/2 bc sng ti tn s 500 MHz).



Hnh B.4. Bin bc x cho anten trong kha lun



TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit
[1] GS. TSKH. Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, NXB Khoa hc k thut, H
Ni, 2007
[2] GS. TSKH. Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut siu cao tn, Ti liu ging dy ti
trng H Cng ngh - H Quc gia H Ni

Ting Anh
[3] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Willey &
Son, INC, Second Editon
[4] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Willey & Son, INC, Second Editon
[5] Y. J. Wang, C. K. Lee, Design of Dual-Frequency Microstip Patch Antennas and
Application for IMT-2000 Mobile Handsets, Nanyang Technological University,
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
[6] Xu Jing, Zhengwei Du and Ke Gong, Compact Planar Monopole Antenna for
Multi-band Mobile Phones, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
[7] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna
Design Hanbook, Artech House
[8] U.S. Marine Corps, Field Antenna Handbook
[9] Chin Liong Yeo, Active Microstrip Array Antennas, Submitted for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering, University of Queensland

Cng c tm kim Google, vi cc t kha: wideband impedance matching,
broadband antenna, monopole antenna, multiband antenna.


Khoa Luan Ve Anten

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Khoa Luan Ve Anten

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kha lun tt nghip i hc Ngnh: Thng tin v tuyn

You might also like