B

2012

:

.

() , e-study.
,
.

(.. Posner)
: . ,

.
(Eriksen & St. James, 1986)
.

,
.
,
. ,

.

Posner (1980)

. - - & .
Posner
.

 .

.
(
) ( ).
( )
( ).

( )

. Posner
:
:
.
:
.

.

()
(Sternberg, 2007) 103.
118-.129
130-132.

Welford (1952) 2

. [Bottleneck]
( )
. ,

/
. , ,


118-120 (Sternberg, 2007).

() Broadbent 120-121
(Sternberg, 2007).

Treisman
122-123 (Sternberg, 2007).

Deutsch & Deutsch 123-124

(Sternberg, 2007).

Levie :
1.

.

.
/

.
2.
(..
) .

-
.
-.
Levie
. (Late Process)
(..
). (Early
3

Process) (..
).

Allport, Antonis & Reynolds (1972)

Allport, Antonis & Reynolds (1972)

.
,
.
,
(90% ). ,
.

Allport (1972; Experiment 2),

.

. 3 .

3 2
,
. ,
/
.

,
, -
(General Purpose, limited capacity central processor; GPLCP)

.
.

(bottleneck).

.
.
,
.

,
91-98 (Sternberg, 2007)
, .

Stroop
(Sternberg, 2007) 129.

(Sternberg,
2007) 130-132.
3 .

; : ,
.

.

Treisman

Davies

(1973)

(..
). O McLeod (1977)
.

.

.


(
).
. ,

;
. Spelke, Hirst Neisser (1976)
. 5,

.
6
,
.
2
.

. !
, ,

.

Schneider & Shiffrin (1997)

Schneider & Shiffrin (1997)
. :
:

:


.
.

 (Change Blindness)
.

, .
. ,

,

. ,

.
Simon & Levin (2007).
,
, .
,
.

(Inattentional Blindness)
(Inattentional Blindness)
.
(Change Blindness)
,
.
.
.
.

;
/ Miller
[ (chunks)] 203-205
(Sternberg, 2007).

Cowan (2001)
Cowan (2001) Miller
. 4

Baddely (2001)

(. )

() - [Sperling (1960)]
Sperling
199-203 (Sternberg, 2007).

- - Atkinson Shiffrin (1968)

Atkinson Shiffrin (1968)
.
,
(.. , ).

,
.
.
,

,

.


.
, (
) ,
.
8

 - Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Baddeley Hitch (1974) 3 :
: ,
. ,
(.. ,
).
:
( ) .
- :
/ .

.
-
.

.
.
,
.

. :
1. ,

.
2. ,
.

.
:
.

 , Conrad &
Hull (1966) (
) ,
.
.
.
, ,
, , .
(

).
.


.

-
-
.
..

.


.
.
:

10

210-212
(Sternberg, 2007).

,
-
- .

.

.

.

.
,
.

(Craik & Lockheart, 1972) -

206-209
(Sternberg, 2007).

213-216 (Sternberg, 2007).

11

 - Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)

,
. ,


.

. ,
,
,
; ..

.
( )
.
,
.

&
.
(Episodic) . ,

.
;
.

262-263
(Sternberg, 2007).

12

 ( )
213-216 (Sternberg, 2007).

- Conway Pleydell-Pearce
(2000)
Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
:
1. : 3
:
. .
(..
, ).
. . (..
to ) (..
Nottingham).
.
. . ,

.
.

2. (working self): ,
.

.
.
,
, .


. ,

13

 . ,
.

(..
).


.

- [Self-Reference Effect]
Rogers, Kuiper & Kirker (1977) 208-209
(Sternberg, 2007).
.

[Flashbulb Memories]

.
. Brown & Kulik
(1977)
.

.
.
,
,
.

270-275
(Sternberg, 2007).
-.

.
14

,
. ,
4:30 .

Ellis & Freeman 5 : (1)

, (2) , (3) , (4) ( ) (5)

(
)

Loftus, Loftus & Messo (1987; .55)

- ,
/

.
, , ,
,
.

Valentine, Pickering Darling (2003). 314
( )
.
20% , 40%
40% .

Pickel (1999)
.
() .

15

 .

. ,
.

.
.
Lindsey, Allen, Chan Dhal (2004)
. ,

.

.
.
( )
( ).

. ,
,
,
.

, ,
.

. Eakin, Schreiber SergeantMarshall (2003)
(..
)
. ,
!

16


256-258 (Sternberg, 2007).
.

. , Bothwell, Deffenbacher Brigham
(1987) 35 & . , Kassin, Tubb, Hosch Memon (2001)
80%

.


. , ,
. Sporer, Penrod, Read Cutler
(1995)

.
.
. ,
,
.
, , ; Perfect Hollins (1996)


.

.
Perfect Hollins (1996)

17

 . ,
. ,

,
.

. ,
(Fisher & Geiselman, 1992)
.

(..
, ). ,

. ;

:
,
(.. )
.

, .

.
(..
).

Fisher, Geiselman, Raymond, Jurkevich Warhaftig (1987)

.
, (Roy, 1991, s.399):

18

 ,
,
,
, ,
,

.

Geiselman (1985)
41,1
29,4
. Fisher (1987)
.
57,5
39.6 .
28%
.
Geiselman (1985) Fisher
(1987)
. Fisher, Geiselman Amador
(1990)

.
46% .

90% .
Kohknen, Milne, Memon Bull (1999)
50 -.
.

81% .

19



.
7 Kalat (2001).

&
, , ,

()

&

() . ()
.
.
.
.

, (), (), ().

, .
[
(encephalization)]. , 3
(
).
. ,
. ,
;

382-391.

20

- Whorf

Benjamin Lee Whorf (1956). O Whorf
.
, , Whorf
.
3 ():
1. () : .
.

2. ():
3. ():

Whorf

. Heider
Dani .

. Mola
, Milli , .
(
) .

Whorf.

Whorf (Sternberg, 2007)

Sapir-Whorf ( ) 434-438.

- Rosch
Rosch (
Heider) .
21



. ,
(). ,

.

, &
.
.
.
Cutler Clifton (1999)
.
. ,

.
5 :
5 - (Integration):
.
4 - (Interpretation):
3 - (Word Identification):
(, , ).
2 - (Constituent Identification):
(, )
1 - (Decode):
()

(Parsing) &

. (Parsing).
; .
(
). (..

22

/) .
[voice onset
time (VOT)]. . ,
17ms 91ms


. .
& . ,
.
/ (Massaro, 1994).
(Massaro, 1994). ,
,
.
( )
.
, .
,
.
,
(4) :
1.

2.
3.
4. .

394-397
398-409.

()


.

23

 ,
.
(Phonemic restoration effect):

(e.g. Warren & Warren,1970).
,


.
(Lexical identification shift). ,
- (
). /
.

&
- .
(Ganong, 1980).

&

,

. , . ,


.

, .
!
.

.

24


.
.
;
Searle (1979)
:

.

( ).

,

.

. ,

. , ,
.

Giora (1997, 2002)

( ).

. ,
.
,
.

. , Glucksberg

25

(2003)
.

450-452
.

.
(Syntactic Ambiguity),
. ,

. . ;

(Levelt, 1989):
1. (Conceptualisation):
2. (Formulation):
&
3. (Articulation):

(Vocalizations),

, . ,
(Vocal Tract). ,
, .
,
. :
,
.

: 4
26

1. (Phonology):
2. (Semantics):
3. (Grammar): (
+ )
( )
4. (Pragmatics):
( )

(Phonemes):

(Grapheme):

=, T = T

Z = zed (UK), Z= zee (US)

.

.
(.. )
. ,
.
:

(= - Insight): .

.

(Multi-step problems):

27

(Algorithms): -
.. .. 2,3,6,5

(Heuristic): (Rule of thumb)

..
()
( )
.

498-504
(Sternberg, 2007).

.

.

(Sternberg, 2007)
509.

Modus ponens ( ) = A B ( A
, B): .. 4 , |

Modus tollens ( ) = A B (
B, A): , 4

Wason
To Wason
. (
28

)
.
.

.

: ,

Wason,
. 4.
, , .

. , -
, .

.
; 7.
7 ,
.

Eysenck, M. W. (2010). . :
Gutenberg.

29

Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive psychology: A students

handbook. New York: Psychology Press.
Quinlan, P., & Dyson, B. (2008). Cognitive psychology. Harlow: Peasron Education
Limited.

30