International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

2013; 2(4): 147-152

Published online July 10, 2013 (http://wwws!ien!epublishin""#oup!o$/%/i%#se)
doi: 1011&4'/%i%#se2013020413



Study of biodigester design for fuel and fertilizer
Omprakash Sahu, Yasabie Abatneh
(ep)#t$ent o* +he$i!)l ,n"inee#in", -./0, 1ollo 2ni3e#sity, ,thiopi)
Email address:
ops01214"$)il!o$(/ 5)hu)
To cite this article:
/$p#)6)sh 5)hu, 7)s)bie 8b)tneh 5tudy o* 9iodi"este# (esi"n *o# :uel )nd :e#tili;e# International Journal of Renewable and
Sustainable Energy. <ol 2, =o 4, 2013, pp 147-152 doi: 1011&4'/%i%#se2013020413

Abstract: (esi"n o* ) bio")s pl)nt supplyin" ene#"y *o# the students> !)*ete#i) while utili;in" the )bund)nt hu$)n w)ste
h)s been done with )n )i$ o* si"ni*i!)ntly #edu!in" wood !onsu$ption ?)%o# *uels used in the !)*ete#i) to p#ep)#e th#ee
$e)ls pe# d)y *o# 3500 student>s ele!t#i!ity, =)phth), )nd *uel wood 0h#ee ye)#s d)t) h)3e been e@)$ined to study the
p)tte#n o* the ene#"y de$)nd, )$ounts, )nd p#i!e o* the ene#"y sou#!es with e$ph)sis on wood :eed sto!6 potenti)ls, its
!o$positions, ne)#ness to the !)*ete#i), )nd 3)#ious othe# !#ite#i) h)3e been !onside#ed in the site sele!tion .t h)s been
*ound th)t te!hni!)lly possible to p#odu!e )s $u!h )s 30 !u/$/d)y bio")s in the sele!ted site !ont#ibutin" to 445A
#edu!tion in wood !onsu$ption Pe#*o#$)n!e o* di"este#s in the !li$)te )nd we)the# !ondition o* the #e"ion *o# si$il)#
*eedsto!6 h)s been )ssessed to dete#$ine the )pp#op#i)te di"este# $odel +hinese *i@ed do$e )nd (eenb)ndhu $odels )#e
!o$$on )nd h)3e shown "ood pe#*o#$)n!e (et)il desi"n )nd di$ensionin" o* the di"este# h)3e been done :in)n!i)l
*e)sibility h)s been e3)lu)ted usin" =P< (net p#esent 3)lue), inte#n)l #)te o* #etu#n (.BB) )nd si$ple p)yb)!6 $ethod
Positi3e =P<, 1'5A .BB )nd ) p)yb)!6 pe#iod o* &27 ye)#s h)3e been !)l!ul)ted indi!)tin" the *in)n!i)l *e)sibility
Keywords: :i@ed (o$e, 9io")s, (i"este#, Betention 0i$e

1. ntroduction
9io")s te!hnolo"y is bein" used both )t s$)ll s!)les )nd
l)#"e s!)les in ,thiopi) (ue e$ph)sis h)s )lso been "i3en
*o# )ppli!)tions *o# #u#)l people )s $e)ns o* #edu!in"
de*o#est)tion, i$p#o3in" indoo# )i# pollution )nd #edu!in"
wo$)n>s ti$e )nd e**o#t in *uel !olle!tion 8ppli!)tions in
Cospit)ls, p#isons )nd s!hools )#e )lso seen in $)%o# p)#ts
o* the !ount#y Pl)ns )lso e@ist *o# wide sp#e)d use o* the
te!hnolo"y :o# inst)n!e the 8$h)#) p#ison )d$inist#)tion
h)s )llo!)ted si"ni*i!)nt bud"et *o# inst)ll)tion o* bio")s
pl)nts th#ou"hout the p#isons in the #e"ion D4E 8ppli!)tion
o* bio")s te!hnolo"y in 2ni3e#sities is 3e#y li$ited in the
!ount#y Cowe3e# #ese)#!h on bio")s )nd p#odu!tion
te!hnolo"ies )#e obse#3ed in so$e 2ni3e#sities +u##ently
the#e is no 2ni3e#sity who h)s )pplied bio")s te!hnolo"y
*o# use in #edu!in" its *uel !onsu$ptions 0he #isin"
nu$be# o* students )nd *uel !ost )nd s!)#!ity is *o#!in"
uni3e#sities spent ) lot to !oo6 *ood th#ee ti$es ) d)y *o#
l)#"e# popul)tion 8ddition)lly, due to !o$$only used
t#)dition)l w)ste t#e)t$ent te!hnolo"ies li6e septi! t)n6
pe#$)nent en3i#on$ent)l solution is ) $ust 0he $)in
#ese)#!h Fuestion e$)n)tes *#o$ these *)!ts Cow !)n
bio")s pl)nts !ont#ibute to #edu!ed ene#"y !ost )nd
eli$in)te en3i#on$ent)l p#oble$s in uni3e#sities while
)bund)nt *eed sto!6
8n)e#obi! di"estion h)s been su""ested )s )n )lte#n)ti3e
$ethod o* #e$o3in" the hi"h !on!ent#)tion o#")ni! w)ste
5e3e#)l #ese)#!h "#oups h)3e de3eloped )n)e#obi!
di"estion p#o!esses usin" di**e#ent o#")ni! subst#)tes D5-7E
0he )d3)nt)"es o* su!h p#o!esses o3e# !on3ention)l
)e#obi! p#o!esses )#e ) low ene#"y #eFui#e$ent *o#
ope#)tion, ) low initi)l in3est$ent !ost )nd ) low slud"e
p#odu!tion D'E .n )ddition, the )n)e#obi! di"estion p#o!ess
p#odu!es bio")s, whi!h !)n be used )s ) !le)n #enew)ble
ene#"y sou#!e DG, 10E .n ,u#ope, in!#e)sin" nu$be#s o*
bio")s pl)nts (9HPs) e$ployin" )n)e#obi! di"estion use
*ood w)ste )nd $)nu#e )s ene#"y sou#!es 8n)e#obi!
di"estions !)n be de3eloped )t di**e#ent te$pe#)tu#e #)n"es
in!ludin" $esophili! te$pe#)tu#es ()pp#o@i$)tely 35I+)
)nd the#$ophili! te$pe#)tu#es #)n"in" *#o$ 55I+ to &0I+
+on3ention)l )n)e#obi! di"estion is !)##ied out )t
$esophili! te$pe#)tu#es, th)t is, 35J37I+ 5e3e#)l new
p#o!esses h)3e been #epo#ted *o# up"#)din" slud"e
di"estion usin" the#$ophili! )n)e#obi! di"estion (55I+)
)nd these #ep#esent )n i$po#t)nt )lte#n)ti3e to $esophili!
)n)e#obi! di"estion (35I+) D11, 12E 0he the#$ophili!
14' /$p#)6)sh 5)hu et al.: 5tudy o* 9iodi"este# (esi"n *o# :uel )nd :e#tili;e#


te$pe#)tu#e #)n"e is wo#th !onside#in" be!)use it will le)d
to "i3e *)ste# #e)!tion #)tes, hi"he# ")s p#odu!tion, )nd
hi"he# #)tes o* the dest#u!tion o* p)tho"ens )nd weed seeds
th)n the $esophili! te$pe#)tu#e #)n"e Cowe3e#, the
the#$ophili! p#o!ess is $o#e sensiti3e to en3i#on$ent)l
!h)n"es th)n the $esophili! p#o!ess 0wo $)in
te!hnolo"ies h)3e been used *o# the #)pid t#e)t$ent o*
o#")ni! *#)!tion o* $uni!ip)l solid w)stes (/:?51):
seFuenti)l le)!h-bed )n)e#obi! p#o!esses D13E )nd +50B
#e)!to#s D14E o# 9)t!h syste$s D15E 9oth te!hnolo"ies h)3e
3e#y si$ple desi"ns )nd the#e )#e nu$e#ous #epo#ts on thei#
use D1&E Cowe3e#, the +50B syste$s )#e the le)st
e@pensi3e solid w)ste di"este#s *o# si$plest desi"ns .t is
supe#io# )nd $o#e e!ono$i!)l th)n othe# !o$petin"
te!hnolo"ies be!)use it is "#own in ) si$il)# )n)e#obi!
en3i#on$ent D17E 0he syste$ h)s hi"h potenti)l *o#
)ppli!)tion in de3elopin" !ount#ies D15E
8lso, the l)#"e $)%o#ity o* indust#i)l )ppli!)tions use
one-st)"e syste$s )nd these )#e e3enly split between Kd#yL
syste$s (w)stes )#e di"ested )s #e!ei3ed) )nd KwetL
syste$s (w)stes )#e slu##ed to )bout 12A tot)l solids)
Cowe3e#, the Kd#yL desi"ns o# hi"h-solid D'E h)3e p#o3en
#eli)ble due to thei# hi"he# bio$)ss !on!ent#)tion,
!ont#olled *eedin" )nd sp)ti)l ni!hes D1', 1GE ?o#eo3e#,
*#o$ ) te!hni!)l 3iewpoint, the Kd#yL syste$s )#e $o#e
#obust )nd *le@ible th)n KwetL syste$s ?uni!ip)l solid
w)ste (?51) is ) se#ious p#oble$ *o# u#b)n !o$$unities
/#")ni! solids )#e p#esent in 3e#y l)#"e Fu)ntities )s
p#odu!ts o# w)ste *#o$ )"#i!ultu#e, the *ood indust#y )nd
$)#6et w)ste 5p)in "ene#)tes )pp#o@i$)tely 24 $illion
tonnes o* ?51 )nnu)lly 8!!o#din" to the d)t) published
by the =)tion)l Pl)n o* 2#b)n 1)stes (=P2B, 2000J200&),
40J45A o* tot)l ?51 is the o#")ni! *#)!tion o* $uni!ip)l
solid w)ste (/:?51) 0he !o$position o* /:?51 is
in*luen!ed by se3e#)l *)!to#s, in!ludin" #e"ion)l
di**e#en!es, !li$)te, !olle!tion *#eFuen!y, se)son, !ultu#)l
p#)!ti!es, )s well )s !h)n"es in !o$position D20E 8t this
#espe!t, nu$e#ous p)pe#s h)3e *o!used on )spe!ts o*
)n)e#obi! di"estion biode"#)d)tion o* the /:?51
)!!o#din" to its o#i"in: e", $)#6et w)ste D21E, *#uit )nd
3e"et)ble D22E, household w)ste D23E, *ood w)ste D24E,
6it!hen w)ste D25E, biow)ste D&E )nd o#")ni! *#)!tion o*
$uni!ip)l solid w)ste (/:?51) D2&E .n this #e")#d )n
e**o#t h)s been $)de desi"n the )n)e#obi! biodi"este# *o#
the !)*ete#i)
!. "esi#n $arameter
:ollowin" is ) dis!ussion o* the $ost i$po#t)nt
p)#)$ete#s whi!h $ust be !onside#ed in the desi"n o* )n
)n)e#obi! di"estion syste$:
i) 0e$pe#)tu#e - 0h#ee #)n"es e@ist *o# )n)e#obi!
di"estion:
Psy!h#ophili! #)n"e - 9etween 5I )nd 25I+;
!h)#)!te#i;ed by slowe# $eth)ne p#odu!tion )nd
lon"e# #etention ti$es
?esophili! #)n"e - 9etween 30I )nd 40I+; the $ost
widely used o* the th#ee D27E, this #)n"e b)l)n!es
he)tin" !osts with $eth)ne p#odu!tion
0he#$ophili! #)n"e J :#o$ 50I to &0I+; p#odu!es the
$ost $eth)ne but is )lso the $ost sensiti3e, due to
*ewe# b)!te#i)l spe!ies in e@isten!e
/n!e ) st)ble te$pe#)tu#e is #e)!hed, *lu!tu)tions should
be 6ept within 5I+ to )3oid 6illin" the desi#ed b)!te#i) D2'E
0he#$ophili! tole#)n!e is "ene#)lly less th)n th)t o* lowe#
te$pe#)tu#es D2GE ,)!h te$pe#)tu#e #)n"e )t whi!h the
di"este# !)n be ope#)ted h)s its own )d3)nt)"es 0he
the#$ophili! p#o!ess h)s been *ound to be supe#io# to the
$esophili! p#o!ess *#o$ )n ene#"y b)l)n!e )nd, thus,
Kp#o*itL point o* 3iew D30E 0he#$ophili! di"este#s usu)lly
)!hie3e bette# de"#)d)tion o* lon"-!h)in *)tty )!ids, h)3e )
sho#te# #etention ti$e, )nd #eFui#e less bio$)ss !o$p)#ed
to the Fu)ntity o* $eth)ne p#odu!ed 0he the#$ophili!
p#o!ess )lso )!hie3es hi"he# p)tho"en )nd weed seed
dest#u!tion th)n the $esophili! p#o!ess )lone D31E
Cowe3e#, the #is6 o* )$$oni) inhibition is "#e)te# )nd
$o#e ene#"y is #eFui#ed to ope#)te ) the#$ophili! di"este#
0he#$ophili! p#o!esses )#e !onside#ed to be $o#e p#one to
inst)bility th)n $esophili! due to *lu!tu)tions in input
Fu)lity D32E Cowe3e#, in ) study o* $)%o# !ent#)li;ed
bio")s pl)nts in (en$)#6, 8h#in" D30E *ound no si"ni*i!)nt
di**e#en!e in 3ol)tile *)tty )!id !on!ent#)tions between the
two p#o!esses )nd !on!eded th)t the st)#t-up ti$e o*
the#$ophili! di"este#s is lon"e# th)n th)t o* ) $esophili!
#e)!to# due to the low nu$be#s o* the#$ophili! b)!te#i) in
o#")ni! w)ste ?ost o* the )"#i!ultu#)l di"este#s in the
2nited 5t)tes )#e $esophili! D33E 0he p#o!ess is sli"htly
$o#e st)ble )nd )d)pt)ble to *lu!tu)tions in *eedsto!6
Fu)lity th)n the#$ophili! 0he lowe# he)tin" #eFui#e$ents
o* $esophili! te$pe#)tu#es t#)nsl)te into lowe# !osts
Besiden!e ti$e should be )t le)st 15 d)ys *o# )deFu)te
di"estion D32E
Psy!h#ophili! di"este#s #eFui#e ) solids #etention ti$e
)pp#o@i$)tely twi!e )s lon" )s $esophili! 0hese di"este#s
#eFui#e the le)st )$ount o* ene#"y input 9io")s p#odu!tion
is slow but ")s Fu)lity )nd othe# p)#)$ete#s indi!)te
*)3o#)ble p#o!ess st)bility D2GE 0hese syste$s )#e
!o$$only *ound in the *o#$ o* ) !o3e#ed l)"oon )nd, )s
su!h, they )#e usu)lly sub%e!t to *lu!tu)tions in te$pe#)tu#e
ii) Mo)din" B)te J 0his is e@p#essed )s the wei"ht o*
3ol)tile solids (<5) pe# unit o* 3olu$e o* di"este# !)p)!ity
pe# unit o* ti$e Mo)din" #)tes typi!)lly #)n"e *#o$ 12 to
110 6" <5/$3/d *o# 3)#ious types o* di"este#s )nd $)nu#e
sou#!es D34E 1hile hi"h lo)din" #)tes use the di"este#
3olu$e $o#e e**i!iently, they )lso in!#e)se solids
!on!ent#)tion, #etention ti$e )nd )l6)linity, whi!h $ust be
t)6en into !onside#)tion
iii) Betention 0i$e - 0he Cyd#)uli! Betention 0i$e
(CB0) )nd 5olids Betention 0i$e (5B0) )#e the )3e#)"e
len"ths o* ti$e the liFuid o# solid po#tion o* $)nu#e
#e$)ins in the di"este# Hene#)lly, the lowe# the ope#)tin"
te$pe#)tu#e (e" psy!h#ophili! di"estion) the hi"he# the
#etention ti$e th)t is needed
.nte#n)tion)l Jou#n)l o* Benew)ble )nd 5ust)in)ble ,ne#"y 2013; 2(4):147-152 14G


i3) 5olids +on!ent#)tion- =o#$)lly #epo#ted )s the
pe#!ent)"e d#y $)tte# )nd the 3ol)tile solid pe#!ent)"e o*
th)t d#y $)tte#, the solids !on!ent#)tion is ne!ess)#y to
dete#$ine the lo)din" #)te 0he solids !on!ent#)tion )lso
helps to dete#$ine the $ost suit)ble type o* di"este#
3) 8l6)linity )nd pC - /pti$u$ pC !onditions *o#
$eth)no"eni! b)!te#i) #)n"e *#o$ &4 to 7& D2GE /the#
b)!te#i)l spe!ies )#e $o#e tole#)nt to pC le3els outside o*
this #)n"e
%. Types o& 'iodi#ester
0he #e)!to# di$ensions )nd bio")s potenti)l depends on:
0he type o* subst#)tes to be di"ested
0he Fu)ntity o* e)!h in $et#i! tons pe# ye)#
0he tot)l solid !ontent in pe#!ent)"e
0ot)l solids !ontent (05) N 100(A) - w)te# !ontent (A)
0he o#")ni! !ontent in pe#!ent)"e: /#")ni! d#y $)tte#
!ontent is dete#$ined by in!ine#)tin" the d#ied s)$ple
)t 550I+ *o# si@ hou#s )nd wei"hin" the #e$)inin"
)shes
Organic content (ODM)=(ass of !S(g)"ass of
as#es (g)$%&&'ass of !S(g)
0he si;e o* the di"este# (<d) is dete#$ined by the
#etention ti$e (B0) )nd the d)ily subst#)te input in $
3

(5d)
0he *ollowin" *o#$ul) !)n be used in o#de# to
!)l!ul)te the )pp#op#i)te 3olu$e:
<d N 5d @ B0
5e3e#)l di**e#ent syste$s h)3e been desi"ned *o#
)n)e#obi! di"estion :ollowin" )#e b)si! des!#iptions o* the
$o#e popul)# syste$s used on *)#$s
3.1. Plug Flow System
0he plu" *low syste$ usu)lly t)6es the *o#$ o* ) lon"
!on!#ete t)n6 with ) sli"ht "#)de o3e# the len"th .n*luent is
eithe# !ontinuously o# inte#$ittently )dded to one end )nd
*lows by "#)3ity to the opposite end 0he !ontents )#e not
$i@ed $e!h)ni!)lly 0he #etention ti$e is thus ) *un!tion
o* !h)nnel len"th, !h)nnel "#)de, )nd the lo)din" #)te 0he
plu" *low di"este# is best suited *o# $)nu#e with ) hi"he#
solids !ontent (11 to 13A tot)l solids) su!h )s th)t o* )
d)i#y ope#)tion D35E :i"u#e 4 shows the $)in ele$ents o* )
plu" *low di"este# syste$
3.2. Complete Mixed System
8lso 6nown )s ) +o$pletely 5ti##ed 0)n6 Be)!to#
(+50B), the !o$plete $i@ed syste$ is $ost !o$$only )
!i#!ul)# t)n6 with ) $e!h)ni!)l )"it)to# 0he $i@in"
p#e3ents settlin" )nd $)int)ins !ont)!t between b)!te#i)
)nd the $)nu#e .t )lso helps $)int)in ) uni*o#$
te$pe#)tu#e D37E ,le!t#i!ity input !osts )#e hi"he# due to
the inte#$ittent $i@in" o* the di"este# Cowe3e#, the
$i@in" !)n !)use *o)$in" in the t)n6, whi!h is undesi#)ble
be!)use it o!!upies di"este# 3olu$e )nd !)n !lo" ")s lines
+o$plete $i@ syste$s )#e )ble to h)ndle the widest #)n"e
o* solids !on!ent#)tions (3 to 10A tot)l solids) D35E
.n*luent is o*ten )dded to the di"este# )s e**luent is e@!#eted
in s$)ll Fu)ntities )t #e"ul)# inte#3)ls 0he#e*o#e the
#etention pe#iod o* $)nu#e in ) !o$plete $i@ di"este# is
not ne!ess)#ily uni*o#$

Fig 1. !y(ical (lug flow digester syste )*+,

Fig 2. -i$ed Doe .iogas Digestor )*+,
(. "i#ester "esi#n
4.1. Digester Selection
+o$$on di"este# types in de3elopin" !ount#ies )#e *i@ed
do$e )nd *lo)tin" d#u$ pl)nts :i@ed do$e pl)nts )#e
$)de enti#ely below the "#ound s)3in" sp)!e )nd bein" less
)**e!ted by d)$)"e )nd d)ily te$pe#)tu#e *lu!tu)tions
0hey )#e the $ost !o$$only built di"este# in the hot
!li$)te o* the #e"ion .n *lo)tin" d#u$ pl)nts the ")s holde#
is $)de o* st)inless steel whi!h !ont#ibutes to the
e@pensi3eness o* the di"este# but its ope#)tion is e)sy to
unde#st)nd th)n *i@ed do$e pl)nts sin!e the ")s holde# is
)bo3e the "#ound 8$on" *i@ed do$e types (eenb)dhu
)nd +hinese *i@ed do$e #ep#esent the $ost built )nd well
pe#*o#$in" di"este#s in the #e"ion :o# inst)n!e di"este#s in
:ele"ehiwot Cospit)l (&5!u$ di"este#) )nd 9)hi# ()#
P#ison (100!u$ di"este#) h)3e (eenb)dhu type *i@ed
do$e pl)nts whi!h )#e se#3in" ) lot D4E 9io")s di"este# is
8ddis Oe$en () s$)ll !ity ne)# 9)hi#-d)#) p#ison h)s )
well ope#)tion)l *i@ed do$e di"este#
4.2. Sizing of Digester
)) 8!ti3e slu##y 3olu$e (<s)
:o# no#$)l #etention ti$e o* CB0N40 d)ys D1E )nd w)ste
)$ount o* 1N4006"/d)y,
<sN2PCB0P1/1000!u$
<sN32!u$
b) H)s p#odu!tion H
150 /$p#)6)sh 5)hu

5pe!i*i! ")s yield o* hu$)n w)ste HsN003!u$/6" D1E
)nd tot)l )$ount o* w)ste *o#
1000 people with 046"/pe#son/d)y D1E is,
HN1000P04P003N30!u$/d)y
!) 1)te# 3olu$e
5lit !)ns )#e used du#in" toilet !le)nin" )nd 075lit !)ns
)#e used *o# *l)shin" )*te# use
Cen!e the tot)l 3olu$e o* w)te# is,
075lit/pe#sonP1000Q5lit/toiletP30 toiletNG00lit
:o# #etention ti$e o* 40 d)ys w)te# 3olu$e is 3&!u$
0ot)l di"este# 3olu$e 32Q30Q3&NG'!u$
5hown in t)ble 1 )#e the di$ensions o* 100!u$ bio")s
p)nt )s dete#$ined by 5el)$ te!hni!)l )nd 3o!)tion)l
+ente# (50<+); !ont#)!to#s on bio")s pl)nts 0he
di$ensions #e*e# to di"este# desi"n shown on *i"u#e 2
0)ble 2 shows the bill o* Fu)ntities )s spe!i*ied by
50<+ D3'E )nd p#i!e o* Fu)ntities )s dete#$ined by $)#6et
5u#3ey du#in" /!tobe# 200'
)omponents
Men"th o* outlet
9#e)dth o* outlet
Cei"ht o* outlet
B)dius o* pit
B)dius o* di"este#
Cei"ht o* di"este# w)ll
(epth o* pit (e@!)3)tion)
Cei"ht o* do$e
Cei"ht o* outlet p)ss)"e
0hi!6ness o* !on!#ete do$e
,@p)nsion !)n)l
+ost bene*it )n)lysis h)s been done usin" net p#esent
3)lue (=P<) p)y b)!6 ti$es )nd inte#n)l #)te o* #etu#n
0he bene*its )#e !)l!ul)ted b)sed on #epl)!e$ent #)
bio")s )nd !o$$only used ,u!)lyptus wood .t h)s been
su""ested th)t 1!u$ bio")s #epl)!es 136" *i#e wood D1E
8$ount o* *i#e wood #epl)!ed,
30P13N3G6" wood/d)y
?)#6et su#3ey indi!)tes 206" wood !osts
#)tio o* 15bi##/6" wood
?onthly s)3in" is then,
3G6"/d)yP15bi##/6"P30d)ysN1755bi##/$onth
"escription *nit
9lo!6 P!s
+e$ent Ruint)l
5)nd +u$
5tone +u$
H#)3el +u$
B! b)# 10 P!s
,n"ine oil Mit
/$p#)6)sh 5)hu et al.: 5tudy o* 9iodi"este# (esi"n *o# :uel )nd :e#tili;e#

5pe!i*i! ")s yield o* hu$)n w)ste HsN003!u$/6" D1E
1000 people with 046"/pe#son/d)y D1E is,
5lit !)ns )#e used du#in" toilet !le)nin" )nd 075lit !)ns
Cen!e the tot)l 3olu$e o* w)te# is,
075lit/pe#sonP1000Q5lit/toiletP30 toiletNG00lit
:o# #etention ti$e o* 40 d)ys w)te# 3olu$e is 3&!u$
32Q30Q3&NG'!u$
5hown in t)ble 1 )#e the di$ensions o* 100!u$ bio")s
p)nt )s dete#$ined by 5el)$ te!hni!)l )nd 3o!)tion)l
+ente# (50<+); !ont#)!to#s on bio")s pl)nts 0he
di$ensions #e*e# to di"este# desi"n shown on *i"u#e 2
ntities )s spe!i*ied by
'E )nd p#i!e o* Fu)ntities )s dete#$ined by $)#6et
Fig 3. /eneral biogas (lant
!"le 1. Diensions of %&&cu. fi$ed doe (lant
Symbol "imensions +cm,
8 1150
9 200
( 100
+ 425
: 3&5
C 310
, 400
.-C 30
. 340
&0
Men"thN225$, depthN50!$
+ost bene*it )n)lysis h)s been done usin" net p#esent
3)lue (=P<) p)y b)!6 ti$es )nd inte#n)l #)te o* #etu#n

bene*its )#e !)l!ul)ted b)sed on #epl)!e$ent #)tio o*
,u!)lyptus wood .t h)s been
su""ested th)t 1!u$ bio")s #epl)!es 136" *i#e wood D1E
?)#6et su#3ey indi!)tes 206" wood !osts 30bi## "i3in" )
3G6"/d)yP15bi##/6"P30d)ysN1755bi##/$onth
8ssu$in" 30!u$/d)y ")s is )3)il)ble *o# 10 $onths )
ye)# due to lowe# ")s p#odu!tion
8nnu)l s)3in" is 17,550bi## D2E
.n 200'/200G the *)!ulty spent 3G,4247&bi## Cen!e this
s)3in" #ep#esent ) #edu!tion o*
!onside#in" ele!t#i!ity i##e"ul)#ity )t the ti$e
li*e ti$e o* ) bio")s pl)nt is up to 40 ye)#s but the
e!ono$i! li*e ti$e is 20 ye)#
dis!ounted to p#esent ti$e *o# ti$e )*te# 20 ye)#s is
ne"li"ible 0he dis!ount #)te h)s been t)6en to b
inte#est #)te o* 4A /the# $)inten)n!e !osts in!lude
!le)nin" o* the di"este# e3e#y *ou# ye)#s whi!h is typi!)l
ti$e b)sed on e@pe#ien!e on ho$o"enous hu$)n w)ste
di"este#s 9)sed on !u##ent lo##y !osts 1,000bi## is #eFui#ed
*o# !le)nin"
!"le 2. .ill of 0uantities and cost estiation
-uantity
*nit price
'irr.unit
Total cost birr
144& 5 7,230
Ruint)l &' 300 20,400
30 1'571 5G50
72 52 3744
7 230 1&10
33 152 501&
' 25 200
5tudy o* 9iodi"este# (esi"n *o# :uel )nd :e#tili;e#

/eneral biogas (lant designs )*1,
Men"thN225$, depthN50!$
8ssu$in" 30!u$/d)y ")s is )3)il)ble *o# 10 $onths )
ye)# due to lowe# ")s p#odu!tion du#in" #)iny se)son,
8nnu)l s)3in" is 17,550bi## D2E
.n 200'/200G the *)!ulty spent 3G,4247&bi## Cen!e this
s)3in" #ep#esent ) #edu!tion o* 445A !ost due to wood
i!ity i##e"ul)#ity )t the ti$e 0he use*ul
li*e ti$e o* ) bio")s pl)nt is up to 40 ye)#s but the
e!ono$i! li*e ti$e is 20 ye)#s sin!e the 3)lue o* bene*it
dis!ounted to p#esent ti$e *o# ti$e )*te# 20 ye)#s is
0he dis!ount #)te h)s been t)6en to be the b)n6
/the# $)inten)n!e !osts in!lude
!le)nin" o* the di"este# e3e#y *ou# ye)#s whi!h is typi!)l
i$e b)sed on e@pe#ien!e on ho$o"enous hu$)n w)ste
di"este#s 9)sed on !u##ent lo##y !osts 1,000bi## is #eFui#ed
Total cost birr
Transport cost
birr
7,230 2,000
20,400 1,500
5G50 '00
3744 2,000
1&10 400
501& 200
200
.nte#n)tion)l Jou#n)l o* Benew)ble )nd 5ust)in)ble ,ne#"y 2013; 2(4):147-152 151


1)@ -" 4 40 1&0
H)s pipe $ 250 30 7,500
5lu##y !olle!to# pipe $ 130 30 3,G00
5to3es no 4 &00 2,400
<)#ious *ittin" s P!s 22 ''G
?)son#y ()ys 50 450 22,500
M)bo# ()ys 5 30/pe#son/d)y G,000
5upe#3ision ()ys 15 375 5,&25
,@!)3)tion ()ys 10(10 people) 30/pe#son/d)y 3,000
Total 11/,///birr
P)yb)!6 ti$e = (y#s), = N110,000/17,550, =N&27ye)#s
=P< !)l!ul)tion shows ) 3)lue o* 12G,G15 )nd inte#n)l #)te
o* #etu#n 1'5A
M)#"e# )nd positi3e =P< )nd the .BB 3)lue indi!)te
*in)n!i)l 3i)bilities o* the p#oposed p#o%e!t
0. )onclusions
.t h)s been *ound th)t inst)ll)tion o* bio")s pl)nt le)ds to
l)#"e# s)3in"s besides en3i#on$ent)l )nd s)nit)tion
bene*its 0he ")s thus p#odu!ed #epl)!ed 445A o* the !ost
due to wood 0he e!ono$i!s o* the syste$ )s e3)lu)ted by
#eli)ble =et p#esent wo#th $ethod p#o3es ) l)#"e )nd
positi3e 3)lue indi!)tin" the )tt#)!ti3eness o* the
in3est$ent 0his i$plies su!!ess*ul inst)ll)tion o* this pl)nt
)nd si$il)# othe#s will p#o3e to be e!ono$i!)l in the *)!e
o* #isin" nu$be# o* students )nd *i#e wood s!)#!ity )nd
p#i!es ,n3i#on$ent)l 3)lues )#e i$$ense )s ) w)ste *#o$
4 blo!6s h)3in" 1000 people h)s been t#e)ted e**i!iently )s
!o$p)#ed to septi! t)n6s )nd di#e!t dispos)l 0his
!ont#ibutes ) lot in en3i#on$ent)l p#ote!tion )nd s)nit)tion
e**i!ien!y 8lso the ")s p#odu!ed #epl)!es si"ni*i!)nt
)$ount o* wood !ont#ibutin" to #edu!ed de*o#est)tion .*
si$il)# p#o%e!ts )#e inst)lled in )ll uni3e#sities, its i$p)!t
on the *o#est p#ote!tion will be well 3i3id 0he bio *e#tili;e#
thus p#odu!ed !)n be used *o# pl)nt)tions )nd ")#dens
*ound in the *)!ulty 0his h)s du)l bene*it in the slud"e
$)n)"e$ent )nd bio-*e#tili;e# utili;)tion .t !)n *u#the#
open ) window o* oppo#tunity in int#odu!in" bio-*e#tili;e#
*o# the lo!)l *)$e#s )#ound 9)hi#d)#
.nst)ll)tion o* the pl)nt is hi"hly #e!o$$ended due to its
*in)n!i)l )nd en3i#on$ent)l bene*its 5i$il)# )ppli!)tions
in othe# 2ni3e#sities !ont#ibute ) lot in #e)li;in" its
e!ono$i!)l bene*its .t le)ds to *o#est s)3in"s, ene#"y sel*
dependen!y )nd e**i!ient #esou#!e utili;)tion 0he
uni3e#sity !)n be ) $odel in #enew)ble ene#"y )nd ene#"y
sel* su**i!ien!y i* $o#e e**o#ts )#e $)de to e@ploit the
)bund)nt #esou#!es (in!ludin" !)*ete#i) w)ste) )nd the
w)#$ !li$)te o* 9)hi#-d)# whi!h !#e)tes *)3o#)ble
!ondition *o# $i!#obi)l p#o!esses
Acknowled#ement
8utho# )!6nowled"e to (ep)#t$ent o* +he$i!)l
,n"inee#in" *o# p#o3idin" *undin" )nd *)!ilities

1e&erences
D1E .n*o#$)tion )nd )d3iso#y se#3i!e on )pp#op#i)te te!hnolo"y
(.580) )nd H0O bio")s )ppli!)tion )nd p#odu!t
de3elop$ent, 9io")s di"est <ol ..
D2E .580/H0O 9io")s p#o"#)$ i$ple$ent)tion, 9io")s di"est
<ol ...
D3E ,P8 de!ent#)li;ed te!hnolo"y *)!t sheet, septi! t)n6
syste$s, united st)ted en3i#on$ent)l p#ote!tion )"en!y,
5epte$be# 2000
D4E ,$b)ssy o* #epubli! o* :inl)nd, #epo#t on bio")s p#o%e!ts
e3)lu)tion, ?)#!h 2007, P/9o@ 4&&1, 8ddis 8b)b),
,thiopi)
D5E Pe#e;, ?, Bo$e#o M., 5)les ( 1GG7 5te)dy st)te
)n)e#obi! the#$ophili! de"#)d)tion o* distille#y w)stew)te#
in *luidi;ed bed bio#e)!to#s 9iote!hnolo"y P#o"#ess, 13:
33-3'
D&E H)lle#t, +, Cennin", 8, 1inte#, J 2003 5!)le-up o*
)n)e#obi! di"estion o* the biow)ste *#)!tion *#o$ do$esti!
w)stes 1)te# Bes, 37: 1433J1441
D7E :o#ste#-+)#nei#o, 0, PS#e; H)#!T), ?, Bo$e#o H)#!T), M.
2007) +o$postin" potenti)l o* di**e#ent ino!ulu$ sou#!es
on $odi*ied 5,98+ syste$ t#e)t$ent o* $uni!ip)l solid
w)stes 9io#esou#!e 0e!hnolo"y, G' (17): 3354-33&&
D'E ="uyen), PCM, -u#up)#)n), P, <is3)n)th)n, + 2007
8n)e#obi! di"estion o* $uni!ip)l solid w)ste )s ) t#e)t$ent
p#io# to l)nd*ill 9io#esou#!e 0e!hnolo"y, G'(2): 3'0-3'7
DGE 9ou)ll)"ui C, 9en +hei6h B, ?)#ou)ni M )nd C)$di ?
2003 ?esophili! bio")s p#odu!tion *#o$ *#uit )nd
3e"et)ble w)ste in ) tubul)# di"este#, 9io#esou# 0e!hnol,
'&:'5J'G
D10E Pe#e;, ?, Bo$e#o, M., +)no, B, 5)les, ( 2005 ,**e!t o*
ph in*luent !onditions in *i@ed-*il$ #e)!to#s *o# )n)e#obi!
the#$ophili! t#e)t$ent o* wine-distille#y w)stew)te#s
1)te# 5!ien!e 0e!hnolo"y, 51(1):1'3-1'G
D11E O)b#)ns6) J, (oh)nyos ?, Jeni!e6 P, -util J 2000
0he#$ophili! p#o!ess )nd enh)n!e$ent o* e@!ess )!ti3)ted
slud"e de"#)d)bility- 0wo w)ys o* intensi*i!)tion o* slud"e
t#e)t$ent in P#)"ue !ent#)l w)stew)te# t#e)t$ent pl)nt
1)te# 5!i 0e!hnol, 41:2&5-272
D12E ?)!e, 5, (ost), (, 9ol;onell), (, ?)t)-8l3)#e;, J 2005
:ull s)!le i$ple$ent)tion o* 8( 0e!hnolo"y to t#e)t the
o#")ni! *#)!tion o* $uni!ip)l solid w)ste in 5p)in 4th
152 /$p#)6)sh 5)hu et al.: 5tudy o* 9iodi"este# (esi"n *o# :uel )nd :e#tili;e#


.nte#n)tion)l 5y$posiu$ o* 8n)e#obi! di"estion o* 5olid
1)ste (+openh)"en (en$)#6), 1:34-51
D13E /U-ee*e, (?, +hynoweth, (P 2000 .n*luen!e o* the
sep)#)tion, Me)!h)te #e!y!le )nd )e#)tion on t#e)t$ent o*
$uni!ip)l solid w)ste in si$ul)ted l)nd*ill !ells
9io#esou#!e 0e!hno, 72:55-&&
D14E P)3)n, P, 9)ttistoni, P, ?)t)-8l3)#e;, J, +e!!hi :, 2000
Pe#*o#$)n!e o* the#$ophili! se$i-d#y )n)e#obi! di"estion
p#o!ess !h)n"in" the *eed biode"#)d)bility 1)te# 5!i
0e!hnol, 41(3), pp 75-'2
D15E Missens H, <)nde3i3e#e P, (e 9)e#e M, 9iey ,?, <e#st#)e
1 2001 5olid w)ste di"esto#s: p#o!ess pe#*o#$)n!e )nd
p#)!ti!e *o# $uni!ip)l solid w)ste di"estion 1)te# 5!i
0e!hnolo"y, 44('):G1-102
D1&E -i$ ?, 8hn 7-C )nd 5pee!e B, 2002 +o$p)#)ti3e
p#o!ess st)bility )nd e**i!ien!y o* )n)e#obi! di"estion;
$esophili! 3s the#$ophili!, 1)te# Bese)#!h, 3&: 43&GJ
43'5
D17E -i$ 51, P)#6 J7, -i$ J-, +ho JC, +hun 7=, Mee
.C, Mee J5, P)#6 J5 )nd P)#6 (C 2000 (e3elop$ent
o* ) $odi*ied th#ee-st)"e $eth)ne p#odu!tion p#o!ess usin"
*ood w)stes, 8ppl 9io!he$ 9iote!hnolo"y, '4J'&: 731J
741
D1'E 8h#in", 9 1GG2 0u#n-o3e# o* )!et)te in hot sp#in"s )t 70V+
P#o! o* 0he#$ophililes: 5!ien!e )nd 0e!hnolo"y,
Bey6%)3i6, .!el)nd, 130
D1GE C)#t$)nn, C, 8h#in", 9- 2005 5t#)te"ies *o# the
)n)e#obi! di"estion o* the o#")ni! *#)!tion o* $uni!ip)l
solid w)ste - 8n o3e#3iew 4th .nte#n)tion)l 5y$posiu$ o*
8n)e#obi! di"estion o* 5olid 1)ste (+openh)"en-(en$)#6),
1:34-51
D20E 0!hob)no"lous, H, Cil)#y, 0, <i"il, 58 1GG7 HestiWn
inte"#)l de #esiduos sWlidos ?+?X+...- ?! H#)w-Cill, .n!
1007p
D21E ?)t)-8l3e#e;, J, <itu#ti), 8 Ml)b#es-Muen"o, P, +e!!hi, :
1GG3 8n)e#obi! di"estion o* the 9)#!elon) !ent#)l $)#6et
o#")ni! w)ste: e@pe#i$ent)l study 9io#esou#!e 0e!hnol
3G:3G-4'
D22E 9ou)ll)"ui, C, 0ouh)$i, 7, 9en+hei6h, B, C)$di, ?
2005 9io#e)!to# pe#*o#$)n!e in )n)e#obi! di"estion o* *#uit
)nd 3e"et)ble w)stes P#o! 9io!he$, 40: G'G-GG5
D23E -#;yste6, M, Med)6owi!;, 5, -)hle, CJ, -)!;o#e6, -
2001 (e"#)d)tion o* household biow)ste in #e)!to#s
Jou#n)l o* 9iote!hnolo"y G2:103-112
D24E -i$ 51, P)#6 J7, -i$ J-, +ho JC, +hun 7=, Mee
.C, Mee J5, P)#6 J5 )nd P)#6 (C 2000 (e3elop$ent
o* ) $odi*ied th#ee-st)"e $eth)ne p#odu!tion p#o!ess usin"
*ood w)stes, 8ppl 9io!he$ 9iote!hnolo"y, '4J'&: 731J
741
D25E B)o, ?5, 5in"h, 5P 2004 9io ene#"y !on3e#sion studies
o* o#")ni! *#)!tion o* ?51: 6ineti! studies )nd ")s yield-
o#")ni! lo)din" #el)tionships *o# p#o!ess opti$i;)tion
9io#esou#!e 0e!hnolo"y, G5:173-1'5
D2&E 9on;onell), (, P)3)n, P, ?)!e, 5, +e!!hi, : 2005 (#y
8n)e#obi! di"estion o* di**e#ently so#ted o#")ni! $uni!ip)l
solid w)ste: ) *ull s!)le e@pe#ien!e 4th .nte#n)tion)l
5y$posiu$ o* 8n)e#obi! di"estion o* 5olid 1)ste
(+openh)"en (en$)#6), 1:'5-G2
D27E Poulsen, 0H 2003 8n)e#obi! (i"estion 5olid 1)ste
?)n)"e$ent, +h 5 8)lbo#" 2ni3e#sity, 8)lbo#", (en$)#6
D2'E Pos, J, te9oe6ho#st, B, ,)ton, (, 1)l!;)6, 9 )nd P)3li!i6,
< 1G'1 9io")s P#odu!tion :#o$ 8ni$)l ?)nu#e )nd +#op
Besidues Y P#o!esses, P#o!edu#e, )nd (esi"n 0e!hni!)l
Bepo#t 12&-5G, 1G'1 5!hool o* ,n"inee#in", /nt)#io
8"#i!ultu#)l +olle"e, 2ni3e#sity o* Huelph
D2GE P#i!e, ,+ ) nd +he#e$isino**, P= 1G'1 9io")s:
P#odu!tion Y 2tili;)tion 8nn 8#bo# 5!ien!e Publishe#s,
.n! 8nn 8#bo#, ?.
D30E 8h#in", 9- 1GG4 5t)tus on 5!ien!e )nd 8ppli!)tion o*
0he#$ophili! 8n)e#obi! (i"estion 1)te# 5!ien!e
0e!hnolo"y, <ol 30, =o 12: 241-24G
D31E ,l-?)sh)d, C?, Oee$)n, H, 3)n Moon, 1-P, 9ot, HP
)nd Mettin"), H 2004 ,**e!t o* te$pe#)tu#e )nd
te$pe#)tu#e *lu!tu)tion on the#$ophili! )n)e#obi! di"estion
o* !)ttle $)nu#e 9io#esou#!e 0e!hnolo"y, .ss G5: 1G1 J
201
D32E ,)#th 0e!h 2002 1)ste-9)sed ,ne#"y :e)sibility 5tudy
Bepo#t sub$itted to ?uni!ip)lity o* +h)th)$--ent P#o%e!t
=o 554'4, ,)#th 0e!h +)n)d) .n! ?)#6h)$, /=
D33E -#)$e#, J 2002 8"#i!ultu#)l 9io")s +)seboo6 5ub$itted
to H#e)t M)6es Be"ion)l 9io$)ss ,ne#"y P#o"#)$
Besou#!e 5t#)te"ies, .n! ?)dison, 1.
D34E Pe#sson, 5P,, 9)#tlett, C(, 9#)ndin", 8,, )nd Be")n,
B1 1G7G 8"#i!ultu#)l 8n)e#obi! (i"este#s: (esi"n )nd
/pe#)tion 9ulletin '27, 0he Pennsyl3)ni) 5t)te 2ni3e#sity,
+olle"e o* 8"#i!ultu#e, 8"#i!ultu#e ,@pe#i$ent 5t)tion
2ni3e#sity P)#6, P8
D35E 8"508B 2004 8"508B C)ndboo6: 8 ?)nu)l *o#
(e3elopin" 9io")s 5yste$s )t +o$$e#!i)l :)#$s in the
2nited 5t)tes 5e!ond ,dition 25 ,n3i#on$ent)l
P#ote!tion 8"en!y )nd ,n3i#on$ent)l Besto#)tion H#oup
.n!
D3&E 0i$be#s, H, )nd ?)#sh)ll, ( 1G'1 9io")s )s ) :)#$
,ne#"y 5ou#!e +ont#ibution =o .-2G7 ,n"inee#in" )nd
5t)tisti!)l Bese)#!h .nstitute, Bese)#!h 9#)n!h, 8"#i!ultu#e
+)n)d)
D37E 9)#6e#, J+ 2001 ?eth)ne :uel H)s *#o$ Mi3esto!6
1)stes: 8 5u$$)#y Publi!)tion =o ,98, 071-'0, =o#th
+)#olin) +oope#)ti3e ,@tension 5e#3i!e
D3'E 0e!hni!)l Huide *o# biodi"este# 2012 5el)$ te!hni!)l )nd
3o!)tion)l t#)inin" !ente# (50<+), P/9o@ 2&, 8ddis
8b)b), ,thiopi)
D3GE 5unde# 9)%")in, 2011, +onst#u!tion ?)nu)l *o# HH+2047
$odel bio")s pl)nt, =ep)l