Final Year Project - MM499

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii
NOMECLATURE ....................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 OWNER OF THE PROJECT .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 LOCATION OF THE MINE ........................................................................................... 1
1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................................... 2
1.4 GEOLOGY....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY .......................................................................................... 3
1.4.2 LOCAL GEOLOGY ................................................................................................. 4
1.5 MINING METHODS USED ........................................................................................... 6
1.6 MINE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................. 7
1.7 SHAFT AND CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 9
2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................................................... 9
2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................... 9
2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................ 10
2.3 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE................................................................................................ 10
2.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 10
2.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT ................................................................................................... 11

ii

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 12
3 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 12
3.1 DEVELOPMENT MINING CYCLE ............................................................................ 12
3.1.1 DRILLING .............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.2 CHARGING ........................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3 BLASTING ............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.4 MINE VENTILATION .......................................................................................... 16
3.1.5 EXTENSION OF UTILITIES ................................................................................ 17
3.1.6 MUCKING AND HAULAGE ............................................................................... 18
3.1.7 GROUND CONTROL............................................................................................ 19
3.2 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................. 25
3.2.1 JOHNSON DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................. 25
3.2.2 LOG-LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................ 26
3.2.3 GENERALIZED PARETO DISTRIBUTION ....................................................... 27
3.2.4 GENERALIZED EXTREME VALUE .................................................................. 28
3.2.5 PEARSON DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 34
4 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 35
5 SITE VISTING AND DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................... 35
5.1 SITE VISTING .............................................................................................................. 35
5.2 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................... 35
5.3 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS USED. ................................................................ 35
5.4 PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION ............................................................... 35
5.5 COLLECTED DATA .................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................. 38
6 DATA INTERPRETATION AND DATA ANALYSIS ...................................................... 38
6.1 RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 38
6.1.1 STATISTICS ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 39
6.1.2 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION .................................................... 46
6.1.3 GPSS/H SIMULATION ......................................................................................... 47
6.1.4 CYCLE TIME ......................................................................................................... 50
6.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................................................ 52

iii

CHAPTER SEVEN ...................................................................................................................... 55
7 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER EIGHT ....................................................................................................................... 57
8 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................ 57
CHAPTER NINE .......................................................................................................................... 58
9 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 58
CHAPTER TEN............................................................................................................................ 61
10 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 61
10.1 COLLECTED DATA ................................................................................................. 61
10.2 GPSS/H SIMULATION CODE ................................................................................. 61
10.3 ANIMATION LAYOUT ............................................................................................ 66

iv

ABSTRACT

This report is a draft for final year project II (MM499) with project title ASSESSMENT OF
EFFICIENCY OF MINE DEVELOPMENT CYCLES CONDUCTED AT BULYANHULU
UNDERGROUND MINE which conducted at Bulyanhulu gold mine.
This report comprises of different parts these are:- Introduction which concentrated on General
Overview of the company and operations of the company, Statement of the problems this
includes Background of the problem, problem statement, and objectives of the project and scope
of the project, Methodologies which will be used during the project to completion, Literature
review, Site Visiting and Data collection which consists of apparatus and equipment used, Data
Interpretation and Data analysis which consists of statistical analysis using EASYFIT software,
GPSS/H simulation results, cycle time analysis and discussion of results, Conclusion and
Recommendation, References includes different cited work, books, reports, journal articles
which close up the report, Appendices which contains data collected, GPSS/H simulation code
and Animation layout.
EASYFIT software provided cumulative distribution probability which helped in simulation and
also provided statistic distribution behavior of each activity.
From GPSS/H simulation was concluded that the plan monthly target of advance meters should
be 483m according to the current mine development activities duration, also main factors
contributing to lag behind the development are operation delays, machine breakdown, and face
flooding, while ventilation, power and water also contribute Other factors are operator efficiency
and experience, Materials being far away from the working face (Storage) such as explosives,
leaking of vent tubes, Remucks and loading point are far away from the face.

v

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to give my sincere gratitude to the department of Chemical and Mining Engineering
(CME) for their maximum cooperation for completing this project.
Also my thanks go to the Bulyanhulu Gold Mine all departments especially Training,
development section and Technical service team for their effort to make sure I successes to
gather all information needed to accomplish my project.

Special thanks go to my project supervisor Dr. Samwel Gwamaka Mafwenga for his advice and
his maximum cooperation; also I would to dedicate my thanks to PAULSAM GROUP for their
kindness.

My gratitude thanks go to my family for their support, advice and encourage what is best for me and
how I can succeed and achieve my goals and HESLB for their financial support.

Lastly I appreciate the efforts of my classmates for their kindness to share their idea,
knowledge and experience with me in whole process of completing this project work.

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:1: Mine Location. ............................................................................................................. 1
Figure 1:2: Regional geology - Sukumaland Greenstone Belt ....................................................... 4
Figure 1:3: Local geology ............................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4:1: Mine development cycle ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 4:2: Ejector-type pneumatic ANFO Loader ...................................................................... 15
Figure 4:3: Scaling bar .................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 4:4: Reinforcement ............................................................................................................ 23
Figure 4:5 The Gumbel, Frchet and Weibull distribution families ............................................ 29
Figure 6:1: Histogram and probability density function for drilling at 9-3866 decline................ 39
Figure 6:2: Cumulative distribution function for drilling at 9-3866 decline. ............................... 39
Figure 6:3: Histogram and probability density function for blasting at 9-3866 decline. .............. 40
Figure 6:4: Cumulative distributions function for blasting at 9-3866 Decline. ............................ 40
Figure 6:5: Histogram and probability density function for bolting at 9-3866 decline. ............... 41
Figure 6:6: Cumulative distributions function for bolting at 9-3866 decline. .............................. 41
Figure 6:7: Histogram and probability density function for charging at 9-3866 decline. ............ 42
Figure 6:8: Cumulative distributions function for charging at 9-3866 decline. ........................... 42
Figure 6:9: Histogram and probability density function for mucking at 9-3866 decline. ............ 43
Figure 6:10: Cumulative distributions function for mucking at 9-3866 decline. ......................... 43
Figure 6:11: Histogram and probability density function for extension of utilities at 9-3866
decline. .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 6:12: Cumulative distributions function of extension of utilities at 9-3866 decline. ........ 44
Figure 6:13: Histogram and probability density function of ventilation at 9-3866 decline. ......... 45
Figure 6:14: Cumulative distribution function of ventilation at 9-3866 decline. ......................... 45
Figure 6:15: Flowchart for simulation model ............................................................................... 47
Figure 6:16: Block diagram for GPSS simulation ........................................................................ 48
Figure 6:17: Actual and Planned cycle time of haul truck for day 1 ............................................ 50

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2:1: Excavation dimensions .................................................................................................. 9
Table 4:1: Examples of two types of voids/openings ................................................................... 22
Table 4:2: Bolt type and description ............................................................................................. 24
Table 5:1: Planned time (Minutes) for development activities ..................................................... 36
Table 5:2: Actual time (Minutes) for development activities at 9-3866 Decline ......................... 37
Table 5:3: Actual and planned haulage and mucking cycle time of different location to dumping
point 1-3980 .................................................................................................................................. 37
Table 6:1: Goodness of fit test results........................................................................................... 38
Table 6:2: Cumulative distribution function and parameters for the activities ............................ 46
Table 6:3: statistical analysis of data ............................................................................................ 52
Table 9:1: Distance of development headings from dumping point and loading point. ............... 61

viii

NOMECLATURE

ABG African Barrick Gold
ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil
ATF Animation Trace File
BGML Bulyanhulu Gold Mine Limited
CCF Conventional Cut and Fill
DnF Drift and Fill
GPSS General Purpose Simulation System
HT Haul Truck
HELSB Higher Education Student Loan Board
KMCL Kahama Mining Corporation Limited
LHD Load and Haul Dump
LOM Life Of Mine
OTK Outokumpu Oy and Kone Engineering
PDI Placer Dome Inc.
SME Society of Mining Engineering
SOPs Standard Operating Procedures
STAMICO State Mining Company
1

CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OWNER OF THE PROJECT
BARRICK is a company from Canada which conducts mining activities worldwide, currently the
company owns African Barrick Gold (ABG) which operates three mines in Tanzania with
Bulyanhulu being one of them. Others are Buzwagi and the North Mara Gold Mine.
1.2 LOCATION OF THE MINE
The Bulyanhulu Gold Mine is an Underground mine which is located 45km south of Lake
Victoria, in the Kahama District of the Shinyanga Region, within the Sukumaland of northern
Tanzania (see figure). Access to the mine from Mwanza is through a 127km road to the northeast
and from the town of Kahamais about 84km to the south.

Figure 1:1: Mine Location.
2

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Gold was first discovered by a herdsman at Bulyanhulu in the roots of an uplifted tree in 1976.
This discovery quickly brought an influx of artisan miners to the area, and at one time it was the
site of an estimated 6,000 people. From July 1977 to July 1979, the Ministry of Water, Energy
and Minerals carried out a program of surface mapping and sampling followed by diamond
drilling of nine holes.

Between 1980 and 1982, the State Mining Company (STAMICO) acquired the ground and
continued with diamond drilling. In 1983, STAMICO entered into a joint venture with two
Finnish companies, Outokumpu Oy and Kone Engineering (OTK). The OTK joint venture
drilled further holes and produced an economic evaluation by 1984. No further work was carried
out until 1989 when the Tanzanian Government declined to renew the OTK joint venture
companys interest in the Bulyanhulu Concession the government thereafter entered into an
option agreement with Placer Dome Inc. (PDI) of Vancouver.

PDI completed more diamond drilling, metallurgical tests and an economic evaluation before
relinquishing its rights to the property in 1992. Kahama Mining Corporation Limited (KMCL)
took over in September 1994. On-site work started immediately with the rehabilitation of the
camp, recovery and storage of drill-core, surface mapping, and geochemical and geophysical
surveys. An aggressive diamond-drill programme was undertaken by KMCL, and during 1998-
1999 a ramp was driven underground for test mining, bulk sampling and to allow further
underground development. Barrick Gold Corporation acquired Sutton in 1999. Production began
in late 2000 and the mine was formally opened in July 2001.

As of December 31 2004, there were approximately 3.2 million tonnes (1.3 million ounces of
gold) mined at Bulyanhulu mine. The ore reserve, as estimated by the Mining Engineering and
Geology Departments, was 21.7 Mt @ 15.2g/t Au for 10.6 million ounces in the proven and
probable categories (Geology Department, 2005). The current life of mine (LOM) plan indicates
a mine life of more than 20 years. (Bulyanhulu Geology Department,2005)

3

1.4 GEOLOGY
1.4.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The Bulyanhulu Gold Mine is located within the central portion of the Sukumaland Greenstone
Belt which displays a distinct eye or kidney shape, consisting of two intermittently developed
bands of greenstone terrain. These are enclosed and surrounded by granitic terrain and granitoid
intrusions, and the westernmost part of the megastructure is covered unconformable by
Proterozoic rocks. The greenstone belt is approximately 200 km in length and 100 km wide,
with its long axis trending east-west, and covers an area of ~20,000 km
2
(Fig 2).

The Sukumaland Greenstone Belt has a twofold arcuate shape comprising an inner, older (Lower
Nyanzian) belt characterized by basaltic and andesitic lavas and tuffs, and an outer, younger
(Upper Nyanzian) arc consisting of banded iron formation and tuffs. Regional mapping and
limited structural field data led to the interpretation of a general younging trend from the centre
of the two concentric eye-shaped, Nyanzian-aged, belts towards the outer margins. The belt has
been subjected to intensive deformation.

Lithological units have been studied in some detail by various workers, and a tentative
stratigraphic succession has been established, but the lack of exposed contacts between separate
rock units has hindered the establishment of clear stratigraphy and tectonic relationships.

Detailed structural data and structural investigations of the Sukumaland Greenstone Belt are not
documented. Several phases of deformation have been inferred in the belt, but are poorly
understood in real time so are currently described in the literature in relative terms:
A poorly documented, early phase of thrusting of the Nyanzian (D) a prominent folding event
that produced open to tight upright folds with sub-horizontal fold axes (D
1
) where conjugate and
concentric faults have developed in reaction to compression and tectonic up-doming of the
central part of the area, and these faults define fault-bounded blocks which have undergone
strong vertical displacement
A second folding event (D
2
) which resulted in the development of abundant s- and z-folds with
sub-vertical fold axes. This same event was caused by N-S compression resulting in the
formation of radiating structures cutting across the inner belt of the Bulyanhulu Greenstone Belt
4

and in the eastward displacement of a compressional tectonic wedge (the Bulyanhulu Block),
bounded by a set of conjugate shear faults.
Syn- and late-orogenic granodiorites and granites (2.5 Ga) as well as post-orogenic alkali-
granites (2.0 Ga) have intruded the region and may have been involved with in vertical block
movement of the complexly faulted region
Post-Archaean deformation was largely restricted to extensional block faulting. The rocks of the
overlying Kavirondian have undergone far less intensive deformation and only open folds, and
one cleavage, instead of two, is developed. (Bulyanhulu, 31st December 2004)

Figure 1:2: Regional geology - Sukumaland Greenstone Belt
1.4.2 LOCAL GEOLOGY
The stratigraphy of the Bulyanhulu area is characterized by a Lower Nyanzian volcano-
sedimentary sequence largely comprising bimodal mafic and felsic extrusive and intrusive rocks.
All units have undergone greenschist-facies metamorphism. Contacts between units are poorly
defined, except over the main zone of mineralization where there is a conformable sequence
confirmed by drilling.

Intercalations of argillaceous horizons of varying thickness occur throughout the package, and
show that the stratigraphy is the right way up. The main mineralisation, termed Reef 1, is hosted
in the thickest and most laterally extensive horizon of argillite where it is intensely deformed.
Mineralisation follows the horizon and strikes roughly 320 with a dip of 85NE. The structural
5

footwall is largely basaltic with both intrusive and extrusive facies. Structurally overlying the
mineralisation is a sequence of fine grained ash tuffs, passing upward into what are thought to be
hyaloclastic felsic flows intruded by thin quartz porphyry dykes and sills. Brecciated felsic units
often contain clasts of mafic material, as well as pyrite clasts and concretions and occasional
chert fragments. A distinctive unit containing abundant lensoid pyrite is developed proximal to
the reef in the hangingwall. This is termed the Pyrite Zone.

A granodiorite body is located in the south-west of the property, and the presence of quartz-
feldspar porphyry intrusions within the volcanic pile are presumed to be related to this igneous
intrusion

These intrusions are currently undated. A series of dolerite dykes, presumed to be related to the
Proterozoic mobile belt to the northwest, cut the stratigraphy and mineralisation.

Figure 1:3: Local geology
Regional and local geology descriptions are extracts from Report on the Mineral Resource and
Ore Reserve Estimations for Bulyanhulu Gold Mine. (Bulyanhulu, 31st December 2004)

6

1.5 MINING METHODS USED
SUBLEVEL STOPPING (LONGHOLE)
This is a vertical mining method in which a large open stope is created for extraction of ore vein.
This open stope is not meant to be occupied by the miners; therefore all work of drilling and
blasting most be performed from sublevels within the ore blocks.
At Bulyanhulu site, this open stopping method extracting ore by long hole drilling from sub
levels which is 20m long of long hole stope. These drifts excavated are 2.7m wide and 3.9m high
and the blasted ore falls to the bottom of the stope and is mucked by means of a scoop (remote
mucking), the ore is then taken to mucking points for reserve and later taken by truck to the rock
breakage.

ALIMAK STOPPING
This name derived from the machine used called ALIMAK MACHINE consists of a cage working
platform, driving motor, the grade rail and auxiliary elements.
Alimak raises range from 75 to 160 Meters long. Drilling and blasting are all performed from
the platform of raiser climber, which adapted to fit the precise dimensions and shape of the raise.

Alimak stoping is a modified version of the longhole mining method applied to steep and narrow
deposits with competent hanging and footwalls. As it adopts an Alimak raise along the hanging
wall for access to perform drilling and blasting, personnel are required to work inside. The
confined space and this poses unique geotechnical challenges

CONVENTIONAL CUT AND FILL (CCF)
Usually this employed for weak tabular deposits. As mining progresses, normally upward, sand,
tailings, or waste backfill is placed in the stope to provide support for the walls. The ore,
recovered in horizontal slices, is moved to chutes or ore passes mechanically, and the waste is
usually distributed hydraulically.
Mechanization using diesel equipment such as jackleg and scrape is used for scraping materials
to the drawpoint through hole mill, was the normal method of making cut-and-fill stopes both
productive and efficient

7

1.6 MINE DEVELOPMENT
Development composed of excavation almost entirely in waste rock (non-valuable) and ore body
(valuable).
The following are some activities carried during mine development cycle
Drilling: Minimatic jumbo with double boom used in drilling process 45mm holes diameter
for waste development, Quasar jumbo machine with 32mm diameter bit for ore development.
Ground control: Minimatic Jumbo used for supporting and scaling where by rock reinforced
and surface rock support including meshing, strapping, split set bolts were used, jackleg used
for drilling holes for supporting,,.
Blasting: ANFO, charging by ANFO loader, Scissor lift, firing electrically or by non-electric
methods.
Mucking and loading: Scoops were, underground damp trucks were used

This section divided into two parts, these were:-
WASTE DEVELOPMENT
This deals with construction of underground access drives such as ramps, declines,
transportation of materials using heavy trucks (truck dumps and scoops) and also transporting
ore to the bins at shaft, waste pass, vent access, ware house, remucks and electrical/paste cards.
This is the first stage of mine development which can be lateral or vertical.
Lateral development: is mainly for underground access drives such as ramps to access
different parts of underground, vertical shafts and drifts construction of 4.5m wide and 5.5m
height
Vertical development: This is for raise boarer and alimak climber, manway, mill hole,
footwall drive, ventilation raise etc, the holes were drilled vertically and charged by
emulsion, booster, detonator and cortex.
ORE DEVELOPMENT,
This is the second stage follow after waste development deals with driving the access (drift) for
other mining methods like sublevel stoping, alimak and conventional to come to mine ore. Holes
were drilled and loaded explosives then blasted.

8

1.7 SHAFT AND CONSTRUCTION
Shaft section deals with carrying personnel/materials into underground by using cages and
construction of shaft, finger raise, Orepass, waste pass for transportation of material from
underground to the surface through skips. This process consists of chutes, conveyor belts and
frustum flasks where by conveyors transport ore/waste from the stock via chutes to the frustum
which hold them and send them to the skips. There are two loadout points one located at level
3940 which convey materials from levels 3980, 4130, 4430 and level 4580 which convey
materials from levels 4850, 4700.

9

CHAPTER TWO
2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Mine development involves making excavations necessary to access the orebody and support
mining operations. Some of the access drives include shaft, ramps, ore drifts, waste and ore
passes, vent accesses, ware houses, workshops, remuck and electric cuds. Development depends
on demands of the mine plan and designs.

Where the ore continuity and the ground conditions are such that continuous mining may be
used, the ramps are driven in either the footwall or the hanging wall of the stope block. The
ramps are driven so that the extraction raises may be installed at the most economical intervals.
Similarly short access ramps (incline or decline) may be driven into the stope at regular intervals
as the mine progresses. In both cases, an adequate haulage system must be developed on the
level below the stope so that the ore may be efficiently transported to the shaft.

EXCAVATION SIZES
An excavation dimension depends on the mining method used. It undertaken to minimize amount
of waste to be excavated to accommodate equipment/material and services that go along with it.
Dimensions of various excavations at Bulyanhulu are presented in table 1.
Table 2:1: Excavation dimensions
OPENING TYPE WIDTH (m) HEIGHT (m)
Longhole stopes 2.7 3.9
Conventional Cut and Fill (C.C.F) 1.2 2.5
Drifts 4.5 5.0
Ramp
5.0 5.0
Alimak Raise Greater than 1.8(sidewall to side wall) 75-160m

10

Often, development of these opening types lags behind scheduled targets causing concerns to
future smooth and continuous supply of ore to the process plant.
2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Bulyanhulu gold mine is currently experiencing problems in mine development progress in
which, the designed yearly o monthly mine development advance is not being met. This results
into lost future production, which then affects overall profitability of the mine. This causes long
term impacts on future production of gold.
In mining, it is very important to have steady production rates of ore. However the production
depends on development of infrastructure prior to meeting the actual production. Development
creates accesses to the orebody and builds infrastructure for material handling and mine services
such as ventilation, sumps, electricity and paste backfilling system.
The activities which takes place in mine development includes drilling, charging, blasting,
Ventilation, mucking, Ground control (supporting, Scaling), Extension of utilities (water pipes
and power) which are undertaken serially. Which among these development activities hinder
planned schedules of development advance to meet the targeted meters developed is a concern
that to be solved.

2.3 OBJECTIVES

2.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE
To assess the effectiveness of mine development activities at Bulyanhulu Gold Mine in
view of achieving the planned monthly target of horizontal development advance.

2.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
To assess the activity durations of the various mine development cycles these activities
are Drilling, Charging, Blasting, Ground control (scaling, supporting), Mucking,
Ventilation, Extension of utilities (power cables, water pipes, compressed air pipes, etc)
To identify and quantify effects of each of the activities taking place in development
areas using simulation.
11

2.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT

This project based on development sections to determine constraints and pinpoint potential
bottlenecks in development rate and mine development cycles and their effects in mine plan
targets.
The project focused on the following activities which carried on during mine development
Drilling
Charging
Blasting
Ground control (scaling, bolting)
Mucking
Ventilation
Extension of utilities/service (power cables, water pipes, compressed air pipes, etc)

The data collected were assisted to conduct simulation of the activities in mine development to
identify problem areas for improvement of the mine development advance.

12

CHAPTER THREE
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
On this project literature review will consist:-
i. Theories on development mining cycle
ii. Statistical distributions

3.1 DEVELOPMENT MINING CYCLE

Mine cycles are number of basic and fundamental tasks whose regular and repeated performance.
Mine development cycles consists unit operations and auxiliary operations
Unit operation is used to describe the basic tasks of any systematic process in mining unit
operations are Drilling, Blasting, Loading as mucking and Haulage as transportation
Auxiliary operations includes site preparation, ground control, transportation of personnel and
supplies, provision for pumping, paste system, ventilation and power as well as reclamation
procedures not included in other steps (Raman, Unit operations of mining, 1992)
The following are mine development cycle (Development-blasting-Supporting, 2009)

Figure 3:1: Mine development cycle

13

3.1.1 DRILLING

Drilling is rock penetration process which employed in mining for the placement and for the
provision of free face for efficient use of explosives. (Dr.Baruti, 2011/12)
At Bulyanhulu minimatic jumbo with double boom used in drilling process 45mm holes
diameter for waste development, Quasar jumbo machine with 32mm diameter bit for ore
development are used in drilling operation.
Before driller started to drill there were factors which were considered these are Hole length,
Spacing and burden, Angle of the hole (dip and dump), all these were designed from technical
service section.
The driller (operator) monitors the rotation speed, percussion, feed pressure when drilling hole.
The driller should very accurate in order to minimize deflections when drilling. If deflection
occurs, the hole is likely to deflect at the same direction and dip. Water and air used for cleaning
and reduction of dust.
Considerations must be given to number of factors before drilling can commence drillability of
the ore, required fragmentations and hole deviation.
Factors affecting drilling performance:-
Operating Variables - these affect the four components of the drilling system (drill, rod,
bit, and fluid). They are largely controllable and include factors that affect the tools (drill
power, blow energy and frequency, rotary speed, thrust, and rod design) and drillhole
cleaning (fluid properties and flow rate).
Drillhole factors, these include hole size, length, and inclination, they are uncontrollable.
Rock factors - these consist of properties of rock, geological conditions surrounding the
rock, and the state of stress acting on the drillhole. Often referred to as drillability factors,
they determine the strength of the rock and limit drill performance. They are largely
uncontrollable.
Service factors - these variables include labor and supervision, power supply, job site
conditions, weather, and so forth. Except for labor and supervision, they are independent
factors and cannot often be affected by the drill operator. (Jan & Hartman, 2002)

14

Important parameters that are influencing the drilling time are: DRI, geology and machine
properties, but there are also additional factors such as cost (not included in the study), service
factors (not included in the study), hole quality (where the accuracy is important and will
depend on: drill blast pattern, the length of the holes and drilling method), feed force/thrust
(deviation skidding of the surface), moving and setting-up-time which will provide for
effectiveness of drilling, stoppage during drilling and rod handling. (Hamrin, 1993)
Standard Operating Procedure is set which specifies how the jumbo is to be positioned, the
brakes applied. Jacks lowered and the manner, timing of changing from diesel power (transport
mode) to operating (electro hydraulic) mode. The way in which electrical power is connected
and which functions are permitted to be carried out under diesel power and/or electrical power
should be specified. Matters such as positioning the cut and the order of drilling holes should be
established (Resources Safety:docep, 2008)

ONE SHIFT DRILLING AND BLASTING
The following are advantages and disadvantages of one shift drill & blast as compared to the 2
shift blast.

Advantages:
The system is feasible where there are multiple faces. In that case one & half to two cuts
per Jumbo per shift can be achieved.
Good blast is normally assured in the normal 24 hr shift blast, since there would be ample
charging time.
Re- entry time delays during shift changes are eliminated.
Disadvantages:
Lost blasts cannot be recovered immediately. It takes more than 12 hrs to get it fixed.
Unavailability of faces to cope with the proposed plan. For instance the CCF stopping,
longhole and ore development are developed hand to mouth in order to meet target.
There would be more ore/waste to be trammed during the night shift (or one shift) which
could put constraint on the muck & Haul team.

15

3.1.2 CHARGING

Charging: Is the process of pumping ANFO into the dilled hole, this is done by using ANFO
loader, Scissor lift. Before charging the drilled holes are cleaned by pressurizing water into the
hole. The connection is done by priming the non-electrical detonator into the booster; the primer
is placed into the drilled hole.
Sometimes charging termed as Blasthole loading which involves placing of all of the necessary
ingredients into blasthole including the main explosive charge, deck charges, initiation systems,
primers, and stemming (mainly for surface blasting).
Before charging/loading checking of blasthole for cleaning by using compressed air should be
performed to remove chippings and water in blasthole.
The charging based on considerations such as allowable powder factor, hardness of ore
Hook up: The non-electrical detonators connected with wires from the blasting box.
A single person should be in charge of final checkout to assure that the hook up plan has been
properly followed and that the blast is ready to fire and thereafter the blasting box is switched on
for allowing the flow of current.
Barricading: The charged area is barricaded with charged face sign to provide safety guidance
and information for any person.

Figure 3:2: Ejector-type pneumatic ANFO Loader
16

3.1.3 BLASTING

Blasting refers to the process of rock fragmentations by using explosives and other agents.
An explosive is any chemical compound, mixture, or device, the primary objective of which is to
function by explosion.
Selection of an explosive and blasting system is relatively complicated task. The objective is to
optimize the overall process of excavation. Therefore, the blasting operation must consider the
cost of drilling and the cost of excavating the broken muck and hauling it to its final destination.
Shot firing: Firing time is 6:00AM for day shift and 6:00PM for night shift everyday but you
should be aware of the times before going to underground. After firing the area should not be
reentered until the toxic gases have been dispersed. The time required is atleast 30minutes and
first person to reenter should inspect the area for loose rocks the area should be dangered off
until loose rocks barred down or otherwise taken care of. The area should be checked for
misfires. (Dick, Fletcher, & D'Andrea, 1983)
Each drill hole is first loaded with an initiating device such as an electric blasting cap or a
nonelectric blasting cap, either of which may be a standard delay or a millisecond delay, along
with a booster or a stick of powder. Then each hole is loaded with gelatin cartridges or ANFO.
The explosive used in development of headings is ANFO, charging by ANFO loader, Scissor lift,
firing electrically or by non-electric methods.

3.1.4 MINE VENTILATION

Mine Ventilation is the control of air movement, its amount (quantity) and direction in the mine.
It is the principal means of air quantity control in the mine. (Eng. Gongo, 2013/14)

A mine ventilation system is essentially a set of interconnected airways. The system includes the
fan(s), airways, and regulatory devices. With added legal requirements placed on the ventilation
of belt lines, gob and face areas, and air velocities on trolley haulage roads, the ventilation
system can be quite complex, and all but simple problems require computational aids to ease and
speed their solution.
17

The mine ventilation system consists of fans, airways (openings to surface and interconnections
in the mine between the openings through the working areas), and control devices for air
coursing. Quantity control in this system means achieving desired airflows through the optimal
selection of openings to surface; the shape, size, and number of airways; location of control
devices; and selection and location of fans. The term optimal as used here is global and not
restricted to ventilation only. Very often, the airflow logistics problem is intertwined with miner
and materials transport as well as with many other safety and productivity considerations. The
mine airflow distribution is completely defined by:-
The physical parameters of the airways shape, area, length, and characteristics of the airway
surface;
The layout of the mine openings;
The pressure sources (e.g., fans) in the system, their location and characteristics; and
The interconnections between the airways, mine openings. (Raman, Mine Ventilation,
1992)

The mine ventilation system is critical because it :- (BGML, 2010)
Provides a supply of fresh air to breathe
Helps to remove heat and reduce temperature
Assists in diluting and removing airborne gases and particles

3.1.5 EXTENSION OF UTILITIES

Utilities include electric power, compressed air, and water these should be available at working
area all the time.
Mine electrical power systems have traditionally held little interest for the mining engineer, who
has tended to avoid them, or for the electrical engineer, who has given them scant attention.
Mining equipment is usually mobile and self-propelled; most is powered electrically through
portable cables and, for safety, must be part of an elaborate grounding system. The machines and
power distribution equipment are seldom stationary and must resist extreme levels of dust,
18

moisture, and vibration. Also effective management of a mine requires that any one responsible
for production and safety also be familiar with the mine electrical system.
Compressed air and water are other utilities used by machines in mine development in drilling
operation, charging using pneumatic ANFO loader, dust suppression. (Morley & Novak, 1992)

3.1.6 MUCKING AND HAULAGE

Mucking is the process of loading and transporting broken ore from the point where it is
excavated to an ore pass or haulage vehicle. Mucking generally involves the use of a wheel or
track-mounted digging vehicle such as an LHD or an air-powered overshot loader.
To keep stope productivities high during the mucking cycle, two areas are focused upon:
equipment availability and scheduling mucking as often as possible. In major mining areas,
equipment availability increases with the accessibility of stopes via the extensive ramp systems.
(Farmer, 1992)
At Bulyanhulu mine mucking and loading in development is done by Scoop trams and
underground damp trucks.
The LHD tramming distance depends on the length of the drift. The tramming distance is defined
as the distance from the loading location to the active face. The cycle time will be higher for
equipment working at the far end of the drift than for equipment in the middle or near the access.
The ore mucked out from each stope is transported to the bottom point of the shaft and then
hoisted to the surface. The amount of ore hauled from the sub level stopes is recorded at the end
of each shift. (Salama & Greberg)
Truck cycle time includes spotting or truck maneuvering time, loading time, travelling time
when fully loaded, dumping time, and travelling time back to the loading point. A cycle time
survey was done by following the truck from the loading point to the shaft bottom point. The
survey found that the time varies from one run to another. Many factors contribute to these
variations, which include payload variations, ramp curvatures, operator efficiency, ramp grade,
lighting, etc. (Morgan, 1994).

19

Loading times including spotting time may be exponentially distributed.
The travel Routes which are used by haul trucks from loading point to the dumping point. The
truck, the loaded truck passes through super-ramp which allow only one equipment to pass at a
time and after dumping the empty haul truck return with ramp A which used by all equipments in
the mine to access level 3800mL.
The loading point (loading bay), this is where scoop trams or LHD provides services to the
haul trucks of filling them material with materials for hauling to the destination point.
The dumping area, where the material (ore or waste) are dumped such as remucks which
located at a minimum distance of 150m from the working face and also includes where rock
breaker located which allow materials reach the load out point(level 3940) through finger raise.
3.1.7 GROUND CONTROL
Ground control defined as the ability to predict and influence the behaviour of rock in a mining
environment, having due regard for the safety of the workforce and the required serviceability
and design life of the openings.
3.1.7.1 SCALING

Scaling is the most commonly applied technique to control workplace hazards. Scaling involves
removing loose rock from the walls, face and backs of an excavation.

MECHANICAL SCALING
Mechanical scaling has the principal benefit of isolating the miner from the unsupported rock
mass during scaling activities.
The application of mechanical scaling does have limitations though including:
Mechanical scaling does not effectively eliminate all potential risk of rock falls as an
isolated process unless it is conducted in conjunction with mechanical installation of rock
bolts and mesh (or another form of surface support). The operator is often at a distance
from the ground being scaled and at a location that does not permit thorough visual
examination of the ground being scaled. While larger slabs and scats may be effectively
identified and scaled with a jumbo, smaller pieces of rock may be overlooked or missed.
Therefore if there is no intention by an operation to install a surface support system
20

following mechanical scaling then further scaling (manual) will be required prior to
permitting access of personnel.
The energy transferred to the rock mass through the powerful drifters used on drilling rigs
can substantially loosen the rock mass and cause further intact rock failure resulting in
increased over break and excavation size. This is particularly undesirable for sidewalls as
this will cause a subsequent increase in the span of the excavation.
Damage can occur to the booms and drill string of a jumbo if the mechanical scaling is
not conducted in an appropriate manner.
Workers should not be permitted to work in areas that have only been mechanically scaled and
where no other form of surface support exists. Mechanical scaling is not a stand-alone/final
process that can effectively deal with the rock mass to ensure prevention of all potential
rockfalls. At Bulyanhulu mine minimatic jumbo is used during mechanical scaling.

MANUAL (HAND) SCALING
Manual scaling is a less aggressive method on the rock mass than mechanical scaling and is often
performed subsequent to the latter where there is no intention to install a surface support system.
Hand scaling from muck piles, while working under unsupported ground, after firing in high
development headings is now uncommon. As described above, where an operation is not
installing some type of surface support in addition to rock bolting, there will be a requirement to
finish off the rock mass through manual scaling. Scaling bar is used for manual scaling.

Figure 3:3: Scaling bar
21

Manual scaling has limitations as well that include:
Placing those scaling at potentially greater risk by requiring them to be in close proximity
to the unsupported rock mass.
A person being unable to always effectively scale large or otherwise detached pieces of
rock including wedges.
The orientation of geological and local structure making it difficult or impossible to scale
from good to bad ground on occasions.
Height limitations, where scaling efficiency is reduced in excavations over 3.5 metres in
height.
Not having a clear path of retreat when scaling high backs from a basket.
The physical effect of a manual intensive activity can cause over exertion or over
extension of the limbs.
The repose of the broken rock after firing can make it difficult, if not impossible at times,
to manually scale safely.
Manual scaling should be systematically carried out at the face of a development drive that has
been drilled in preparation for charging, prior to the start of charging.
The key points to consider are:
Where no surface support system is used in headings that are high, workers should be
provided with suitable lifting equipment and procedures for establishing a safe re-entry
into an area following blasting.
Ground should always be scaled from good to bad.
Be aware of potentially loose scats.
Hand held rise mining presents a significant level of risk to the worker from rockfall
upon re-entry after blasting. There is no known certain method available where the risk
from rock fall upon re-entry into to a blind ladder raise, following blasting, can be made
sufficiently low as to remove all doubt. (Minahan, 2004)
Whilst the act of scaling is relatively straightforward, careful attention should be paid to the
following:
Identifying the ground conditions (visual inspection, Sounding)
Manual scaling procedures (Using scaling bar)
22

Mechanized scaling procedures(Using minimatic Jumbo and jacklegs)
Scaling procedures for large potentially unstable blocks;
Scaling procedures in raveling ground;
Progressive scaling and installation of support;
Scaling in high headings;
Scaling in narrow headings; and
Regular check scaling of main roadways

MINE OPENINGS/VOIDS
The supports and reinforcement installation depends on life of the openings (how long will be
standing)
The design life of mine voids has been divided into two categories;
Long term voids
Temporary voids
Long-term voids having a design life of at least one year.

Table 3:1: Examples of two types of voids/openings
LONGTERM VOIDS/OPENINGS TEMPORARY VOIDS/ OPENINGS
Drifts, Adits, declines, headings Drill drves
Main dip and level development Mill holes (drawpoints)
Escape ways and refugee chambers/bays Extraction drives
Intake and return airways Working party magazine
Offices and lunch rooms Stope ventilation raises
Workshops and electrical substations Stope access drives
Crusher and conveyor excavations
Main pump stations
Main magazine and fuel storage bays
(Australia, 2011)

23

3.1.7.2 GROUND SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT (GSR)

Rock support is the term widely used to describe the procedures and materials used to improve
the stability and maintain the load bearing capacity of rock near to the boundaries of an
underground excavation.
Reinforcement is a means of conserving or improving the overall rock mass properties from
within the rock mass by techniques such as rock bolts, cable bolts and ground anchors
The aim of reinforcement is to develop the inherent strength of the rock and make it self-
supporting. Reinforcement is primarily applied internally to the rock mass.
The terms ground support and ground reinforcement are often used interchangeably, however
they refer to two different approaches to stabilizing rock (Stillborn, 1994).

Figure 3:4: Reinforcement
Support is the application of a reactive force to the surface of an excavation and includes
techniques and devices such as timber, fill, shotcrete, mesh and steel or concrete sets or liners.
Support applied to the perimeter of the excavation to limit movement of the rock mass.

Ground support and reinforcement includes all the various methods and techniques of both kinds
that may be used to improve the stability of the ground.
There is a wide range of rock reinforcement and support methods available that can be used
individually or in combination to stabilize underground mine workings including:
Rock bolts, and cables; Friction rock stabilizers; Cast concrete lining; Shotcrete (plain and fibre
reinforced); Thin flexible surface coatings; Strapping; Timber props; Timber packs; Timber or
steel sets; Yielding sets; Hydraulic props; Screw-jack type props; Mesh; and Backfill (plain and
strength enhanced). (Mfanga, 2012/13)
24

Minimatic Jumbo used for supporting where by rock reinforced and surface rock support
including meshing, strapping, split set bolts were used, jackleg used for drilling holes for
supporting.
Table 3:2: Bolt type and description

Source: (Longwall:eis.uow.edu.au, 2005)

25

3.2 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION
3.2.1 JOHNSON DISTRIBUTION
Given a continuous random variable X whose distribution is unknown and is to be approximated,
Johnson (1949) proposed a set of normalizing translations. These translations have the following
general form. (Perez, 2004)

Where Z is a standard normal random variate, are shape parameters, is a scale
parameter is a location parameter and g(y) is one of the following functions, each one defining
a family of distributions:

JOHNSON S
B
DISTRIBUTION
Parameters
- Shape parameter
- shape parameter ( )
- scale parameter ( )
- location parameter

Probability Density Function (PDF)

Domain:

26

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)

Where:

And is the Laplace integral

Parameters
- Shape parameter
- shape parameter ( )
- scale parameter ( )
- location parameter (help/easyfit:mathwave)

3.2.2 LOG-LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION
In probability and statistics, the log-logistic distribution (known as the Fisk distribution in
economics) is a continuous probability distribution for a non-negative random variable.
It is used in survival analysis as a parametric model for events whose rate increases initially and
decreases later, for example mortality rate from cancer following diagnosis or treatment. It has
also been used in hydrology to model stream flow and precipitation, and in economics as a
simple model of the distribution of wealth or income.
The log-logistic distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm
has a logistic distribution. It is similar in shape to the log-normal distribution but has heavier
tails. Its cumulative distribution function can be written in closed form, unlike that of the log-
normal. (en.wikipedia)
The log logistic distribution can be used to model the lifetime of an object, the lifetime of a
organism, or a service time. The probability density function with three different parameter
settings is illustrated below. (leemis, 2010)

Parameters
= Continuous shape parameter ( >0)
= Continuous scale parameter ( >0)
= Continuous location parameter ( 0 yields the two-parameter Log-logistic
distribution)

27

Domain:
< +

I. Three-Parameter Log-logistic Distribution

Probability Density Function

Cumulative Distribution Function

II. Two-Parameter Log-logistic Distribution


(help/easyfit:mathwave)

3.2.3 GENERALIZED PARETO DISTRIBUTION
The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer and economist Vilfredo Pareto, is a
power law probability distribution that is used in description of social, scientific, geophysical,
actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena. (en.wikipedia)

Parameters
k = Continuous shape parameter
= Continuous location parameter
Domain:
< + 0
<
< 0

28

The probability density function is given by:

The cumulative distribution function ig given by:

The Pareto distribution is characterized by a scale parameter and a shape parameter which is
known as the tail index. When this distribution is used to model the distribution of wealth, then
the shape parameter is called the Pareto index. (help/easyfit:mathwave)

3.2.4 GENERALIZED EXTREME VALUE
In probability theory and statistics, the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is a family
of continuous probability distributions developed within extreme value theory to combine the
Gumbel, Frchet and Weibull families also known as type I, II and III extreme value
distributions. By the extreme value theorem the GEV distribution is the only possible limit
distribution of properly normalized maxima of a sequence of independent and identically
distributed random variables. Note that a limit distribution need not exist: this requires regularity
conditions on the tail of the distribution. Despite this, the GEV distribution is often used as an
approximation to model the maxima of long (finite) sequences of random variables.
29

Figure 3:5 The Gumbel, Frchet and Weibull distribution families
(Friederichs, 2007)
In some fields of application the generalized extreme value distribution is known as the Fisher
Tippett distribution, named after R. A. Fisher and L. H. C. Tippett who recognised three function
forms outlined below. However usage of this name is sometimes restricted to mean the special
case of the Gumbel distribution. (en.wikipedia)

Parameters
k = Continuous shape parameter
Domain

The probability density function is given by:

30

The cumulative distribution function is given by:

Where:


3.2.5 PEARSON DISTRIBUTION
The Pearson distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions. It was first published
by Karl Pearson in 1895 and subsequently extended by him in 1901 and 1916 in a series of
articles on biostatistics. (en.wikipedia.org)

INTRODUCTION
A Pearson density p is defined to be any valid solution to the differential equation
..................................... (1)
With:

According to Ordinary Pearson devised the underlying form of Equation (1) on the basis of,
firstly, the formula for the derivative of the logarithm of the density function of the normal
distribution (which gives a linear function) and, secondly, from a recurrence relation for values
in the probability mass function of the hyper geometric distribution (which yields the linear-
divided-by-quadratic structure).
In Equation (1), the parameter a determines a stationary point, and hence under some conditions
a mode of the distribution, since

31

We are confronted with a first order linear differential equation with variable coefficients, its
solution is straightforward:

The integral in this solution simplifies considerably when certain special cases of the integrand
are considered. Pearson (1895, p. 367) distinguished two main cases, determined by the sign of
the discriminant (and hence the number of real roots) of the quadratic function
...................................... (2)
Classification and selection of the distribution are achieved by finding the roots of the
denominator of quadratic Equation 1 and the Pearsons coefficient given by:

Depending on the values of these parameters, different types of Pearson curves can be obtained
such that
1. If K < 0, roots are real and of opposite signs. This corresponds to beta distribution or
type-I distribution in the Pearson system.
2. If K > 1, roots are real and have the same sign. This corresponds to beta distribution of
the second kind, or type-VI distribution.
3. If 0 < K < 1, roots are complex. This corresponds to type IV-distribution.
Pearson proposed further class distinctions by taking into account certain distributions and
boundaries between classes.
(E, K, Samizee, & M, 2012)

32

3.2.5.1 LOG-PEARSON 3

Parameters
= Continuous shape parameter (0)

Domain:

Probability density function:

Cumulative distribution function:


3.2.5.2 PEARSON TYPE 5

Parameters
= Continuous shape parameter ( >0)
= Continuous location parameter ( 0 yields the two-parameter Pearson 5 distribution)

Domain:
< < +

I. Three-Parameter Pearson 5 distribution


33


II. Two-Parameter Pearson 5 distribution




34

CHAPTER FOUR
4 METHODOLOGY
i. Additional literature review
Readings different books, magazines, either novels and lecture notes or wide website
of world were used to obtain further literature.
ii. Consultation
In completion of this project work I was consulting my project supervisor, mining
engineers from technical service, engineers from PAULSAM GROUP and my fellow
students.
iii. Site survey and Data Collection
With the help from machine operators, Service personnel, Ventilation team and
technical service team, I was able to gather information and data for this project.
iv. Data Analysis and interpretation
GPSS/H simulation and EASYFIT software were used during data analysis.

35

CHAPTER FIVE
5 SITE VISTING AND DATA COLLECTION
5.1 SITE VISTING
At a mine visit in February 17
th
data were collected for 14 days though there were constraints
on acquiring data. Data collected and which have been used in the simulation model were time
taken to complete unit operations such as drilling, charging, Firing/Blasting, Ventilation,
Mucking, Supporting/Bolting and Extension of utilities.

5.2 DATA COLLECTION
The project is based in waste development headings only, which is in deep levels about 1.2km
where excavation size of the headings is 5m width and 5m height. Waste development areas has
about 16 headings, therefore the data collection basically concentrated at 9-3866 decline which
is horizontal development faces/Headings which and is 1483m from dumping point 1-3980.

This data collected will help to establish ways that will improve the development cycles and
improve meters of advance which will lead to increase production.

5.3 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS USED.
Stop watch: for recording time taken in operation and delays
PPE: For safety and health
5.4 PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION

Development headings
Selection of specific heading through consultation with the Development Mining
Engineer, shiftbosses, mine captain and Mining Manager so as to know the daily
activities conducted to each heading.

36

Check list for machines and equipments and filling of 5 point card for safety purpose.
Starting data collection
Recording time taken for each operations standby time, delays, and downtime of the
machines.

5.5 COLLECTED DATA
These data obtained by using stopwatch, it express the specific time taken to finish the operation,
the time at which the machine is not working, delaying time and breakdown time.

Planned data
These data obtained from the Technical services department at Bulyanhulu Gold mine. These
data are useful in making comparison with the actual data from the field. The data are attached to
the table below.

Actual data
These data are collected from the waste development and mucking and haulage sections at
Bulyanhulu mine in different headings with the same dimensions and machines used were of the
same specifications. Data are attached on table below.

Table 5:1: Planned time (Minutes) for development activities

ACTIVITY
Time taken to complete activity
Drilling Charging Blasting
/Firing
Mucking Ventil
ation
Extension
of utilities
Ground
control
Time (Minutes) 120 90 35 90 30 30 120

37

Table 5:2: Actual time (Minutes) for development activities at 9-3866 Decline
DAY Time taken to complete activity
Drilling Charging Blasting Mucking Ventilation Utilities Bolting
18
th
-20
th
February 226 123 44 258 42 132 216
21
st
-23
rd
February 205 159 53 107 48 102 234
24
th
-26
th
February 192 116 49 100 52 98 201
27
th
-29
th
February 183 108 51 150 56 114 198
30
th
Feb.-2
nd
March 142 112 48 160 64 90 200
3
rd
-7
th
March 202 154 45 240 49 120 156
6
th
-9
th
March 210 120 51 112 46 116 189
10
th
-12
th
March 212 113 43 201 50 94 219
14
th
- 16 March 190 128 41 128 39 81 221
17
th
-19 March 214 142 55 162 41 100 224
20
th
-22
nd
March 186 139 50 153 43 73 196

Table 5:3: Actual and planned haulage and mucking cycle time of different location to
dumping point 1-3980

LOADING LOCATION

PLANNED
TIME (Min)

ACTUAL TIME(Min)

DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4
9-3866-Decline 29 40 45 38 49
9-3890-Incline DnF East 15 21 22 29 31
2-3980-328 Incline DnF West 15 19 40 23 39
2-3980-332-Ramp 2 Decline 15 30 31 28 30
2-3846-Incline 31 48 43 38 40
9-3966-Decline 17 40 34 26 29
9-3866 Incline 28 52 32 34 41
2-3980-343 Incline DnF 16 24 26 34 23
2-3980-328 Incline DnF West 14 30 19 28 32
5-4130-319 Incline Access 17 29 29 32 25

38

CHAPTER SIX
6 DATA INTERPRETATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
6.1 RESULTS
EASYFIT SOFTWARE
This software helps to develop statistical models on behaviour of the mine development
activities which will give the input (cumulative distribution function) into GPSS/H simulation
model.
The distributions were ranked; parameters for the top four ranking distribution were given. The
ranking generated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test was applied.

Table 6:1: Goodness of fit test results
Activity Observed highly ranked distribution (First rank) Parameter for first
rank 1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th

Drilling
Log-Logistic (3P)

Weibull

Burr

Dagum
= 5.7147 10

= 6.41412 10

= 6.41412 10

Charging
Generalized
Pareto

Johnson SB

Log-Pearson3

Generalized
Extreme
= 0.30792
= 30.954
= 104.88
Blasting
Generalized
Extreme Value

Power Function

Error
Nakagami = 0.39855
= 4.9056
= 46.795
Ventilation
Johnson SB

Erlang

Log-Pearson3

Gumbel
Maximum
= 2.0573
= 1.4773
= 66.268
= 33.681
Mucking
Pearson5
Generalized
Extreme

Pearson6

Log-Pearson3
= 48.592
= 499.45
= 5.391
Bolting
Log-Logistic(3P)
Weibull (3P) Burr Dagum = 5.7147 10

= 6.41412 10

= 6.41412 10

Extension
of utilities

Log-Pearson3

Generalized
Extreme

Johnson SB

Nakagami
= 5.821
= 0.02546
= 47.586

39

6.1.1 STATISTICS ANALYSIS

Figure 6:1: Histogram and probability density function for drilling at 9-3866 decline.

Figure 6:2: Cumulative distribution function for drilling at 9-3866 decline.

40

Figure 6:3: Histogram and probability density function for blasting at 9-3866 decline.

Figure 6:4: Cumulative distributions function for blasting at 9-3866 Decline.
41

Figure 6:5: Histogram and probability density function for bolting at 9-3866 decline.

Figure 6:6: Cumulative distributions function for bolting at 9-3866 decline.
42

Figure 6:7: Histogram and probability density function for charging at 9-3866 decline.

Figure 6:8: Cumulative distributions function for charging at 9-3866 decline.
43

Figure 6:9: Histogram and probability density function for mucking at 9-3866 decline.

Figure 6:10: Cumulative distributions function for mucking at 9-3866 decline.
44

Figure 6:11: Histogram and probability density function for extension of utilities at 9-3866
decline.

Figure 6:12: Cumulative distributions function of extension of utilities at 9-3866 decline.
45

Figure 6:13: Histogram and probability density function of ventilation at 9-3866 decline.

Figure 6:14: Cumulative distribution function of ventilation at 9-3866 decline.
46

6.1.2 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
Table 6:2: Cumulative distribution function and parameters for the activities
ACTIVITY TIME
INTERVAL

AVERAGE
TIME (X)
(Minutes)
CUMULATIVE
PROBABILITY
PARAMETERS
142-1623 152.50 0.094

= 5.7147 10

= 6.41412 10

= 6.41412 10

163-184 173.50 0.175
DRILLING 184-205 194.50 0.550
205-226 215.50 1.000
107.5-121.5 114.50 0.450

= 0.30792
= 30.954
= 104.88
121.5-133 127.25 0.638
CHARGING 133-146 139.50 0.825
146-158.5 152.25 1.000
41-45.5 42.75 0.275

= 0.39855
= 4.9056
= 46.795
45.5-48 46.25 0.375
BLASTING/FIRING 48-51.5 49.75 0.825
51.5-55 53.25 1.000
36-45.25 40.63 0.363
= 2.0573
= 1.4773
= 66.268
= 33.681
45.25-51.5 48.38 0.725
VENTILATION 51.5-57.5 54.50 0.913
57.5-64 60.75 1.000
100-139.5 119.75 0.369

= 48.592
= 499.45
= 5.391
139.5-179 159.25 0.725
MUCKING 179-219 199.00 0.825
219-247 233.00 1.000
70-87 78.50 0.175

= 5.821
= 0.02546
= 47.586
EXTENSION OF 87-103 95.00 0.638
UTILITIES 103-118 110.50 0.825
118-132 125.00 1.000
SUPPORTING AND 142-1623 152.50 0.100

= 5.7147 10

= 6.41412 10

= 6.41412 10

SCALLING 163-184 173.50 0.175
(BOLTING) 184-205 194.50 0.550
205-226 215.50 1.000

47

6.1.3 GPSS/H SIMULATION
6.1.3.1 SIMULATION MODEL

Figure 6:15: Flowchart for simulation model

48

Figure 6:16: Block diagram for GPSS simulation

49

6.1.3.2 GPSS SIMULATION RESULTS
The cumulative distribution function obtained from EASYFIT software is the data which will be
used for simulation model which gives the monthly plan target at Bulyanhulu Gold Mine
following results.
INPUT: Minutes of work per shift (480min) and number of shifts per month (60 shifts)

OUTPUT: Advance metres per Month (483m)

6.1.4 CYCLE TIME
MUCKING AND HAULAGE CYCLE
Figure 6:17: Actual and Planned cycle time of haul truck
Figure 6:18: Actual and Planned cycle time of haul truck for day 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
I
M
E

(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
LOADING LOCATION
TRUCK CYCLE TIME FOR DAY 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
T
I
M
E

(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
50
MUCKING AND HAULAGE CYCLE TIME TO 1-3980
: Actual and Planned cycle time of haul truck for day 1
Actual and Planned cycle time of haul truck for day 2
LOADING LOCATION
PLANNED TIME
(Min)
ACTUAL TIME(Min)
LOADING LOCATION
PLANNED TIME (Min)
ACTUAL TIME (Min)

for day 1

Actual and Planned cycle time of haul truck for day 2
PLANNED TIME
ACTUAL TIME(Min)
PLANNED TIME (Min)
ACTUAL TIME (Min)
51


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
T
I
M
E

(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
LOADING LOCATION
PLANNED
TIME (Min)
ACTUAL
TIME (Min)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
I
M
E

(
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
)
LOADING LOCATION
PLANNED TIME (Min)
ACTUAL TIME (Min)
52

6.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
To assess the effectiveness of the development activities statistical method were used as
summarized in the table below:

Table 6:3: statistical analysis of data
Parameter Drilling Charging Blasting Mucking Ventilation Services Bolting
Mean time 196.55 128.55 49 161 48.18 101.82 196.55
Variance 502.67 306.47 24 2756.4 53.56 307.36 502.7
Std. deviation 22.42 17.52 4.899 52.501 7.32 17.53 22.42
Skewness -1.39 0.651 1.73 0.785 0.925 0.068 -1.39
Kurtosis 2.97 -0.912 -1.2 -0.321 0.852 -0.475 2.97
Coef. of variation 0.114 0.136 0.09998 0.326 0.152 0.172 0.114
Maximum time 226 159 56 258 64 132 226
Minimum time 142 108 41 100 39 73 156

From each activity duration behavior statistic distribution as described below:-
Drilling behavior log-logistic (3P) distribution since = 5.7147 10
( ) this
distribution is three-parameter log-logistic distribution with domain of
5.7147 107 x < +, kurtosis is 2.97 and skewness is 1.39 where the histogram is
skewed towards the left, which implies that the longer drilling time were of higher
probability compared to the shorter drilling time which could be caused by mining delays
such as face flooding, machine breakdown, no power (water and compressed air), no
ventilation, operator efficiency, face not cleaned. Therefore standard deviation was too
high about 22.42 and range of 70 which indicate the high variability of duration due to
the reasons mentioned above.
Charging time behavior general pareto distribution with domain 104.88 205.406,
kurtosis is -0.912 and skewness is 0.651 where the histogram is skewed towards the right,
which implies that the longer charging time were of lower probability distribution
function compared to the shorter charging time. The standard deviation is 17.52 with
range of 51 this could be caused by delay of blasters start charging, number of utility
machines, materials being far away from the face (ANFO, detonators, PVC pipes).
Blasting time behavior general extreme value (GEV) distribution with domain
> 59.104 , kurtosis is -1.2 and skewness is 1.73 where the histogram is skewed
53

towards the right, which implies that the longer blasting time were of lower probability
distribution function compared to the shorter blasting time.
Mucking time behavior pearson 5 distribution since = 48.592 ( ) this is three-
parameter pearson 5 distribution with domain of 48.592 < < +, kurtosis is -0.321
and skewness is 0.785 where the histogram is skewed towards the right, which implies
that the longer mucking time were of lower probability distribution function compared to
the shorter mucking time. From standard deviation and range which is 52.501 and 158
respectively shows that the mucking time have high variation and this can be caused by
some factors such as operator efficiency, working condition, machine breakdown, misfire
and location of remucks from the face.
Ventilation time behavior Johnson S
B
distribution in which kurtosis is 0.852 and
skewness is 0.925 where the histogram is skewed towards the right, which implies that
the longer ventilation time were of lower probability distribution function compared to
the shorter ventilation time
Extension of utilities time behavior log-logistic distribution with domain of
0 < 337.309, kurtosis is -0.475 and skewness is 0.068 where the histogram is
skewed towards the right, which implies that the longer utilities extension time were of
lower probability distribution function compared to the shorter utilities extension time.
This is due to low number of utility machines (UTV), materials such as tapes, pipes,
being far away from working location, shortage of skilled labor. Therefore standard
deviation was too high about 17.53 and range of 59 which indicate the high variability of
duration due to the reasons mentioned above.
Bolting behavior log-logistic (3P) distribution, since = 5.7147 10
( ) this
distribution is three parameter log-logistic distribution with domain of
5.7147 107 x < +, kurtosis is 2.97 and skewness is 1.39 where the histogram is
skewed towards the left, which implies that the longer bolting time were of higher
probability compared to the shorter bolting time which could be caused by mining delays
such as face flooding, machine breakdown, no power (water and compressed air), no
ventilation, face not cleaned and operator efficiency. Therefore standard deviation was
too high about 22.42 and range of 70 which indicate the high variability of duration due
to the reasons mentioned above.
54

Also EASYFIT software provides the cumulative distribution which helps in simulation
to determine the advanced meters per month with regard to current duration.
From GPSS/H Simulation, the input data was shifts per month which is 60 shifts and
minutes of work per shift 480 minutes (8 hours)
Simulation identified that the advance meters per month is 483m which should be a
monthly plan target according to the current duration of activities.
Traffic on ramp this means time lost when trucks meet in the haul ways. The traffic
increases which indicate that there is a time loss when trucks wait to give way to each
other when they meet at the intersection points on the ramp.
Mining delays affects the development cycles at Bulyanhulu Gold Mine Equipment
breakdown, Skilled labour shortage, No ventilation which create unsuitable working
condition for personnel to work, No electric power, water, Compressed air which affects
the jumbo machines during drilling operation, Face not cleaned this affect drilling and
bolting operation, Face flooded affects mucking, drilling and bolting operation, Misfire
which affect mucking, bolting and drilling activities.

55

CHAPTER SEVEN
7 CONCLUSION
According to the simulation results the monthly plan target should be 483m rather than 530
which could not achieved with regards of the duration of current mine development cycles.
Although currently the actual advance meters in horizontal development headings is 389m which
does not meet 483m but the following affects the development rate monthly advance meters.
The following were the reason observed
i. At 3980 Level Development
Queue at tipping point which increase mucking and haulage duration and leads to affect
other activities so the time of mucking and haulage.
There is only one tipping point (1-3980) which create queue during dumping process
hence increases the mucking and haulage time.

ii. Below 3980 Level (Deep Level)
Because of Truck system used at Bulyanhulu, cycle time increase due to equipment
breakdown at super-ramp (3800 to 3980 level) which only one truck can pass at a time,
also at Ramp A (3989 to 3800 level) all equipments in the mine use Ramp A to access
3800 level.
Discrepancies between expected and survey development measurements.
Breakdowns of Jumbo Investigation of drifter failures is to be conducted due to
contamination found in the system. Installation of water traps at the lower Levels are
recommended to improve the quality of compressed air.
Flooding of underground workings mainly due to the frequent breakdowns of pumps
(kombi pumps) which lead to the stoppage of activities such as mucking, drilling, support
and bolting automatically these will stop also other activities because these activities are
carried sequentially and serially.
Mining Delays this includes Equipment breakdown, Skilled Labor Shortage, No
Ventilation, No Electric Power, Face not clean, No Water these affects all activities.
56

Other factors such as Operator efficiency and experience, Materials being far away from
the face (Storage) such as explosives, leaking of vent tubes, Remucks and loading point
are far away from the face.

57

CHAPTER EIGHT
8 RECOMMENDATION

i. The plan target meters per month should be 483m which will be achieved according to
the current mine development cycle duration.
ii. To install conveyor belt at super-ramp which only one truck can pass, from deep levels to
the dumping destination 1-3980 (3800 levels to 3980 level).
iii. To introduce another tipping point at 1-3980 to reduce queue during dumping time to
reduce delays when the waste/ore pass are blocked and during breakdown of rock
breaker.
iv. Perimeter blasting should be introduced rather than round blasting; perimeter blasting this
technique results in less blast damage to the hanging wall and sidewall, which reduces
support requirements and the time required for barring.
v. Improve ventilation especially at deep levels of the mine during mucking and loading to
control heat produced by machines this includes Replacement of leaking vents to ensure
adequate air supply to the working areas/face
vi. To introduce roof bolter this will reduce bolting time to enhance development.
vii. Provide promotion and motivation (Enough Bonus) to the operators.
viii. The operators should follow Standard operating procedures (SOPs) and adequate training
to the operators should be given to make them more efficient.

58

CHAPTER NINE
9 REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved 5 3, 2014, from en.wikipedia:
http://en.wikipidea.org/wiki/loglogisticdistribution

(n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2014, from en.wikipedia:
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paretodistribution

(n.d.). Retrieved may 11, 2014, from en.wikipedia:
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20extreme%20value%20distribution

(n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2014, from en.wikipedia.org:
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%20distribution

Australia, S. W. (2011). Ground control for Underground Mines. Austria: National Mine Safety
Framework Steering Group.

BGML. (2010). B-UG-IND-V2 Underground. Bulyanhulu Underground Induction Booklet ,
26,27.

Breeds, C. D., & Conway, J. J. (1992). Rapid excavation. In H. L. Hartman (Ed.), SME Mining
Engineering Handbook (2 ed., Vol. 2, p. 1873). Littleton,Collorado: Society for Mining,
Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.

Bulyanhulu, D. o. (31st December 2004). Mineral resource and Ore reserve for Bulyanhulyu
Gold Mine.

Development-blasting-Supporting. (2009, September 27). Retrieved January 27, 2014, from
mining and blasting: http//www.mining and blasting.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/Development-
blasting-Supporting.pdf

Dick, R. A., Fletcher, L. R., & D'Andrea, D. V. (1983). Explosive and Blasting Procedures.
Washington, D.C: Bureau of Mines.

Dr.Baruti, K. (2011/12). MM 202 Introduction to mining Engineering. University of Dar es
salaam: Unpublished class notes.

E, A. A., K, P. Z., Samizee, A., & M, B. M. (2012). Pearson System Distribution Approximation
in Wind Energy Potential Analysis. 2012 International Conference on Future Enviroment and
Energy. 28. Malaysia: (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore.

Eng. Gongo, P. (2013/14). MM 428 Mine ventilation. University of Dar es salaam: Unpublished
lecture notes.
59

Farmer, L. (1992). Room and Pillar Mining. In SME Mining Engineering Handbook (2 ed., Vol.
1, pp. 1695-1699). Littleton, Collorado: Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration
Engineering Inc.

Friederichs, P. (2007). An Introduction to Exterme value Theory. University of Bonn:
Meteorological Institute.

Hamrin, H. (1993). Proceedings of the second International Symposium on Mine Mechanization
and Automation in Lurea. In Precision Drilling Extends the Range of Long Hole Blasting (pp.
143-151). Sweeden.

help/easyfit:mathwave. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2014, from mathwave:
http:/www.mathwave.com/help/easyfit/html/analyses/distribution/log-logistic.html

help/easyfit:mathwave. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2014, from mathwave:
http://www.mathwave.com/help/easyfit/html/analyses/distributions/johnson_sb.html

help/easyfit:mathwave. (n.d.). Retrieved june 20, 2014, from mathwave:
http:/www.mathwave.com/help/easyfit/html/analyses/distributiongen_pareto.html

http:/www.mathwave.com/help/easyfit/html/analyses/distributions/gen_extreme.html

http://www.mathwave.com/help/easyfit/html/analyses/distributions/log-pearson3.html

help/easyfit:mathwave. (n.d.). Retrieved july 20, 2014, from mathwave:
http://www.mathwave.com/help/easyfit/html/analyses/distributions/pearson5.html

Hudson, J. A., & Harrison, J. P. (1997). Stabilization Pricnciples. In Engineering Rock
Mechanics (p. 272). Oxfor: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Jan, M. M., & Hartman, H. L. (2002). Unit Operations of Mining. In Introductory Mining
Engineering (2 ed., pp. 125,126). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Leemis. (2010). Retrieved may 7, 2014, from math.wm.edu: www.math.wm.edu

Longwall:eis.uow.edu.au. (2005). Retrieved February 6, 2014, from eis.uow.edu.au:
www.eis.uow.edu.au/longwall/completed%20Thesis/Hossein%20Jalali%20Thesis%20Chapters.
pdf

Mfanga, D. (2012/13). MM 304 Rock Mechanics. Dar es salaam: Unpublished lecture notes.

Minahan, P. (2004). Reduction of exposure to Rockfall in Underground Metalliferous Mines.
Safety Bulletin, Queensland Government, Natural Resources Mines and Energy, Brisbane.
60

Morgan, B. (1994). Optimizing truck-loader matching. Proceedings of mine planning and
equipment selection , 313-320.

Morley, L. A., & Novak, T. (1992). Electric Power Utilization. In H. L. Hartman (Ed.), SME
Mining Engineering Handook (2 ed., Vol. 1, p. 1198). Littleton, Collorado: Society of Mining,
Metallurgy and Exploration Inc.

Perez, P. G. (2004). An approach of Non-normal behavior of hedge fund indices using Johnson
distribution. Mexico: Institute Technologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM).

Raman, R. V. (1992). Mine Ventilation. In H. L. Hartman (Ed.), SME Mining Engineering
Handbook (2 ed., Vol. 1, p. 1068). Littleto, Colorado: Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration.

Raman, R. V. (1992). Unit operations of mining. In H. L. Hartman (Ed.), SME Mining
Engineering Handbook (2 ed., Vol. 1, p. 1068). Littleton, Colorado: Society for Mining,
Metallurgy and Exploration.

Resources Safety:docep. (2008, February). Retrieved January 24, 2014, from docep:
http//www.docep.wa.gov.ac/resourcesafety/2008

Salama, A. J., & Greberg, J. (n.d.). about sweedish:dessertations. Retrieved February 3, 2014,
from dessertations: http://www.dessertations/about/Abubakary+salama/Optimization of Truck-
Loader haulage system in an underground mine: A simulation approach using SimMine.pdf

Saucier, R. (2000). Computer Generation of Statistical Distributions. ARMY RESEARCH
LABORATORY.

Walck, C. (2007). Hand-book on Statistical Distributions for axperimentalists. Particle physics
group, University of Stockholm.

61

CHAPTER TEN
10 APPENDICES
10.1 COLLECTED DATA
Table 10:1: Distance of development headings from dumping point and loading point.
Working area Distance from
loading area to
the dumping
area
Dumping
destination
Current distance from the
active heading to the
loading point(remuck)
9-3886 incline 1483m 1_3980 40m
9-3866 decline 1483m 1_3980 80m
9-3946 decline 1730m 1_3980 80m
9-3846 incline 1649m 1_3980 50m
2-3980 -328 Dnf Incline west & east 457m 1_3980 40m
2-3980-332 Ramp 2 Decline 452m 1_3980 75m
2-3980-Ramp 2 Incline 558m 1_3980 70m
5-4130-Incline Access To R2 645m 1_4130 25m

10.2 GPSS/H SIMULATION CODE
*******************************************
* FINAL YEAR PROJECT,2013/14 *
* BULYANHULU GOLD MINE *
* MINE DEVELOPMENT CYCLES *
*******************************************
SIMULATE
******************************************
* PROGRAMMED BY: *
* CHACHA, Godson *
62

* 2010-04-02903 *
* Dept. of Mining & Chem. Eng. *
* Univ. of Dar es salaam *
* Email: chachagodson@ymail.com *
* Ph: +255 765 347 401 *
* +255 682 482 012 *
* SUPERVISED BY: *
* Eng. S. M. Gwamaka *
* Dept. of Mining & Chem. Eng. *
* University of Dar es salaam *
* Email: *
* Ph: *
******************************************
INTEGER &I,&MINUTES,&NOSHIFT
REAL &MTRS,&MTR1
CHAR*1 &ANSWER
DO &I=1,25
PUTSTRING (' ')
ENDDO
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' ********************************** ')
PUTSTRING (' * FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2013/14 * ')
PUTSTRING (' * CHACHA GODSON 2010-04-02903 * ')
PUTSTRING (' * SUPERVISOR: Eng. SAMWEL G. M. * ')
PUTSTRING (' * MINE DEVELOPMENT CYCLES * ')
PUTSTRING (' * BULYANHULU GOLD MINE * ')
PUTSTRING (' *********************************** ')
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' MINE DEVELOPMENT HEADINGS HAVE 7
ACTIVITIES')
PUTSTRING (' ')
63

PUTSTRING (' STATISTICS DISTRIBUTION OF THE DURATION ')
PUTSTRING (' ************************************************** ')
PUTSTRING (' * DRILLING TIME: LOG-LOGISTIC (3P) * ')
PUTSTRING (' * CHARGING TIME: GENERAL PARETO * ')
PUTSTRING (' * BLASTING TIME: GENERAL EXTREME VALUE * ')
PUTSTRING (' * BOLTING TIME: LOG-LOGISTIC (3P) * ')
PUTSTRING (' * MUCKING TIME: PEARSON * ')
PUTSTRING (' * VENTILATION TIME: JOHNSON SB * ')
PUTSTRING (' * EXTENSION TIME: LOG-PEARSON 3 * ')
PUTSTRING (' ************************************************** ')
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' HOW MANY MINUTES OF WORK/SHIFT?')
PUTSTRING (' ')
GETLIST &MINUTES
PUTSTRING (' ')
ALLNEW PUTSTRING (' HOW MANY SHIFTS YOU WANT TO SIMULATE')
PUTSTRING (' ')
GETLIST &NOSHIFT
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' SIMULATION IN PROGRESS...')
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTPIC LINES=9
UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND MINING ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2013/14
CHACHA, GODSON 2010-04-02903
B.Sc. IN MINING ENGINEERING
SUPERVISOR: Eng. SAMWEL G. MAFWENGA
BULYANHULU UNDERGROUND GOLD MINE
64

WORK STARTMACRO
SEIZE #A
ADVANCE #B
RELEASE #A
ENDMACRO
TIME1 FUNCTION RN1,C4
.275,42.75/.375,46.25/.825,49.75/1,53.25
.1,152.5/.275,173.5/.55,194.5/1,215.5
.45,114.5/.6375,127.25/.825,139.5/1,152.25
.09375,152.5/.175,173.5/.55,194.5/1,215.5
.369,119.75/.725,159.25/.825,199/1,233
.175,78.5/.6375,95/.825,110.5/1,125
.3625,40.625/.725,48.375/.9125,54.5/1,60.75
GENERATE ,,,12 TO WORK IN THE MINE
UPTOP ADVANCE 0 DUMMY BLOCK
WORK MACRO DRILLER,FN(TIME4) DRILLING
WORK MACRO BLASTER,FN(TIME3) CHARGING
WORK MACRO DISPATCH,FN(TIME1) BLASTING
WORK MACRO BOLTER,FN(TIME2) BOLTING
WORK MACRO OPERATOR,FN(TIME5) MUCKING
WORK MACRO VENTI,FN(TIME7) VENTILATION
WORK MACRO SERVICE,FN(TIME6) EXTENSION OF UTILITIES
TRANSFER ,UPTOP CYCLE BACK
GENERATE &MINUTES*&NOSHIFT SIMULATE FOR
&NOSHIFT SHIFTS
65

BLET &MTR1=FLT(N(UPTOP))/&NOSHIFT
BLET &MTRS=(&MTR1)*3*60 ADVANCE
METRES
TERMINATE 1 ALL DONE
START 1 START PROGRAM
PUTPIC LINES=4,&MTR1,&MTRS
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% MINED FACES PER SHIFT = **.** %
% ADV.METRES PER MONTH = ***.** %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
CLEAR
LET &MTRS=0
LET &MTR1=0
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' DO YOU WANT TO GO BACK AND RE-DO WITH')
PUTSTRING (' DIFFERENT DATA? (Y/N)')
PUTSTRING (' ')
GETLIST &ANSWER
PUTSTRING (' ')

IF (&ANSWER'E''Y')OR(&ANSWER'E''y')
PUTSTRING (' ')
GOTO ALLNEW
ENDIF
PUTSTRING (' ')
PUTSTRING (' PROGRAM EXECUTION OVER....')
END
66

10.3 ANIMATION LAYOUT

Final Year Project - MM499

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Year Project - MM499

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i

And is the Laplace integral

You might also like