Short circuit calculations are an elaborate version of Ohm's Law. One of the key components in the calculation process is to determine the total impedance of the circuit from the utility / source, through the transmission system, transformers, and conductors. One sample calculation for calculating the short circuit current at downstream of transformer is shown below.
Short circuit calculations are an elaborate version of Ohm's Law. One of the key components in the calculation process is to determine the total impedance of the circuit from the utility / source, through the transmission system, transformers, and conductors. One sample calculation for calculating the short circuit current at downstream of transformer is shown below.
Short circuit calculations are an elaborate version of Ohm's Law. One of the key components in the calculation process is to determine the total impedance of the circuit from the utility / source, through the transmission system, transformers, and conductors. One sample calculation for calculating the short circuit current at downstream of transformer is shown below.
An Overview Of Short Circuit Current (part 3) Published on Mar 08, 2013 12:42 am by Asif Eqbal | Subscribe to Monthly Download Updates
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An Overview Of Short Circuit Current (part 3)
Continued from previous technical article: An Overview Of Short Circuit Current (part 2)
Sample calculation for small LT system Fault calculations are carried out to find the magnitude of fault current at various voltage levels of electrical system. Short circuit calculations are actually just an elaborate version of Ohms Law. One of the key components in the calculation process is to determine the total impedance of the circuit from the utility / source, through the transmission system, transformers, and conductors, down to the point in question such as a panel or switchboard location. The impedances of the various circuit elements have both resistance and reactance and are often referred to as the complex impedance or polar notation. Fault current values and time helps in deciding equipment short time withstand capacity and deriving settings of protection relays. Interrupting capacity of protection equipment should be high enough to open safely the maximum short circuit current which the power system can cause to flow through that equipment. One sample calculation for calculating the short circuit current at downstream of transformer is shown below. Purpose and intent of this calculation is to calculate the short term current rating of a marshalling kiosk to be fed by AC distribution board (ACDB). ACDB being fed by a source of 630kVA transformer.
Calculation basis 1/ The busbar and switchgear of Marshalling kiosk is sized for short time rating as per contribution from MV source through LT transformer. 2/ For circuits connected by transformer PU system is particularly suitable. By selecting suitable base kV for circuits the per unit reactance and resistance remains same, referred to either side (HV or LV) of transformer. 3/ For circuits connected by transformer same base kVA is selected for both the circuits (HV and LV) because power remains constant throughout so same base kVA should be considered throughout. 4/ As a rule only two bases should be selected first and from these two the remaining bases should be calculated. This is so because kV, kVA, I and Z are interrelated. They must obey ohms law. If we select base kVA and base kV than other base like base I and base Z are calculated from base kV and base kVA. Vice-versa will be inconvenient that is selecting base I and Z and calculating other bases like kV and kVA will make calculation difficult. I nput data to be collected: 1. Transformer Rating = 0.63 MVA 2. Transformer Voltage ratio = 11/0.433 kV 3. Frequency = 50Hz 4. Transformer Impedance = 5% = 0.05 PU 5. MV System fault level (Maximum) = 40 kA 6. MV System fault MVA = 3 x 40 x 11 = 762 MVA
Calculation Actual Fault Current available at AC distribution board Base MVA = 0.63 Base kV = 11 Base Current in kA = Base MVA/(3 x Base kV) = 0.63/(3 x 11) = 0.033 Base Impedance = (Base kV) 2 / Base MVA = 192.1 Source Impedance = MV System fault MVA / Base MVA = 0.0008 LT Transformer impedance at 0.63MVA & 11kV Base = 0.05 Total MV system impedance (MV System + LT Transformer) = 0.0508 Fault MVA contributed by Source through LT Transformer = Base MVA / Total Impedance
= 0.63 / 0.0508 = 12.40 Fault current contribution in kiloAmpers from MV system at LV side through (Switchyard) LT Transformer:
= Fault MVA x 1000 x 1000 / (3 x 0.433 x 1000 x 1000)
= 12.40 x 1000 x 1000 / (3 x 0.433 x 1000 x 1000)
= 17.245 kA
Actual Fault Current available at marshalling kioskbusbar Busbars and switchgear components of marshalling kiosk shall be braced for the peak value of the faultcurrent contribution from the MV system through 630kVA rated source transformer. Hereafter Marshalling kiosk to be referred as BMK and AC distribution board to be referred as ACDB.
Actual Fault Current available at marshalling kioskbusbar
Base kVA = same as above, since this parameter remains constant throughout the circuit Base kV = 0.415V Base kV at LV circuit Distance in meters of transformer from ACDB = 20 Distance in meters of BMK from ACDB = 50 Size of connecting cable in Sq mm from transformer to ACDB = 3.5C x 300 Sq mm Al, XLPE Resistance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable from transformer to BMK = 0.128 Total resistance over route length = 200.128 /1000 = 0.003 PU resistance = Actual Resistance x Base kVA/ (BasekV 2 x 1000) = 0.003 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.009 Reactance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable from transformer to BMK = 0.0705 Total reactance over route length = 0.070520 /1000 = 0.001 PU reactance = Actual Reactance x Base kVA/(Base kV 2 x 1000) = 0.001 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.0052 PU impedance of cable from LT transformer to ACDB = ((PU resistance) 2 +(PU reactance) 2 )= (0.009 2 + 0.0705 2 ) = 0.011 Size of conecting cable in Sq mm from ACDB to BMK = 3.5C x 35 Al, XLPE Resistance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable from ACDB to BMK = 0.671 Total resistance over route length = 0.671 x 50 /1000 = 0.034 PU resistance = Actual Resistance x Base kVA/(Base kV 2 x 1000) = 0.034 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.12 Reactance in Ohms/kM of connecting cable from ACDB to BMK = 0.0783 Total reactance over route length = 0.0783 x 50 /1000 = 0.004 PU reactance = Actual Reactance x Base kVA/(Base kV 2 x 1000) = 0.004 x 0.63 x 1000 / (0.415 x 0.415 x 1000) = 0.14 PU impedance of cable from ACDB to BMK = ((PU resistance) 2 +(PU reactance) 2 ) = ((0.12) 2 +(0.14) 2 ) = 0.124 Total PU Impeadnce of connecting cable from LT transformer to BMK = 0.011 + 0.124 = 0.134 Total PU Impedance from LT Transformer to BMK = PU Impedance of Transformer + Total PU Impedance of connecting cable from LT transformer to BMK = 0.05 + 0.134 = 0.1842 Fault MVA at BMK busbar = Base MVA/Total Impedance = 0.63 / 0.1842 = 3.42 Fault current in kiloAmps at BMK busbar = Fault MVA x 1000x 1000 / (3 x 0.415 x 1000 x 1000) = 3.42 x 1000 x 1000 / (3 x 0.415 x 1000 x 1000) = 4.757 kA Hence selection of 10kA busbar and switchgear components like MCB is safe and appropriate as per the actual fault level existing at BMK main busbar. Si. No Equipment CURRENT RATING CALCULATED SHORT TERM CURRENT RATING IN kA OPTIMUM SELECTION OF SHORT TIME CURRENT RATING IN kA RMS Symmetrical Assymmetrical peak value = RMS Symmetrical Assymmetrical peak value = nxRMS Symmetrical nxRMS Symmetrical 1 Main LT board 17.24 34.5 (n=2) 35 73.5 (n=2.1) 2 Marshalling kiosk 4.75 7.1 (n=1.5) 10 17 (n= 1.7) References: 1. Indian Standard 8623, part-1-SPECIFICATION FOR LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES 2. Indian Standard 10118, part-2-CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR 3. The Importance of the X/R Ratio in Low-Voltage Short Circuit Studies- Research paper DATE: November 17, 1999 REVISION: 0 by AUTHOR: John Merrell 4. Short-circuit-current Calculating Procedures by Donald Beeman, Alan Graeme Darling, and R. H. Kaufmann 5. Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook by K.C. Agrawal
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Category & Tags: Energy and Power, Transformers, fault current, impedance, mv system, resistance, short circuit current, short-circuit, transformer