Contents

Enquiry processes
1 Asking scientific questions 2 4 Analysing patterns 8
2 Planning investigations 4 5 Evaluating data 10
3 Recording data 6

1: Forces Part 1 Opener 12

1.1 Speed 1.2 Gravity

1.1.1 Introduction to forces 14 1.2.1 Gravity 22
1.1.2 Balanced and unbalanced 16 Part 1 Summary and Questions 24
1.1.3 Speed 18
1.1.4 Distance–time graphs 20

2: Electromagnets Part 1 Opener 26

2.1 Potential difference and resistance 2.2 Current

2.1.1 Potential difference 28 2.2.1 Current 34
2.1.2 Resistance 30 2.2.2 Charging up 36
2.1.3 Series and parallel circuits 32 Part 1 Summary and Questions 38

3: Energy Part 1 Opener 40

3.1 Energy costs 3.2 Energy transfer

3.1.1 Food and fuels 42 3.2.1 Energy adds up 48
3.1.2 Energy resources 44 3.2.2 Energy dissipation 50
3.1.3 Energy and power 46 Part 1 Summary and Questions 52

4: Waves Part 1 Opener 54

4.1 Sound 4.2 Light

4.1.1 Sound waves and speed 56 4.2.1 Light 64
4.1.2 Loudness and amplitude 58 4.2.2 Reflection 66
4.1.3 Frequency and pitch 60 4.2.3 Refraction 68
4.1.4 The ear and hearing 62 4.2.4 The eye and vision 70
4.2.5 Colour 72
Part 1 Summary and Questions 74

5: Matter Part 1 Opener 76

5.1 Particle model 5.2 Separating mixtures

5.1.1 The particle model 78 5.2.1 Pure substances and mixtures 94
5.1.2 States of matter 80 5.2.2 Solutions 96
5.1.3 Melting and freezing 82 5.2.3 Solubility 98
5.1.4 Boiling 84 5.2.4 Filtration 100
5.1.5 More changes of state 86 5.2.5 Evaporation and distillation 102
5.1.6 Diffusion 88 5.2.6 Chromatography 104
ii 5.1.7 Gas pressure 90 Part 1 Summary and Questions 106
5.1.8 Inside particles 92
6: Reactions Part 1 Opener 108

6.1 Acids and alkalis 6.2 Metals and non-metals

6.1.1 Chemical reactions 110 6.2.1 More about elements 122
6.1.2 Acids and alkalis 112 6.2.2 Chemical reactions of metals and non-metals 124
6.1.3 Indicators and pH 114 6.2.3 Metals and acids 126
6.1.4 Acid strength 116 6.2.4 Metals and oxygen 128
6.1.5 Neutralisation 118 6.2.5 Metals and water 130
6.1.6 Making salts 120 6.2.6 Metal displacement reactions 132
Part 1 Summary and Questions 134

7: Earth Part 1 Opener 136

7.1 Earth structure 7.2 Universe

7.1.1 The structure of the Earth 138 7.2.1 The night sky 148
7.1.2 Sedimentary rocks 140 7.2.2 The Solar System 150
7.1.3 Igneous and metamorphic rocks 142 7.2.3 The Earth 152
7.1.4 The rock cycle 144 7.2.4 The Moon and changing ideas 154
7.1.5 Ceramics 146 Part 1 Summary and Questions 156

8: Organisms Part 1 Opener 158

8.1 Movement 8.2 Cells

8.1.1 Levels of organisation 160 8.2.1 Observing cells 168
8.1.2 The skeleton 162 8.2.2 Plant and animal cells 170
8.1.3 Movement: joints 164 8.2.3 Specialised cells 172
8.1.4 Movement: muscles 166 8.2.4 Movement of substances 174
8.2.5 Uni-cellular organisms 176
Part 1 Summary and Questions 178

9: Ecosystems Part 1 Opener 180

9.1 Interdependence 9.2 Plant reproduction

9.1.1 Food chains and webs 182 9.2.1 Flowers and pollination 190
9.1.2 Disruption to food chains and webs 184 9.2.2 Fertilisation and germination 192
9.1.3 Ecosystems 186 9.2.3 Seed dispersal 194
9.1.4 Competition 188 Part 1 Summary and Questions 196

10: Genes Part 1 Opener 198

10.1 Variation 10.2 Human reproduction

10.1.1 Variation 200 10.2.1 Adolescence 206
10.1.2 Continuous and discontinuous 202 10.2.2 Reproductive systems 208
10.1.3 Adapting to change 204 10.2.3 Fertilisation and implantation 210
10.2.4 Development of a fetus 212
10.2.5 The menstrual cycle 214
Part 1 Summary and Questions 216

iii
Glossary 218
Index 228
 3.1.3 Energy and power
Learning objectives
After this section you will be able to:
● describe what you pay for when
you pay your electricity bill
● calculate the cost for home
energy usage
● compare the energy usage
and cost of running different
home devices.
Fantastic Fact
When you make popcorn you are boiling
water. The water inside the popcorn kernel
turns to steam and it explodes.
The power rating of this appliance is
2000 W.
Some houses transfer more energy to
46
the surroundings than others.
Some microwaves cook popcorn faster than others. Why
is there a difference?
Microwave ovens have a power rating in watts (W). The power
rating tells you how much energy is transferred per second–the rate
of transfer of energy.
You can calculate power using this formula:
power (W) =
energy (J)
time (s)
The power of a microwave oven is about 800 W. A traditional oven
has a power of about 2500 W, or 2.5 kilowatts.
Most of the heating appliances in your house will have a rating in
kilowatts. Light bulbs have a rating in watts.
Kilowatts and kilojoules
12 000 W is the same as 12 kilowatts, or 12 kW. There are 1000 W
W
in 1 kW. You divide by 1000 to convert watts to kilowatts.
An oven with a rating of 2.5 kW transfers energy at a rate of
2500 J per second. This is the same as 12 kilojoules per second.
There are 1000 J in 1 kJ.
A State the unit of power.
Keeping the temperature the same
All hot objects cool down. To keep a house at the same
temperature you need to transfer energy to it at the same rate as
energy is being transferred from it.
What are you paying for?
When you pay an electricity bill, you are usually paying for a fuel
such as coal to be burnt in a power station. The power station
generates the potential difference that we call ‘mains electricity’.
You are charged for the number of hours that you use each
appliance and for the power of the appliance.
You can calculate energy use in kilowatt hours (kWh) or joules.
This is the unit that electricity companies use to calculate your bill.
 Big Idea: Energy 3

You can calculate the cost of using appliances at home using

the formula:
cost = power (kW) × time (hours) × price (per kWh)
Suppose you use a 2.5 kW oven for 2 hours. Each kWh costs 10p.
cost = 2.5 kW × 2 hours × 10 p/kWh
= 50 p

B State the unit of energy that electricity companies use.

To reduce your energy bills you could use fewer appliances or

appliances that require less power to produce the same output. You
can also use appliances for fewer hours. Insulation reduces the rate The electricity meter shows how
at which energy is transferred to the surroundings, so it reduces the much energy you have used in kWh.
rate at which you need to supply energy to heat the house.
Governments can raise awareness about energy use to try to make
fossil fuels last longer. This would also benefit the environment.

Summary Questions
1 Copy and complete the
sentences below.
Energy is measured in and
power is measured in .
Power is the energy transferred per
. You pay for the number of
that are transferred to your
house by electricity. You could
save money by using appliances
The bulbs are the same brightness but the one on the right has a
with a power rating or by
much lower power.
using them for time.
(6 marks)
What’s the cost?
A shower has a power of 10 kW. A family uses the shower for 2 Compare the cost of using a
1 hour per day. kettle with a power rating of 2 kW
and a kettle rated 1.2 kW.
a Calculate how much energy, in kilowatt hours, they would (6 marks)
have to pay for each week for using the shower.
b An electricity company charges 10p for each kWh. Calculate
3
the cost in pounds. a Suggest a measure that a
government can take to reduce
a country’s energy use. (1 mark)
Key Words b Suggest reasons why the
campaign may be successful.
watt, power, kilowatt, kilowatt hour
(1 mark) 47

Topic 3.1 Energy costs

 3.2.1 Energy adds up
Learning objectives
After this section you will be able to:
● use a model of energy transfer
between stores to describe how
jobs get done
● describe how the energy of an
object depends on its speed,
temperature, height, or whether
it is stretched or compressed
● show how energy is transferred
between energy stores in a
range of real-life examples.
Energy is a bit
like money.
48
Camping gas is a chemical store.
Do you have some money in your pocket? If you know
how much you left home with and you didn’t spend any
on the way, then you know how much you have now.
Conservation of energy
Energy cannot just disappear, and you cannot end up with more
than you had at the start. Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
only transferred. This is the law of conservation of energy.
A State the law of conservation of energy.
Energy stores
There is energy associated with food and fuels (and oxygen). You
can think of that energy as being in a chemical energy store.
Energy is transferred from the store when you burn the fuel or
respire. There are other types of energy store:
Energy to do with… Type of energy store
food, fuels, batteries chemical energy store
hot objects thermal energy store
moving objects kinetic energy store
position in a gravitational field gravitational potential energy store
changing shape, stretching, or squashing elastic energy store
Before and after
A camping stove burns gas, which is a fuel.
Before: After:
What we unburnt fuel, more oxygen less fuel, more carbon dioxide
have and water
cold soup hot soup (and slightly hotter air)
Thinking more energy in the chemical less energy in the chemical
about energy store energy store
energy less energy in the thermal more energy in the thermal
energy store energy store
If you could measure the energy in the chemical and thermal
energy stores you would see that:
total energy before = total energy after
B Name five types of energy store.
 Big Idea: Energy 3

Transferring energy
Electric current, radiation (like light), waves (like sound), and
Fantastic Fact
heating are ways of transferring energy between stores. After you If all the energy in the food that you eat was
use your phone, there is less energy in the chemical energy store converted to energy in a thermal energy
and more energy in the thermal energy store of the surroundings. store, you would glow like a light bulb.

C State three ways that energy is transferred between stores. Key Words
law of conservation of energy, chemical
Driving at a steady speed energy store, thermal energy store, kinetic
When you are driving along the motorway at 70 m.p.h. you might energy store, gravitational potential
think that there is energy going into a kinetic energy store. If your energy store, elastic energy store
speed is not changing, then the energy in the kinetic store is not
changing either. Here is an analysis:
Before After
Summary Questions
What we
have
colder car and surroundings,
more petrol and oxygen, less
warmer car and surroundings,
less petrol and oxygen, more
1 Copy and complete the
carbon dioxide and water carbon dioxide and water
sentences below, choosing the
correct bold words.
Thinking more energy in the chemical energy less energy in the chemical energy
about store of the petrol and oxygen store of the petrol and oxygen The law of conservation of energy
energy less energy in the thermal energy more energy in the thermal energy says that energy cannot be
stores of the car and surroundings stores of the car and surroundings created/transferred or
destroyed/transferred. When you
Bouncing a ball burn coal, you transfer energy from
When you bounce a ball it doesn't bounce as high. What is a chemical/thermal energy store to
happening in terms of energy? a chemical/thermal energy store.
Before After You can/cannot explain why things
What we ball lifted up, cooler ball and ball at the top of the first bounce,
happen using energy. (5 marks)
have
Thinking
surroundings
more energy in the gravitational
warmer ball and surroundings
less energy in the gravitational
2 Describe in terms of energy
about potential energy store of the ball potential energy store of the ball
stores and transfers what happens
energy less energy in the thermal energy more energy in the thermal energy when you:
stores of the ball and surroundings stores of the ball and surroundings a use a torch
b generate electricity using coal
to run a cooker
c generate electricity using wind
to run a motor. (6 marks)

3 Describe how the energy

Cars on a motorway are
heating the surroundings.
Remember those stores!
Use the first letter of each of the stores in the table above too
write a mnemonic to help you to remember them.
store of an object is linked to its
speed, temperature, height, and
When a ball bounces, it heats
compression. (1 mark)
the air and the ground.
4 Use the ideas on these
two pages to explain in detail what
energy transfers happen when you
cook sausages on a camp fire
burning wood. (6 marks) 49

Topic 3.2 Energy transfer

 3.2.2 Energy dissipation
Learning objectives What does it mean to ‘save energy’? If energy is
conserved, how can it be saved?
After this section you will be able to:
● describe what dissipation Wasting energy
means When you travel in a car you want the fuel that you burn to produce
an increase in energy in the store that you want (your accelerating
● calculate the useful energy
car), not in the energy store that you don’t (a hot engine).
and the amount dissipated,
given values of input and The useful energy is in a kinetic energy store, and the wasted
output energy energy is in a thermal energy store.
● explain how energy is dissipated
in a range of situations.

Engineers have improved car design to reduce energy transferred

to the surroundings.
Here are two situations where energy transfers to both useful and
wasted energy stores.
Situation Energy in this store Useful energy in Wasted energy in
decreases this store increases this store increases
A car engine gets very hot.
car chemical energy store kinetic energy store thermal energy
accelerating of the fuel (petrol) and of the accelerating store of the
Link oxygen car surroundings
using a chemical energy store of thermal energy thermal energy
You will learn more about energy toaster the fuel (coal at power store of the toast store of the
transfers in Book 2, 3.4.2 Energy transfer: station) and oxygen surroundings
particles and Book 2, 3.4.3 Energy
When you are driving a car, energy is transferred to the thermal
transfer: radiation and insulation.
store of the surroundings. The air or ground heats up a bit. That is
not useful. You cannot transfer that energy to another store that you
Key Word want it to go to, so it is effectively ’wasted’. In that case, scientists say
that energy is dissipated.
dissipation
A What does ‘dissipation’ mean?
Fantastic Fact
When it comes back to Earth, air
Why is energy dissipated, and how can you
resistance from the atmosphere heats up
reduce dissipation?
In a car, you want all the energy in the chemical energy store of the
50
the outside of a space vehicle to several
fuel and oxygen to end up in the kinetic energy store. This does not
thousand degrees Celsius.
happen because of the contact forces acting on the car. Air resistance
 Big Idea: Energy 3

acts on the car as it moves through the air. Friction acts between
engine parts and between the car and the road. These processes
transfer energy to the thermal energy store of the surroundings.

B Name two ways to reduce dissipation in a car.

When you buy an appliance a label

should tell you how efficient the
appliance is.

We say things ‘burn up’ in the atmosphere. We mean that the force
of air resistance has a large heating effect. When bits of rock hit
the atmosphere we see a meteor shower.
Energy is not just dissipated by contact forces.
● Friction between surfaces can make them vibrate, producing
sound.
A ball loses energy each time it
● When a current flows in a wire, the wire gets hot. This transfers bounces.
energy to the thermal energy store of the surroundings. You
can reduce the energy dissipated by reducing the resistance of Summary Questions
the wires.
● When objects get hot, they transfer energy to anything around 1 Copy and complete the sentences
below by choosing the correct words:
them that is at a lower temperature. You can reduce dissipation
by using insulation. Energy can be transferred to the
surroundings or to other places
What is efficiency? that we do not want by
You can show how much energy is transferred usefully, and how , such as air resistance or
much is wasted, using the idea of efficiency. . When this happens we say
that energy is wasted, or .
efficiency useful energy output × 100
= (3 marks)
(%) energy input
For example, if the energy transferred from the chemical energy store
2
a A kettle transfers 200 J of energy
of the fuel and oxygen in a car is 100 J and only 40 J is transferred to
to the thermal energy store of
the kinetic energy store of the car, then the engine is 40% efficient. the water in it for every 500 J of
The wasted energy, or energy dissipated input energy. Calculate the
= energy input – useful energy output wasted energy. (2 marks)
= 100 J – 40 J b Calculate the efficiency of
= 60 J the kettle. (2 marks)

Wasting energy 3 Compare the conservation

You may have heard people say that it is important to save energy. of energy and the dissipation of
But if energy is conserved, how can you save it? You aren’t really energy, and explain the link
saving energy. You are saving fuel. There is less wasted energy, so between the two. (6 marks) 51

you need to use less fuel to do the job that you want. Topic 3.2 Energy transfer
 3 Energy: Summary

Key Points
Energy costs
● There is energy associated with food and fuels. Energy is measured in

joules, J.
● Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources used for heating,

transportation, and generating electricity.

● Renewable energy resources can also be used to generate electricity.

● Power tells you how quickly energy is transferred by a device. You can

calculate power using the formula: power (W) = energy (J) .

time (s)
● You can work out the cost of the energy transferred by appliances in your h
home using
the formula: cost = power (kW) x time (hours) x price (kWh). Energy companies use
the unit of kilowatt hours.
Energy transfer
● Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred between stores. This is

the law of conservation of energy. An energy store is a way of keeping track of energy.
● Radiation (like light), heating, forces, and electricity are ways of transferring energy

between stores.
● Energy is dissipated in any energy transfer process because of friction, air resistance, Key Words
electrical resistance, and heating of the surroundings by hot objects.
energy, joules, kilojoules,
● You can calculate the useful energy or the wasted energy from the energy input and energy
energy resources, fossil
output.
fuels, non-renewable,
renewable, watts, power,

BIG Write
kilowatts, kilowatt hours, law
of conservation of energy,
chemical energy store,
Energy campaign dissipated
to raise awareness of energy issues
You are a local councillor who wants
in schools.
There are two parts to the campaign:
y
awa ren ess of the ene rgy con ten t of food and how that links to the energ
● raising
needed for activities that people do
● saving fossil fuels for the future.
Task ir own
ts could use to take a snapshot of the
a Design an energy diary that studen
energy use over a day or a week.
closing
52 spaper that explains the link between
b Write an article for the school new
fossil fuel use.
doors or insulating buildings, cost, and
End-of-Big Idea questions
1 Here are some energy resources. List the 6 You want to reduce your energy bills.
renewable energy resources. a Calculate the power of a lightbulb that
wind solar oil coal geothermal gas transfers 6000 J every minute. (2 marks)
(1 mark) b Two bulbs are equally bright. State and
2 explain which lightbulb you should use.
a Write the letter of the correct definition of (2 marks)
power below. (1 mark) c State and explain one way of reducing
A the energy transferred per kilogram the costs on your home energy bill.
B the energy transferred (2 marks)
C the energy transferred per second (6 marks)
D the force over a distance 7 A tennis ball has 0.5 J of energy when
b Select all the units of power from this list: it is 1 m above the floor.
kW J watts kilojoules kilowatts W joules kJ a Name the store associated with this
(1 mark) energy. (1 mark)
(2 marks) b A student states that there will be 0.5 J of
3 energy in the kinetic store just before it
a Explain, in terms of energy, why a hits the ground.
pendulum swings lower and lower when i Explain why the student has made that
you let it go. (2 marks) statement. (1 mark)
ii Explain why the student might not be
b Describe an everyday situation where
correct. (1 mark)
energy is dissipated by friction. (1 mark)
c Explain why the ball moves. (2 marks)
(3 marks)
(5 marks)
4
a Name a fossil fuel that can be burned in a 8 Here are some data about two types
power station. (1 mark) of kettle.
b Explain why it is called a ‘fossil’ fuel. (1 mark) Kettle Energy Useful energy Wasted
c Use your answer to part b to explain why input output energy
(kJ) (kJ) (kJ)
fossil fuels are non-renewable. (2 marks)
BoilFast 600 540
(4 marks)
KettlePro 800 80
5 A tablet charger has a power of 100 W.
a Copy and complete the table. (2 marks)
a Convert 100 W to kW. There are 1000 W in
b Calculate the efficiency of each kettle.
1 kW. (1 mark)
(4 marks)
b Calculate the cost of using the charger for
c A student says that the BoilFast kettle
3 hours if the cost of 1 kWh is 10 p.
must be more efficient because it
(2 marks)
wastes less energy. Explain why this is not
c State and explain one way of reducing the
correct. (2 marks)
costs on your home energy bill. (2 marks)
(8 marks)
(5 marks)

53