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s's
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Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 2 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
Because triangles are similar, y and R are in the same proportion, then:
y
R
= 1
Recalling Hooke's Law that stress is proportional to strain, we can easily write the stress
at any point a distance y away from the neutral axis as = E *
y
:
Substituting for gives: E
y
R
= 2
R
y
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
T
e
n
s
i
o
n
dA
Figure 3
Let dA denote an elemental area on the cross section a distance y from the neutral axis.
The force acting on this area is simply the stress at y times the area dA.
F
dA
dA =
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 3 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
Substituting for stress gives:
F
dA
E
y
R
dA =
Summing all moments accross the cross section and setting them equal the external
moment M gives:
ie. Force = F
dA
, distance = y, M = FdA * y
A
E
R
y
(
(
,
y M =
A
E
R
y
2
(
(
,
M =
3
By definition, A y
2
(
(
R =
Solving for R gives: 6
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 4 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
Thus we can eliminate R and write:
E
y
E
I
M
=
Solving for stress gives:
y
M
I
= 7
Setting y = height/2 = c :for the maximum distance away from the neutral axis gives:
M c
I
= QED 8
We can now define the section modulus S as I/c, which finally gives the bending
stress as:
M
S
= 9
Relationship between bending and shear
dM
dx
V = Shear force is the rate of change of bending a
Load intensity with a negative sign, is the rate of
change of shear force
b dV
dx
q =
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 5 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
Derive the differential equation for deflection
Given:
Let the curve AmB in Figure 4 represent the neutral axis of a deflected beam after bending.
Assumptions :
Curvature at any point depends only on the magnitude of the bending moment M at that point.
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 6 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
From equation 5
1
R
M
E I
= 5
Consider two adjacent points m and m1 a distance ds apart on the deflection curve. Let the angle
between the tangent to the deflection curve at m and the x axis be denoted as . Then the angle
between the two normals m and m1 must be d. The intersection of these normals at point O defines
the center of curvature and defines the length R being the radius of curvature Then:
ds R d =
The sign convention is taken such that a positive increment is ds corresponds to a decrease in d,
thus
10 1
R
d
ds
=
Recalling the basic assumptions for bending that deflections are very small indicates that the
deflection curve is relatively flat and angles are small. In this case it is sufficiently accurate for
ds dx = tan ( ) =
dy
dx
=
Substituting into equation 10 gives:
1
R
d
ds
=
d
dy
dx
,
dx
=
d
2
y
dx
2
=
And equation 5 becomes:
M
EI
d
2
y
dx
2
=
Rewriting is standard from gives
EI
d
2
y
dx
2
M = 11
This is the differential equation of the deflection curve and must be intergrated for each specific
moment case to find the beam deflection of a beam.
Differentiating equation 11 twice with respect to x and combining with equations a and b gives:
EI
d
3
y
dx
3
V = 12
EI
d
4
y
dx
4
q = 13
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 7 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
For the case of a uniformly loaded beam, determine the deflection equation along the x axis from 0 to L.
From the free body diagram below we can write the moment at any point x along the length.
Summing moments at x with counterclockwise moment as positive we have:
R
a
x q x
x
2
M =
Then
M
q L x
2
q x
2
2
=
14
Substituting for M in equation 11 gives
EI
d
2
y
dx
2
q L x
2
q x
2
2
+ =
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 8 of 9
Beam Theory Derivation
John Milton Clark Engineers, Inc.
936-273-6200
Intergrating once gives the slope of the beam at any point x along the length.
x EI
d
d
2
y
dx
2
x
q L x
2
(
(
d x
q x
2
(
(
(
d + =
EI
dy
dx
=
1
4
q L x
2
1
6
q x
3
+ C + = 15
From the boundary conditions shown in Figure 4, it is clear that the slope is 0 at x = L/2, or
EI
dy
dx
0 =
1
4
q L
L
2
,
2
1
6
q
L
2
,
3
+ C + =
1
4
q L
L
2
,
2
1
6
q
L
2
,
3
+ C + 0 =
C
1
24
q L
3
=
Substituting into 15 and intergrating again:
y EI x
1
4
q L x
2
1
6
q x
3
+
1
24
q L
3
+
(
(
d =
y EI
1
24
q x 2 L x
2
x
3
+ L
3
+
( )
1
1
]
C
1
+ =
Again from Figure 4 we see that deflection y = 0 at x = 0. Subsittuting gives
0
1
12
q L 0
3
1
24
q 0
4
+
1
24
q L
3
0 + C
1
+ =
C
1
0 =
The maximum deflection occurs at the center - L/2. Substituting gives:
y EI
1
24
q
L
2
2 L
L
2
,
2
L
2
,
3
+ L
3
+
1
1
]
1
1
]
=
y EI
5
384
q L
4
=
y
5 q L
4
384 EI
= QED
Bm Theory.xmcd date printed
3/29/2010
page 9 of 9