Basic Electrical Basic Electrical

Engineering Engineering
Akhil Kumar Gupta
Faculty Member (PMI) Faculty Member (PMI)
CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS
Introduction to Electrical Systems
Alternating Voltage and Current
DC circuit theory and Kirchhoffs law
Single Phase and Three Phase
Alternating Voltage and Current
Concept of Energy and Power
ElectricalSystem ElectricalSystem yy
H G t d l t i it How Generated electricity
reached customer
29May2012 4
Electrical System
29May2012 5
C ti l
Generation
Conventional
Coal,Gas,Oil,Nuclear,Hydro
NonConventional
Solar,Wind,Geothermal,Tidal,Biomass
Renewable
Solar,Wind,Geothermal,Tidal,Biomass,Hydro , , , , , y
NonRenewable
Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Coal,Gas,Oil,Nuclear
29May2012 6
Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy
29May2012 7
Fuel-wise & Sector-wise Capacities
Fuel wise break-up (MW)
Th l 1 33 363 66 1%
Sector wise break-up
Thermal 1,33,363 66.1%
Coal 1,13,782 56.4%
Gas 18,381 9.1%
(MW)
Private
Sector
Diesel 1,200 0.6%
Hydro 38,990 19.3%
Nuclear 4 780 2 4%
23.2%
Central
Sector
31.0%
Nuclear 4,780 2.4%
Renewable 24,504 12.2%
TOTAL 2,01,637 100.0%
State
Sector
45.8%
(As on 30.4.2012, excluding captive capacity of 31517
MW connected to grid)
(Source-CEA)
Total generation in 2011-12 : 849.41 BU
( )
Electrical Power System
29May2012 9
Maximum Generating voltage is from 25 to 30 kV
Supply System
MaximumGeneratingvoltageisfrom25to30kV
TransmissionSystemoperateatvoltagelevelsfrom
69kV to 765kV 69kVto765kV
Highvoltage(HV):69to230kV
Extrahigh voltage (EHV): 345 to 765 kV Extra highvoltage(EHV):345to765kV
Ultrahighvoltage(UHV):greaterthan765kV
Subtransmissionlevel 66kV
Suppliesbiggerloads
PrimaryDistributionlevel 33,11kV y ,
Largeindustrialconsumers
SecondaryDistributionlevel 440V
Residential,commercialoragricultureconsumers
29May2012 10
Electrical Power System
Transmission and distribution network include sub
Supply System
Transmissionanddistributionnetworkincludesub
stations,linesanddistributiontransformers
High voltage transmission is used so that smaller Highvoltagetransmissionisusedsothatsmaller,
moreeconomicalwiresizescanbeemployedtocarry
thelowercurrentandtoreducelosses
Highervoltagetransmissionhelptominimizeline
voltagedropintheratioofvoltages,andtheline g p g ,
powerlossintheratioofsquareofvoltages
Thereisnodifferencebetweenatransmissionline
andadistributionlineexceptforthevoltagelevel
andpowerhandlingcapability
29May2012 12
Electrical Power System
AtRegionalLevel
Fi RLDC FiveRLDCs
OneNational
LoadDespatch
NRLDC
NERLDC
p
Centre(National
Grid)
Transmission
WRLDC
ERLDC
Transmission
betweenregions
SIL
SRLDC
29May2012 13
Use of electricity for various purposes
Distribution
Useofelectricityforvariouspurposes
Lighting,heating,coolingandotherdomesticelectrical
appliancesusedinhome(Residential) appliancesusedinhome(Residential)
Streetlighting,floodlightingofsportingarena,office
buildinglighting,poweringPCsetc.(Commercial)
Irrigatingvastagriculturallandsusingpumpsandoperating
coldstoragesforvariousagriculturalproducts(Agriculture)
Running motors furnaces of various kinds (Industrial) Runningmotors,furnacesofvariouskinds(Industrial)
Runninglocomotivesofrailways(Traction)
LT (low tension) consumers (<1.1 kV) LT(lowtension)consumers(<1.1kV)
HT(Hightension)consumers(1.1kVto69kV)
29May2012 14
DCCircuitTheory& DCCircuitTheory& yy
KirchhoffsLaw KirchhoffsLaw
Electrical Network: A combination of various electric elements
Introduction
ElectricalNetwork:Acombinationofvariouselectricelements
(Resistor,Inductor,Capacitor,Voltagesource,Currentsource)
connectedinanymannerwhatsoever
PassiveElement:Theelementwhichreceivesenergy(or
absorbsenergy)andtheneitherconvertsitintoheat(R)or
stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L ) field storeditinanelectric(C)ormagnetic(L)field
ActiveElement:Theelementsthatsupplyenergytothecircuit,
Examplesincludevoltageandcurrentsources,generators,and
transistoretc.
Atransistorisanactivecircuitelement,meaningthatitcan
amplify power of a signal on the other hand transformer is not amplifypowerofasignal,ontheotherhand,transformerisnot
anactiveelementbecauseitdoesnotamplifythepowerlevel
andpowerremainssamebothinprimaryandsecondarysides
29May2012 16
Introduction
Load
Unavailable(R)
Source
T f d Transformed
Stored
Kinetic(L)
LI
2
Potential(C)
CV
2
29May2012 17
N D i t
Resistor
NonDynamiccomponent
NoHistory,memory..
Dissipative,losses
Ohm'slaw statesthatthecurrent
throughaconductorbetweentwo
points is directly proportional to the pointsisdirectlyproportionaltothe
potentialdifferenceacrossthetwo
points,andinverselyproportionalto
h i b h theresistancebetweenthem
providedtemperatureremains
constant
29May2012 18
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Resistor
TemperatureCoefficientofResistance
Resistanceofallpuremetalincreaseswithtemperature
Resistance of carbon electrolyte and insulating materials Resistanceofcarbon,electrolyteandinsulatingmaterials
decreaseswithtemperature
Certainalloys,suchasmanganin,showsnochangeof
resistanceforconsiderablevariationoftemperature
) 1 ( + = R R
Where, isthetemperaturecoefficientand isthetemperature
For copper = 234 5
) 1 (
1 0 0 1
+ = R R
Forcopper =234.5
2 0
1 0
2
1
1
1


+
+
=
R
R
29May2012 19
D i t (St P t ti l E )
Capacitor
Dynamiccomponent(StorePotentialEnergy)
History,memory..(Rememberinitial
conditions Voltage)
NoDissipative,losses
d
dV
C i = idt
C
V =
1
29May2012 20
dt C
Capacitor
2
1
CV E =
2
CV
29May2012 21
The voltage across and charge on a capacitor cannot change
Capacitor
Thevoltageacrossandchargeonacapacitorcannotchange
instantaneously
Thecapacitoractsasanopencircuit(i.e.,whenthecapacitoris
fullycharged)whenvoltageacrossthecapacitordoesnot
change(constant)
Two types of capacitor Twotypesofcapacitor
Polarized(Electrolytic)
Oneterminalisalwaysmorepositivethanotherterminal
NonPolarized
Symbol
Unit Farads (F) Unit Farads(F)
Allcapacitorshavetwoimportantspecifications
Capacitance
Voltage
29May2012 22
Capacitor
29May2012 23
An ideal capacitor has an infinite dielectric resistance and plates
Capacitor
Anidealcapacitorhasaninfinitedielectricresistanceandplates
(madeofmetals)thathavezeroresistance,i.e.acharged
capacitorisnotsupposedtoallowleakinganycurrentthrough
thedielectricmediumandalsoassumednottodissipateany
powerlossincapacitorplatesresistance
In practice all dielectrics have some leakage current and all Inpractice,alldielectricshavesomeleakagecurrentandall
capacitorplateshavesomeresistance,leakageresistancecan
bevisualizedasaresistanceconnectedinparallelwiththe
it d l i it l t b li d capacitorandpowerlossincapacitorplatescanberealized
witharesistanceconnectedinserieswithcapacitor
29May2012 24
D i t (St Ki ti E )
Inductor
Dynamiccomponent(StoreKineticEnergy)
History,memory..(Rememberinitial
conditions Current)
NoDissipative,losses
dt
di
L v =
vdt
L
I =
1
29May2012 25
dt
L
Inductance
2
1
LI E
2
2
LI E =
Emf ofselfinduction
Changing current produces an emf of self induction in a coil of Changingcurrentproducesanemf ofselfinductioninacoilof
wirewhichvarieddirectlywiththetimerateofchangeof
current,Listheproportionalityfactorcalledcoefficientofself
i d t 7 d d t di d h i l di i
29May2012 26
inductance7dependentonmediumandphysicaldimensions
Inductance
C r
l
A N
L
2
0

=
m
l
Here l = length of core path A =area of crosssection of core Here,l
m
=lengthofcorepath,A
c
=areaofcross sectionofcore,
=permeabilityofcorematerial,N=Numberofturns
29May2012 27
Most important law Without it we would only have batteries
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Mostimportantlaw.Withoutit,wewouldonlyhavebatteries
FaradaysFirstLaw
It states that When ever a conductor cuts a magnetic field or Itstatesthat,Wheneveraconductorcutsamagneticfieldor
viceversaanemfisinducedinitanditsetsupinsucha
directionsoastoopposethecauseofit
FaradaysSecondLaw
Itstatesthatthemagnitudeofinducedemfisequaltothe
t f h f fl li k rateofchangeoffluxlinkage
L L LenzsLaw
Andirectionofinducedemfisalwaysinsuchthatittendsto
set up a current opposing the motion or the change of flux setupacurrentopposingthemotionorthechangeofflux
responsibleforinducingthatemf
29May2012 28
The voltage across the inductor (V ) is zero when the current
Inductance
Thevoltageacrosstheinductor(V
L
)iszerowhenthecurrent
flowingthroughaninductordoesnotchangewithtime
Inductoractsasashortcircuitundersteadystatedccurrent
Alternatingcurrent(ac),ontheotherhand,isconstantly
changing;therefore,aninductorwillcreateanopposition
voltage polarity that tends to limit the changing current voltagepolaritythattendstolimitthechangingcurrent
Ifcurrentchangesveryrapidlywithtime,theninductorcausesa
largeoppositionvoltageacrossitsterminals g pp g
Instantaneouschangesinthecurrentthroughaninductorare
notpossibleatallinpractice
Symbol
Unit Henry(H)
29May2012 29
Inductor
2
C r
l
A N
L
2
0

=
m
l
29May2012 30
Basic analytical tools in order to obtain the solutions of currents
Kirchhoffs Law
Basicanalyticaltoolsinordertoobtainthesolutionsofcurrents
andvoltagesforanyelectriccircuit;whetheritissuppliedfrom
aDCsystemoranACsystem
Node Anodeinanelectriccircuitisa
pointwheretwoormorecomponents
d h areconnectedtogether
Branch Abranchisaconductingpath
between two nodes in a circuit betweentwonodesinacircuit
containingtheelectricelements
Loop Aloopisanyclosedpathinan
l electriccircuit
Mesh ameshisaspecialcaseofloop
that does not have any other loops thatdoesnothaveanyotherloops
withinitorinitsinterior
29May2012 31
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL): KCL states that at any node
Kirchhoffs Law
Kirchhoff sCurrentLaw(KCL):KCLstatesthatatanynode
(junction)inacircuitthealgebraicsumofcurrentsenteringand
leavinganodeatanyinstantoftimemustbeequaltozero
"whatevergoesinmustcomeout"(principleofconservation
ofmass)
Currentflowsthroughwiresmuch
likewaterflowsthroughpipes
If you have a definite amount of Ifyouhaveadefiniteamountof
waterenteringaclosedpipe
system,theamountofwaterthat
entersthesystemmustequalthe
amountofwaterthatexiststhe
system
29May2012 32
y
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): It states that in a closed circuit
Kirchhoffs Law
Kirchhoff sVoltageLaw(KVL):Itstatesthatinaclosedcircuit,
thealgebraicsumofallsourcevoltagesmustbeequaltothe
algebraicsumofallthevoltagedrops(principleofconservation
ofenergy)
29May2012 33
In electric circuits usually maintain a reference
Kirchhoffs Law
Inelectriccircuits,usuallymaintainareference
voltagethatisnamedgroundvoltagetowhichall
voltages are referred voltagesarereferred
Thisreferencevoltageisthusatgroundpotentialor
zeropotentialandeachotherterminalvoltageis p g
measuredwithrespecttogroundpotential,some
terminalsinthecircuitwillhavevoltagesaboveit
(positive)andsometerminalsinthecircuitwillhave
voltagesbelowit(negative)orinotherwords,some
potential abo e or belo ro nd potential or ero potentialaboveorbelowgroundpotentialorzero
potential
29May2012 34
Voltage & Current Divider
29May2012 35
Electromagnetism Electromagnetism gg
Electrical Domain
Electro Magnetism
ElectricalDomain
MagneticDomain
M h i l D i MechanicalDomain
Allelectricmotorsandgeneratorsdependuponthe
electromagnetic field as the coupling device permitting electromagneticfieldasthecouplingdevicepermitting
interchangeofenergybetweenelectricaldomainandmechanical
domainandviceversa
Similarly,statictransformersprovidesthemeansforconverting
energyfromoneelectricalsystemtoanotherthroughthe
mediumofamagneticfield g
29May2012 37
Magnetic material of regular geometric shape called core
Magnetic Circuits
Magneticmaterialofregulargeometricshapecalledcore
Aconductingcoilhavinganumberofturnswoundoverthecore
calledasexcitingcoil
Inpresenceofcurrentinthecoil,magneticfluxwillbe
producedwithinthecore
h f h fl d d h d f b f Strengthoftheflux,dependsontheproductofnumberof
turns(N)ofthecoilandthecurrent(i)itcarries
Quantity (N.i) called mmf (magnetomotive force) Quantity(N.i)calledmmf(magnetomotiveforce)
29May2012 38
H the magnetic field intensity and B the magnetic flux density
Magnetic Circuits
H,themagneticfieldintensityandB,themagneticfluxdensity
Where
o
is the permeability of free space Where
o
isthepermeability offreespace
Magneticflux canbeexpressedas
AmperesCircuitallawstatesthat
H R l t b d i d HenceReluctance canbederivedas
29May2012 39
In a ferromagnetic material very large number of tiny magnets
B-H Characteristics
Inaferromagneticmaterial,verylargenumberoftinymagnets
(magneticdipoles) arepresentattheatomic/molecularlevel
InpresenceofanexternalfieldH,thesedipolesstartaligning
themselvesalongthedirectionoftheappliedfieldresultinginto
moreBastheHi.e.,currentintheexcitingcoilisincreased
29May2012 40
If field is applied to a core is increased
Hysteresis Loss
Iffieldisappliedtoacoreisincreased
tosaturationandthendecreased,the
fluxdensityBdecreasesbutnotas
rapidlyasitincreasedalongtheinitial
magnetizationcurve
B is the Residual flux density or B
R
istheResidualfluxdensity,or,
Remanenceandthecoreisstill
magnetiized
HistheCoerciveforcetoreduceflux
density,B,tozero
The Phenomenon which causes B to ThePhenomenon,whichcausesBto
lagbehindHsothatmagnetizingcurve
forincreasinganddecreasingfieldis
h i ll d H i notthesameiscalledHysteresis
29May2012 41
Magnetized state of the material depends not only on the
Hysteresis Loss
Magnetizedstateofthematerialdependsnotonlyonthe
magnetizingforcebeingcurrentlyapplied,butalsoonthe
previousmagneticstate
Areaofhysteresisloopisameasureoftheenergylossinthe
coreandthislossoccurssincethemagneticfieldreverses
direction every one half cycle of the applied voltage and directioneveryonehalfcycleoftheappliedvoltage,and
energyisexpended,indoingso,inthecore
Where,thecoefficientk
h
dependsonthematerialandn,
knownasSteinmetzexponent,mayvaryfrom1.5to2.5.For
iron it may be taken as 1 6 ironitmaybetakenas1.6
29May2012 42
When core or a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic
Eddy Current Loss
Whencoreoraconductor isexposedtoachanging magnetic
field duetorelativemotionofthefieldsourceandconductor;
orduetovariationsofthefieldwithtime,EddyVoltages are
inducedincoreorconductor,thisactioninturncausesEddy
Currentstoflowwithinthebodyofthecoreortheconductor
Eddy currents like all electric currents generate heat as well as Eddycurrents,likeallelectriccurrents,generateheataswellas
electromagneticforces
Ifthecrosssectionalarea
oftheeddypathisreduced
theneddyvoltageinduced
too will be reduced toowillbereduced
(E
eddy
area),henceeddy
losswillbeless
29May2012 43
This can be achieved by using several thin electrically insulated
Eddy Current Loss
Thiscanbeachievedbyusingseveralthinelectricallyinsulated
plates(calledlaminations)stackedtogethertoformthecore
insteadasolidblockofiron
Eddycurrentlossperunitvolumeofthematerialdirectly
dependsuponthesquareofthefrequency,fluxdensityand
thickness of the plate thicknessoftheplate
Alsoitisinverselyproportionaltotheresistivityofthematerial
29May2012 44
Fleming's left hand rule (for motors)
Electromagnetism
Fleming slefthandrule (formotors)
Whenanelectriccurrentflowsinawire,andanexternalmagneticfieldis
appliedacrossthatflow,thewireexperiencesaforceperpendicularboth
t th t fi ld d t th di ti f th t fl tothatfield,andtothedirectionofthecurrentflow
The Forefingerrepresentsthedirectionofthemagnetic Field
The Centrefingerrepresentsthedirectionofthe Current
The Thumb represents the direction of the Thrust The Thumbrepresentsthedirectionofthe Thrust
29May2012 45
Fleming's right hand rule (for generators)
Electromagnetism
Fleming srighthandrule (forgenerators)
AlsoknownastheGeneratorRulethisisawayofdeterminingthe
directionoftheinducedemfofaconductormovinginamagneticfield
Th F fi h di i f h i Fi ld The Forefingerrepresentsthedirectionofthemagnetic Field
The Thumbrepresentsthedirectionofthe Motionofconductor
The CentrefingerrepresentsthedirectionoftheInduced EMF
29May2012 46
AlternatingVoltage& AlternatingVoltage& g g g g
Current Current
Induced Voltage
29May2012 48
Faradays law states that a voltage appears across the terminals
Induced Voltage
Faraday slawstatesthatavoltageappearsacrosstheterminals
ofanelectriccoilwhenthefluxlinkagesassociatedwiththe
samechanges
Thechangeinthefluxlinkagecanbebroughtaboutinavariety
of ways ofways
coilmaybestaticandunmovingbutthefluxlinkingthesamemaychange
withtime
fluxlinesmaybeconstantandnotchangingintimebutthecoilmaymove
inspacelinkingdifferentvalueoffluxwithtime
both1and2abovemaytakeplace.Thefluxlinesmaychangeintimewith
coilmovinginspace
Theuniformfluxdensityinspaceisassumedtobevaryingin
magnitude in time as magnitudeintimeas
Theconductorismovedwithauniformvelocityof
29May2012 49
Induced Voltage
Thechangeinthefluxlinkagesandhenceinducedemfgivenby
Th fi t t i d t th h i fl d h i Thefirsttermisduetothechangingfluxandhenceisa
transformeremf
Thesecondtermisduetomovingconductororisaspeedemf g p
29May2012 50
Average value
Periodic Voltage and Current Waveform
Averagevalue
ThecurrentwaveformshowninFigure,isperiodicinnature,
withtimeperiod,T,itispositiveforfirsthalfcycle,whileitis withtimeperiod,T,itispositiveforfirsthalfcycle,whileitis
negativeforsecondhalfcycle,Theaveragevalueofthe
waveformi(t),isdefinedas
29May2012 51
Root Mean Square (RMS) value
Periodic Voltage and Current Waveform
RootMeanSquare(RMS)value
ForACwork,averagevalueisoflittleimportanceaspower
producebyelectriccurrentthatusuallymatters producebyelectriccurrentthatusuallymatters
Forthis,currentinhalftimeperiodsubdividedinto6time
intervals,intheresistanceR,theaveragevalueofenergy
di i d i i b dissipatedisgivenby
29May2012 52
Root Mean Square (RMS) value
Periodic Voltage and Current Waveform
RootMeanSquare(RMS)value
LetIbethevalueofthedirectcurrentthatproducesthesame
energydissipatedintheresistanceR,asproducedbythe energydissipatedintheresistanceR,asproducedbythe
periodicwaveformwithhalftimeperiodsubdividedinton
timeintervals
ThisvalueistermedasRootMeanSquare(RMS)oreffective q ( )
valueofcurrent
Alsotobenotedthatthesamermsvalueofthecurrentis
b i d i h f ll l h i i d obtainedusingthefullcycle,orthetimeperiod
29May2012 53
Average and RMS Values of Sinusoidal Voltage
Periodic Voltage and Current Waveform
AverageandRMSValuesofSinusoidalVoltage
Waveform
29May2012 54
Average and RMS Values of Sinusoidal Voltage
Periodic Voltage and Current Waveform
AverageandRMSValuesofSinusoidalVoltage
Waveform
If th l f th b f i t d Iftheaveragevalueoftheabovewaveformiscomputedover
totaltimeperiodT,itcomesoutaszero,astheareaoffirst
(positive)halfcycleisthesameasthatofsecond(negative)half
cycle.However,thermsvalueremainssame,ifitiscomputed
overtotaltimeperiod
29May2012 55
Different factors are defined as
Periodic Voltage and Current Waveform
Differentfactorsaredefinedas
29May2012 56
Representation of Sinusoidal Signal by a Phasor
AC Voltage and Current
RepresentationofSinusoidalSignalbyaPhasor
thelength,OP,alongthexaxis,representsthemaximum
valueofthecurrentI
m
,onacertainscaleanditisbeing valueofthecurrentI
m
,onacertainscaleanditisbeing
rotatedintheanticlockwisedirectionatanangularspeed,,
andtakesupapositionOAafteratimet
29May2012 57
Phasor Representation of Phase Shifted Sinusoidal
AC Voltage and Current
PhasorRepresentationofPhaseShiftedSinusoidal
Current
29May2012 58
Phasor Representation of a Sinusoidal Voltage and
AC Voltage and Current
PhasorRepresentationofaSinusoidalVoltageand
CurrentWaveform
29May2012 59
Power and Power Factor
29May2012 60
Power and Power Factor
When Energy flowing from source to load WhenEnergyflowingfromsourcetoload
Energycandissipated(R)
E t i ki ti f (L) Energycanstoreinkineticform(L)
Energycanstoreinpotentialform(C)
Energycantransformedfromoneformtoanother
MultiplyVoltageandCurrentwaveformtogetpower
f waveform
29May2012 61
Power and Power Factor
29May2012 62
Average power is maximum only for pure resistive load
Power and Power Factor
Averagepowerismaximumonlyforpureresistiveload
RLandRCloadshavesomeportionofpowercurve
going negative hence their average power are lesser goingnegative,hencetheiraveragepowerarelesser
thanthatofpureresistivecase
Power is only consumed in resistance R only but not in Powerisonlyconsumedinresistance,Ronly,butnotin
theinductanceandcapacitance,L,So,.W=I
2
R
No power is consumed in the elements L and C Nopowerisconsumedintheelements,LandC
29May2012 63
Power Factor is a measure of the degree to which a
Power and Power Factor
PowerFactorisameasureofthedegreetowhicha
givenloadmatchesthatofapureresistance
PF = 1 if load appears as R PF=1ifloadappearsasR
PF=0ifloadappearsasLorC
ForRL,PFisbetween0and1(Lag) , ( g)
ForRC,PFisbetween0and1(Lead)
29May2012 64
The Volt Amperes (S) a scalar quantity is the product
Power and Power Factor
TheVoltAmperes(S),ascalarquantity,istheproduct
ofthemagnitudesthevoltageandthecurrent
The active power (W) is Theactivepower(W)is
The reacti e po er (VAr) is gi en b Thereactivepower(VAr)isgivenby
I i d ti i it th t (I ) l th lt b Ininductivecircuits,thecurrent(I )lagsthevoltagebyan
phaseangle,whichistakenaspositive,so,thereactive
powerispositive
Incapacitivecircuits,thecurrent(I )leadsthevoltageby
anangle ,whichistakenasnegative,so,thereactive
power is negative powerisnegative
29May2012 65
Power
KVA=Kilovolts(KV)xAmperes(A)
AlsocalledasApparentpower
Measures the electrical load of system Measurestheelectricalloadofsystem
Singlephase=VxA/1000
Threephase=1.732xVxA/1000
KVARisreactivepoweri.e.portionofapparentpowerthat
doesnowork
KW is real power or work producing part of power KWisrealpowerorworkproducingpartofpower
Singlephase=VxAxPF/1000
Threephase=1.732xVxAxPF/1000
KWHisenergyconsumedby1000Wattsin1hour
PowerFactor(PF)isratioofrealpowertoapparentpower
PF = KW/KVA or KW/(KW
2
+ KVAR
2
) PF=KW/KVAorKW/(KW +KVAR )
29May2012 66
ThreePhaseSystem ThreePhaseSystem yy
Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages of Star
Three Phase Balanced Supply
PhasorDiagramofPhaseandLineVoltagesofStar
ConnectedSource
line voltage say E leads the corresponding phase voltage linevoltage,say,E
RY
leadsthecorrespondingphasevoltage,
E
RN
by30
29May2012 68
Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages of Delta
Three Phase Balanced Supply
PhasorDiagramofPhaseandLineVoltagesofDelta
ConnectedSource
The line and phase voltages are the same in this case Thelineandphasevoltagesarethesameinthiscase
29May2012 69
Star Delta Transformation
29May2012 70
Currents for Circuit with Balanced Load (Star
Three Phase Balanced Supply
CurrentsforCircuitwithBalancedLoad(Star
connected)
TotalPowerConsumedintheCircuit(Starconnected)
29May2012 71
Currents for Circuit with Balanced Load (Delta
Three Phase Balanced Supply
CurrentsforCircuitwithBalancedLoad(Delta
connected)
TotalPowerConsumedintheCircuit(Deltaconnected)
29May2012 72
Power&Energy Power&Energy gy gy
Two Wattmeter Method for Power
29May2012 74
Power factor for the balanced load
Two Wattmeter Method for Power
Powerfactorforthebalancedload
29May2012 75
Energy is the total power delivered or consumed over an
Energy
Energyisthetotalpowerdeliveredorconsumedoveran
intervaloftimetmaybeexpressedas
As,W=Pxt,andpowerismeasuredinwatts(orjoulesper
d) d d h f h second)andtimeinseconds,theunitofenergyisthewatt
second (Ws)orjoule (J)
The wattsecond is too small a quantity for most practical Thewatt secondistoosmallaquantityformostpractical
purposes,sothewatthour (Wh)andkilowatthour (kWh)are
definedas
(h) time (W) power (Wh) Energy =
(h) time (W) power
(kWh) Energy

=
(h) time (W) power (Wh) Energy =
1000
(kWh) Energy
29May2012 76
Single Phase Power Measurement
A 400 Watt mercury vapor lamp was switched on for 10 hours per
day. The supply volt is 230 V. Find the power consumption per
day? (Volt = 230 V, Current = 2 amps, PF = 0.8) day? (Volt 230 V, Current 2 amps, PF 0.8)
Electricityconsumption(kWh)=VxIxCosxNoofhours
= 0 230 x 2 x 0 8 x 10 = 3 7 kWh or Units =0.230x2x0.8x10=3.7kWhorUnits
An electric heater of 230 V, 5 kW rating is used for hot water
generation in an industry. Find electricity consumption per hour
(a) at the rated voltage (b) at 200 V
kWhatratedvoltage=5kWx1hour=5kWh
kWhat200V=(200/230)2x5kWx1hour=3.78kWh
29May2012 77
Three Phase Power Measurement
A 3phase AC induction motor (20 kW capacity) is used for
pumping operation. Electrical parameter such as current, volt
and power factor were measured with power analyzer. Find and power factor were measured with power analyzer. Find
energy consumption of motor in one hour? (line volts. = 440 V,
line current = 25 amps and PF = 0.90)
Power=3xVxIxCos
Measured energy consumption = Measuredenergyconsumption
3x0.440x25x0.90x1=17.15kWh
29May2012 78
A 10 kW h h l d il 415 V 18 2 d
Motor Loading Calculation
A 10 kW motor has the name plate details as 415 V, 18.2 amps and
0.9 PF. Actual input measurement shows 415 V, 12 amps and 0.7
PF which was measured with power analyzer during motor
Innameplatedetailsofmotor,kWorHPindicatestheoutput ofthe
running.. What is motor loading?
motoratfullload.Theotherparameterssuchasvolt,amps,pf are
theinputconditionofmotoratfullload
Ratedoutputatfullload =10kW
Ratedinputatfullload =1.732x0.415x18.2x0.9=11.8kW
Theratedefficiencyofmotoratfullload=10/11.8=85% y /
Measured(Actual)inputpower=1.732x0.415x12x0.7=6.0kW
Motorloading=MeasuredKW/RatedKW=6.0/11.8x100=51.2%
29May2012 79
Learn
Conclusion
Learn
Practice
Share
Identify where you are.
Whatever level you are in, Keep the cycle moving
29May2012 80
29May2012 81