STANDARDS, NOMENCLATURE, ABBREVIATIONS 3-7

The mean horizontal candlepower of a lamp is the average candlepower in

the horizontal plane passing through the geometrical center of the luminous
volume of the source. It is assumed that the axis of symmetry of the source
is vertical.
""""-The footlambert is the unit of brightness equal to the average brightness
of any surface emitting or reflecting one lumen per square foot. It equals
l/V candle per square foot. This is also called the apparent footcandle.
The lambert is the unit of brightness equal to the average brightness of
any surface emitting or reflecting one lumen per square centimeter. It
equals l/V candle per square centimeter.
/
iV
>t^1
Hjr
foot
N
%
va
X
FIG. 3-1. Relationship between
candles, lumens, and footcandles.
A uniform point source (luminous
intensity or candlepower
=
1 candle)
is shown at the center of a sphere of
1 foot radius. It is assumed that the
sphere is perfectly transparent (i.e.,
has reflectance).
The illumination at any point on
the sphere is 1 footcandle (1 lumen per
square foot).
The solid angle subtended by the
area, A, B, C, D is 1 steradian. The
flux density is therefore 1 lumen per
steradian, which corresponds to a
luminous intensity of 1 candle, as
originally assumed.
The sphere has a total area of 12.57
(4 it) square feet, and there is a lumi-
nous flux of 1 lumen falling on each
square foot. Thus the source pro-
vides a total of 12.57 lumens.
4. General Terms in Illumination
angstrom: a unit of length equal to 10
-8
(one one-hundred-millionth)
centimeter.
micron: a unit of length equal to 10
-4
(one ten-thousandth) centimeter.
x-unit: a unit of length equal to 10
-11
(one one-hundred-thousandth-
millionth) centimeter.
mega: a prefix meaning one million
(10
6
).
kilo: a prefix meaning one thousand
(10
3
).
milii: a prefix meaning one one-thousandth
of (10
-3
).
micro: a prefix meaning one one-millionth
of (10
-6
).
temperature radiator:* a radiator the radiant flux density (radiancy) of
which is determined by its temperature and the material and character of
its surface, and is independent of its previous history.
blackbody:* a temperature radiator of which the radiant flux in all
parts of the spectrum is the maximum obtainable from any temperature
radiator operating at the same temperature ; will absorb all radiant energy
falling upon it; practically realized in the form of a cavity with opaque
*
See Pages 1-8 and 1-12.