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Introduction to Set Theory Basics

This document provides an introduction to set theory. It defines what a set is and how sets can be represented. It discusses basic notations used in set theory, such as symbols for natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and other mathematical concepts. The document then covers set operations like union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. It introduces Venn diagrams as a way to depict relationships between sets visually. Finally, it discusses the cardinality or size of finite and infinite sets.

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168 views26 pages

Introduction to Set Theory Basics

This document provides an introduction to set theory. It defines what a set is and how sets can be represented. It discusses basic notations used in set theory, such as symbols for natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and other mathematical concepts. The document then covers set operations like union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. It introduces Venn diagrams as a way to depict relationships between sets visually. Finally, it discusses the cardinality or size of finite and infinite sets.

Uploaded by

himanshubahmani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Set Theory

Preparatory Quantitative Methods

Sirish Kumar Gouda and Vinu CT

May 26, 2014

Agenda

I Some basic Notations


I Basics of Set theory
I
I
I
I

Denition
Set Representation
Set Operations
Venn diagrams

Notations

Some notations that you will come across in the next few weeks
- Set of natural numbers

N0 -

- Set of integer numbers

- Set of rational numbers

Set of natural numbers inclusive of zero (Whole numbers)

I R+ - Set of non-negative real numbers


I

- Set of complex numbers

Notations

Pn

xi

Qni=1

n! - n

factorial, i.e.,

- Sum of the numbers

xi : x1 + x2 + + xn

i=1 xi - Product of the numbers

xi : x1 x2 xn

n.(n 1).(n 2)....1

I min{a, b} - Minimum of the numbers

I max{a, b} - Maximum of the numbers


I

|x|

[x]-

- Absolute value of the real number


Greatest integer

such that

y x

and

a
x

and

Notations

[a, b]-

Closed interval such that

(a, b)-

Open interval such that

- For all

- there exists

- Indenite Integral and

ax b
a<x <b

a - Denite Integral

d
dx - Dierential and x - Partial dierential
I (n ) or n Ck - Binomial coecient or Number of combinations
k
I

of

from

Set theory

No one shall expel us from the paradise that Cantor has created
for us - David Hilbert

Denition

I A set is collection of objects(elements) dened in a precise


way, so that any given object is either
I
I

in the set
or not in the set

I Elements of a set are known as its members


I All elements are picked from a Universal set usually
represented by

I Elements of a set are unique i.e there are no repeats


I Order of the elements is irrelevant

Representation

I Extension - via explicit enumeration


I
I
I

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, ...}
B = {1, 4, 9, 16}
C = {1, 2, 6, 24, 120, ...}

I Intension - via a dening property


I
I
I

A = {2k | k is a positive integer }


B=?
C=?

Sets of numbers

Figure : Relationship between numbers


Source: http://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/number-types.html

Is this a set?

I A is the collection of all the scores in IPL 7

Is this a set?

I A is the collection of all the scores in IPL 7


I B is the collection of percentiles of all students of IIMB PGP
2014-16 Batch

Is this a set?

I A is the collection of all the scores in IPL 7


I B is the collection of percentiles of all students of IIMB PGP
2014-16 Batch

I Scams = { A Raja, 2G, CWG, Sonia G, Rahul G, Manmohan


ji}

Is this a set?

I A is the collection of all the scores in IPL 7


I B is the collection of percentiles of all students of IIMB PGP
2014-16 Batch

I Scams = { A Raja, 2G, CWG, Sonia G, Rahul G, Manmohan


ji}

I F = {k!|

kN0 }

Set Notations and Operations

I A is a subset of B (written AB) if every element of A is an


element of B

Set Notations and Operations

I A is a subset of B (written AB) if every element of A is an


element of B
I

Example: A = {Sachin, Dravid, Ganguly} and B is a collection


of all cricketers who scored 10,000 or more runs in ODIs

I Sets A and B are disjoint if no element of A is an element of B


and vice-versa

Set Notations and Operations

I A is a subset of B (written AB) if every element of A is an


element of B
I

Example: A = {Sachin, Dravid, Ganguly} and B is a collection


of all cricketers who scored 10,000 or more runs in ODIs

I Sets A and B are disjoint if no element of A is an element of B


and vice-versa

I Sets A and B are equal if every element of A is an element of


B and vice-versa

Set Notations and Operations

I A is a subset of B (written AB) if every element of A is an


element of B
I

Example: A = {Sachin, Dravid, Ganguly} and B is a collection


of all cricketers who scored 10,000 or more runs in ODIs

I Sets A and B are disjoint if no element of A is an element of B


and vice-versa

I Sets A and B are equal if every element of A is an element of


B and vice-versa
I

Exercise: A = {2k | k is a positive integer } and B is set


containing the pair wise sum of all prime numbers (
________ conjecture !!!)

Set Notations and Operations


I The complement of a set
of all elements not in
I

(denoted as

Ac )

is the collection

Exercise: What is the complement of the set A =


{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}

I The union of sets A and B (denoted by AB) is the set of


elements of A and B

Set Notations and Operations


I The complement of a set
of all elements not in
I

(denoted as

Ac )

is the collection

Exercise: What is the complement of the set A =


{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}

I The union of sets A and B (denoted by AB) is the set of


elements of A and B

I The intersection of A and B (denoted AB) is the set of


elements common to A and B

Set Notations and Operations


I The complement of a set
of all elements not in
I

(denoted as

Ac )

is the collection

Exercise: What is the complement of the set A =


{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}

I The union of sets A and B (denoted by AB) is the set of


elements of A and B

I The intersection of A and B (denoted AB) is the set of


elements common to A and B

I The dierence of A and B (denoted by A\B or A-B) is the set


of elements of A but not in B

Set Notations and Operations


I The complement of a set
of all elements not in
I

(denoted as

Ac )

is the collection

Exercise: What is the complement of the set A =


{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}

I The union of sets A and B (denoted by AB) is the set of


elements of A and B

I The intersection of A and B (denoted AB) is the set of


elements common to A and B

I The dierence of A and B (denoted by A\B or A-B) is the set


of elements of A but not in B

I The Cartesian product of A and B is the exhaustive set of


ordered pairs shown below

Set Notations and Operations


I The complement of a set
of all elements not in
I

(denoted as

Ac )

is the collection

Exercise: What is the complement of the set A =


{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}

I The union of sets A and B (denoted by AB) is the set of


elements of A and B

I The intersection of A and B (denoted AB) is the set of


elements common to A and B

I The dierence of A and B (denoted by A\B or A-B) is the set


of elements of A but not in B

I The Cartesian product of A and B is the exhaustive set of


ordered pairs shown below
I

A x B = {(a, b) | a A, b B}

Venn Diagrams

I Geometric interpretation tool


I Represent the universal set as a rectangle
I Represent each set as a circle
I Combine the circles to depict the result of unary and binary
operations

Venn Diagrams - Examples

Cardinality

I A set's cardinality is a measure of its size. If A is the set used,


it's cardinality is represented by n(A)

I Intuitively, if we can exhaustively count the elements of a set,


it is nite

I If a set is innite we use ellipsis (. . . )


I

Trivia: Did you know that the set of natural numbers is


countably innite ?

Exercise:
I
I

Try to prove using Venn diagrams

n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(AB)


If A B, n(B) = n(A) + n(B\A)

Thank You

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