per:h,Elps ,j] theusand rm~iaMa'irrkm;e'1 "31 d thre.~ ~lUJ.es 'fll5i m~a.y w'O'l[mded Ii tesll!l~ing II) rolil'~~der~bl~ I05:5:.)?

f fil:t:e fq'r i:r.U~ 1:$1. ",~~dI ~:~le '~-,ha:"l;'Ial' gC(~UP$ a:tlidl11l. mai~c;lJo(J~lt for }.:l'Ub~l~al1 -nd 1;11.!i ~ .. ~mrnent, 'Fhl' divwsions in 'the .~.~mta,hJ(1it~ 1,e~p~r.s:tli;p .and its~.r~tlJ~il~ty to < (\o.n;dqc,t :IIi set p:t~l;:~ '~~Ue v;,;'e~('!· b~ut:aJny ~p:oS~d,. i~~hHe l'i)~ ftnil~rn-

Ill.el:ll ffoll'"c~1l showecl th~~t fh~y co~~Jd. ~'l ,- 0 gQo.d a~CQt,nt olf' themselves wUho,,~t ;Soviet b;~C:~ng; As:.a wsult. of the ,~,~sco" Hl,e f9l:e ·.or the ~::fl \ljrus cu:r:tall~d:by ~b,e.fa·kl:5tal;l,gov~;l~Mlttl1:~1 bu'~, fh~, An:wrkaJIl

1.'t1'!;;fl'CI!oI:l:)~','w'a~tQ;appoi:1l1~ a S]~e ial.EiwGl'Y' tQlh~. ~iI'h,~wru::' ~Il.![),' and to resome. SlU ppl1e1>of al'1;l.1lS., .wbiGb ha~~ la,ps(ld" at' th~ tlme of H\~- Sovj~~'f< ;depart!.'!J'e l~l th;@ ~_pec.tillUcn, of ,~ qw~k It#jjtlli;.d:i.jr~ ~'fJe~Qr:f'" ~ fLlrU'l~r_ ~Ut rnp,tto, t~i~ J~ I~~ llibij:el W.\L~ plann.ed!, bu ~ 'wmli< ~jllo:~~"IU~tI In JU Ly I~y' a ·s!QJ((le.by fbe·g.;1ttrison wll,i.ch succl?oIl(l,cd in dlj\ring:U');~ ~t1.ltjl.lfiid,il'j(}ut 6"t the .arsa, The l.ilJHe,fSI (!1'elcl~bHi:tYW';lS ,fUft'h .r '''I!.~ak.~ned by: .a comt1rm~ntf# ()f 'in~t!~n~1 diu.~:~S:lG1!1. 1:11 lllJ~p thtrty nt~!11'l?:l;!n of the Jrlm f~lt·,.i-'mJ~rl1:li~ jndudh'l.g seven, '!I;:om.ILllOilJldeEs! ""~~r~ a.!l11!i!.tsl;1i~~C1 jl.I1d k ned ~Y. Dltl'JI~be[5 0 H~k(n3itYMjs .tJ'tlz~:M\\'I(lmi·r In lh~ O'Uf~ of i.!i Itud ~!(?~ti Q\1"~~' ~:nf~hlf. rn. fiil~jKln$'t1l;, ,Nla~!iol1d.c~~P'lll!',~(11 trk~4 atid Il;~n;j,~d fUUT 100f ,thcsere$;pu.ll'$i.~l~. Theind{l'e~lt U1!.en d~\i;"e']bpecl, Iato' 3 ulOlj,()r Feud. between the t\IilQ groups.

'1~1 M,il~ 1989, 'nc,ou.rog~d by Uti! :uc:ees'sful d_f~nc' 9:f -,]alllbill~ ~1aiibut1.lh . .a~Uedl.a lla.rthl!r J(JrtI i.f:rg~;r,mQ (jSJI:lrf~:O-e:r~·Hid.!!.]~¢i1~enl~ ~ mr,liahla~n. con nuul.dit!1S to dj;!d~r-e' a ~i:!'~I.~r1Te in re,tuln (or a:u'!Us ~l'lp $ubv ,lion~, und ·a f.lllE':e hand in their ·ar as. Crr~1dlb!any ,iI p'i.'IUetrf C:m1~rg:ed.l lj,\;r[tih tJlt'! rt1:11jahid,bl. i [1, ' ron trol 'of ·tib,1tt:tned~. i1Irea~~~. ~n~l@: goiVefl'lmeln~ -. 5;~jU hGldi.ng out I·tu ~he n1.oru~n towns !!:h~ s~att:~l~d 8aEd~oti.-., ·a:n:d ~n Incr~~sit'iS .t.l.ultlbe'l'" o· ·~t.llba:l l~~dlef~ ,ilnd miU~.aFr wf.Il_dofCh: coUucli i'l g .. with :t,he govlernm@;lit ~l ma]nt.a.jn~.l1g Hiet.T i [1d¢p~nde:n~'pf ~'otl1' 'pad:lt!5i_ Pro~lllnjf!ont ~~ 1:ii:i~J1I.g, tbe.pl·w¥~S Ge.n.!11!ra I Abd\ll l'!lf.hld DOShJ,m, wtlO command d ~:~;t.1a .. ,t1i:mcd rJltliHa in tlru north of tn,e C::Dunb·l'·.t)uri~lg the ,,~Ij.',. ~i,I:blltl\?~.1lle under :~csiS"~~n~ !;7Qi;;.k~t !tttack., c~fun'l':l'e~ by fIr.rLn~JiiI o.f $CIJl)~1'l U'll1~,$~.lil;)~ o~. ,rrlujldrJdh .~ osiHons. The' l'ottt~ :north W~,S 1nU~utll.pltl::di! {l,S \1IPel'~ f]Jg:h~s btlni~ns 5I.J,ppJi~!l into KiJiqu] il~tI'P0!t~ 'ru-lcJ 'lhe:!;i9pu]ari.!)1'l otttJ1e' C3'Piitl3li :rem~:Ln~d a.c;::utely ~h!Jril: o.f 1iood. [1'1 lhe· nortl~., Yas~udptl.t t.c:)ge~.ll."'IC a !1~n~Ri an,a 011 ci'V:U !,u1r!!l!iTIis~n',l'i,t-m, wifhh'i5 ~1~udqu~:rL~LfS;]lt ~J::'i].oqal} ]'n 'f1Jik;,n~.(" provhu::e.

row~lFds .lI.br! l!"'nd of I'he vear" ·(1:5· th StEl.IIi!111~I.re cOfltln1,1~ddll.111 i!ilrutl',i,'Naji,b~l11~h, fiI IMumber Uf IInny omc~r~~r~.re !i[re~'h~~I' tfl lRc~mberr a1Jlegedly fQr plottilllg a .·coup. \'-'I'hile Jre~l1 dls.5et}sihnil:liJ~Mt 'Oeh\1e<en [hie Kl1tJlc/.<lnd ,1~lffr:l:I.l~m ac~ilo.n.s m tile ,go:v~n,t~~1 u~ aud 'Ir~rny. The poUcil,:t.S of- r~~~QndLialjo'n 'th~l N~.ii,I'lUU:;'lJl h!:ld bee'n' lr~'lJ1,g: I~I p.ilrs..u~I~\·q{re opp~~d. b~t.h by ~lval r.a.l'¢b~m:iJs aAd 1~ Ih'~"XI'J~I~,~;rltl;" I,ll .. ,(I.f~;J.lr linch; ,Get:l'HdSh .1tJ Ntlt.v.' z or n 'I.; llt t icl-"~ill l! MiJn,J' l r., In

MaJn-h ~'~90 ,'! tbare (v,~·'~ sh.aw~~~'vn, '\khen ~:' tii..J !Qif some t1i" the ~ r!l!~~~~ ",tJ;J~l5@P. l1rpp,![~C.~d ~~'~JdeJ:'ll'~ ,~~ ~~,~~a~ 'f~md ~ . 'h,ll'pH~"kM(ln, f'!~~ ~?~~e~T~t'!~ ~y¥ Ta'~l~1 l'rifld to-laj[I'i~ll~ a_c' nJ~'J bull 'W;'I~ P't;(l,oeDU,p ,lfd b}: ·Na1Jbu:UilLfl". ~.hl~. ~'llh hi KllAD prp~le 't~ '1'11,1:5 ne hlI1l:O(:(~I1'I' i:H" _~JI~ UI~I:~~i!!~~\ W:I'~I ~I' ilI~ :!.Ii 'W hJD~rs,_~tbe I~Ot~,p '1"\';1l::j R:l(.~er. ,1:f'Uit" 13'1le.:lf'al. nm. i'j;~e;d hY,' h I,it· 'illt'cr'trn lP'i1ki~t!:!n,,,\,\Th!!l\ III jJ Ifi'l!llll~ie .r~YelQ. Im'(mtj ~~. ~?d He.~n~~r ."t.~~ . uP: l'h~Ie ·1'lii!'~e. S.t!SR'~:dilelU~ rua~ '~h~ ~,1~~;: ~C;.' h~tl bH'~ l·fl~Ol,~1 l:u,cfOn! the l1t~~)'ill~~ ;aMp, :r;;.'LUl th* ll.l1,~i ~:I t1i'O'~, ,O~ .f'0':l~lIi n~ a '(CIIi;f 'i"lli:!elb. '~J;"~j;ti~li ,,~,!,em~1~J.!lrrll-. m.llt'Il?~cl ~:n'lnc:lpa.U1 q,r IGh:~rZ<lf1 ~s:h~oGm.$L. Either wa:y, U'lj':Hil:fiallc~ be~-WJileA'lI L"I,ard ,len" ,qm.m;Ulllll,st_ and . ~ hatd !'~Sl t l.slaln: L !c.o.Lclldt, mul}!; Ill,r;. '1Ictt'IIJ,l'[~:e~ ~:r ~~~, ut;lpr:l:n, 'ip'~'~1 r:JulbilWtl. U d~I'Ii~~' ill ·~~tQJt'i', t<>l 1iI:'li~c~nCfapt qf, ,jJl.iiicl and 11" fllr.tli:il~T e..sr:rarlg,~d f:I@,I~lna ..• rt '6~m bUs mil/~,I'hldJ~l ,iI.I~]~':'-'; ~\furthe~r ~(!!!lba~k .for N!lj~l",ul.il!al1. ():ccl:UT~d ill. ,I~;erat hi Al!'l:~il,. ~hltn ~~()D(~ mt4ilrJl;~rl,l.il~ .. who' 'W!:!JJC ~uppoo~.gllf ~,IJIi:rl.l~l~t dn;rf ()rpene(:'i fiJe t:l~~ tIli~'"oHicials sent to N.lceivl1 them" ldUin,g' f h.e.GOV'~mliO,r o! .I~I· I"?t IIU!~. ~~v_e'ral ()tlle'l:~.1tt Was Iortllt1iili(!! Jor NUjibuUah that h~ had!

t.al~en 01 1,'I'i)e' ~~is:itiln 1':lQ;~ 'b~ b. p:rl;'.Ulnt. .

Dtld.mg l'b:'~ r~u~;tThld.~:r of 1990, Iltrle a;d\lamll;olg~wa5' t1a1ued »i-, by C!J.thel' ~ de. Ill>], M~y; Naj,llit'~Uah Hfll"~d ~ he lllllih.\ 0 .' ! ne.r.gency oiI11d cal lila. Y' tilill1oth€l7ivyajir&I1, at Vi:'hi,cl1 a mu'lti~lrJm~t oS) rem was :lld~llJ.:·rJ m[ld <1:_ (~J~e\)re~~~~l)w:e,lcoooltg;i"v~n 'to privare e,.nbtrpr:i,se ,and oor~Jgn LQ'v'~hnllll'll. tft~ PD']'iA \l;!~.'i OOfOm1Eld as the' .He:zb-i-W(ll(;~l'(I-Iom.(!h.,~d Party) I cQll'Iri"f;il!.lfli'W WiUi ~u:rth"iii '-ft.~ '1!II,Ued, ~nd lsla~ fin I natlonaljsm ligil!m letrtphasjs,~d. 'Nh~le:N':iiHmll<!ll' achieved ~-nU;l,e by l,h~~1 ge~~tu:re6,. b~ 1IlaaU;1!li~d . ,to ~~lk!!!' ~_Ot'll~ ftrl:UU"f p,r.qgr:e~s hI b~ymg the ~He UfHC1;) I 0:1' <It least tho ne1ilit~F;[]jLy, clf .1n 'q;) mUjd/"lidr-JI iI("ad, rs. hlcr'f'iiSl.ngly, as mOVe'lllem·· hrau:ghOlut I~be CO,lUI!tl'y became easmer 'and paa'.ls,.Of U bc,g~;D''1 ,lD r~ooY'~r 'frc)m 'lhJl!l ~~n.l\~IS . .o~: t.he s~~vrt"l.I~1.~!Mi.(ln" SlQ the local Wil.tl()fd~· nil eived more external ,\l:id 111'~d d,~eIQiPt:!d ithli!li' ownrconQ.l11Jlc.~CtiVi!ti@.'l!r·Qtroel1 dru,gs~mhll.ed •. ~er in :the Y''e,ari lm.!I'lng le(~~WJt notbl:ng rro:m. UH~ li~.s:(y a~ Jal,aJ.~~d.t l.iektlllIly,nl,aluuel1€d hjs flHlj()r[ 'iltl~!ck pn. Kabul,.vtMl th~ t.as'Mmr~i·F:~~fi' bUll' " .. rus (I-eeis"!" ~y

liepuJsed. " -

W)1[J]Ofllut1.c elt ns h.[ldf11e;!!'1whl1~ ~.K~C'l'l UI.ldet 'way tl.;-l I ry,· ·tb res;ol:",'e [!:l,e i'$SU~ l~fl' (lI[D~m1 b)' fllie G~n~V'lii 4('."C~nd~.ln J-uJlI.l' {98~., incon wSjv"C l:aJ~S were h@l.d in Stodd:u}lm bmreeD Ainei!i'ltan and OV:ict 'r~,md:i!luls, whUe I hi Sov.Il"t F(I,~eig,1'l l1v.Unli'Otef. I:1doullldhil!ver.

itil~ze' ~1d U~~ I ·WlllC(~ Shi:~@S $e~rect~(Y,of S)ct'l Jnynesall~~'r. l~ltt!"I:' l!iIle:~ if(l] 1allss ,\Vbl,ch contmu.eil.at mntet'i ... z!Js tb:rDUghoiLJJ 199(1). Wi'lh: ~he

.51d W 1: .. olJ:\I.flM, f~) ,an I ·11(1 I Jl:eit.h,·r (1WWl!r lUlid ~ I1Y, iJHI'~! J'~ tralle~lc 'ItnU' ~t in iH8;hlllni~'ldl,~· ,:I~~h "li\~b th!:! ntlssi 1M ir!j!fmdn.d n\lntod'~;5 S]~out, W~~, fClining- hilJiI ~J ~ h~tl'Iji'd f,)f l I ~n-'if (;Iltr~n~II"'!II~

I M.i)tAf\l,_fi" wa~ gnlld~:II'1 l"Hlll I nLi III ,t., W - 'f ',Ilp I!rl1''''' ,11 ·'u~ ,m

Ineg1DtiiH.l sym rlill~tI'y" !ilnd ~",;:nn'it In 'tb~ lou,gon 'l1'elZ'anl,e k!19,,~[j" ~s the I,iu,iedm e~tH:y\ ,a,..(;Da.~iHon g!Oy(!r:O]]]J~I~~ ti:?,Jl'i3,'TIQ1fln",d,lu. :K~bu,] p~~o:r to '1f'I:~on.,wld~1 '~~iln!1~. The nlab~ pOlili,t HlI to b~, le!s,Ol,Ve_d Wii'Sf wlrletht'r; "il~ the, Russia I'!..'! ,wbbed. Naj"ibul:l.at'l's':regime s.'h.t'l~d aer .as :tWs 'Ie:ut~ t,JI,11, er :'oiVl1.eithe:r, as tbe, .;!\Ju'e.d!i.at'ls' [[Is1:!:l~d'., b~ sl':l,i:DiI ~,~ ~t~'n~. dm!ll'n· in. tbe ll;tl 'I 'Sits of Itlst·<.IbU~11i111g ~ICVil!i P~:iilyi:hg liel,r]..\!\fe,1I U1.I~Q ~ 99]. tLO~!e'it~r! :At'liH~riG!l1J1 ahen tiOIl,tI.!ftS df'Y'.e.ftedE~Q~;n )\f,gJ:la'(1is~.m 'by' t'hi, h~nkll~~fon, urf KU1i'!Ifai't <Jndl the GuU: Wai'" !i~'l1iJ.1! the ,~l~sj~.mi, w~re pr .. OCCllPh~(1 ~'lr,u, 'wlLh 1he ~~(d;\,.tlP _ t~~ H1'~1r,heae~.O'ny ~~~ Eil.st~m ,',l1'nJ,P'C and Ithel1 by,ll he:s:t[ams d~veJoplJ,1g JI':I the SOY.1et VruiOp_lUi~U, During the Gulf war, H!eilulltltyo'lllr> and ,o-th,(;![ lS,I.~njJstil"sld~d wU:l~ ,U'Ill\! h'lltqi I wb:U~ nhc.' ~nullir[lnnaUst gr:[lt~r~)~ ~em\tEl urml] k1!1'~e of, m~rf,~h,id.i'~ t.O, 'tight'iyith the :Sa~ld:i':iij,iI, 'f'tuthe.r. indoiql'tion of:the rpit Ioet\~reell [lIE twb grcu pi.u,g~. In A:I1gbanis ~an U~H, ~, U became pr,ogr.·s; lyell' d~~Ul!!i' ~hEl,t no 'M.nnQr~ w~]'e kl ~i~ht. XTII.;I11Y ,:,f Ir~lfi~~ conC'eme'd,b~CD_mi,!' nTOf~ reD;~y t:o ta:n~to' each other, Se'lre:ml of fh~ mujf71Mitir.' corom;;rnidelis ill 'llle !,!!()llth had begun to hold meeth.1gcSv anti' Uws.e ~,(lvelapedJ into m(~tcfefJn~l ,rViell ,( "oJUm~i!inders 'Curtli!:ch~:n'C~S'f tn Vi~hl hM,fl:s'~om.J·S' ' int1 \:!rmJe ,tI~(,-iil;Qle '~d.allllifil1i!1nt, ';(~lIoM ng·,U'le faUlu'e; Di'Heb'matyars oJl'eJi:Sl~e~ ~~l.usaud wen~ to, :ll'aH-stan frir:'onl>~,ltaI'Lo.fl~ ~ltb the ;g(l,i'!;(er'.!\;!U'~1 "I: ~~d ll:l(~ r\Mii!l~aJl~@ 1 "i! t:l:' 'r~~ hi~ fn'St vl~n ! ,th;u·'Qu:ntr}'" fo,r. te'ffi~ycmI i 'the,<!]!utct'Jme VIi·~S. fhat hls"Q:rcesJu~',i5';;rlJ to ~lH:;~iv~ I'IilQi':e ma~~Jb,1 SUIIP0Ft' a.l():d aJR j'b;b'IJ:nab~ad A,gJe~ln~nl' was. rell,eh, d, ptOVlding, ['aIr t:~,m I[ (lGoper, .. ti~n l~el\fm th.e [lllSI!l.tWIU,' ~roulls :::mcl,r. the olro:m:and"eJ:!, ln, Arlfh~nist.mc. Na.,ibun~lll'l :(li'~So !l:JL'avelled •.. and ill ~dV~Iflbe[ ~990 met m;r~j(Jhj(~l1~. ,leflidel'5 . .1lin~ i~!n~: lahir's represemafive~ in G'~P'V~I whil~ h Ffl'OI''Llli.!ol,'Y Itj!HU'i~ ,Russiansi110 stalrlec.t'iIlti talk 1.0 th.lll,m*,flkU,p'l, "In.iUally 'm ·Ra..kis~t~n,,1n 'May, 1991. the Russia.Its ..

• .I11d. pakis'ta~1]~~ be'g"tl~Q ml'ille']', ~~'l~njll !ang 2al'l1r bro~e 3J long sll~uf?~ and, put iQIi\l\lll)ldi ~11 own peace pl~fl.

F'.nQoLirag~d 'by thesevartcus d~ve~!]pmelltS:r as ",,-en as, bF the kudlD!l~ tile 'U11itted N'iJli'r)ns :ha,'l.:g'!lhl~d as a r,eBmllt Dr 'Lh~ 'Gulf V,,~v~ It.h~ Secl't,till'Y G't"n.e~fill J1el!:~2' ~If! 'C'l.i~I, ~!i'i.r, ~i2'l ,out in May, 19p'1 'wba,· ~~, desrnbeda ,<1]1 ~ilitefmrtionallc·ons~,llsu~/ fOf' a pN.ce'f~I1.$etUe:ment,!im !l.fgllan]s'lan. Pl:is :ce:rnH C<l.1U.t' Jj\oJu <Ii Genel',<ll Ai~~mbly l{e,sJdullon:i Of, NO\ICIFlll~r. 1~'a9, W]~t~ll rili;~i'Yl:red. hil1n: 'l'O' "i:U '~Jlnil~1I,' and, ;FatM:i.f,(,te ~h~ eil:rly reiidisarian uf it compTehensivE I)oUtica,1 ~s:~tl:lem(mrt in 'I~Jgl.~<IIm- 5itfU '; and in NUirch 1990 he had eSlllbHshed an Qflit:~,in/\fg;llani,:ii,tan ,'lnd P,nkt:n;tm (OSGAP). hl!1'J,dt'd hy r.I UN lJr~def.·Sec~tl!n:': IIjl,aonoti SeV3.il, The S,ene-itifH:v:.iGeneral's, ideas \o\Te(e funliltar e'l1m.(~~'], ll:n~1 mcluded intlepend'e';p~ .afld.s,(!I:f-u,et '1:lIHin,atiOllj ,[1 t'@.£I:s:e .. amr ~ 'C ":~lia~ Unn n:l' ilrams ~uppllil:l ,~nd ,~ 'f'~mm~tl(m 'IDe ,11lmt~m' ljlila¢.llnlU '0' 'he· lind fa i, 1" ,!.i~eJt:i(!':lls '~nd a 'l~mi;tll'l~bi~~i1i~,~ 'a:Ovei',~m.imJ~. ", hit, ~~~liu-t. gnvel'liU'lil P'O!lTl'llltlly a i, p:~ dI 1~1 I. li!j fili dul, • a'l.I:8il~ n ,and II;Utl,

but t1,~e' ~~lIG, ~ ~lt!l ~1<1!~~~ ta ',agte:e' ttl1' ~t, In ,geIle.r.al, t.~~<fiia(l Ulbh~, '(;ou:tld,f:,n:G:1! ~n . t;l'le' ,UN ~I !l~t f\!~~~ stU 1 raut.lll1g '~T~m t!1~~I:r 'AAol'US,I~lll fnln~,~~e' neg~jjin:1lIIc;)I"I<," ~elldllillg tQ tl1' Ge111el\r~1 i\C!)( Ii, l'OEl}{,W -It!\! all' SUS:PIOl@:iUS: iI~ttt . 'iG:1J\'!,e; g:o the ·Roints~' in fhl! flan. fori" ~'(am.pte. 'lt ,n,::.~errn~_ t,(iI ·Ullln!l,l,lli.QI'l~l~ ll,rql ~lg~nll!t11,ts a(;'~~p~~,lil~ .to the ;V~f:l:!il i'iIliJJ li~i1: of llh\ "" A~gllw.fr _(1ehp,];~1'~ 'rj;~h?t1t ~~Igg~;~~jn:g a:nY~':b~t 4Jr ~~I~l~b:IJIHM;:: 1ITId l~' a}oo "t~~eijl ~PIL ·el.~:ti;onS",'I~n :atto!l',cil,3:fioe "t'it:n, l'\fg!h.at1 'b'.a~[t~()n:!l::; a:~10~l~liZ.r :vaf,uef:!(:$'S: l'l.IM WIY~. d,s:~ '~9 misg!Vi:ii1g.5abojl!!:~' \\it"ha,t, .~~~.jJ~'~;el'ld~flI. ,HID'~~'~r· dl,e ,~radiHO:rl!1,~~8;1'll:J1bul'1:S dedd~cl t:9', <Ji~L~IP:' tFt:~_ ~ .. \lliJ!'uIR ~he :oC);mman:d~~s in .l\fjha-!'l tan ~Vtere not

oPPQ~~d. ·~I ,iii '!Ulid Silly:~rilt Iww,eveJ1 f~lrned It down tbl..

p~ sec, lil;';<;j n£l,.pra;gf(~s5 '~.1!Sn'.l!ill"d~j, 1 ~(hmJlYi howell~r ~l~hilil·r'e L

,~"I'a's <I' 1H@1t1lI1l'~ [,~t~l3eIlli. th~Pa,kj$ anis, tJrf~; t~ania:mi and the rnl,ljt:1 ilidin ' wlll,slla~U'-lI~:ad, ~~l~.,c'h lidc?ti.li1ed i101111:! 'llb8mV~ ~a.hu',~'l'. t1ll ~,he ,p!I~, [II 'il,~d th]:i,~\~'il~t)II:~wecll'br 1,'1 rn~ ~in:ll in 'li'e]}@I,':iln In j\uglUt, ch~iN;!d 'by the r.:t:a;[I,!<ulI, ]it~$i] Mmi~[~!'r AJl Akbar Venil}'ati .. ~twhldl,1he' Iranb[~~~ 'I ,m~(I(JJi~t'Uu t'\:l, j)1:~ , I~f.es[)nl, On th," 6rf:Qt~1l(].lueanwhnei I he ~'m~i.l~ll~'(thj ,had:at: !!tli,t In~mlg,!i!d ro ,ah.ie\"e iii 5l11ct~!iS~wHh The ,cilptur~ UJ., ~,~'~_ o:~ ~~le.,t,~t,..,,~ (IT ~~o.S't., ~~OI()l!ghil~I;~ hBm~@Ui,ng it D'I? ~S}i, re~l.sti'lI1 ::e i;ij,piltiJ!l'I, the)' iJ1sLad ~\lnI4)rehe!n!ilv,e:tv luot'(;'d. It. lirlt'Ve'fe't t,h.ei:lf~lTOi'ts·dtlrhig th~'utnnn~r to t~k>e Gajde~ filiiedI' dS,P~le th~:tr l~S~ ot ta:(ti.{'S JQr.,:t;h;~ fu'St.tir.1il,e, Wll~;, lher,efore, :[;1 mO[<E' ,POS i'Uve' ,QuUoo.k, e~~t'~'ge~ J ~ ~~C:'9.w f~UQvyimg u,!~ f'b,ilu:re. of ~ he a tJtlltm ptJitl, coup, there, 'QU,,]~ Angu:ot:1 l~'~~ :u.re for "'~'bmpron1ise gN!'W: hl 'Sepll'm.lpi'" the ,~r.nell.Cillns iln~ ~uss~an~ \'¢e:re ~ble It~ reach an. iJIg-r~e:m'~II1.t 011 'a cut'"CtT d11~~'~ 1 jlllnufUY ~.9~.2i, io,l' ~:b~S:UIPP]ll' or v!'!~apml~1 'whU.i! th!ll,ltuss!,<ll1f. abOO'r.lcm~d th('ii'j,:i'llis'ten' 'ethioltN':ajibldlah ShoDi'tl bea m rub r of iJir. tntenm govemment. ],n,egotiatiof1$ conrtnued in~to 1~92,. RussL3ctl i1n(]lAH~~rlau'l m.m.tUlY' ala ,tOI~,p~d. iLnd th~~{u~sl~n~ c\~3$@)tI to supply Ka~u:!. W1ti~ t~:[l~ i1nd fuel, . Pil,k~:;jri},n also put. an end to 011'1 il'S'iSUPIXH'1 fo,1 the 17IU,,alu~Jm;, <!I,fUu;nrghthls ~VilS less, dtl[uag:lng •. it),s ;lid {'Jolin Saurdll f\rflhl~ ,1Jl"uJ el.~~'wbe[~ continued. :MNmwhl~~ tn the r1!Qr'th~ DtJstmll,!,~' Usbe:k~]JJmti~, i'Qblred F()tlie v'l'ith MaSlif\lud and ~t:oj)k M;17il,r~i.$h"'r~f,

lo~(!thler" these deve,lupments .s.cu]~ded the deatb krieU 'both. for me UN_,~l~n aUdJor I,he ,,~a~U:uUahfe~imc, TJl,~>1 S'ldnl'd ~he .1(;~\lant,as~ dl~c~s:tve'I,Y in WVt)l,lJ1!" 0[; ~he muj,t'i'.hii:li,'nl wl',~ [JJ[IoW 'b.el~eved v;id0011,af [~~ wlthm U'lelr gr;as.PiJud S<l,W nO' !.1ee~1 .fQt any UN s~tt~eineint !i\'tiiG1i rl''l'igh~ iIIH ('CIoffi fCJ)'· .1:01: NlI.libuUah " I' his: SU,PI)Od~11! .In ~! !r I,mllit'll)~ial i1drnin.1srrlltiCl[1. WUI.l Ule 'Ru ~"i~!ns ,1IlUrd Uh~ 'LIN :itu('n~,i'fying '11'ill~ PJre~llrr£ on hl.ml N8,jJbuIUah iil,I!l'e'OO on 18:'~!~a,rd) f.€l s~e!p d!Q'Virril ~l1a h'1lclIl,e andL:ompl, cn'l('d~lf.qnlruflg dcveJopcd c vii.!'r U)I;! tr:,an,'I'tI11!i , n1lI'Il!~"l nt', The ~~g!j\~elll'll.'l e-,~entUally [,r~~~,'.'tII 1'1 !l nr~.I1I1 S "I;~n Pill,¢ld,crlflrjr' 'hhe r,mXlli'l~i:(t1l Of ~ i'~re~'rn~n.,\l ilti.QIJ ~u~' neW ~( ~~ bOIDrI Ji~L~ J1 'fIUJtIJIL n 'u[rnI"'I:lIII IfT:"1 : taJl.j" "'I' lJl~UI I, IIU, III "flf~

!g.ovemhl,eti~ I{;{)u:~:d be set I::!p .• On 10 A.prn~ the··UN Se(i.~:eta9r .Oe:D.lei~I, 'p~m' no u I;r{lo~. K 'lm!OS· Gl1a11l,. ~JillllUl:m(."ed. t~ ~i Il . t III 111.(1)1 t Il~ p.~IQn Fill" il"h'uc,e·wQ.nld,b" atlll",;,r:) alnci:th :(,oQuncll '!r'\,Ould take~o'\!1 'ril1 Kat1I.!.~. O~ 15 .:"Wrill bQ~ever. N~~lbu]l?)h, I;ri~.d to 'leJ'lre tt{?m K'8.~ul atrport -, and, 'Wben bls w:ay wa~~ b.l~k~;. ,dt ~Pl~J,;~t~I~: [1~ m ~l~W .rto ~:I~C' ~~ colllpol!!nd, -as ·W.,.:s 1 l [I re~r~nlll:C4 .. 1'r~,e clrcu.m~l'i'!" 'eli 'ptroundlTIgc,ti:iS ,at'tte:lnp'ili:~ riepattux.e r~'!r:!li~ _ <,~;(~re. Oh1,(! :the~J:Y::"i~ ~~t be. ,:"11115 !'tlu:!'Ot~1 b~1 J~ eOJ:i:1h~rfe-d;,1'l,0~~"f (lt~); .ulid .',v.rl'l1~ OOt;lp., a:nllQ!t~lr~.r 'IS; Ullil !:l'~\I<1n hld-:ine:~r'd' hbtl ;I ':&3i1:1 pIJ.Ss3g,~ ftom til,' r~otlnlr~r, and ye'f anather is th.at·h~ simpLy .~i::lJi~\ "iii tI~itr6.',V,e~,. Iiis,,~j$ap~::u~a:r~uqe m'll ~ul[owfJd br~~'ll'e s:ulddll' .or" li: 'Il~~~.1 Vak~l::lt th,. 'I 'leac,i'o._1{llAll. 'I:',tli'~ 1~f:~

!'t, lfia~vet \:il~ ~nm. >-vhfch t,he ~?~tfJilr'li~ll"f t:lEi's 'nclC~ to ifilL M,tI"S1!ond,. DO.rst"iUlm 'iIL.Iil,d·lh:El[.,~l'meSi· ~'J:lo~\T,erQ-;; 'jo,ined .by o~therlocalniil.~iM and def etlng AI~h~~:tl~~rn:iY unUs" .l:IdcViU'i.Ill.d ' ,~ I<ablUJ fi'cn t l:hc norl'l. \l\'~:it~H' >lrnnuyar"$ f'Oil~e;";'t; imi)~~,ly I' ,iIdot,reQi, adva.lletta hom, t~fl' ~OitHb. In 'the rest of the !'.;:Qu11try, lot.am guveJ[nldlc'IU mtlmas &Un~ll.d(;!l(,!(i to, or' n:-iade 1 c:,nvc -:shl'ing ~J;~ll,g;t~m-'ut'il'h. lh~ 1 "m4~'d~U~~1 iii~ {h!i! ;m,tlin, t~wn~ ~ml' gnrri'llll' capttwfi,too peact,"[uB)'. On 25 Id?f.~i. ~llli~gudalfi~~re.kl!l~a~}ar h~Ucd on the outstdrltS _of

,!(1I )till.. ~'I';I 11' ~l~J.an;'~ I~ del'· Iu .1~es.t~3i!.1\1e,n, wh 'h£l~ .nQ~t

i1 L'l:U!~H~lLii3 U[' hlteri'l11 ({cnm' H and ~i1~d optel.i filt" 'lI~(,J r OWI1

~5'~Ii~U¢ Ji'l1ild t:i:e;um "tl c9~lll_1ue.d te ;::n:~ue about its cOln~O~itiOlll, '[bey ~V;:~l~~SUJ~ ~~ll.l,l~ ~.I~~: 'li~~ue!, bl:!'t. _bGlUr0· I.h~y cO~b.~d <If'e~v:e hl KiJlbul., 1" ~lnt'litY~1i" lro~p~ stfiTtCt~~l}· '!ITf;iH:r~I.te- till c ly. Mrui50ud i.mIJjiecl:i~~ely; 'eill' lt~s,.;9~m Met: In, .omd Oii ~~t~l for :c.on~l:~m en~~~~d. Hfl~mll,,!)_f: \\V~L~ fl@ltLer .(\lqu.1PPcUi b!J/t ~il'J!j~oud,; Wh(' more ~.JitU:l~ ann Il'lanidlet" ,ql\lC'~"ly 'pUI into ~t' a plan Whid} , Within two da)'s l ,t him iJll command of viibJ.Jdllj': all th~ ;~ity··~, key: pqi.nts, Hekma~yar's, :Ill' n: Je~'ls~~tI iIrl lbe ':VI1.nstry·or thi~ .ltU riel" Hl1d thl'l'~ was a (ruther two dilysi liglhl;ing bcfor.:: lhey H:nally stttcu.m:lled. Hekmatyarthen 1,I\'ithdr~'I' !:Q thl'!" :!!o!.),th .of' the city, 'o'I.~ltn~ MaS'sOiud w~s left ,1n Iro~5C'$si.bn. oe 28 i\.prH,. tb.l.rty rU:~l1Ih 11I'f) lhl:! UC.a,m1vd, h?cIi by Sebghittu lla h lrllfll.i,iltUdi; 'illIn d f,arnl;ull1y reeetved the SII nender -oF, ~hEl' city frnol members of Nai~but1a,iJls' -regjlme. MlII1,Hj~dl pgoc(!t:diC'd' to :p,roda.iJ'l!l the '1sl~1II1dc Uepubllc tU,f Afghaui:ni.l.n~, 1.1"1. 'which MiJ~'O:lIl, be'C'I!;ffl~ M~\llIi!'it~r tl'f"IJ(;)fem:c, Gatlan! Fotof'ilgfJ Uinhri;t1eTrmd ;~alyyaf· Mlnbter of'the tntertor, l"Ie.ikm'Il'lY.fll was irlvued to be 'Prlme Mi.l1~.s~eri' bLll~'~u,s(ld 'lOr tjl~C part Sd lung ~s Ml!~tiflud Ul.S, , I.~() h~i'i:m\l'[ded,lnr.~i . be w~I~~ll,-d tn., 1 rresidt"11C~ and Vr!i'"i'I~Un1Nmkng.at thatpctnt to se:ttl!tnto~ . ;jU1vtlrl:ing less. E\-'enat the momeat ofvictor}T, the m,ujr,ddclll.l.rom In~l

lIh,;I'Jb~) wily: dMd~d,

------------;~~~--------------------~----~

Enter the Taliban

Thflli~:~i.nll~.~",y.m:s of mij~'(rrd'tUJ,i .r:!Ll._I~, it: n~ co. ~d ll@.~~.C~ll~d. tJ::t. at>W~l .• e. chi1r,\ltl:ei~~~d ~)X,;~ :to;~al,llillbUity 11() H~nlf.:! betwel.!!:i"~ rhc:m~el'!1es on _ ally Jasti:tlSJ;P0!}1iC.{'I~ seUEe.I'I1t"rit.imd. a t~dine~,S to fight each other ilit th~'~.f~g;L'1~~~,.l, pli'm'O~IiI.H~n.~ gr fr!d~,ed wW.'!oul· -m:y .1Ipp~,r~Ei:e· proV'Ctiltic;:ni'l1t ,n.lI. ASP(Evtout;;]y; .utldl.!r1yung"I.·heir p~l~i~"tent dlvi8ioJH w,~re ·ril(.,.'b.!lJy (o):ast;U';ls" o{p.erson.d ,miilil:lll(l)l~ burt t1Jho el1:n#c, tt'ib~ 1 and t~UJ:~6¥1~. anJ]l?~t1~.lr~ .. ~\l. Ilh.t!. h~~.rt of .~~~ .~J~b.lei!l]'\lOlg HIl!'k~l.lat~m:r, Who r.em-aH1!ed ~.,I,;t'['~tmined either th~l he hirnscU"iloU]d be pr,eern.iilenl :lin ttriy ~dlTIhlis;th1lti(jn which might, be" . formed ; or, [Fur tiS k~:tI.,g as: thbl1r!r:rttlii1l~d lIml~I:aJl.rJ,nbl,~IUi:il.~ .KZi~~, shnuldF·r{!Vl£!m~d Hom b~(io11lin. fJJ ~etut' b~se far ii, go,verrml, 1'1,'1- run .w those Whom h.~ saw -a,i!' bj:~ opponents, It was" m,oreo:v~r, as ~lr.Ui<,"'UIt]Jtableto· tbli2 Push~t,ciansln generiil.l as n ;\.\'~s,· to :Hll!.kmt~'ly~r ill· [J~:cUculr U1f1.;t RabMn:i, Milfj~.(!iiJd and Dos'!:u!TI.., twor cl ..• ru;~ksand ;m·!l1::leklshouh:1: pl,ar a l'~ijdlTi:C; .m']~· in 'gt~I"~]jn15 the (o\lmp}'~'s.·detiny. lm$ion:s ~,kID ··.g~w wl'lh~n thJ:~ ltl!'/I,(.12t·t;.IS#.'fmri, wlL~re :Ram}biU']l and lb.IIS &dabhi :ndhcl'e.Il'~S idcreas[lIl;jl.. lies~1fited the HI'O'W1JI1lg poWrerr.of' Mass0ud!, who" l'lac't~cI: by <.IIl rexpe~ie::ncl:d Ii.ghting :foice· ~Ii.th a core oJ~.!oy~l. r~~un~sherifighreil's~ qUII. kly became h'l,d~5'P ,a~,5able Ito' Il'hcl.r 51).''10'1'1131. 'Il!~ i61epl::ity4.'l~. Ib:~ ,exte~nal Lt:LnilJel~ce~ alStll Ii:~ncc~bi'l~ced fli1Ji;, ml'(i(~'hMi~lls ;i!I:lelltl~1 ~1~vV sion~. I eklnat}~iU c()(]!linued to b€ :SlJlPpol'i~a tly the PBkl&tants,wbH~ ~-tl;Y:Yilf was ~uP.JXl,J:tii!!cl by SaudJ Ar,ii)blu and. lilt!' Jlell)·i~Wfl'l,i!"t~t' bi}' ll1!:! h:all:ian~~ each!l'ip'on $I';)!, hOlli ng l"h:;iJ tt I: dleil t \\rVrltl.dbe· a b~~ lill' II· il n a . peedommant pesitionln the oountry, or at. lea~t play an m_j\]u~:otiu.l rolc iiJllh~' 'I!vcmu,aI..01Jj,h:oJUC,

The .ut:r.og_efllleiltS '%'srcie(rby the .Im,ri(i#~ftill ,,,"h r:I tn;ijl" 'loq"k IrJI')!i!'1' we.re: nlOilt the fif.l!~{me:" Ill~mber ,fsl:ii1mk J tr cI~fHjnc:1l. ~Hh S~'bgh,';ltiIJUI:lI1~r"llllldidl ,'1~ .r'tt' I ~~!iI:d~f;I,l ,lJfl.t<1 111'!~I!IIr~:liIIg UrI11':l' ~1 ·'Id

commanders, ten mJl.dlkt"hs aod'te:il;, linteUecnaJs', ,i; .. ~ou.ld rule tor h'\iOI nt([nt] S. Il·l)~'tHI1d tl1~n '~ .~~[]t<l' ed 1:'!y tJ,11 ~f1i~vin~ gj),,-er,:jUli~'f~~J ",,'!h~.eh WUlild h~dd ~po'V11: fon fun r-lUOinU'~ 'P rillXL by the ~Ild' br which l hne E1ect:ions would' be. 1:1 eJld and a .. pe.ru.l~ne:nttgo'\~em.ln('l'11:t l\irilmiJ .. W:~thh" ~·rs·, JI0iii!t1l!Vte:r. niis 1[If~JHMI,~,iblY('.Ipt1m.btl.c ':S~1eb,ar.i[). rt!'!1 !!IiJJ.i:l:~li as M\I_ adwdll: afllt1'Ptl,n~etrtlliat b <i·Wnt~nded t"Clr:'I;iili"lJ 'tjhl2 Vn~:Sideriq r'n-l h'fl1i' yea:~. }:l:e:k:r:J)l3lt:yar" -. ·for JJt1S part, dil'~mmded 1D~S.l~UUl1~OIi, Wil,hd:raWaI fD1i)j~'1 K~blll.Lalld; \1j~ll~n th;,tf~~s :IlQlt i on .. Qedle~.,. ~ta[t~d tp :b~tll'b~ffl 1'.11 1ily ffOI'l1lI~is.poSUi;qt1:s, totb.@(\I~JI:h, ,00tJshll m<Hll)/cl,,,':ilian cas'LI"li!lti'Ii'i'. r-.;;egclli:ritionsWt'nf tbe!l .held bet~!o!'e·~mHi!It.I~I];at1·;I9.r 'Ilnd Ma~s,Oil.1.d:. whlcbt ~ndNI. In . ~m agfi'!'_rtl n'~ I. ILhe 'lm:d of ~a, th.u hos~im j,":'s ~h.~uld OC:llISl!:~ th,!l:~: Dost~lI;ll i.lnc~hi:s, mrijU],]l' sh~l.IWc~ ·1e(lw the ~"EllJi.tilmj' that H~krri;itYM 'Should join the g()~e:I'i:uri~nf ·tilnd It'bat al..,.ea~ets.hllP enundlll'loull) 00. forrm!!rl. under RiI~'b'iDi:l1 Wmt ~. v~t:!'w ro a g~ncr~~ ejc'!.';t'io1rrl h!'!llI1,K :1~e.lo1 ~Vi~.lhhl ~b: mcnths. H.cwof'Ver tho a greernent 1)~!~:iJ).ed t:m.ruI6ILed, 3'S Dostum's fnlfc,~~ failed to lell,~e. rind ·~l6~I:II}c1y.ilr*, ~f:I. I,W_!:tSl .in ~h'i$, refuMld. L(.i i~oh.1. till! ~·ol\f,(!mm_en.t. By wily p;f 3J 'Siic!tl~jlI,lW) in .>{~~I· Jure·the!! ,f:ifJli1-i,·MlalJ't:iat 1;)' carne 'mJI,I~1I)9.JJed,J III 'f~hj)~: ill :C(a.~1.J1 WlliUl S.1tYfaf·s fttJlrad-f.<~sllJltni~ ",nod U.t~"· WIf:~.mill:]I.1iV tWJ ~f{)~ Q' t'il's~'":fm,~ 'WJil ~ilil.l :d. ()11 tb~-bsue

O~\<3: ~:~Uen}' Ii'lt~ ~1!1Ji!- ~:. ~lJl(~dirl~l~irlS Uli~t ~~!ii hon:ouli"t',cl w~'S, thaJj

de.~Pi't·' 'h~~,~.I1.ttl~1 1~!5'f,eu~ '~lJ ','~ II:'AlO: }'"e.ilf app{J~_ntment.1 Ml]r;a~iid] gr:lldgJng:l:y- '~l~o:1 ~Ol"!p. at ~b 'nd or ]UUI1 I ni:l was t~P'~~-Clli!lI ~1I, 1:':r.l!·~jdell~1 b;J? R!libh~Jilt I1(l ,JU"I')tI:ilS ~; C()'~l]{p:ft"mrllh;e gt' h~il:'·. Hel(nultyur sent. one '~J,f n!& ~e,p'tlU~ Alu)~l Sab:?i.lrPan:}"ed! to .Sl'!rll~ tiS Prime Mil"l~'s.~!!!r.l ~1.ll Ila~I~M-i d]gn.d:S:~I~d him- rwm the g()V~r.n.nlent a f~w ~'f~s IBier. By Au'guSt. 1--II#I·kn,;ntj',I.[ ~'\,~~' agaiIll !ih·~lil1!g the 'cilpit~Ji .kHIi.ng: ~.s· 111anY'3s 1)3:00 civlltans'In a single IotltttaUacik.,. 'and In tum he was, expeHed nOnJ.l tJhe :WC!lcB)i!~!ilhi._p 'Councll. l:tesJl ,aUreJtlipr~ Wt'.fl:! then mild ,jU 'th~ end of OctlOber ~('j I,ellch ,il g:eif!.leral ·,~gleemem. lliibbJfii~s P'r.esidienC)~wiiS- externd€c,I un fir December, to pwo,l'id'e ~ln;Ule I~oir u~ _i"lrmafwn of 11 c(}nsu.uat.h~ asse.m.bl.', and ',''lllindl uf n!!ls()1 '~,I'lo'l1 t nd S~ttlenlefiJ (S/'J um· i:""~ h' -i·,Ra"M/tv· Aqd). Thi.s- m· t ~l 'the iemd oi[-lne y:etlJr and ~€lect~d Rahhiini. for.iI fm'~hf:[ tl\'I~.h.'yealr term. Yet ,agaJJ1;how~v~r, It was llO)'(:oU~cI Ily l'hll~L_atyl(', r~,':weiJ .ii:$ h)' Ih'

H(lr.t 'oJ- t'~~~l~'liIC. .

l1i,.j2 winter·Of 199:2!3~'\,fas-:a bitter one fo tbie pOI)IlJaUon of Kab:tJ.l. ~ t.h~:y s,twggle~1 ty !'i.!..lflJ.lve .lrl the F~lO~ of 1~kil;13ry~r'~; ~Dr~.Ur1lHr:lg· hnJnh~,~M:lhnli:lnt . ilr'l,1 the te.'!)lriC'lioCTi1 h' impo:>e.d on &'i.1ppUe~ lheirl~J, buought ~n from P~k.istan. l'be dt;:r ttseU •. whi.ch tlad tliotbee'n much .rd~~I~'m,g~d d'\JrLug ~hc :s.ov:1ct oCOIIJa'l.lot1, ~~;s. r.l~1'!! l:lll!h1.g: p'l',o$re.ss:iV'c~y.

d IIced, If.J 00\)1$. Uuring I: h'I.\"i;\'j IUe:t~ the fl<i:7.f. .. i~ ilVql~ J~l- j()i n£ld flJ")'~. t'iith H~km;a:w.af;. ~Qffi'pI:l'm.a:lg 'Mais:ro~I;Q, wb(l, ]]ji}id tmeau\v.,!'hUt:' ~me-cl • h :n'lI~~1,f \iV :~h U 11' rlmwlll .. ;,,·ls~m~'. t 1 ffI,!(;M ml UW)o (fOn't , :YQJ'II'tuIllIYi

f'leW p'E'.il!ee '~{Ii]kSt bro&;:e-r'~. bY'. Pir.kisl!8,fi, J~Md ll\Q~!, J;I~l.l, I lallA -~dlttl~nrtl;t~jd hl a 'cn·n:I~!i't;lnc!@b~ 1~~'il'I;m,~b[t~ . a~ In ~r '11 nne! II I1Ii.'llc· ,a~ement: "'filS s~1:;noo! .. IHelUl..'1~tyolr wotdd l0ip lh~· ~,'Itermlii,"n:~ ,I· Prim\? Mi,l,ts'~It!hi~ .njl~ljah{t.li"I' .grtY~1]lS ~Jl~4 Iil~ 1~1lM'I~d 1I(I'~Q;(1~~ ~

n.~.l,iQnitl :a,fmYi lofJ ·\{ibJch l<UI~y .~6tl]d 'RUfeijldie'J U!:'l'tll l ','I, -flpd:rI'5~,

an, -·a.s~m~ \,;,"01J]dJn~ e~ededbf the end Qiftbe y~"it ~faw up j;I

c;OindUu~~:I1·.~aln.4~el~t~itii.tlIl;$ WI;)llld 'bj!he;~(l b.~:r-olle.li:L e .1 ~~~, 1·1.a~v,\~, t:il Hh '" M, 8J-iO!l;~i;1 1!'I()I: LJQ$htm. 'aU~nded tlti_le tIilllRs "IHI1JGkn1bL)'!UWIi~ p.reyen~ed frOITlI jjlnlfe:rin~r Kabui to take ~.p hi'S, po;s~. ~~s§(}ud ~;r:!ti· . o~~ 20iO(l[J~Qfh.'I.'!i ;olen kep!t I 'OrlllT,ot ,of·the capt·hl.I). wl1e'['f l1:~"~ fJgl1,til:lJg

~111 br()l~ !)Ult iiI~lrilll May. O'Ni~tl1~ye~lr r~lltJW~l1i -. •

tab,.r).Y.eu.· •. it wa~' C'Sitimfi.ted thllit S"Ql)J<'! '~10,O(1(J Kabulisllad laen_ U~d

,a:rndpc!l~sib]_Y' mo,:ooo ~\'orm.ded, w:hLiE 'm~nY'.JllO])e h,a([ 1 ~i[t th~~' . ~1:y, 'f~}r Il1tl::lrl~!JI]. Q:t" ~,t'¢;roa] extlill; O\~~~· f,TiO~t oJ the ~lo.-..H:I!tlr~, {hm":r~~:¢r,,, gondl.tilon~ !i:\;~m:'!,_n::'lativel'f peil~efid, as local lrn.~i(j'hitlj~r ffi-ulrrtandei1 and 1()tl~lfif leadr.;!,l;S. oltem "liU.PP(),t€ld. by: s'jlm{~-~·,. ~~s.:tHm~(1 ~(lf't:j~O~ In I~ n~. [~.n~tlU l(I:UIfl" ~.S !ij im1iat :;pnmulndoil"r ,'an ~ reUSOI abb.!' admi:rnis-t1r.!,iit'lll:i a~p.hjl Dostum an: Mai.'u-'i-Sh.3l:k The j'attd ;Sitt~:l:lgt~eflcd hi .!Lmb 'Wr".tr:11 th~ Ointn I l\$].iln Reptlblics. w~Ue J.s.n.1~.I.1 R.tUIft o"Bu:i nc:.d' ~l!:Ipp.od. fro,m I ran I i 111. 1',,- C"Qgn i'I.:iof) of th@ (~"vo'll'rab]e' . Lima It~ he was; ll:\rea,t'lng f;Q:f t.be- r,e.1t,UM ',of 'refllg'B€S,. In tbe·.~as:~e'li1 pr'Q1iu~'es,

. WDJ:JUIC)}lS va.ded 1;Inder coUecti'\'~~~fld~rsbip,s 01 l~J',~te-!f olrless cohesion, f~' J(f.'I':Idahnr, 110wt!V'ei~ '\!'arious, .,,nf~'~hltUJl 'leil!d'elT~ '~OUgi:l:t fol[· sU!p"temac;.y .and t'()I1'~i'b~;ril:b.eiar~<;I.[;C'hy. 'Pte~$.ile,d.

Du I ng tile. Sruri.mer iUtlid au ttl:rnn of 19'93. thet@ \\\,1<110 il; .I ulll tr1 the figbU .. ns il.joul!lil 'KuJ:u.d" bii.:lI. It was r!3suml~d lI:t the bE!'~l[ll;'illna, oJ Th994, when, ta"k~n5_·~yerfflne by '''surpriS"{~1 Dostum ,at dl.H,elqnaJrY.1l:r i,oin:ed faoces. and slJ!ti)'Ieel;t'o Kabul tCI a nl~lo..r ,3 l t"a('k+A:rh~ r ht'.il''''Y' nght~ngp whJ:ch caused !l .st:!hstaJnUilI ~l\i~9US: of the :ci'iiU!ilrJ '~'lu.1afion . Massoud was suttessfmi 'mn repeml'l~l the combined (}m:la~]gbt, but 3: mil jor' .food. crjsi $ P(!l·$.I!'i'~l!d t'LIlUl U.akmat,~,~ Ulu:!tI hfs blcu:k.mde" oCtile ciIIP)'tiiiE'i):'l M.afth. lIn M.!'I)I Masso'Lld m.'n,ag.l'd UJ iV'I-I~C 'I<undul;! lddch ha~. f~l~t.I ,to DoS~lUm flire'vw,-e.'Ek~. ea:t1Uerj and in Jutuelr.i.e :a1S:D alcmevM a sigllincz3nt sncot!s s: in Kabul. wh~n I uHi!.r ~\!;. '. crnJi'S or"biUer _-I~rhtrng, he. dir,QV1e l:h~ Ic:nm.b~ ned D05hlm I ~tebt,!.~U:pllr~O[Ce5, fror!l t Lcih' poSitions !,'leal!' th~ capital .. UOSWI!11 reulJoo. to IilorUlem MghanJ~tan Wl:l!~r:e he Heked his wC)lJ.nd~ and r~lnain~d on [h . s~dcUn(!!.I. £m UI:C! 'I'~:C'xt 'I:W~) years. :r>~~rill1g Septembea:j, Ule:r~was rTil'tn:~ Il~r,~'e ngllt~ng. i.n;

- .KabuW beh;;'ll'en ,goV~[rnHe:nt for,res and. lie~niatya[,,~'\'hoh<!-d .np'w i1l!ga:]:~~. a,!l!'I.\![J l~.i.ihS.~U wlth l h~ 1"l~2.'J·=/~ lIVtl',~it~,r.L M e.~~l'1whjh~~~b~~]]m :~-V:jJ\iI :r,:~q;~tlfirl'lned U'I oflh::'" f():r ~~[1 e'lia Sl~ 1l1Onth~'J' w~ne :~Iekrpl t)taf . ,as m~lly st".riPp~d of-~hePtemi.&sihlp. Jr.h.l'!:·s;~u:rl!~'y.e3r,.~llfll.J':hlted ~'. t¢1ns: ~galf;!'c~ln:eJutq 'l'h~ p !.l'tU.~~1 \~riLiJl IlJli{! eStab,I'i,shn'll'fl't (J:~ ~ fr, '~~l toMl '!I~ml ~u J,rlghllnjl!l1,!'!'I'l m)!.1 If 1'1 to ! 'OJ ~:~rs,h'1J ' -. t- MlllhlOO() ~,'dlrt II"~, ~HI t

Tu nlstan ]:(I:l'eign. .~'[j:n.istru, MestJi:r1 beg~n W,OtK. tn. lI.f];:m::hl and was .~'l,p'p(Dth~(ilU:I, AugulS,1 by ~, Sl.jijlrl!m('_n'~ I iS~\I~-d. by th ' ,Securi~y Cmllr!'c·U. tn October, he'submitttrid pell.ccEi:op.6sals te lh:~ main· 11wjal~it;lif,1 g:rou_p's : and [hfCS~We:re fa~ceptt'd jn. Nov nber by the IttrJ~iaJ-i,.Lijlt1wi. ,l1y Jijil!.HI:~Y ~9g1~,.lle w~,S ma;'klt~g, i(il~Ulill$~l:c no,~~~ ,~bQl1l plan::. fol' ,(I ttalJ'!'eer of rf,IClIwet ~~rmi ~IT,t(!d,ru. 'C'~Mndl ofailll'uhe pMlie.s Jnvglv~d;., Hm'l1t"V!!f hch,ad by 1tLle:q Jlreerl 1Pf'~In pted ~y U~e appe<l.rcUlte uf' a :flltlW ·a.etcl; 0;" ~he:s,'ttlge. TI)is' ~'~$: Lhc 'r:~l ~'~ti n, ~ mo e:ru~fil I h~I'l 'di',ew nu,h 6'fiit'~ 2'.in~'~lg~hl fl!9nl t1I1~, l!;'a:Jleful."d:i;liiilU~ibn wrt:ll. l;fH:i m,j,ljalli(i/trr. partles, .aJ[I·11 _(tj~i:lrn:an Sl1gg{!'SU&J.l:;~J at lt might ;work wiHi them ..

. f'r':ltb~ iil~a[l,S: "~:ngiOuz,' ~lnd'~fi~j, muf th"'!'!fHlot;~tn·.n. had 11;5, lts 'coril' nLlmbel::S uf :t\fghan. ~re$uge'~ s,tl!ldeflJ~~rorri ll'f(iH'lm,~~'iit'ls '(rf:li,l1l;iol:!S -sch60.1~,) ·in )jilhlchi5tanq~tld the :-J'o:rth W~st~ Kh:ont,ie:r 1~fO.vlnce.·1'he $hu'}' lI'l!flllt d 'iby- the 111hi,liU ,a.1OUl th~lr origin Is that In JUI_;. 1994, a ~e:rt~ ~lt1' :I!i;:arderhl the Ka'I'tdiJ1har re raped and kIlIC'd thfee ·wmnffi. ·:A._ftiluUl~.h: (tom tll .rmnlcl~r area, _,faulYl Mo.h:aro.ed; Omilil',. tc\l'ho was a'\ib':cd b~ th;~ 10_11" peopl ~ h) do 5{lll'll(iU'i,II~gl6-ojjt the eutrage, [Jii)Ui:i'eeded 1d .r~cmrt ,II group af relig1ou.~ studeri t· • who ·,t'xeou ed the :«ImllI:'U!rU:ile~ ~'ilInd d.~~I,e~r,sm J:Ms' militia. ''flt~pcm p. ~ve:ce fllelfl' cmIted uppn ItQ d ill'l,"II,IJh 'oth l' ; t~g iLiw,ilInd s~arD d. ~o gatn ,~ l'e-plltatlon. th~s' ind~! ad them to'dii!dd· that th };' sbout J. It' rult comrad s ·nod Iatl.ttllcl.:ka./iliGrj,' ~lnSt tJ'lrmSfl .t·v'h.i1l, In,d;l'l~tr eves.~ had berraved the couu'lfi'i 'Tll- 'If. p~'aG:(lM'!2d l' . l 'a;, l h~ ~"Oad hom v'lH)'l:l-a tel ~fll'lli~~.h,nr of the j'oaHhl ·ck5, '¥vlUth \'\I1~t; b ln~ 'Us ed 1l~:)1 vy.' ~i!Dst)m . on l~lral:flt; capttu'e:d Spin Rijdak and ts well-s1,ocked· arsenal, and M.re'l~tit to Wa[.

WhU'1jl thts ~l'o.ry ~Md~ ~'ei1J' (lflJd liiom~' obS'~':'n''V'~rsz have gl'il~n credence to ·NlJf: ~df.'ii that the Talibanm ovemem .ortglnated Ili"10JC or less sponUiineously;. the trod'} has te Ie that irs g~n,esb: ~"'as altogethee mO'l:'iGl d~r'lbemL,~, tn 'th~ ,lji'~t p]'!"K'~~ ~h.e T a ~'ib!~u luw~ tl:.Ii'.!''IlHeJ'!i':e5 s~Jd thm gro lil),~ .or them W~'fe or gf,m I ~d h~ a'l1llJTuber ohUg!;,an plovinces fron::! ~he .I~te· 119S0iiq)U!I.\I<1.tas, a:n:d ttll'<ll~. bdure <IC:Libilflg dllt:m.selves, they b·ad ','1N!;i'ted l10 see :lffhe ~'nniaMdlu WGuld ~4j,iii· e-,'d i.:n uuitioS. nd mnt'ling ~hf.c()m:Hry. f\!S,() wflril,e·.,n nlHuber of fh.~ra "ila(.l ,{OilfSh't': ~s. m.llja~I'i'r.'hl wIth the .H{:zv·U,h,mi (KJ:ifl,lis) illnd MohatIHI:ledl'ts·Ham.kat-i.l'riliJob,,,·Olh.~ts bild OP!,u', t d '!S, inti ·pl:nd·n~ln!lld!!. lMurlhcl' ,~jli)n Ilrlsl Hille Nliil'Q.,deaurh"g op~hltionw~s not ;;JiI, l;l,npii:'emedr~'l~ted a.s. it made out: to be. Ii. p;rifme DlliQVet in it'l\'a!$ th.c Palds~anl .Interim M.ini.st~i[1 G(meri'lJ Ni~!.:·r~.dU.dl l Ibi,lf. wh>l;l fil,.~ms ttl 11I:we d~·i I~d ~'hilt h' e' tli!: ·tivc .qf.U1Y y~.e:w.~ th<lt tile Riibb'.Uli l,eg1me fIllfght ha'~~et h€ ~·,hQukl rn~~ steps 'trQ ope:n",:w an (!l",,,.~d~]1;d tHI.d;e: :rou~~ toO· CentrCll .~ia .~ htdl, fol1owtng fhl.;:

Su"i~l di!:JI )rh!r;; h~d Il· o'm t m~Jo, objCi)t.:H~ of.I'.<1klll.[\(~ti :lroU· . In OC1tol er ~99., Bei'li.1U'.ir Gbuno, the- 'I?,]1,;;]~t.'11 ~r:ime ·.Mil'li.'iter •. m t ,1)Ds'~I,lIfn .(Ifldl Im.l!aH J(ih.iJltJ In. F~)uk(I~ni!:;tat'j_ 'l~J'[d 's;~~If~d' I~llce'~ .·fit)l, "'~.~;ll.(Hl'i !:ldr!;L 11~I,ll1b r ,f Aml~l!islldi)n. [~·ci:'I;!:I'll'·J tc, 1':~~.- ~hn

W~l~ llo;tlf:,D. ~o l~:ntb~i.U· Hrd 11 rat ,~s part '0: .~J;I, ~fcf;Q[l It, U lltn. ffJPI,SI;Ii fr~~~!lJlii,l'jr~ rw tJ,~ :~'eha.biIUtlh:tlQjlk of th~ r. uh~:. 1~.aJ' I)' .1I~l'ip r~CO!1lTliolte,li\i:tl "tb~ ~'o.u'te" personal] j' and ;]!·t .the end. IQ.f tfi€: ~mtInthl In a .[IJl~V~'. til' ~emu:[~ttii te t~l t th;e-, eI'ltll!l'~ l-\IH$ p[!!IIC!tk<Jb.I~, J~l[d a tl()J1,:l;I:[ y

tntlJir~Y' !l'Ir1j J~~~i~d~el'lJf.1:h~ibar;ll.1,gl1.tenl acr~$ \.l:le ·b~l;dC' I. '~!i!. HI~I~ij

Ka,]l,d;u hnT:. T~1I1 tl~'~i(, ~'Ir4ij' ~"'a$: I:ll~t_ked. ;Lhe- 'Iali biI.n"·pr-tl.~~~].l~i to

deal wlrdi..tht;, ,mH 't.~. l1iEi5[ ens ble:aJJd.)t're'llt Ol~ lntmEi~i,a[elytQ\~I~t:' )~I)I.n,d.i1I~,ar, "",~hkl~, to: rudr own. s'U1]Jr, Sl;1 ~!;Id I'll t. of Il!verytln~15~j rt\er h:uok;in a mi]l)l:t.·':r. 'or d4Y.~' and lli1hJ~ m~]1,i11l1<1~' C?lSlilllilt_le5- .. -

A tllJl.k.k.~l.lj'il hand ~:s !lJle:r,~Fcn,e e\~d,d'lrl at. tIl oot..Sel!;'lo.f~h, '·I:01I,U~anf '·eme:l"genc~; 3fld" .d~$'pIL Hbl.' f d;'ui 1~. lhci:r ' ,omj:lili"'ily' in the -ljilib(j;n'\S: 1)'\l,bse:q,ue.l1It sueeesses is [i.lsa b~.y':OtR~. ;itJ:l'y ri~s;:p.na~!~ clo~lbl. At 1f~;iiC: l'taufSf:I. '[it ~l I:~.e whan ~I.,'e lSI 'lYl!!'r.rstll1 ~fl,e'JUng He..km3itya:r:, til! 'liiLU,bnn ~.~r . 51 :nsprcd bf;~Bitbar;nnt!}fp);' ~finUZYr althfillgh I.t 'MIlS net ~Q[lg befoiI,e the' JSl .~'i.1I~, l;lf{iugl~ ron side apU· phlryedtt'll [latl in ~b.e:lr de'lre;loplnefl'l~ c:lnd .su"pl'ol'L 'ii. s,u~ng .h1n~i!~~q! I ehtlU~ Ul '!r ~.11J:l-I'p'n"· ~tl'lS: til . J~imltl[;-i-U,f~m!'-i·lsldfrt JUI):. led, I~ Maulafla :~a:Z~f R~l~lm<m. "\T~icJl" w~ jt~el:r Ire~,ponsible.,. (or mnning ~.n<llI)y ~'fj,,~dl.'(~~i,~ ~~it1.d.l_ll 199~ .. lbil1l~i!In1,e it .oo~!l!tlQ:tI~f.lrh1er ~1f!1 thl;l; Illjj ki ~ttlfi S ~~rtlll1~n'l. Tn' > r~ln:J'in forc¢~ wbicl't· pli'Oo[!~ded to ad:van~' timqu,gttl Mgllltr~i8.t:nn dUl~ng the: wint~r of 1994:/5 w..':e·,e equil)pe.d. \~jth llJlnl::.~. -A1'(;5, artlure·~y ~q~d. ~~fl·a1rGmft,r. and. 11(1W.,e.~r _mILl h l!qu.!prnertt tllp,{II ~,uPtj:H "'~, I:b~y nHly l!.~cv.e [I'9qi1£i'~d, :in '5plt1, nald~:&~ .. i(aJil:d3;h:ar iJlnd e~Stllw·lte[E'; the}' could not; diesp:ite E:,nel:geUc. rilenlab" haw ,oplI!~ated vI!lt.hCl,ut ~rahrl"g, amm.lu:li,'~lon.,. fu,-I ,~ll'Id n1l~ll1t:lcl!liO!HIt"l! :ftwt:m~ii;'~,p'Ff~'~i,d~d lJy l)akiS,~an .. AI,Stl t.h~~·i' n1,'imb~~rsqulk'kIlY'·gre~"¢} tWI'1 il w'jd:l~l no morsthan seme six· months; they had mobil~ed pp'ssitln: <IS ~ln~nyas '0,000 filglu ng me n MU!lll of lh~lU ·wer~ '11,t'lwtld, litO Cll)I C ,f1'CWSll Wrom P~lkis.t'1t1- m~nYI iJ:t1,dif~d" were P~1klsfan·j~ - H'IlIld U~~;r,'b~$'ic 'l'rn,ininp: tCl'OJi: nlace 'in C3ilmllS not 'or1iV~/ ~In sUI!J.th~~1'l Af"'· .... 'aii:5~€af.lr!·'·u~

g. . l . _ ~ ~_LII • ~

~ls() on tile llakhl,· n sid·, f lh~ b I'dic'r., I L 1:5, <J I.o;;Cl irl. Oil' Wa b· lih~ t BI

For~c lr,o'Ol.po,sQd. mMUr (f fum"e'f ,gt!4,;rrma~ ~~11 ~tlldll'nit .m~l1li:~tii''''' muM, ha\rt!' op\er~'h;~d \'I!'i:tJJl tile d.egree of!>,I;;H.I~nd o.l1!aiiSi'lil;;i()~ ~;h~~h '~h~ 'J~Hbii!n. Soh wed lJI.I.ltlU!it !m!l1. th~' Otll.5l!'t of thel ... ·'pErm~lem~. WI1Ue

. . ~ ~

'lJl.:tI'(l: WliifC' 'tmdotl.l~tetHy 'ftH·m .... tme;l'nbl;l!'S. of .·hr.t Afgha:rt illtfticd f~ro

.amon~; the'lr nmnb~rs. the spCiled and ~~~)phjstic<llilJn ~'i;tb_t'Vbich their [Jfr.~j15i,vi;t ,wen! (1afl~ludi.:~, jjJJud. Lhtl tlll,alit)' (jlf such ,eLenll~ti't$'~i~ th~'J:r C0I11IiflLlnication:;. ~Iir ,t!l)r,JiOIt nd ~!,rl iIIli1f bonl.bRfdmn··1 l~~d 'tp fhe

~ lm~~tnJpable mndusloill tllat I:hev OllJ;~t l13ive owe(l much t{l· a ~;r:ald':~a1l1~

. .' 11 '

rnl.i]t~1 pn~~$i;!'flC~, ~r ~t ~.£:'m.il :pr;tlr~S~i,(ll11'] 'l"llP'],HlIn. .

If nnlr)f on r.lCC unt of the COli~'li I1In'cllvel.11ow 'Vetr, 'tip ~jd.l nls m~l]d '~~'it .hav~ ~~ted ,3 tOile. 'n-t~ Thlibaii had to fight bard for r,t~~Ily'of '~h "i1 ~i C 'e~:!) 'iii, bu;L .~u:rL l.t~ I'lr~"q UC~.IIIJ)' ~':I!J' SitmpJ.w brU;ed. ~~i,ll 't(!lh1.! 'II -Idlers ,~n ~ wt1f~lfJr~,1!i~o' ~llrr~nd,ll' ,v:ltrnJ ,ut ~~ filQhli. Tile hkinS. ,0

Kandaha.r; lor ~X'ai ~ple't. ~.s S<lid~D .ha:ve. COM· sD:tDe,"'$L5' mllllon !on i1;1!wenlloru;m locllii,em:nen~I:;['om an !;l(],Iii)" t 'I~'I tll'" TillibiUl '1f'O'er.'C i'brne to Inl!ie: men , .from tons on tr<l~i1:iipnnl and the :dl'ugs. tr;.llde "fil 5 ~bo to become a·,majot souree £If revenue. But H ,1:5 incOllc:elvabl'e. that ~hey conld both bil.'V~ deli,~elred bdl:).~s and acqulred ~I~ plov;l'sJqn!i~ ri.1'i:'~ ... and, o~he:r SiLIJ],pJilleli·they lleed!oo' fm a. p\1!r,i,o(1;: o:(S"ust~ll.fied war.f,;liT.e ;,yithtlUit Gomidel'abl,e eutside subventions, rh~fe: can Ule,r,efOl'.e bl:! :hde doubt tllat 1 a.kistrm ~cted es II: ,co,l'tdull' 'f@!: .s!Jlbslirlli~l, li1nal1claJl 1"5S1stallce' hom .!Saudi .~abia.;

There l~al$n,tbli!,qU'l:::stiO:I1.oftlllf~ AnI!Iet:ican role. While. tbeb adjv~· i:J;1v'Ol'vement seems to b~' Y!.li.lp:rC"v~n)j. i,~ :i' C'l,O.:~'\":,'Oli~hy thi!~ i~d.f!i1,Uy! the Ui'lit~d States' go~r.nmern~ .'Ir~,[e not just muted aboll:fl burt \'i\'~I:@ ;:'\l'el.'l disU1iss1\!c;"of,. l'he scclulaad jltdi:£:itlJ 'exc:es5elni'fhJt;b W'l,?r~ from ~l:t~(u'ly ~~'i!I!l:e ·th~halhnl:ld:. 0 fju:·;raln~t'I,llIl's.n!l!; ever the !lJ~ "i:!~.tb~y control Icd .. A£l1e-bica.II offi elals, indlidi.ng·th:e, Under-S,'eC'l;ei:ary af Sll.l1hi~ [toh~ n. Raduth. 'head ~"'tlrl,v meetl Il:gS ~Uh. ira,lJ.ba:Jr1 leeders. ~d':li:'i~:n~ on '~~(jir~ ~~~ l'eIfuJrli:ably, fil:XI'ourab.I:~· terms. O~),c ~nt:t"J1injlu~n ins: U; .o,:IiIlel'kmJ~ seems: l:t) ha:ve been early inaicntiolfis on the p'lrl::. ofthe l"a.llib.~n ,that· ith€lY ~1I,1~[i1:! not prepared to to erale the 'QP:imn 'trad~, MUC¥l rnore'~CQ.ge[u., hOW~V}L:!irl was Ull;! fiI t: Hurl ~n Anlqo!'h,::a,l,l, (>i~ ;;oml,nll''I;¥.'1 UN~bAl~,w.il'!'i .. 'i['Jj t~,;®'m~rklet..t,Q build an tJlH pip'ililiujil rIPl11l r.LJ~kl~enls1<l1i tlUQLIJ;b to 'Pi\,kii~ta,1l1 and Us. J.obbyi!:1g-·~.n 'W<lsh:lngtul1 ~ .... as tJ:eadll ncn '{ilfiUfoll ff xci:.

B·efo:~e-h')n.g~ b@yY\l:\ierji it :all ·turned sour, Fat born oI..l.Ua.w-i.fl;g·the :ll!ugs l:rooe11 the 'fa·l,ilb~1n (lnne to. p.i1'ofit imnl~n&dy from it; 'thetr hlll'l'iHlr~ dghl'S ~ltn;Lms ,Wt"1:~ b~ i ilil'l n~re~~ilmgly (;a~t~.;gi:lJ~ed, hI Atn~ d,C:'ol! 1"1.$ eJ~:, ... ~he~ei I hey '1i .. ~el-El sl'iiD\-'\oiing: themselves' incap3hlE;'o.f s:uppre.'iis:ing <'I'll o pposl Han in A(ghiitIli· tan •. and hence 01: pr.oducint" the- ~out1.Ujoru, of P~21(-,e - nd sbllbll'ity that we::re rcoqltdred for ~.hl;! pn~tn.u,::U,on uf ·Ii pipelinel and' theylolt'ere found to be ti)l,e~mt of "Muslim terrorism", Nolfor the Jit:Sl time where,)AJ:gh~.tl15tan,.'''1;r~l~ eoneemed, tlllie vlIgadels and I.n ;otl:i:ib~i:1lc.I,es, of ,A'merJCjli:1i pol:lc:y l'(i"o~kQd '!Ig.d·rJj:!it~heil' rn'!'J.1 "I~li2st intc.restsi ll. '{at: regwon.

f,t,om 'the outset, tlwJ:le '5 flO doubt that th~ 'l'aHlXHl struck !li: chord w ~h nl~ wa:r",w~fuy· 1P()J)Uhii,t't',fI~v~n.g t:aphJi(i~ Kal1d.i'ih,~'I'1 th~y bwugbt tlH~, enden'llic o'LmmaUty elmo, f~.ction~U.sm there tel ill speedy ead. Loc:a I ]eadlel'$ were. ... hot or impl:l~()ned~ ,gl:.lllS~[e f11 pou nd~~~ rQ!ldbI4l'ck:~· we(~ d~m['lbdl~d. thed~y w~~~ "lerulll:-d npand U~e improved" .on the ,other hand. theT soon 'sho'l.\"ed sIgns of 11 delenrunatk)f1 to lmpnse th~ s,tni.C'test i'i.terpretl'ticns of .Is,lamlc ]al,.'!,!r ~nd 'cu~t~.,.~'ro" Cr~!rn,~!l.~~~, begili,n 10 lh~vl;l t'hc~~hillnd:!i 01:: feet anll~lulal~d, ~Ollwn.W~Fe r'o~bid(len to WQr,~j gi:lrls W€':TC ex· hided fj:Qlll sci1cCllsj [h~ w'!;la'.t:ing. of the hm:qa \v<I:1I' 'wolc:ed~, g.l:me ;; mu~l. md l~l~lI"l.s Q:rl~llG[e b!ll fUl ffi I"PllU'lc;:t IUHUS i)U nd iii rilC:~ vll~l' in(i!i'(I'U 'l ,n, ilnft'll '_ d,', sllW'i"

_____________ 1 WI,

W"'5,'~Qflrl'ed. ~n.,eJl~' ct~ 'D1nd~E .~ .1,e.JIead~$h.ip>d.f ,MoJ~~~m~OJJiiJ'~~·~p.d tJlis'11~ Ii, ~ince fO~i'nQdtl1,~' ~~I,' ~ aa""~~m m 'nt ·'1,ftbe·· (i)rlel~ try:; :Fr~j'llil r<:aodiihar. (be 'raUbq.n'B·adv·a:!lc;e.!lw.~(e fttP\]f,i J3:m.ilI ""~itHh~ 3.ljho.[:f~ ... llih~ tb .. t!,Y' WI;l!i: - llegistelticn.g .Juplre~S'i,,~ SltiPCf~S", ,o1.\t1l £":1'00 ':liliul):' . 'towa~ds PJI~~I'l'I.~fid,by ~ly :~'~'5115'WilS,~'tU1ht l,II ~hmf~' fl ~"f 'l(hc! -, ~1,r tia:!i~:,al

'Shirtd~i.lill~. ~~o:thet'kl9k GhO!lz.~~ dil.11'ing, l.: _. .. vq~ fill:1tnti4l.g mu:flUl }\\'iI!$ close te ~lIltlm], wll.l!lIe, It Q'lP;~~.t~~ 1·~I!l:~lJ;I, a.tj1'¢r-'s tH~oi£I]~ q'\il~tter.~ Ill:ld put 'hIDIU to :n Igh:~. A .~ ~w d ys: hl'.t~r til • ell'll n~ ... an . w'j31r~,a •. flj.@·

.,~')l'tes of,tne. c!}pltaoJ. . ,

Wi~~lit1. ~bl,.J~, mea.flwlEl.iJ.tf, H:,ilIibb;~n[l WilS r:e(~$~f;l~.Wi ~fan~, (t\~n !111i ,l.C(:on1~l:'iJl'lt: '!.-1:~t1 ,tbE. pe~o~ ph~fIl dm,wu t!pt}y M ·sU rt, A' ;tl'l~\flli il\ll'!!li' ll'll(!' ilnd· 'Mit5&@lUa. tded! ~Q a,do!p~il non~t.""Onfnjrtt3ltt41[[NIJ ~~fbl1t;11C11e tp~t:ds. the ·~;;;iJll~l1i bllt itr,!lp.ldl.y be~'~mc cl.e'llr- l:b~~t thls .. w'as,.,gotn;g ~~ leid no~'!'hef;~ ahd Eln~' prospe't .DF '1:] .c, OlfnlntldiIltlpn CU_il.ppe-al\Bd i~ :imm as"Ule .1'al{ba'l1l bec~.'m~ .e.mb[..otiie:d, :i.t1 the "hIghJY··'IIro·llltii:e.'S:ilJ.¥.ll.tb:n "'!,'1t1~~ .p:w~llie;cl- .1.0 <l.u~ around HM!i Cc'P]l~~;~lU'~n:g Mallic'Jl, '~i~lSS.qlld. ,ljiUln,dl~'~ ,!I;Q !liU i;J,ul ~~iII,c,'1:i. Ofil ttl' l1i.tz.b-;~ W{J~I(Jtfi.tl now. dp.pl1:iv,(!,d. of H ,.btlar!"yat{s- suppor1.. and .. the H,e'zbt"l:l.rne'd 'to ,the Tatioon ~fuI help, Wh;lt th,~u.l app~f:t€'d1 lis uncle.lln,', .iI!l1d bQth thE! '~Uban ,and UU~ Htlzb" pmcll!ed~,d. Ul aC~'ls@' '~ln. o't:hcr of treut,her.V.~'hQn the dlu'tit cleare~. ~i!owe~tJ, the ll'alib,an'll'>'e-re fQ.l!.-t;nd tor b..a~'e S;Ui!:q~~d.ed. hr shppTanutilg: t:hc',Hiii'.lo!'h, ~'l;lOS,~ I ader, Abdul, AIll1 W~Z1;rl, ~,I(a~ kUl~d JI1U1Y:ilt~I,(:)'u~, ciK'Ut1i'll$~im;(l~ 'ihiil@ !i11 'fil"liL1:lll11 ~p'livily. "VU'h holh E-l~~"rna:tya.r ,lind tbe li.ez/'> 0JI'~ ,o"i contention, :ilt \\'3S, now .a straight fi,g:ht between the go"~e:mrnJ:!nt lOj\~s aqclli ~lle Tallbam; and, ,afte..r some fe.r.k> J.ous ~!!1Il!,j;\!;!:e~urent5i the '1~imJm1 w~re b~~{:n bac'k ~O Chll','lSYfj:b ~fldllbte'~o,~~,. Tn :teta]JaUonl!il~}? _start:eclj to'bI()J-niba.rd ~he.i;:api:ta.i. pm"lti:tig t:blem~ce~v~ :no .les~, cont~mptuoll ' of d'i!"lUan lif!~ than Hekmatyar .had b~~J]L By MiH'ch" bow wi', th 'V had h ',\ 0'1" ed to l'el'rutout of ItrtiJhml' and

rocket ran,sc, a)ld KUlml·e.l1joyed a respite untll.5.eptem:bel:, .

The majr.l. ~OiC.~S of tl;1E!, c{u~m:h:; .. t tt):.e.l:.'i s.l'U.!fted 'Lit), SJl;lu[h~:m AEgbil fI i st::ri i~"Ii'hen,i 1':1i,m~!I i ~ l<han 'II fpn::e~had su!tlc.eedll~:hlit'1I1JUiSbl!~, the. fl1O.nt line at Shindiilmt hI" 'thecQurs.e of A:tI&tui.r they·uIU.f]teraUac,:k{!d" ret,ook lIJe.l!u·anl· .and <3trls.h.k .. 2nd ;,.~erl;!" .. oon wlthJn !lo1r.H:.hiIg (Ustand:tl' nr KtltlJfiha,r, In ttH~ t/wcess, hOWCV'f;:l, thl?'Y b eil.m~ COI1Siider:1I.b,ly {lV'lets. tretl;iI1ed ;lndi thE TaHlJ(lJn~ I:lY tl!Q\1i.r :mas.~i.vdy milrLlf:o~·~~A.I ~iilm.l freshl :ma!TI ,mel '13(Jlti,p,Illf.ll1t,. \/I,'f!J'e Jbii:!! to, (j~]:tv. "II' anl o'Wl'WIrI·lmi,JlI r';'ponse, An'll'r .1 m,,'ljor b:;)t1i~1 tt'le retook (=J',irishk.

- went on.!lQ oea.ptufe the ii!l,i-r o.a;se <;It Shindand arId l~r·ei;l.dy ~ep'temt}iH' VIo'eI't; adv;'J.nctng 'Oon Iierait . .Is, ,a ill Kll:!lifl ned [0 I .iIlli'I, biill (ot· ~ rncl't~d ,~wn¥ il!ud ~:h~· Ti!~ib&m l'\I'lI,lll ntUe Lliffi.Clllly if.'l·~kl:rlg t~ (lll:y.~·ll·rr. th'~y ~~~Rh1i~hed tll~ir own. lH.ddlrp\rEtt]~n~ 'and ~'ll:@-~Til ~t.~(iio's,eW s"ti~~,€t ,I,slirm'lc pltacth,;C:l:s. '.I.'b@ bull. il~]l j' 1~1,3 'edll.)!l1 P.~1H31c "thll "6UOU ;.un!. "n~p~o~'I' 'm !1:HU!I! cd p~l'ti.eJ.lh ,i 'h 1\lid 11 fl' ~'. d 1J1··~(·l1lil'l!'ll,l, _IS ,,*f' •

-- --"'tI..._ _

") ,00' '(J ,on",,1 e- '" i;l...,I 'l"~",,,, ·",'t·.,o. t., ....... lln .;1'1<> ""~h',o; and "1""~!""" j[';>:"'m- -" ... , '~'~rl' I~""""n-

;",t.I,_ .• ' ~i:JIL.(',J.I"1!~IIL~II;J,!.I.~;'I;,.,'I!;:,I.~,_~/.,eJlIo::.~~";"I.:I,_·.: '. U,LU,:":. II"U.IL.J~: !!iu,l.. "U.l~a:l:l)'P-~.~ 1L:i.l1lJ . .Ii.1utr..Jj I!J!~~,~

11,p~~~,fe-~i! inl pi)'r~~lcU!ra[!:' ~~Ij t'e~cl teii':fr mull In ~~tf(~ .1.'1.~nWI~b ~l'(~ic~.

DISUlil:Y.'OO ~M '~~ :nUljot,se'tl:mtll;" ihfl'S:e-lif~'f;IUIlIllJilt ih K'i:lo-td "lInllllitly 2cu$'~d Ilfi~ Rak:i.~,pani'stof tnv~[vern~,n:t,,~n:d n:l;ffgJ(l: .lJlO1tI ga~ked oocil (!r~l1 l he P~Ik.Jstm11Fi11:'lbllStl.y~ Otuf '~lliill1.'II!iJ!;lj1" of ~il:s:: SU1Jjlf'~a;s kl,Lled lIn:d f~~lilla],n.ilih~t:f i.t1til:Iicirng tJhlili AmhOl55wddll'j WIf;:f1e beilte:JJLiJJ;J;ll. 1.1.1(" JioOOIl rrml1m::F,yi,il~ftl\\fu~Y'~e:l"l'511U't-ed ba¢k,~o ttfre ~;\l!plraL DIt~.pLle .Thtllempt~ r:. Mastlrho al1rfin~a c:e·l!ir5~:B.oo" the 'l\l.1Jb1!'n l'llblt1,chicGi .;:I. mnlor- ~m!.('~

,iring ,Ottob~[' .11]i1id-fil~r(;~~fi,glUilii:g '-·.ill ehe llU~ to the .s;t)_ljth. Qf

ie e]~y'; w.l1iCh' >ilg~il"i ti!Jl'l.~ uhder- ID1ilni;l~ ;anillie.~y'Uld ]'oci;:e-t

~~ mlld,W.l5b(jnlIDl~d bv: ,['u;n~n '~~Ir"r~ln. Hf)we""~:rtt~e Q:Jl~'!1~l'v~ ~v~!f.ecl QIt:lt.,~'~1'iI~1:il:g th!(.f'I~b-au e;ilit:"~ mOl'e rel~of'~1~g,ln alllliO!itL daiily ~C:kel~ :aH~:rdksi 11[1, thE l.~<li.ckg;rolun:cl. Me.stld :shultl'~d tp"iluid (1:6 j [1 <ttl lrbt:t to f)~ok.C;!; ~1, ,~c<ct,l.,e:rf1uut, bl'l.t,Uis ~H'Grt:f>, f~Jil~1 1:0, I~h~ fil:'OO of I:i ~~r..mJ'by'Raib'bMri ItO stat'lltl dl;iWII'I ln hl'Wll.l.1I' Of'ill] i:nte.r~,m (lClUndl ailld r. th.e 'TaHTI:mn.':s; .U.I,llii:s~.~nce th.at P()lIc\i'el~ ~oll.hJ. Qnt r be htllc:ldi.ed. owe;r~o: f~ml!H.'l~;\\'~&.'Wiy the~lild ,o,f~:he,Y'~3;1'" .dtC:lt y~1: mDre ~.!!;h~;ungl!l ~ta~c:trl~~C 'a'li. ]eaJl:;.'lnetl '.a;rfN,lnd JC::<'I.b:U]I.\'!~tiI.Je cbrilbu] ,,"il~!lJilJ;tie~f in:e~o.'l:'atdy (@lu(l!b~C1 :.<lIDI.Cl CO.l'Kfipe![1(~ni:s' tUlok tro, t."(l;.mp\1:l".iJ'I~. the ~lty )il;lm.1 'c~~I~;r ll1f~~lr ,Ull~ 1'9~i.S, h!}t~ 1jing.. C-mi1:t]U:ihl,o;!' 'th~' l!m1ir,,'ddir!1 t!lk!i:1o ~'€r ~'if3re,n.o~ ~sili;maredi .~Q' :~e :,df~h~ £lfde1" of lOD~1J(I[I~3!ndmmy r~ii:e ha.d l,efi '~h:l1l oo.p'i:~al:"fa~ ;(eh;!~~s." 'irV~~.fu: ith.e re~d llil to th'e xrlt;y fn')m, kl!'l],!;lJ;~iiJId ~~JIl.'l~~r',"brChe "f.nUbm~. wltl'!. tla~JJi:t:tj;ldly, ~!lclyei)lI' liUk ~.od m:~:~l'tu)el>{ th~ p~jgb:t of themh;itMla:ll-t,Sc-bec;;llmJ~'acllt;e, At tI]je~nd ~ J~nt!<'llty~ t11:e'i~ bn,luclili.eclM! ~ll'l(!lrge~tc~n;drm]:li~of 1,000' to.m:It~~ (;I!f }od ~b r~iJ\::V:~ ~l!:~ b~sJ~f!:~~~:¥:I}'!t;wJ. j.

The stallemate'a,:!j(l!t!T'l,d, gab~W Jaste'd l,i1U'~H th~:~a.rl)~ summerof 1996" 'b~R!~il!kmarlLy.ar~·.<B op~:rrul"lhi,Hc:: ,~ tlWE'fl m.rmJc~d :a1::l·amiLru'~iw~Hl.tlLi:s ]\i',Cft~n~t~ ef'l~rny, [til;bbn:~ri_r lIb.~uUig'J~;~ [I~[u.1l~l rlUlnii~~ofbi.~ m~l1Illl1fit(,) ab~.1 'ollrld,· a(:o.\lpt~d Uu:: IIID5t (irPr.i:n1!e: MinisJGr., In. deing ~"0-l hfl ')~nd(!li[~edOo~tJl.mbll,nd th~.th~ ~1.'lJ.~j(;dfidJu :gI'0UpS lil\~.iHlI whom be, had r~'!iI'iQl!$iy bee:I~1im~d. To ~;i1~tt~I1.~!i ~UI'J:l'I,;j.1 'in ~ii.b\.!ilj 'tHfl'iriltib.M:I LHm;:h~d l)t-s:bi,g~€:!it rocket lInil mti]],J;::ifY bnrr1l1~. yt'tj c~u!i!rnl!'l ~ .n'(J alll)" }S:ll'1Ime1) hI the·~i:l:y:. 1.1.1 il bf2mre d!l!\1eJ}Ollmwrclufjll;g~\prilt, .. fh.t;':c !;g~loi1n SL~p{"e.nl~ GCIIJJt Jijl1ic~(:m~l1.ilt 1 h.~~ TaUb.fi.i1'i!l, aplJ)blW'1:t1U~fl.t or ~Qhamed' Q:m1.l r 'ls·A m;~f ~d~Mbmi~'li,;, (C~lnt'H[l;1d('( ,O~' th,(" E-<1iithfilill- Ulle. tleprevioiW5.lyiiSStiTll~d 'by Wc'C)S:IMob~nillled) ~iI,\l'.;ts· I,[n-.h;:l:;im.l.~, on. lbc;l r.()un,C1~, fl:'l,i]t; n(}·~ lIe c.:,)~[ct ,!l$il~.I.I'ifie ~:ht~ Jl"~tJe w:,t'l,~)1l~ '\fi~&()n 'i,\':3.S d,~cij:ve. &miilf had lo~t ,j~n leye :~ .. I,ili~'e flghfitag'(Ls 1t1m1J]ahitl), Meaowhile M\9~th'j !s.i:g'l}ed, ,t111'Viflg <lldlde:ved !:'!'lJlhln,g ·~~h~.t~!),e'~er dU!I~g 1l1s tW{'j'::W~ilI~~_Qr Ituttl ,[!udwa:\l iij,u.{lCC\Il:d¢d. ti'ii Jluly by ~ GeFi1lJJJJU diplQ!lfla~, N~:dJ!ild; l~,oU,

A,gCli n thwli[ll;ed beDOIU,¢ .K:dlb'l.il~. whe[.eljgl"ltirlg~CO,~\th1.,~t~ th,il;otlgh· l.~l' t~le ts:o,mnM~]1 Illie 'lbJlbatfi t1!.Jn:u3('.il~el!' .~~~qUQl::!. h1i.\1lgu~~~ lq ~u!jIl:.~I:\l1 Mghrllil1~ti;!1'1 ,'HId Weli'~ l~~Qn .~d'\illltlrring' l'hr()u.~11 1~'!<J}''lI

:pro~lr.!<;e. ~?l;ptlilriI1g. I'JaaJ[lW l1![zr~i·}sl(W~ IJgh~~I':S,' amId, ,~ri'i{iTlg. th~ l'emU)lJ,nd~:r 'L~fo.~'~ th,eIXl,' U:~fm~'k'ril~ th'~"' hud sicol!!1eil ~,t a~'061~lr LlHI'Idi s~t_cres.~ vitj:~h~ ~J~tl q~,prt9;[~': 6:fJai~ja,~,Jd I' l"nl~~I.~g !:hfl !llUlln sl:JplPJy I:'QIi,I h~-li:t~~ .. ~,$. ~ab<u.J, ~ctd. ~~l<ist'ali rilii-e:y lhe.w.too,k ,l!.<iO,ntro;ll of I~l1fimt ~ndL 1,~.M:bJ1iJ;~n J;'hi'ffil'~:j.l~~ ~:[Id f:l(']$iirli~{:'{:f' 'h·}w,~~IK Sl1l'.oN,c! 'Wile-ro' 1.I.'t:ey liG1.Hedl Wh.il!t. (!1"!:l,i~:i~.€d ofl.:[flJ~m:a.tyaf;'&;;fo'(CI!~~ 'rhe g~neta.[ ',exfjkoCtOlll'ilon :.~l~~~m~X w~J1ILI[j: ~&~~ t~k{(';. MiaJql.!.l "1t"~,S hd~] ifld tp!,Tmitl~ the ~WJl -of ·S~II)ttm~«. ,rV~l~j ttl'eJ;c ""~~ :s, f! ~'u dcli:!n !Jo~~~t,J,~e elf: ,goVIil-.(rllliellC jionfi,delioe:~, t.1,i1Ciil:ifCi:['Q~, witll:clrew~o; ~h~n.!l)rlhi ~lnd t:n~ :Wmiy: 1IIli'iitl d~a}r Xor. :t8;e ia~~~~~::t to :en 'bM t~le dJ.Y; Alttlo.s:t 'Ulie-irnrJ.'st apti.dtl W(1$ '~O Imi:1e tb~.b: ;'w~:j [neG! tlrr~ !UN ,C() [nr;()i~~cl,. wl~lc'u~ ~i'ii·l~c1~~]:~h h~o~~, b1e'efl II'V:logJln 'f!>'iyill'urfn C:f~r '~ll'~p~wQljS' £,OlJ[' y~~-s,. ·n~e'y '$hot ltnJtll "lrrd hJs brotber. ilI.nd .. . ,Ii"~ ([ ~ij.Q.i1Jes: '~l p at a '[ ~W55;.roOllrl,s near the' .ptt'sldemi~lr<l~o::I~iC.

.' c, \0>"11"1,1, S{:l!(,;Qe"ii~,,' thl":;f th(!f! a~t~~r'lre.d Mhl10ugh t{a!JllU~ ~IO ,the 11,<tI!rth,

·pUW~~li:i'FI$·th,~ re~5.C;.aH,~g go~~rflll'ie.!1!t fnl'ft,."£,tliLmugh Knhiii:UHl a~~f;!l~ as the B1j'laa:::(g ~"fiS5. By th~'~ 1101:1111:, 110"¥~'li'~1:;tlte'Y ~adl ag;1!IID ()Vf:!rII!e1Ith(Jd 1::h.elllSIJI!v'~~~ ng~l;m'!,~ V:C ... g:l'ID1~'fgt:.",d fro·m ll':Lf IfiIOfUl)' :il.ncl he ,~ncl M~!!>sou!ll fq.OOedtllitfm bil<::K t{) with~!1".a f~w mllru of the (;1!:p:i:Mi.

, Over u1i~n:y.. 'y..eaj~". th~ m;,~islde \¥o:r1dh;g)!d - !j;~L'l.d.i.t,JIl~'lJy i~nored A(gll~!lIM:i!nj ~'lltlS.!il ,.:'i.lill~US fi:sOl [)awn ht the G~ld Wfni h~~1 Irrliit:!;."!h,wl i:f:iitd~hjs~I()rji', [.at;111 y€"u~,1JN \i:LlJllpe.rrls flJfl' hiUXloJ!flita:rti.ilU ~¢~i:e[ h~d bG(:1] .tnMsi~e:l.}~ i.l!nd\e4'~~U[lSlC',I[,]bed- ,38 tln£JY 3rtm are ;.. OInd"!<er:y UtUe'eJlbl:il.1:H~d b~~'n f!iaJd~ Ito,. ~t:I!~: ~,!f13:igl'lll. b~l.tLnd Mes:tJiri':s. liJ~tmt'~,~la'l ~flbrhi., ~t mediattou, Uf.lI'~H Sci'ljllllTl]:l'lef m99@, when th(vUN ~Nild.e:]' Se'(;;;re;t<ilry. £o.r. PoJltticaL\fIl'oil.1Wf hifi);['raiC1( Geulid],ng. pa.id a lh~I"~~da:)" visit\, no·!s~nl¢r MN 0fJkl-~~~!1';jdf bOtfu,'CII:'ed ~iO '~l f'CIot 1n t.l~'~H:oUintrr,.n'l~t.1.t hadbeen 'some q,~~:lJ~ory'dij\filEt~~.sl!Jd,::; of 'all YiilLJflB e'ru:b:atg{}~ ll'L:J.t '~l~!~ bald :got ll:ow.J~e. ND'l'I',I]o~yeltet:.. the lr.H:emill~~()!fI.1Il :I1l.GlcU.i·desce'lldedflllld '1iled ~ In:}Ol.$'s~gf repoi.'t:il" 6o,nclil!n~n.!!tin:g-lnia:irulf onHle con~f'<~ll:~ll~8· '('(Jill' hUt1:t!U!, r~gh'ts tn . the ~a:l1i~aLrlfLdI ~::~J~ewheli'e-olf ~hll! tillliha:n.: Sllf(~~~ss~',\'\~hiloe :they \~c;lJl~ a,lllrue' .$a:y'~ tittle' '~blUln the 'l'.dJb.a[l h:!~kde.~'Sh i:p, .who oOin~l[Ju~d'l!o lltil.lJ'lln'ln. .~, ¥C'ty l<y'l'!l '[;ll'Q:lll~,b.hey,. :had tLffic],d d~~¥ d~~:c!'lbl~1g th:e l:~li,b\m~s 'V,ll[]Ot!:'> 'ilITlp'Qo:11 i:ion~, Wh~C1h. r<tng~d fl1O:!1l :tbe .h}QuJrnc 110 .~ he fll!ere1y bt~7.ar I!I:!- the:;to.nl ug to· df'!"J:lh of ~. C{JtlP~te: ~.au.g.ht~n <1.dllH~I)'; t!ile t.)()tched p~.bUc ,e.K(lCllt~QU of: ,tW~!Uili'd~re!':~1y th~ , ['l;'l;ISb!ilrad of tI,}(: ~."tii~[d_'iW!ld ..... 'Ql¥'lan; th~ 'l1<I!wming f[l):llle:IJ;)jP]QfnJ,~l:lJt of thQUlS<:lrlth pf wjdO'lIV~i ~m.()st oJ U::ran t1~ ,s!l)l~ ibJleadwl[l'l;[l!c[s fl:;lll th.elr ':amU'[~s;; thl@' wholC's~le t'lo'£~lrt~lirsJrl!l' ;>.c'hCi~~S: .<!ud '~'Oll~gie~; ~h~ s.~(,;kI't:I,g of dvU

- se"anr~~·who had ~ut the~l' ~beil1rds;' ,iii w{)m(lnl~e<tl~];J for $~lQ'~rn, her .. <:I.[m;wlm,lio".,,'s prdl,lted b!~c1:, $0' ~bat fll@ wum€:t1L ,iilSidt: '001,]]<1., 110~; bll: ~~l'll; TV's. !i:d'tlC.[I1yh1:E!fpnLbidhm llldc;, cag,e.billldiii ,tQ,l:'idwQ~~1i1 '~. '~'lllll<C' :'i,oc.ks ib\:l;nl1~(.1 ~ thi::;"'ilB'l!I'i! i!llQJ'.e .~~~la;lU$;ly~nfoK."t]d bK~ ,rt~Ii;g~;Sius .rt'),[l6,~ Hlfr;ce. !!H1.Iclel' lhe dlr'~tioll ,Qf 01, [Je]l;U'~'m~TIh(')~. tt:1 p n[tlaq;~;U~n tll V :due. ,lu;l,d!UiIli 'Sil'IPpR'!~f!~[Inl tll~ Vif.~. L~~ibu'l \,f,~!l !':).:lk d I~~ j~, "'!:X'IrIf~llnl

~hill'jfjr :brut, the ov,~an d'i,T,ed;lon o~ <i:ffufrs. '~~:S~!1G wftb the "r.<andiJ.haT £hwb hl2ud,loo bF;~1.p.itaIJ~11Ued laru~!!';,wbl:db l~m~ri:W'!'cl in t~I~.t 1~]'~y. , .'

e:Of~l~vel;llIWI::nonl'h~.! :}t'L1II.!H~.~!l"te· 'pf~~~llllildn;nd.h ().~ IK:I:.lJm'i)lI'I~[tl'l:

DeS;~tW1,and :r.;ll;:a$8<()tI~'lliilJaibre L'O ~~;<i'.~e fh'~ €lt·y ,iii ud'tblt:' T~Hb~~:n llmable: t!)'Nl$k.:: fl'tes:J:t l~e~dw;;:r';nrQ~rh;\i\·:<!.l'cJ'5 .. P@.lIC(5 tiilli~ w.¢~ hl~!d. in l'i!~ll r.~ahl'~.d

LJt'id~r aN >iut~ll?kl.:~ :with th I; ~f '~J1iI0' Ki [lg') wtio ,ofl~Hl(l ~Q play' 3

ro.~e l.tUUl,r setll~~ne£!;!JL. bUll tl11iil b:?lnheld.' aloCl'Of i'tnd.~f:i~ t~IJc);"~ite.d

e~~enlol litlng abO<[It .a ~~'~.~~ .. 't;_h~. :n.!!~tLh:afi ~h~n~e~pn~!~. ~~~~.l:r It_~~ViI;PCC iil'U:l- by 'l:h~ 'e!'l(!l1fFel,li'IJ:nzy 1997 had K.t;.t~~l. 81i~r.i!tnut}d· C~a~J;OiIir;' andi';;~~:rl@' d:E);l:~ to t]:;u~.Shi@a"P~.i'S'~. nla~;I/' t[uh:miil1n gilh~WHf t~ ti,,~ ·n:or'J;,ltfoJlo~~Fl~g tltt' b~~0eCf.tl]fig ef' Id.~,r.!: SaJ.lI:!lg~:lI.S,'ii by cll;u~:~nri~'.s [~f("~s. 'l~~l(lrl!'! r 111 lJII~ a.Qp~:11::i 'of tJt(! wiftltt~~ J,tllie'l' 'i!j''e~ :stlldl.~;d ~[)y III e H(zlwi.",¥1/qihtlpt;. but:~\~itlnl tbe. oolrni~1.g~,tJ.f sp~h~,g Uiey'ag.1t.n. pre~@'tl. O.l'l~ Lin. tl~e ~norl:h W@$!t, t~:ltdr r'O[\t.:e~ i;lJd~ll~1.il:Lf];EEI:om Hietn t~3i(I.' ~i[n~iih::ll':ly. lo~n (!ng~gtld in 111~~V¥ IfiJJ.I]Umg.~tlt 111 May 'tJII~y'O,«UI11TrQ,d ~l~flJnI~jl':Uj'~ m;[](J. ,mb~:t of F,itry:~b I?rovi~H::e. 111Gy w~re. H~eB. lnt;'8i(!'<IiJ $itJ!le~ l~di:tlced: tiv,rH'lJ oJ IJd.';]1urn·~s s.ul'lil.~l)d.lnhWsj .Gm::li:'!~01iJ A~~du~ Malik, wbo S<l~'L~ch~d ~J~~es: ~n~~tar tite '~nEl"~I:;r1~et' It lSSa\,~, (I:f ,3 $~l,bsL"il n ~ ~f.ll b ~ilh,e, OJ1 .tI,lXQI'dji:fl t\

to O~1:te-ta:~ '~Qbtr f~hd .I"~lW'@e[l; Do~tmE' s ;f}1l111iil~\ r:l,nd hi:li. 'ow' n,

pl)!>~Ut.o r]~ . . . ¥!lnh~]j~~:l:b~l'lQ~ to .J\nkflJ:~,'.a\l1~ by' t,hl~. ~ndl·~'l: :\!t~9

I;1l~ '~~i~l!L~l '~~. j:<lKe!'I~ U~_e J,m m:;q']~] r.lmtllll',lC~ IC'lt1', ~fil~1 r,"~·:5'h:ilri t. .

'~Jt ~hitt 'ain't; tft,g}~J]J'?::i~r ruppo~U:ro.n W~S"XtI1a:.el'he l~mX!:nhad ~s!Q[t '~b.lE :\~"';t -' .~~.~ ~111 e;1~~t [ib!¢. O'1fJJ~tel'S qf thee ~w'h~]~ {.)if A~gllan]~lill1.,: !Ilt .. ·. ..'5!Ullii~,~f"(l;~!I'l~a~11~f03~''Ii~eet lh~ ~n,l.i~~a'l'U ~Q'II\e~l. mtL!:Rt ,"~[ld thl1llJU f¥m~~lil~{fqr ~!!ked .tbeev.~m by gPtl1l!g. tu·~f~zall' ·In per~ou. ~1~qw~'lei: th~ 'lhliY'!In .~~~ l!I,ll;;'l:iD 9v~r:fo~ad'rul~d .t~'ID~n~~~I;\~~8: tl'l~Y '",cludl:!d '~'Ii!Hk [tOIIl,l, IBi :%-hlil['e ()ir 'pow,e'r ll'lllcll)fOC~di(',d !:O!~lJlPO~~ on rvfa:?li;lx, t;r.ad.ftl"o.nally 'one:' ,o,£ille mo&l Uher~.i. of rtfgH<I.IJ. c:lUesJ.Lh~Lr wtdcl; iJnterp.l.'ellllr:!'!)J:iI~ 101'. :~l'i.rumTltc:: .~uw·, .I~:v{ln ,n'l·ol'~ irlJudk~()~fSl!l!l: ll~~Y tried to disarm the 19'~11 IifJlb,,!:-W(lhd£M', MillHk a:!l:ilin .~w~tcl1a.d 5]t~e,S and tiUJCkEli(] "thi~ l.1f~J.ron from 'the f@a.fl·:<I.L)cj ~.flerc~~b,[tt1~ ens~ed in th~CI"ty,. duu,;I .. mg ~¥hH=h eh~ f:.lf!llJ·~~3iugll~(\m~d ],'I.f,g~ lu.~rltlbers or ·1:.'mUbt~n Ilr8h(~f'!.I, R.y tbe ~!lId of '~l1'~ t:i~1 Ui;-,. lhB 'lfa~ibfJn h~.-d b,~~n d:ri'\\"en ,out_ of the c:ll1-\i\,\~tl') ~1:ea.Y:y 10:5:-5&;:$; only fhrbe· dilJi:li, ~:[ter Ulei.r ~rugi.iftal oc~li.tpati(1)n. Lo t b,~ pl'O>(:e!5S, th~~r n;rl1:italf}"cOilllllmlll"ltlf!iI'. (ibithll R~ll.l:.l~,(;j ~ ~nd l'h~~ r 1"("1 r~~~l' M i nl!'it~r~ Moh;:ullIH(ld Glh.ou~I\I!oi'~hr:t1~.l'((.!iflprisener, v~ri tbin if £h~rt, wIn ilt~1 Ui~yV'lO'ere a.1s;Qlbrtl~d to i~baifl-do(ll PuM·K~ I;lIDut, whU~ :t\f~,S!HJi~d @ngagt\¢1 Ul@JcITh In ~~n~wedAg~H~W!g m the JCol.'!.~:!i;~<1;U Va II:C!-y. tC}ok the '(ii i iii ha:,<;~ iii t l\~1l!:J'~ n~ du rjilg July', and 3ig;;\wn liM~Lnl;l'1i~~ r(u:lilettlittac}ts_ on K.lbiul t:<l~er fn the yeari, tilt:' Tallb.'f[l i~I!J()e nll(U@ tllrtbd ~{1J~~l.ke M.i"IZ~[ •• ~~Sl'itt'Ljf,.' butw.ftrc ~lg!)i!'] dltloren b~~tk. M,il~S. ~l]IIVri:o;~ cf,lhiililnh~1g' :'J('lm~ .7000IKld,i'lf!s.'!N'C;~~ ]~~fuJi' t-ot~'f1.id neSl S;hfb'lI:igl1m:!~ oolP~~t~t:'I t:o;~e UliQ~b1fT~l:ibl1tr.a6~lterS W,l1·ti !~ .. ~ h,~bl Qpruj'~d·dUf,]h'~ L'J.~v. dl'h,~il!h~ I,n hit(1!1 amJ :-;~SIl~iLI!;:ntly ,~,ijt1!'~1L;'d.

,.

A~ of la~ 1.'~9,'t, UiJi~re{'I;)J~., Ule'~f~V<JJ'iqn' ollth;(]l,.gr,¢llll!]cl h~"([ "tt!~I'Je.~t.Gdl BlIOFe'Ol' less l'owhtrt 'it htu:] bee'P1.M[;j::~ U.'Jt'e 'ffili.li]i.hl"S Cill~tlJilf~ '0f~_llitit n.IJf~I' ·~ri.!11e !II ~~t~(!:mn., '1ij t U~f ~lrgt!1~ of ll'l:l.l' UN S-eCI1!: ~'a,~Y.;ae.a:~,",~f iKon' !'\:11n~!1, a, GI!'~'u,1Jl @~ Conl[~m,oo o:Jl.J]]tti:il!~:l1J]0re g'e.deraUy':kI!10~\l:I"l is·,f.b~ ~.sii.!{ p~.us'·['!J!Ild .~villi set ui~]i ,C'(mJS:ls:i:hlg ·(j!f A~gtflillt:is'l.1!:n"tLlllx ileJ:gblbomr~" t:Qtl~ijt[i.e:s" pills4\uul.rh;. I'.i'iil"~d Hl~~S~,~~ Thi·.\tli~eii ~l!:m'I~j'v>l.dsJ buJ ~'''l!de ~1'O h~ilid:'y~aly", t~i~riilrtfSgJ, ,,~ttlem~n;t!tpm:t.ly 'booau:sef f.al' nom pwmuf~L~lrthls sN~I'a.lib~· tllll!' siX. eonlinm:ed. to s;upp6l'C.;l.'ild 'al'~ Il,[h~b' l\,ratrlt:lJg dieil'l,:). IJ])Ap·.rli1 t9'!J8-~ [~'nOW1llg an .~i~~.L'fltI'lHi 1nidill]'V~ pCla.'i:l~ I~J'k.(; ·t,\<g,1rili h~l~ Jrt, .lI£lariIDl<l.ili\lcll.ib!llt they ca:m:e)k1 :ll{llti11.ng~.;afld tlle·'lftgh.t]'r'!g> r~.sum:e,d •. 'lb:e 1.~I:dib'.'f.il:·w'e:re now [lliI:ster;s or s:owe two' I:hh'd$· 'bf' th~ r;;j';'ti!.1'lU~yj wJ.d~.·!: 'l'here~lulil"~ll;'rr' 'W,I!S hflfl" by I~I-l~. ,M1-("~I~red 'NOJ''lh~t:n },\i.Jia-n.ce,wlii,d~ had been £u~ecI f:hle' iPlr-eviotl'li su mmer, ''Tli"li!il iW'<lt!'i1 ~llead~d by i~i[)b:~ll11. \'l!]il;D hi, to t.~·le "falhiban's llH;'l'~ ~ ~tUl t'f!ltvgms~d 1-:1:aU..:~l'j.~II.[;iomU.'V' ss HI..:md ·of .Sl..w~e. HIC,! and Mill~~QJLld' ,co]]JI.IiQlllctl IjJhl'ee proYJSI1cesill tbe Q{n.'lI'Jh e"::i~1 owchile· nOi~hul1,\I,,'ho m.an<1gci:l :tor~h~Kn

"and o~t :lIiaLffiJ~,'ln S~'pitembe[ l~Vil co~t[QJI!t!d ~ve.!Ir..lil,~ntral~n(l!lftb. llii:mtl~l.~ell. ~J~o fHlrt. of 1111;' iJ.. ~ ~ i .. n~~ v~'lrrl~ thel-:ll(:zh",i~lltV/d.Ii":I{,f.t;~ nO'",,' ]00, hy Uswdk;afi'~'Khann, 1",'ho contrelled th~ l~a:z.alli1!lj<lt" Tb~ laJ~ban. .I:'n;O!lve!\'ICr;JiI,1LlEI ~y 1[10 me~ns sh.ot Uleir bon. '!t~e'ta·gfdjl r.e!:L'IlfO£«id !~ ',;I ~'~a:rn (~:fn<!crurnl:S rmm. 't'hc mfl'ti/~liW,~~I,,~, a nd Wlllh l'-t!li'I.iIlWtd f~ki:~t.~rnl.nH:l('I.

gaud~i SO." ~:lDt,. t.hl!\")"'·~:e~oG!k<FllfY<1'bpw~iuQIil iin. ~J u Iy ~ 99W and headed.

tQ\~ta15t .i]b~tgb'nn. ~'·ef!dy. AUg~IStl· 110shUlrll h~.d. 'fled ~nd il.Jh~li'harl fl$lIiinoc,cu:I!lect Mm:z(ti:':i:;.S,hi1.]:ii~, Tb~y, then Wfn't UWl 1.'0 '!Jelze 'r,tlOC~~L~ 1.iO m,i,[B.~ tt'i the 'Ctl1:'>t" 'w'iJ"h lt~ ,a~ If Ba:llq;: thmugh¥lthi(hMa$5'1)~.d hJ'I1 be:€'!~l' .. re~~i.v.in.g :£uppUes fror~ GenJ~1 ,.j\$~<!., ll:~POl'J$ .~O,OI'!l .lbf.\g:an Ilo cti.fC.u'la be • oif 'm'a-UI:ml,l atmci UC~· 1"11 'M~1(l'l1:r.i·Shaf.if! ~nch;~dil'lg·'~n'Il'ii~ ex~·tt~nm:J:S of p~&trb!ly as. rrutrl!y aJS '.6;ooor Hill?r~S~and ~t 5~e!1,lS that Ul!.i8' t!~,l-ef ,~he 1~nb;,l11l \"'~('I'e. de'l,e:nmn~d that -Hu;:lr W.I'i01~, wou~d be pc:rm.iJlin~rl.t •. bliSt'p'tl~·tu[)erl tht'y :oQc'.l~pit."d ·n~lmbln. ~u!.M.~tl~o~~d i1lil(~ni!ged~:o: ;~-e~.iI.k~ TCl1itJqa!l):'and also L1:wcle ,g1.d'!ii!ln~~, tL1 i1<~.pi!)~r prQviJ:l1,cc T1Q(lr~hof [.Il<lf)'l;Jlt 1~g.hldn!§ ("ol1ti;n1J~d IO'l'eJ' [h~\'\d]]j~t1;[, q:t~1.~.iill' ~n M.arc!h '19'Sl9~ fu~:thJ;'x P,(!\ijlc:e t~~l~ W'l\lDi~ ~J~ld hl A):lhkh~fj1!ldl~ the '~;~~i'itil~[ of T[~~k.Jne·nt5hm. At fil.$'~. ttl e'rew·a!i- :\i1()roJ~ 9ptim i:snrl a:bO!lil: tht'uul:({)mr:, [t~ ll~~y e.n.d.~d in1l <lisr~me~lt tbat thE two :S.ides should ~~.I'Y '~o. f(:)iU11li i'J. :I::i['oa;d&· bao;~cl gpv~·muH;l:ra.~· ~l nd~,I,l"Oulld ho I.d fu:HI] I ~,'!f t~ll b, Whelll~u:,}w!;!'yei:. these:~ook ffblt~e lh~ foJl.o:vl,iing IU.Qlt:th! d:'lE~' q11ickly coW~ap.sE'd:j and Mo,hIJ[[Im,ed Omjl.f .dJ~dnred that the TaLi.ba,fI lJ,\~oll.ii~d '!'1c;it &ba~ P'P:"y~1!" wiU:) llht}~e who ]mve de~hnY'J;.'d t~I1;: onU:lltry elf h;.fVtl~']i["Jk!;l: '~Ih·c: .• Ufl;l'\1·'i'lr te:rri.tmy.'. 1[1 April .• U:'it: Helb~i~WQ"~:At1rl;eto(lk ~('1.~n]J,n, b!-llt~,~ '!,'~,£,(lifl;G!~ l'l'lC!~~ Co1ptu ["~cl b)!. t1:iJe Tal ~l),rH'1I fh~ foUQ"li'I'l!.1gmpn rh,. Jo . ,ate'JUiy.~Q'~ 1bUbainhntOiChj,l:d .i'l. ImiJJ(~Ij' nfl~TIi:;:ly~ n(in~~ of K.jlJ1iiL]I I~]:u~~ Lhl. WI'I~ ~9011(J}~"","¢l ~I'jtb~]). I~ .~~w. 4i1¥jl ill~;'ll!ll .eiiui:allJ'· '11:~:tr~ C!TI'UIl~~Jr:.GI~~r:S~~[ll 11IY. M:i!~.Pi~~l'l. iW1'lQ' t1fQ,Vie tni~ 'fn 111~.a·r1 Qur QF it I~!;! .~~~ott~HII t h'Vy Ii Illi ~41illn~( ~. I·n

Ocwber, La~hda:f ·8r;ahmlQ:i,l\r'};il}1J had l~arlier been ll,ppointed over lio~j/s head "as. tile, UN .:&ecietary-GeJil:era:I~·s Iler,orfa:1 R.elll'e:'i~.ritath~.~. ~~iriFl:l'l:Jr1:o~r;I t~lI(;1t h _' WDl~ SWi;p.0.ncllmlg hiS, (1!1I,b"rtli ~b b~'(jker 'il se.tUelu~nt ~!lId 1i't1;l,uld ,ouly resume them lf the p'a.w'tie{,··,ctHlI(£eUI(:ti, pro've'd JI~~~'~y,es t.~e,tloU1S all:O!lt fu]d:ll'lig.a .l}€.'!ijlcd"u] ,,~'Ol'Lltidn~"

lTin~ .\!'ell:'I' 20(· {II ~"l';"ta, ,contlrlluim::tl "of the· pl)!evf.ous :pattt\r.n af i"m:6nt],l ~i\"e iX<10e (:iegl:1tiilil'i om riQt:Onlrpa,['Ii:ed hy fierce 'ti'ghtillig r~dy in i1ti1,e .. y~a[;., Iifui~lZal~r pro-f'o$ed the b(lld~lig or a lo,IlI.' jirgrl in Rnme, ,bm 'l'h~s: ""'1':5 I1Je red by thl Ta.li.baill, With th~ tissiSlaitlC'!' CJf y~,. ,a,llot.He:r UN Reprr S"·l1tri'LiV.~' :I':ran"eiic Vendim, falk's 'i'f~ir~ h(\lld "bit Jectida jrl~:1.fJI~ll, and aga;m ~n ~M·a)~; under' the susplces of ~'he org~ill.'i~iU("i1 of ;ls,lm:n~c Unity •. but ·tlle~~ agail1 came 1:0 uOlhlngr In 1v1a~ch. ]1 ,iiI'vy fi.ghtlr~,g e:l'upt~d hnrth of' K.<lhu], and in AUl{tult iii Jorge seale Tallbau lo:JlenSiv.:e i.n th~ '!rtmth,.,east led oncemere to theIr caIIJtt!:re "Of thl~ke'y 'I~wn t)n'tl~oql."!:ml.BI1bl'V.s 'by Mil $;,~;(l!tld tt~' ~~ Ii·~.e the 'Lowuh ~Id ~~t, ~11c;t.eeded by theend of Ute ye~u;

, F-urrbJ~J" efljj:i~ ts 10 bli1.[1g abou ra peuce settlemen t contlnued late ln

tJle"J \iii; wt:I;I~~n, a.t <I ln~'e1il'lg 111. As,h.kJ:ruabad, V~mli"m (PfSlf!Hlied both ~vt]t'.): ~O~,lgli '~",(1(:ler'ta,kJli~ th.i1,t they t,\f()tdd. nOit'abandol1 n,egotl.atiotl until ;all &venu@.s '~[Hlililigmmn~flli adbeenexhausted, FUfl.Jiier talk-lion U:d~-r}"l:ll:i,S at i;:1o~ ttl be hlld In Ashl!:ludnujJ e~l'ly in 2001, but I!'I. t[]m~!inli ·tp bC.'MUlt:l wh, . ,ther th'~y'il",iiit be held, 'Oil, if ,held; ~1hethelt fh~y. ""m :Ier.pd :a:ll}~he;re. Although flte giMlet, ptl!N ()if the (_QUlili~ ~$< now . .r~la.tivd.y !:;ic '~lull, fghuni~~tJI~-~ can 'Dnl!!, iif:OO'-, ~:' flltut.l twn dettlc[e.'1, 01,' fI'H.'lin:!' af "'!i"',ta1irand.f. aA:nmpn:lh!er]cli;iVe-'pe~te s~tjdemenJ 'is reach,ed. SII]Clru ""ndh~ enmlttes, J'IlO"lftve:r. tlDt'~h.l:s· Sll."ill seems un I i:k~~¥)<lit ,least for so .long as, me t<"~.i_rr.illa, p. rt:l~ .. , f :,,(lel~ ~s~ ~,talH':~ from mnsfd (;! lh.@:(loun.try., 'I 'he key to peace lies' w~th lUgba.lli::f1fa f'I~S· I'u'igh beurs, wtm contlnue to support and SUjI)P!_· the combatancs, and, S1el.2U1 still. to prefertnat matters should he :.C:II'I"d Uri the b<l.t.tII~I:ll!ld.

Af,h.ani&tan anJ the Wider World

A~]~'f ,flie',a'dy~w~n,tyyears of ('omm,un:iJ$i~ revO.llIi'~I:()f1'j' SQiII,d~t Cl)ccupaw I'I()nali.~, a~;vH W,tr.0f1ihnn,!.st:atl r(ilC~ an iJli'l:TIJ\1;iabl~mtu.r~, ,A'tthe' most nmt1tamel:ltall level, It has s.ev(!1i ,enVlffi'11tltC1Uill, P' eblems 'Ihere ls /'I.iete.spre~ld sou de-gr,ad.Uioft, ddo.:e:· tail. n and d'~Si~:rUliLdJUp[l. }"j~ltldl ()'r lh~ 0: i.l1:H~)1' [5 OV€lqgrnZic,d .nn.d tllC' felv·ifo:vesl, Umt rem,ai.f1 ~oo be.iilg Ii<lpiitiy f~Ued ferfue] and CtH1Sit.ftLCiti{li.1 flla~:e:rlal. S~ll'corl,');::rn~f"c!l:! and .U1·d:usity as'it: possessed duf'~ ng Uw 1970.;; has .m.ostl.y d1:S;)jppl'al'ed., ~u' IITI'h;flnlidcturehl~ii lbeenr del~oIIl~'E''l~~.~:d and less ~h~m tw,g·thittls of ~bi lIs:r:i.C1lJlt~u.]] land 'is aulthi'iI!ted.~i1I!bt~,l is a mas'S.o1 W1:J1S" whn~ K8i~,1.da-h,r1r has been eM;tie'I1s1\~d>~i,;la:ITla~lI?d I as: ha¥,e been p~.r~ of Hent t, I,]] 2000,; \ I,"I.~ ceun l r,y' ,t~as L'IH by, the wor:i~ drought JQ!:r. O"VIi.'~l' "I 'l5el']I~r'i~Utl'J'~ ~m,d large u\lm:bers a[- thepopulation were sL;roggli,lllg to survive, ''''lith eerea lprodecnon ~,~II. by n.~<1Idy.l1<llI.f, the c{)untry has no hope 0, belng abl,r,:: to f,~ed ib ,pco,PJe wlUluut o!,J,h"d~ ~~bl-ar'i'';t~.

'In b,ulllanreiim, Afgh.~n;i:5'~o. i~ .one O:f th~ poOf,est, and :illQS:t mlse@bl.·e countries In. th~ 'wol;ld. In -a.ddH:i"on to til innUO 1 or mo~ who d!~d dlu:lng tl:II~·SO'''i~'1 occupation, t'n5 d~hc,nt:liI'In. h have I~~ t h'e]! Itl'ifies $,in~c: tU€l ~X(XlGtan cyt r at ahg;u~f()rty-siliti YeMS, is affiip~i the lowest in the: world, w.lThli.le ,id least ,one ~~] BiJo: - se,ITH': say as :!;l!l!:m-ny [IS one In th~~~ - Mgho;!,~l c::h:ildh~n win d1w!;;' b':i!'{jJt,' ~b.:b! fifth ·hl.rthd~YI' m.1~ rampant and malariais spl'~di.rug. Ou,tsid\?;fJU: matn .. c'iUe~~ 'I;\l~('

_ [Ire vil:.l~umilLy no medical sCnl'k~" whlJ,e lev('ls 0,1 eduC'..<1d:l1o. ~:I:~l1 ()bY"lll]~lJly tow, '1'1>1 ,!d~I,"~!ti.lJrHlly:iol- "m hl'l,:;, Qf 11'111,;' ml)~t· part l~~,ol~en d()v ... n 01' has-!]i)e~n ,cie'Ub~~)[iltel:y destreyed, IC,3Ibld Ulliv(;',iJ'S(fy lha~:Iij;~~ elesed ~Q:r long' l)etii· dS"lUld b.a been ~~,tell1i'vel.y dam~lgecl, u,~;l:I1Id o~ Ur~ stuff hllY'~-b~lri dint ·~ell. WQr1J, n ,I~M,' I'l' t1 K h~dl ~ Olll it hy [hill TbHbill;! .ilJ;ld lot I;'iw ii:l\t~ts in a'~H 'm/Qnl ~hlllil nl'l~nJ ~ r .pJl(1 hundli'~rJ Il'1ioL),:\1.iTiJI.I 'Inrll cLl!.D11:./ a'~ ~~(jl QU~: II If! 'l"11" ~'t'flJ,n'lllY'

JlF"V[.'!.l:rS'rASI A~ I) THE WmH W'CI.rLlJ

._, - ". ,_ ~

'Li!:if18 th:ta p'tlsi 'n,yo .d~iC;iI,'fe5i' mos,t of wb..om tl3JVe ~eHl(ld ~n A,I][J,~r.it.1.l IilG'lIUTOip,eiIDd iWio -01p~t uflliHkeljr"evec to whim., ,:rll~ n.ati.o:iJ's iJ:[tisti,C ,edhl.ge r. 1:ndlldlI18 tll~ l:lf.icel'L"SZ .. u~"~,,;~res foom' K~'pis8' ,and m~ny tliII~r ~lt!€!S.i ha,s_b~en (O,ml~i:!i2hel:llvely iO~~'llIclo':r ·~'i!sh\O}~~t!z.

T~l,~re rs: ~l§~ ~'i:1I ~~~ ,piiQblem o:E I~:ttdn:liih~. Whj]~ ~.lt.e-~~ ',ma~? b~ ~ne' ~. ;~ggIUi1tlClllIQ tlS,ttmllitt~!i th!llU..r~ Ll.l·~-f-1·Y 'f:l~ l.e:n nulllon ·ti;l:l}.j 11ave i€Qn sow·n, in over fotlr tholl.lsa'ncl 'IHi~n,~fii Jd· acr6s theO'lll:ntry UJding,thti--Sonet o(;Copa~l,oh ,and Ir.b,~ subsequerit ",ii\~il ~arl' thete fs t'~],I;'! ~olJ;b~: ~11~'l.~t Is the JLl!Ul,~!i dldns~,I:y .M:l'inllld Ci[J,lQl')[try 1.0 th:e ,voftcl, \lhU:~ s(llm:l.~ piO{,~e:!iS has bie-~n mad~ it1 ~~lr"'f{;"l'il1lK Olr:ld riHirkii_nliir Iiiii,irilfol'g reas, , many remaln U.!'1.nj·il!tkea a;mid u.nlt!Sa.~detl .. ,Umite(1 Natiori~ hlll.l'!'s:l. !ls'of March 199£1, W~f~' tht I; 1'1i~e 1 ,sqo,a,re k~Jom,~~ts of ~:tid hit'!d &etn:~Le~r d ov If tluq;nVioiJS ten yea Nil Itl0[1 th,iln. 7{7() ql',aX~ 'kU.ooo,ete-~s 'iverli! ~tm oontttm:inatedl iYy l:t~ne~, m 1.IIRe.x-plo-tlecl ;~d:I[1~lt1<1;e. Th~U['l;;admH.II.U.rna~ .ill: 'h~ CUi'TeL':!!'!. foilte i(),f pwgil:1;!~S~ I'E ~~.Ul ~~e 1::lp -to :(I furth~r' d~t~lde to' eli '111' therrem~bi ni n~ high l:lit,prJ Ilyaf1fi!iil$ J:ld ~~hilll ~Iw.e·.~i,:.h~~·e task will. not be' complete ,lor 'many;. many years', ~t!n.nWb~~'1 Il~lItl;.;.50~,OQO ·A.r:ghiin 'f ~p to h~:f of them 'w'(Hl1'e~lU(lcd hUd~ n, h.1l,v~beeri IdUe:d :crr WOtlti~e-tl 'by mh'ii!'5.· i\ml:iute,e.'i are '!J i.';l~ltm(;)D '!i~g;tfflid :;the.~r uu!.UltI.E;rs ,'~o~~~lr!ue'. ~:o grQl'll'. Other' e:Efocls 1:!lIve b'$3r'1 tClI'J.l!l.moV!l!me'nl, ~et~l the r~~t!lln OI~ ~fug~esr disrupt

h,Ii c· ~n.6~m1 Dll'kt¥t~rm:tng ~, If('''lmely djlf1g.r:l!'muii~

, Q'E rn~beF aI~,fe~,c.()naierfl lOI Jh~, ,p'utsid~~:w{)rJd Is Af-gnanista,n!s iosUiqln m's:',op(!: o;f 'll~e tw~ fml:ln,l$lbl;',ql PJi(XI:U~l!:f'!l of QP~:tim (I,he other lei ng H.u rmll'l,ll. U~', e~;i'g mah"'~' ':are til ~t :O\!'lU" 20~J '~(l!n~, o~· (b'~E!d opium ~ere ~~Odl~ee(1 dti,rlng '1'9~_S( .be.twe~[) 2;2.{)i1 !f'od23QO .tpms tn i!1l9~t nd as much-as 2800 :to:rlSIf:i l'997:[~1 ]998~ CWlJl@ '1.0 t"t1(1 weatln!c'l tlu' ot~11 dropped to 2:1.00 tom. but Inor~ la'nd calne'undetpoppy ul UVJ! uon and. in 1999, s!ti.mul,ilitedby I1igh prices, production .nilo~e ~"t!ln'do!!:lb~~(L ~o ~Clt!'fll~ 4600 I~,o.n$,. 't',ll~3 1'l3s meent tba~ AfghaIilL~l:iJ .. n I~L' in recenr ,e'ars be'~J!J respCln~:ib~e fOr <li11;;nMld~·I:'l.re-e·~1fl:i;ar~,ers of tot;d ~1.().!laJ PI.'Od!t:I,~nrill.Wnh ..street val~ue' 01- roi.ne 580: .. bUHon.~,Y' {!)n.h'oi~stl' j.~~ thm1200 I.ons wer~ J:liroduced irl 1978. b~fcll',e tb~ .stlV~ct t1wsion. Most of UI1.<AS !;::cmUif :frOl'iIl ar>casin 'HeWt:1'l,andi and ':q,1Ing,ra'hr!l:r l,mvim::c~ uliI.d~1' tbif mnt[ol.af the TilHba,(I,. With mO.'it of t]le Iloc;;tl r<~m~lJid b'ru d'DIt! hill':'!s of Ilt~shl{lOUS~ t'he!['ic 1111J50t'ICl" flO d1[firlll]t1~n no\"int:;; the 013hllm Ito tll1i.e fIiotU:i!er afetls··ofr'a;Rlstetn~wh.l.'1 nUI11.IU"diUs mall Ja1i:lQmtOries hilv,e :rcuned i.t into herol:n. Much ot it has: tlU:~l1 )e~n sh~p[Jed (Jut " iiI. [(a~aC'hii \i;'1hjh.~ rout~5 also r:':di.!iiL lL\l:oug]l h:~I~ to (l,j,rJ;;cy O'ill.d from nonhern Afg;h('H11mm 1'hrotlglll t'he C{!ntr.al ,A/ai,liri lepmb~~(s t{) RlI:Ss1~. Some is .~atd t'? ha'rO'ie beell ~.eall1~?ortl~ ,IFum~ (.!,li:'HJahaf t n~e 'OU)J "st1l1~:S' hi'! ~ tt'~L 10 l!flIflg;fm'8. l 'II." .AfrglliD::n. l.-a:ti:otl'a,1 'i.lidln'f. Afi~'f.I,il.·A Millot 'pi!r'l'lc'pan on I'hlil'ild 'hmllr Ii 111-~ rOCK, the J(ur~r,tm :W-,'~rL 1 art:)'~ ~ ).ifaJJlls,t; " il:r~~d'lir ,aqnnl~t Of!

f'Stillbli hed in nle Ktimi~,li areas Qf TtuMy~ 'i;~hdil '1,:i'mn~. i:l~l fi,lVin proc.~~,i.19-;g:I.ft~'l'~ltOtJ~ .and. haffi:iJki:ng ~]:l'angelHetlts, SOime or rJ~e pmd:LI_m Ij,n , ,01;; _In :iiOi.z,oo 'Clil mute, OJ' consumed in l'aklstau [:['{1!t1 ;ind G~rirtra 1 ',As;iil') 1Il\~l1ere ~heIe are serlous, j) rl d 'grGl~l'I,:iit1!.gj pm:bliC'lll~ of tI:r~ ij~djd:ii()n:: '1:b~ 'Ij,LtLk, ~~o()~~eV¢rr' L,o\-s .e~:doo up' as ItJ:l;;!'roKn oli. tl'ruesl]'~[H~_t,s.'G':f BUfOi]e 0: eV:1!i1'll til!.'! Uflifi):d S;mtts.. '

~he atl:i~u.de· fim:il:mlilly .;;d,op,ted hym,t'! ·1'flJil'lan5. 'h~$ been Ithat tiill,~ pto~ll.;ld.ion·,an.d-~SlD_pmeb:t J;it U1.jdl 'dn.Ig!> l~htO'::t~lQUI!.. Irs ~erritol¥ la 'Uleg'O"111 t1'1leJpi'f.lh'lbl,tedf, i!!!j..W' th~ 'cotlsumpUon 'd~ nartoUcs ~n1d :alool::ial, It l!itl'~, Ill;~,tnl-Jiine~l t.h;O;tUlhlli~'ma:d'e ('s.e.'ri:O'w~, atlt~m:pls iIlo ti4f1~m ~Jll{J1 ·~umi.i'l.a,te ,gb'l>PiJ~' IP'WdUCfl(I.11 In areas under tts 1:D[[~~oti •. In 1!J!9'9.; Moihail:l!.mett<Om'.!u·' 'lljiS!lned anedlct calUng .tor poppy·.oofti:vattC1f1 tel be cu . by ,iii tJhifd, .ai'ld 'in July ·2000 llefoUow!.\id thi~ 'Up~b)' .flUnuuncing'>t'i [OitCi.L ~'1' I\t the ~l'lill~e UFl':t~. however, h~,!(al1ed! ['Of ir.Herrnldo.cia~ {I5~5 ~a:fn:~ .and In'~ieited 'tha'~ ,tbe 'nIUbll.r'l :ha,cl 'Oon'ly Hm,"" i.1.:~d lrn~n ns' I o enf{)tc:e lhetr (let'iiimon. F(:n"~f5~liJl1g ~:~ [h~ril'l eN:i.~~-OO, ,1 b.icrati.ve 'woold .I1~kell., ana: for as 10,ng3fS the economic ,.(ioctt!mst~nces· of .tUgha,n :farmerli were illWch that U1:l:,Y ~.gjve dr.ug dt:.ders .h [I ~PI?tl,mmllly I'n &pl{)~ll' theii!' ·~:verl:yi'. lb~ p,tbb~fi."1lliI would contmue to" be r d/lm'cultand costly .full' ~ll,D:nn(\em~d'I.

ti\~'lutt It anyth I 11$. has been ~h c '1;Iilil!~C ~ff the~e l:'nnlnCiunJ;,l!lm~nll'lfS undear~, The t<'_x'pec:ttedi ded.iine in .Afgllan~stan'~ cplum production, in ,2.000 i lik~.ly,to; hili"'!:: Men due m ore to ~hifwl.despread drou;gbt than to fin: dl~kial jrtl~iV '1Ui!J1!:; [II !!ifi fd~tl vt!r,y uIllikely ~hat I~hew will be any significt(nt rntertb:a'ti:cmal ,,,sshitan'ce'. In 1'997, ~:he l1nil-edi: Nati·ml*l

Inn ·'1· .. •· -.~! m ..... ' .. iT'''-'-=, ''''''''''':,11 I:illi-·""-'·'·· I:. -' d ". '-"f'" '1 '!flC, 11 . n ,(;'!TllIJiIJOIl1 .. h JlUill,g 'l .. ,\H11l1.U.Il . ogra:m.m.e S.!'g[1!!1 .1111, h.u,Olm~", "', ,,!).'1:

,mU.lllol'll;, rout ~~rr ag!il: ~ !n~flt~ W~li]1 the 11(1.:1 ban II.fJI i m i fi:rl t,O o pi urn 'cuJItIyaHol't'in exchange fOf asslstan e 'l,(i hel." IlC?:;tO[(: mn:vl!nliomtf agrlculture, 'but this seems to have achleved vel)' ,1Iltt1e. -pa.rtty thr-o\tgh 'l iu;",ompii)'~enl' !~nd lfll.~'k D!i Ir~j'n(1i ns. tl nd it now Seen~:'i n kQjy ~h,at :11 w:l]1 Elc\yound up, 'ilrhe bottom, llne,~~, that Q:phmn.l~OlIsbewme.il,n 'eoornom it fi~ces5mly £0:1' 'I-'e'1:Y Mi:lifly[a.rmers a:J1JdUult thenrad:Hiooid z{JkM~ ,[iI l{Flllib 01: 1.:'\I1.:f1, 2Or~fl ~~. an 'l.gr-icuhm.all PII'OdUc:t:lion pl.l,jd; to the vHtage lnllllArui ~Qes into tbe 1.;iUll1ln's cQf('er.j• rua'lolev,j,e' Or! tr.lInliport(l_tion. WiUi o]?hnm; .5'!elling at up lo~G() a kUo~ ·CU,tr.e!llte'stiIDgI~e$·!3!~e ~:b.!lt t.he T~~J\ban dl!ri ...... e !lo1H~I,hil.l1g 'bflt~""ecll su:o. nod S,lOO mi.U~ml !:I! ylNlf fl'ol;r~ 'drug prod uc ricHl1. But. for ~b~!> sm:m.~Il!'. fj:f rev'eli'iue, itts most unlikely' . that tllleyc!(l'Uld have WnUnlJled h) fund 'the costs QI'~helr l<limpa!gn

'lgniun ihc- 'NcJtl'h~lfn i\.IJiaJl!lcc. r:g qu.!lJter of ImUllon bnp~\'·Ii1 . .r!'~!~i~d 'famJ.t!l:s L:l1I the T,il~1bIl[l~h!t'ld aH,';'ili of Afgt'lJani:st1lut opIi.1Ul. is' !ill' ,..".:Ii:;! a~Y<l!:ytbe most w()ttbwlitl~,e of ,crops,' ev~n U Ii:lTheb' slr':lm:e t:lf lh~ e''I'eo'lulI.l r~il~rl1l h ,I Q,'iS 'il ita "1 ~.l4!:. At th:· S1rm eo II rml~1 ttl~ Llxuf1it- ~ £(,)1" dw miid Ilcl1lien and 'th~lse wh I CI)I. niv~ 1'1 UWI:mde; [i~:prt,(~dlliy ill Qlmd/i~Ti~, Hill: T'llb,"u .11. ~de'f5lq, ,.~. list' ~S' wh'J;It. k"l'IfIr mll,~ ')lld ,I~I h dy , -

!lll"n;h ~(Jn~l?fl1'~d fait- 1'111(:' ~fIed:i:' on the 'Jii.~~fj".~ wlitl m)~ it lIt ~b ,end of

the Iine, "

. aJl e, dJiiltJ~urllt .jist". ~ t ,. r A.rghi:!,nU;ll'll~'S '. '~, alc'rn'al Il~l.artj(Jn~l'tp~f th~lt I;)T ~fl,~ ·!'tl'f\J~~$,. 'UU:~~~ is'Q ;m'fX~d 511O(}' t!H'fi11. n~t:.'\;t~e,liI 1979 ani:'] 199\) , thil:.': ,iil,1IJln11}@:1' Qf re:furgees ·Whp" led 'to ·tJ~~~ru:'I. at.u!I liN,'t,fl r "amo:U.n tfldi In Irot 1,1, to tl~r ~j N, ,~1]illI.Qn1)1I'bc' U nl'l.,~ J ~\'i~i;OI'1J' 11-II.glll ~,c)f\'imis3lon.er for R"dul~~;" and tltie' Wtlir:ld Fo~d P.r'ogl\am~' ,hi'l\'~":bect\veen rhem spent I i:n H1C'use.: ilmciuJ1:~'s qf mon~y' b:Di"sllI.sfa}lUI1g wbat:l~s,ibeen des dbed:il:s th~~ I;llgg, 'Sit oe !n~l.'g"·r'ley OI]tr~iIi(l!,! ~n hllonr) ''II\fhUc ,~uflhe:r ];;l:rg,\'l' l::iunls I:HihfliJ', brlletJ :"Rel':i~ by ·~""Qvet:r:~:mef-1.m "nlli~ llIIk~J]"mTital!:itm ','Md 'ilgQnciits. D~p.itebhe' pressures .e~[ted. bj. U,e mfl.~,g es. on l'lIqd and lnlra- 5lr-u I urc, a l' maJrk~b:J • f~!1,nurc of I h c)!odus·\'wllilWl,creMII.ness of h;a.n mjldl~, .. kistlm too nC'eIJ,t In,i\~iH~ \yhlJt has rJghtly b en d'c~CTibet1b)., the UNH.R 1:!S an lur:ulvalled ~cr;IlelIDgjt)~ ~f splrlll- ]n Iran, the gmet.'lt ~'I)I~J~r!~ty ,~F r~fqg~i.!.'l 'W~I't} ~ILkFWed, 1'0 mtx '\'\I'itl.':Ith.t!h:~'C~'J. Ptl'I:lUlrl.UtU'i ~lliiile' in PaJi:is;tc n 1 Ii . r, Jl.lge"e· 'Ylllla.g'~ 'fi' ViI 'it: no ver closed ~rlcle'tl~ In b~th~,~u.:htl:!,~Jlf- tbe l·eb:f8"~e5'.·'\\"'l':!:re able.to war \ and set up Ibusiness~$" ~ ·:f,rpU:.e ,t,h~ "d.lis,ad'II~'llt~tg:~ t1ht, •. used for the Ioral [JlOpul,a,fot:i; altt'lG:tlgi'i '~m:te ·&~ph.~.mlll'tr 1'99'51, whl!l1 the supply (;!If l'i'ltiOI.1;li :UllilU~' i:;~~dt l~aOl "l1.i:I:YG"'.f;;tcie'J,]. ifI_.n[~'ii(l:f .sr1'L])g~le toO' survlve through ,tn~ Io!'r:l~l~tem· didt)! II~'~OU u-ing.

IWI,;'!f1J'1 ,(illite 'n "'R~,J!isli.1ills·fin,!lUf leftl'lI. tlikk,~~'{Jfr~gCt!ll;sta.ttedt,O' t~eJtu~.,u) tl:'lGiptpmt:!1, ,~ld1d.1n t99Z, when the o:nlmunlst Jil.!:gim ell, g'p~illlls'~l W,~''S' SJI J1 U11l'~ fliVi T ~lVt mUUtm nofU,g:,~>e3 f(.!hU'll' ~d Irii',(IT:t1 P~lkitfu;"! "UIi1- [va·n, l"!,o~iUu!l the %T a'd" off ~~~ e9lht- months. Sulb:s·g~ que:lJ.-U·, evt"l),du:ling, the-~t:tt!iI ~~'jr. lt~.f1l!1iZ!1!es- continued to return, and tJ:llc d,cgr c'e of stllbiliitynd ~c:r.:uvUcr~at~d. 1l.:i~ the 'J'aJ1l1')lHl h1 ttl" ;t,(~,lS thy Il;;iont["(l~;lect had :l;lTIrttlbuted by the be,ginning of 1999 to tilt' return 0'£ over rOUT m'ilUtln in an. A sl.!I,nifirnnt faCLOI[ in the tetum was fhe ~,~lea}iur'e~ .tI:cl:DI?'b~d by the tJl\;:HCR" who p,~!J;vhled f:O:!' I,h,~ tr:aDTh5lp{llrti!l'ljon fn:li(J esoonlng uP .~·dlt.lg'llle~1 b!l([Ji.10 th.eU- home 'lil'i]l~~e:'i. as well- :;15 for grants. run l.he ~h]'m. 'of cash. iJlnd food;, :B.nd ~nat:ti.c.ii!I n!iliistan_'e Wn r~setUem~'nt. Ne\"fl'tlll "'k"l\s all.uhl~ refug-;C"l roll. Tn Sr[U~

,·"~~t~; 'Xii erbatc·d the exodus of pcrh,nps ':JOO.()OO pro·ph>. f.l'l;lm Kahul as a res.yh of Ulf~ fith~l.ng the:rt, ,and (lr hoof as rnany <l!ga.in f:rom. the batt~!eil.eld~ flmth. 'Oil" the ~·U~y. Itl ~~1'~ ".y~~~, of 11]1~ '[cU!J:tl:l' t(')O, ':~v'hQl:e tho "re is widespre:ii1d di~t]'us,r or the' rusht:oo:n~based 1"alflJan, rt;:pilb:la. tlo,n CallD.e to ,il. .Ilah in 1995 and a besl e,Jr:odu.!ii ~gan" If\ proaleru also e:llJs:tS,llll thl,t 111111 )1 f' 'fug:~ 's "1ft: r~l:LI ~·t~lH 1.0 r~.tum to" ,1'I I. Ir'I'bfy; ,ht W~li,ch theiii {:];;;rugllH:n:s"wiH b~ deprived! e\~efl ohmoe.b !1'diUClI,llan as:tbey aD.?' reC'~ivj_lIlg.i.n eKLle .. Recerlt estiLtlli.i!te;s8 are tfu:·em ate stiJJ~~boul. 2.!oi !!!JHl.!an l'~rl!!~~'f!:S in [l~t]SI,ru'l am! lrnl!:l!Whr;1I. h" SilO hill ~ll!d'i' ~ow,v.eI::.Js, lh~t, 'lh~' 'i,'i\'hb1~ ltOh~:ppr''Sitgll lta~ be!"" :t'h~t:~d.l'i''iednot :rd ~ 'bJ, 'h!e urslU n 'e' of Ul' Afgb!ll p"opl;(;". but 1:1}' liil' [lYCoclll .e:I~h:i1 •• ~ liMl tb_

mo~:t tJi~ii fig [qh;cilm\~-til!tl.(;es'l of 111 te.manOIj]~.d OIIss]sta.n(',e. !pI' - grni n:nl~s. ~\oov~ aU. it h~t 11!l,ft'ou~,la'aI_lld l.h~ ~1n!1,~gl:h .of ,Ilhe ,obUg3ltlJul . of Il(')S'P.itaI~\,'Y 'wbtcl;a ~s' au ~f!itemli;11 part. :,; ltc l'th'IJ'·' baUi C?,f I"w,s, t . 'm sQde'ty m~ ,p-f L~~im:i. ,M- il ·wb.o~@". ,I\~m~~kab[ }~I' 1l1()'St 9! tlte P:;ltlll.rl'l'fMr~f!ilgle.{,·,s h~\!, he~~l ,tlb~t:!.'l"t!: 1~~~'\i'11i!:U pjJf!-Lt .Iund aU.d i)I'9pextYI !!iHltl'Jicibt.tJ'ii· t,hey lC(lru::iiiull t~ S,Uff'li!'l fl\o!'l11 .111. (l'lU, lac~, ,gfr J;leJ~.lt~ :~n] &1uG-aHlin fHthl:rti,es; ,Mo$;l, re¢eIJ~ly; 110l~" PakiS@l ha~.clmed.jts:fronl'ief: tnAfglflflJtS: tl.'ylng to ~!;P_ fi~ tbtl tl.llUitlg~U .and ibard$,bJI.S from '\\Il'll'I.ch t:h,I.:!~~.am rurr~n'~j~ y 11.'I'ffiei\ln&and .rn·~~fnalionl'l~ fin nci.a I a"~ls tance h, d[ryj n!,~' ~.lp.

r'Bct,etrns~~@~ '~lle1t fm:i~ignrela,tiOi1s. the liiiIU:u.!1' bay'l'1 '(Q;l1lsL~'I:critl:~ b~.km~ tll~ l'I.'I~ ~h .. U.ll[t!!h' \~rs.l~n Of Ishl ml$.itu' Jnterl1<l1.lt'On~ulnptl~o, q~lY"tmc;l Ut~t tl'll!!)'" hav .nn .. ,bnit·'AtiPI o.f liying tC'JqIclflli~. l-rh!.veV'C!:r f~\~~la~l~ b,e'(m lZlilnv)ll.;e,c1.·'a:n'd it is' IlQsslbly not \\drh'ot.'lt !ri,gni'fi;It~lnQe thnl M'cl'llat,)'f;d .. QIl1.~rj'.s. ml,e .. ;i~mlr 1d'-.Mun1hdn i~ an .b~ontJIri:fI·: !,r'\~1'1,11 MJc;biJll ~on tl~l'ilt:lul1:!1. G~rtriiniy Ilh~i'r run '()f ; I.III;~asS:(i!~ Il'i,~'s al'C)iI!]sed OQJ,lCe'fJIfI" .~l}.d~ .... ell niaillilll/ wllh~n Ru~~<I. rr.ti:C!.· the . Oentral Asiau' l~c;F~lbli~C:S~W:he.l1 KabuJ ell :1n: 'l:.h~ al.lituru~l uf ~996. tt"plr"~nJ~~u-V~ .. of Ru,'si!'l ~:~n.~ s \lc:~ 1.1 ciflh n. 'pybH' .. 11,_td an (a"mlilrgcrncy ,m'C";nl1g re r('!li~w:tl;1.re~.'iilh.i:atloll !Inc! ,cqb,c:luiled that it represented, .• a ·di.l)OOt·"Hri>e~l ttl thit'!ill' nil~)~I'l~I'IIl~re:!iIJ!> nl1.rf.!:i@c:udtt I(l. t\.fgh!lI1Ilst~.n h~d b~c[l~u, 'Ln the wor.d qft~~l::mL NaJ!:[l'IT.I\i', Uli~ Thl~t'i.'i'l:jJ,n :r-()r~ign, ·}Jnni5.terr)·~·'1 a ~diln"rer(~u~ '~Utt tjf 'l:llil]t,ur; polltical, crlmlnal (I1'ld~c6nolmk L,i..IiJfl:lI,ilm~~u,;-eI. Sub.:;~qQl!:fltIYI l'i;': tlt the c'~-pUll~~ uf' ~MlI~a --,j':'S:h Itlf ,[lI'td the·xten~i,( 'I ¢" Tallban oontl'ol i.n niOllthef:lj' Afgh nisUlll. "fur:~hli't meetmgs b.o.ve been 'h~ld'3urlcl d-ecl~nltiojjjsr:n,a,;de o{~ ~d:i't1BS!i ·to t~.~~ ~HlIy 'm:~C:e'~~ar:rymt:=:J,sp~li!'S', Sh(H~ Id Ih(! Ib()l'dl.":lig u,J <:II'I1Y Olr ~.h(' Cnml111[w ~i'. 'Oiltli olf I[ld~pti!ndejlt S:tut.e'8 i(lCfS ,be 'f!10iated.

ThE!! :con~n.se;x:p[ol:~:ssed bod) mmbHctyand at tilese meetings stem p~n1'~' :(rOn1 t~'.@tIti.UilC <Ind l' U,gl,l;ltls cungmlly U:mlexiil.'ls h ,n\! .en the Ce'n tm~ A~:i ~!1 'R'~publi cs ~nd i\fgha~lls!l"a-li I w'i I hi some ·S 1:\ I'll i mOD [J~~e.~'f., r~j:ik:s·. Turkmenaod others Iwing on the )\lf~'hi1n .sii.det)'[ the b(Hrd~l'. M,Il1y' of thnn. ,'U'!i! Jefl.lgci:!'!i:J, 01: HUll tI:~5Ce.llc!rul'I' . of r rug;ee.'i: lTo·m 50vi t lui· ;r whUe other~, h~we in r c nl yt'lU',moved I:i-r lS~·[· m\'lf Th:iIHd·tan as a [,'f-SUII of Uu~ 'OI~nktithert"~.\'V.rlne, Jbllowi.t1:g the S'Up'plli!SSJOl1 of l:,i'1.'1i! r.!'(.'~m(lCh1lUo\.'eJ:u~nL hl II e 'I 92fJ!i-, s.ome: rel~lx,atIO:Il oW t.l;\!n~llilR Lind .1, grjJ\,.;th ~i1 Notial ~I.nd:t(o:nom±(' ((inta,c;;1'~; H:a,Ht p~a~ 11 IJIider Soviet. nd e'. t be In tlte:rl:s in'vasion of Mghanis~a.Jll CiJrn tribute£! 'to·D. gl'o'i-;\,'~h of a~lU·S v,il't i.~~Hn£ on Imth 'sid- ~ c( U1~ bon!~r, ~rid .attempts were '[Il;;ild by th .Afgl1 [n ,.rmjalli(Uu t" ·a!"I~· trouble 'f 'I'the )Ol\lj ets (10111 thel i hOfue ground" V{hen. in L 9,911 the' CentUU JiiS·I,P.lII RepubUc;s b!;:'Counl' l.m:.l'~I)C:t1;dlC'n't, lb,e:y 'were ''lVllInr (;,D:llSCl(llllJ!l (JJ5 Ihli!i,1i1 ~,~h~rel1t t.\',~ 1iIl!,n~5S1;) ~, fmUhpr,di tl[ul j m j·l itil r,y aJ;] d· ~'otl:O!;Jil~~1 rI~ d tl.1,!,"d:i' M , ~!1I\l;-Ir.r~"kf!d·,govem:ment·, H.i1\fe--:i,n··' r,~rn~:rin[!d n~l~ ,u hal :~h r Illg.l@'u~,h;~'.~~·(.J I'll pUIIUII, n ,m '\1"'1 ul 1'~ wlllLh luV" Ipf.!n - n'ILl Hi]

---------------~,~ .. --~----

:8,J;:e- .aJ~~t,.,-g_· w~h~~jrr tbe,l::r EH).r~~lS miglltrj&,t::i:~t ·supp.ort mor:rn t.lle l.\Olm'~1\;. ·.Filjlk:],s1\{l11 hI pj]rn1i;;.I.l~<lr. \J(!~\fb!;:lhl\1l!;!~UI~O'~~!,!JJI'i;.U~ ?~7,1:1JU! vic~tm ph~tlml.~~ J111!,~j~~t ,~~vH w~r. ~"!(rftjt j,j'li1t~ital ~1:tI~lim IT;];~)~Dl,e1:i:~ .: !::110 t5briIi!C.; ~i:[[aj;s;;.tl~C~ Ip~lr.ty. IllJh]~a['~fi~ a. ig~!~ntil]e;~J iIl·~iu,(:'!\['i r.l!(lf:tl1em Arg.llID!l~.l!illaJl3Jrl'~ ~'J\~1I!iljjltn8, ~,r~:r~foji ~1.u.~nliUl1iUqp. #.~t]- &UI~¥~J:S"~V"~ nl1!~l;Uw SI'lTIJMg:~e!:t ilnby Afgh:an I'rmftl,i:tMti.' ·g,x.eup~·.~ Llm:~~~d e~rn~~l>r:wr:iJeJf '~tta~ ltl}~, itipPO.5JH,~n'<fbri.~c$: ·:a~"!J,~:[. Afgl~a.n mt4cl.'riiPt.t: J:o.ok,J)Ja:e:e .IEt ]1~Q;i~ .. WI:~:~h, ,p~C!:np~~'{~ , ~,hl!. 1{~S~i,,,".~ ,tflo. ~~,.~~ l~t 1.(1'1',00,0. ~OO!9Pf 'vo. :n!ll'~Ofl.tf1~ "Ulrr'R~~t~rl gpv~~nm,0'll~~ al)d I~hl~~' bt:!i¥.e~~ua:h.)ed '~'V~f ~:i,nC;~, lb'e !i!J1k.e~Nu~ee,"~'fi<tn~b '~6:rC!J~ts'of pm ·rolUb.ht~~l(Wm:i.c '1.tilJUt.f~.r ~"'')~~"U J.ar~lr ()iJ~ d l_~~~·e;IJ,~~e·l:h:L'h.~C(llmIJ"l,e""'i pn, ·i~IDi,~!tt9I]dtl11!l;~y. :gi'~'~n r i~t' to .aGul~ ['eil!J.'S wi tIl in U1e !R;cptabiU:~ Qf I}!:!n~w¢.d S ~lb'll~:rSlion or e'l!r,~m i.1];v:<l'~lo~ ,.!(lW' at tbe· very l~:~s!t 'urui P.o~$Jbii1i ty'''~lflt!a~in!} t:ofop~ ·",+~h ~b~ ar:riV-Fl .of tll!l'~rnb~'s, Qf ~~fjlL!ge'iE:5i •. 'rh~ l.tu$&ial1~ tor H'lel.m" p!1l!r~j!~.rma.i!JI:]!il:l f!'Orol~thijlJ.~~.e~i;}I~rl~n(:f&" in Ch~C:"hn:i~j ~(!erh .:.1$0 ~il hrn:lJ,il~.'Lim~n ~~n~l.mne;h' !¢a~fL~1 or .. :<1 $p:~}~~'ad' ,iClli 11iJamilc leMtt-e.rnJ:snlrl! !~;n~ eGn>c~m~d ill()~ t1i;~ s~e~l11Y;9ftM.i~1~1~~ J~~S~~iI!W!·~P~~ikh1g[t1jj'R)J:ny in Cen\!~~ .A:'ii~ .. '[h~}1 am ~~~~~~S~~i~1 ~f~~!1ce reliJ~Sr.li:~Ptl fh~t tl1,etalib~!11 ilro gi~in~t"U.i11.111I].n.!!.l an~I~~.n~pl~.f",~ Jt,Oi . .thflt G\~~!hn..ran-~~~~~s;. ~9.fb ·tbe ll!Jf~~~H[!l.~ ~#~J .t!J;~ R~~(~~~ \1lm!$cs t~.~~ .I!~ tI:]~~(o~e .P[gV!I,dJ~cl. ~9m:l1lPiJJg ~$sls~n€~ to tJ)_(:! Npmh~rn' ~-Hjiill~t.G!'~ '~rU'111Jm ~1~!l!()l't ,it ~uuld be LlnHk~ly to ~UIMVII:l ~9..~' .~~~~~tJ~ ~f 'lill~f·ll~e :pu~~' ~,;tJ;i? ~!ih~ch. ,did' '~m-;~~ ,;fl(l~ wIth the ~~Il~taL .v !l]~1;~1 W~j,ll. I:t~~~IM~~l1tf,:w~~l.~~~ ~~ten}!nl9~~~y.s~a:y~d ,~w~y ~:vom 'tbe 'OO~:i,iJ~§f ~nfeTJ!~; )W-ltfi1: Ull~l§ ~l~htS·.''iIH'oFl theesllfl bmish~ IF:E'rl'~ :0& a g.~s\ ~.d oil piptHcrIJ e t~:tiJugJ]J"Af;glh:~n~:50t~!J1'H} ~~JtisUi..fi llS tI)~ 01 I·b: G;orl·tl~iy~lbl.e 'Cll!~ F@r .llllJi~lt altlir'lg,~Qnmtl!;y. th~}!~i~dr.al;ie.!l (,:~J~ to m ili,n~~in gOf~d re]~t]!Di~;f:i~wttll .r smafl ~]la.f! ~lnd theyren!ll!~~i'~ these \'vi:Hi .. tiM. '[3 U 1A1l1il after the t,!'b1et .hild t~k~ol Herst,

Thti ~~·;j]F1:i~lls\·ba-\i,1.('! a dso b.~~LOO,f..'Lca'[(]A.."-lJ at lI1]tt l~i:Ub,"nls,. su.t:'cC~SS~S~ ~~ftii;:tda~ly ~l~ U~~,· Weli~·:l.IIc~orn,p~l:l~Gd~~H:~.~ ~lliJfe~!.I; and !tN)!~~tcrepf ~.e.!I(J,~' Shi~ .alld the ~nu~~f ,Ol[ i:iJ.i.rIi,fl ,0,[ tbi.elrqwIII 'di~lJjnl,fits" ln .tI.t,e ~ou~seof lh"l l~lmltr~~:i;, c.~phlf.~ 'of: 'Mt!2:'I!r;>;t..:s,tl~fa In Au~u'i>~. HI~,:a: rCnQ\~L1I1g; thes!:) ITI.unle:rs, t~n!-iloi!t TIJet\'li'c~r:i, [!tan' ilI1t1Jd ill.:fgl.lil:l1i~'i~a:t1 tilpM.ly rp~i <IS some I'Q;.00.o lr.~!l1j~n ~ll!.Ei.oin~IY GU;'lrdrswere m:O'v(ld to. the f!r-QnJll.':!~· aruJi la!1ll1i! ~~l~ ,~~~FC~#.~ wej'eljl!e~d. J:[o~\J,eo~:t~ the 'd'-ln~&'f or being !!.u¢kl\'!d, Jflto;rl1 U(lfWinni.fbj~ ·Wtlf ][1 Afg,llillli::UO'll1 ha'_s, tl"een·,cloe·ilfRotib@l.nfnl;l![:u. <lind p~1 thQughrel:a~:~o!];S. b.ave :rellFl.·atiiteC!. tcn:M~lb~7Yth l~d~tl .b1i:v~ b£!e:il .cllrt'fu~: ~'ci a\\'oldt~o:~dUt1e~. T~nsljatl be! ween holltl and AEgh!lni:i'~i1Ill h~s deep hi5t6rlc~l ~9.9t$1 :lJiIli;li~; ~o,~].k! b,e :s:l:I.fI;Ji._fl'sin'g· ~R w;erenOl/\'fQ dis{lp:P(;j<ur; AparLfi'Qrn the:: ,refiiJiloi,':lS di'vide ~.~~Ld U:'!e.{!'l'llc1.;l,lln iegnc:~~ ofillll:v.~~!~oi~ <:iI:ld ~O!Js11~r-~I1jVI'I_S!llj~~ l~'1e pm~lem (;If (he T1cl:m.<'ln·d·~",;m.Hl'I:·~ ·It'ij~ ~~~n ~~~ong';stalndiFl..g b'~l~(, ~f ~nt~Q:lI]on. Tbe Il,.lultu~i;lJ. ;!I:mrw~:bj.e8 b~lwoontbf l~V:QC"Ii):U.I:JJtrj~S' b~Y'e t ~'I 1:~H.!l.'m IT~:c.l'!ze~pf abl'odrm;J.C\e :~h~J1 'El11 f)lid ~g ~ c10~ir ref:f.I·I'~~rnl~:I~.ln/';il~

, , .....

:s!,!!ch' ,II .rovte. is' .dJe'rt;l.(l\l1~tt.all~ b~\' .. .the C(iljj:S~~~La.bt'i? lUid~ tlliild.e .. ll'!li Cqi~],~J;urn\!!r 'go:~ wlhJch !la,~ .dJ~:~lQ'p~cLhonJ [bEl IJ,e~,~ta:l1. G~lft:l].l'O"tWgIJj H!!1'i'9;l;, ~:J.'l.' Ptkjst,r~n ·'1IJ.4 (~~lil~·~tl~ Pi;t;:ii!.!' rf;JX\e1)[.i!i! tlfn·t~ ,tl''i1d! ',[:01'1;.1'[ '<ll" l;j.i;:ful :$lXp~l~l]le[rt .:~llJt:JjJe 1~l!tl.l~n '5 e3l1'ntn~-s ~ft9:n'!1 rilr~~s'h~~ffi(d!\~ns··

~s© Jar~ '~hec:r~ntlJmlng ~gn:Jl~.cr. 11! *,~a'~lJ~:nl~.~anllas.. prot'~:I:w~M 1I!::lJ~ p~ 1i:11~1'B:~Us,' ,rwt')bnl ~ns f~ m Ming' W~ l ~s~d·.~ 'n1ef\m~jtlc~~1G!U j.1p,m,l){!lI1YI U~Of4;:ljJ.,; ~m~ at o~ il'men~goti~lt"{!;] .. 2J\ in ;1JIm<l1'l!,q!: wtl:h! the $all,ld:i c"'IlJlo.l'aiti611iI:lt!:~t:<i au,. Ipr'tt;lcrt, eon;stmrttlon.Qif' ,g;£l,5~ljJ.d 'o'Hp.~.JP:~liil@-b1 fj[l'Ill '"II\ll.Jkme!1[t~tl[m II;ij~i(}l!g,h :Afgllii'~11i.$~lal1l'l ~:o p~ Ids~a,t1i;,·. ~vID1 n Iii! an AJrgl1l:I~[ittrJ:~nfl' POmplinvi:a'rid~!!" <I;~~O ,s'hawed ii.pl::e~.@~t< lr:( i 9'91i;l, hO~'liiev.er,

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U ~OC,,\L. pj;tJJ.~d Pi~:"f:.h,HliJ~vh]g l\]:lITiit.(l'te'an!:h1s~He &trn:~tiO'I'1·~uPPO~JliUl

l'{.j!fl0,tiist ~"!Isq~. in, l~!gl~arl)stat1,. <lind tt l":'I~S, si:li"I!c~ :[I.o~ be~tIIl ~~ear t!i'h3t:t~,~C pro5poct·~ 'oor;il' pi [J€li:ne l:1IfC. Ced",jj[DJy tl?e PE.1It:t'·"'llJJ}-i s~~IJbill~ty' tI,~dedi rQ~Sl!!~ba ~~b~t~~J u:li;t 1, p[Q~,ect is. .S~~~] flilr fl'.q:fu be1tl;~ ~~'JlIle\"ed i, ~rnt:}.1:ough Pi,!i.~iS'~ltj'l 1'\'t:g1l1,iI[1i:!i~~n )itrild'rtlfiJ~!me:I~~lRsta:rn ~il~< b€!cr. hl ,(!()nt1.lllui'rl~ tat~~rtd l:rua'v~·~~]:teT~te.¢ tlheir ¢l~ti(1'~mw_lii·~t.ionto ipe-rSist Wilthit. -

A]~t~QJ lTI!'l~l!.tl.!.!li(;)n.~ll eencern t~Argh;;lni:Sl#i[!ls., eer ~t inll!j~lJJ (101''1- r~[tJI~li~lllnOOI ·lth,'l;l l~il!O'I',lem. -oft~'r·i)ilJlr!:s;m... AG~ird i I::IM' .to the U~,Sit~l«j D:~[)!~r.t'it1fin1:~w r€p;oltt, . '~frU~n!i$ irrClf.!/jfd· "t~mirisfo'n,j F Q99, th.e· !epn;x~utt~ ar g~'m~:l~ t~J~!d~ h,~~ ~~.dEl!~: fl'.Qffi . tb,~ Mldla;ll~ .:F.f]"!ll.t to S~'I!1I:lh Asli~, ~th' a 'mJlI!Ql'~n~qa~., ~'In~iwting ft;O~}'l Af~!l.3!nl:sUlu .. T!'lt'~~ll:~ hi.stari-caJ r(l;a.~ns: fr)[ ~IUS:t ffi,r ~bk_l Ui:e· Um~(ttl S~a~S" must l~~lfl~.k~ s(lme;:Qf ~J'ae 'l~ilrr.ll~I!;. DIrJ;.r!"~ l~~)~ S.6,...l!i;ih ~P.LUp~l:mO'l:1,. 1'l;[lkfi,';'WI:l1 ll'",]UII Stl;~u::U s'Llplg'e1rll 1~1uJ~I!;"g~"d . .ldilUU· nlUiil'~n:t:s, frQ.in~h~ Midd.t~ ~1~'~~fl.dI ei:!!erwhen~' in tb~;~'I!"or~,d!-'~~> mnrE! ~'!!'Id fig!']' l\1ltl~tl)g m~tjJl:hid~n.hl 198"6" 'in (")o~'1fci1.1nHy~vH~Ii]:: Rorl/l1ll~~ ,n.~J~.~!III~,~srr~.r~'d~l]j~la~· [J1.r.ecti~'e\, lhe CI.1\ lenrlts iSupll[lOlrl: 1.0 l,h:~!qttH';'lt)!'r ~~I':I,t~'H ·~'U!::Hltreinl'!.s:ll:ni1'ltil!d U':Itlt ~sn~iJJf1y ,as: .3t5)O(JGf·Ara.b-t:i.fgti~n5.:]"JiI~"'e:hti:ldillHH;:l:I:Y tnHI1i.Ii!g in .P~~~i),t:'ln. <lnd FL?ughl with tJt1e .. fl~S!i:StanC€!. ~.r:'L H~e ~1El,tll,U~.jl1!~;m: fq[tn::it~.llg I He, .~. diffictllil f'l,~, prJ~~,I)'~e '(f,'lr"U'lre S~;lvl:et Un inn, HtHC" tlHHJ.ghr was gLvel1! I~' the ·]iClj1:g~[ term :.~,().ns:equ,entes, :llnd tl::iiR .IltRellh":()£i that theM'~: ·.mUHanJ.'..'lr mow: trn~~ed, e~lj:erie':!]:a:d IlI!mi !lietr"Mnl'lcie:nt, lil'Iii~I'lit latetr turn 'btl '~tlb~~fSioni i1 l tle~ r n~ CJHIIii ITi es, !(J;r e.Vl".:hr a~in ~~. th,(!Umi ted $till;e;s; i't$~~f. was, ~ f I:t '\'~.$ c.b:niqered. a[ \aU,. ,(!n~.:mlssifd. ~s 'of s\U'o:t1da{'y ;l:rn:pO.1'1tlIJ'!'Ce'" [tcarne. a~ a. cOllsi~e-rab~¢ ~h.cu::k [to th(! .. Llnh~ St&~~ ·whl'.'lt1il w,~~ :11!?il~i~ed ilhiJt the W)tlrn~~'i~lg '("if t'he Wo~ld"~rf¥lde Ct!1t~ in 1993 'l"li'as·nl:e·,~pdk of 112.I:nI:nlsil"S; :Mfith 011131 .Mghan ]m;;;::'kg;'Q'~JI1!~l.

'Maw .[I~{'(!inUy. AU]Il-eritan and 1~'1tiC:!r.J]a:l:ll:mW COU[@:!lLU h;ll~ biC:Nl focliJs~~d f.m qn~ Ijla~tkl~,hllr rnremb(,'~ of ttl]:!> A!'<Ih·i!\fgh~n fr,ij!,t~n':lilf,y. tf~~ S~iu(li-htJrn p~uJ~o;cr:at O!i.lln1?) bill t~d~m" 'whghdm:s~n fo~g:I.'tt·\''!'ij:~b tb,e mrfj~'lhi~nrl ru:lt! ~n tlrle ~ia,.e.1981(}!)\ wa:)' ·rl!!X1pCl~.tsJb~t' fn.~[,ILl~q;tH~ bt~ lfi.r ~hen,~ iJ~ t,'imlt~, ~!ll:l.~,~hawa f. 1~1~~!lJ!J.t I;sTt (!l:.1d 9tJ~1\!~ t~(,I~iI11 'I'h;ll ~lI!l;Jiil,n I:rill' ~~~~ r.¢a~.s:i 11L,e~~t"Pij,L']~~1. to' .A~g;I1I"'I~i~n' iii 199'p ~[n@ \~~l$,.tll.lo~~ tl}' the l'ti]n~'11 ic) Irli!~\~I]j.¢ Illl.g:· ~"a:jnII1.G .~~~'I,\\'mel!i und l:l~JltI'l ttffllOrl~1

iO]X::I1:il!.~·idi~~j Iie.·t~"~l·tl bli~~"l1 ed Uile: }lleadquali'lgf:l,CQ1fll]i!lf otg~1I1ili!HltinintJ1"lI Q~lkl.~l H.1 t~m foiGJne:r inlili.Cll'l~dJ,f.il b<llit>:s· o;l!.Itsitle .li;:.haS"~~n.~!t [d,~ ((:bm ltlt' '~ort;ler~'Vl.th 1~!I"1!l.til.n:i Oil 7 Ai!.J1~;U'til~,!, l'~9B" lh~ An~('\lt~e~ Htil:lbu!;IS'!!!.\'tl J~\ ·H;enyai'i'rLtl ~!\'I;:;~n.i~a l'Ii1'~'e bombed. b"rnl'ftlifi1lts", ~ni.PC I~Mti ,2'sa p'eoJP~~"fl:nJiI}. 'e\~elIJdil:hJgml(u~ fh~l':niJ.:v~ ~ll!O~${J]]d oft1ets;'1 ]!lii.;!,'t1@i!'tdu.

s10n' i·c~rd'i.~d Iti~ 1i:tt'l th1.irMJti S'ial~~ at]i"Ie'!'i'H:t\~ut wn ~?lh a l. U ~i!I:':i;L;'

, psanja ]:;ij];:lt,;ade:n.~s:gto1!iP,. :iln"d.'/inretruir-tfm11il.

the ,At .1ca)JInEIJll"d ~'Olll~ 75tomt;]~a:w,k efr1J:iss W'l'iS;Uef :a:gajJ:n'~11! his b~~, bUT fa;Jlcd 'to ~m~rnl ai!'!d l!!t'lFt if~'V~ .. dO".r!lyp M~I ed !il~11t~~:;,,~ In

'melUtnl;H,d~~qg [il!e"'l1:11. A!i]ti-l]S d~m·Qr:u:tt!lU(m.~t;oO;¥ Fb;~., ifl bt)~lll Afghill;tl.ilslJprll ·tllL1ij ]~i1.kJ:5~<1ltiL, f'e~I.i1iJ;gs in both ,oouflttles ran h~g,hi an£l.

'[lin l..acl~n. ~fJll.i't1!l'~ v~IH!l!el!lJ'l.:. .

, ·t.\.ItbJ<)uil1' c~t::tlil}' uml{iQm;f,orl:tible 'Il~ bm udents ·.;!:cti,;'[tie~· '.ail'l,(! tliiit:

Amer,iJOln ret~Mi1t~o:ra~ th~ l'a1ibatl illE:tH;I.e'tsbip L"Oo'k tb'e I.l JjJe: that fiI'I!el'e Wi.3i...l:i, no ~Vl,t1I~llCri' Il'h~lll he W'I~ rcs])fl'I1~~.bl.~' (t.11":. th~I(,!'I'oil"]!>l jtctl\lil;,~tes' ill q~e3,th~n,'am~ th~,t w:lWe they ·.,,r(lU~de.llSiu~-e. thaot be'i'l~ou.~d fliOt C3Jl::ry (ml pGPI.ttI'Gill ,OI}.-.rl1!!.UlJlTY aJc:tlvil~r I[\Oftl .UgihilI'l .~oll, dlant1es·otE .l!i.I.amit hrnl[il~M'tt" !1l)!i~d tMlt th~ir I!i'NllU]Hng him, <Jif'ld stmJ I~ss, r.~spondiIilS, to ~lenrlo1nd;rfl1.at 1lI.:elbehan.de·(iI. (r",'er ootr Itli]~ll. Th~y" :adh,eil't::d~o th~s declis:lo.n de'S:p,.h~ aipmb,lefL1l1!.lll'tt:J1 :S'audi.ArtlJh~<h \\,n:i.(l'l\1 \If.lnte~1 hI'll TL,(!deT1ihi:l.,I~d~~ tr~~r.r:mr .trln!li here, ~,in,(in S~pl:e'mb~lL' UJ$)S, rtllc -Saud!i.:s ~'iI:i~bdre!"V'tllilil .q.~pffiOm~i!.'k ,pn?.llenc~' Ii 11' llilllhul, frlJ]d t!tl!l~:r~' :1!:I.1l:v.c to be doubts . Cf"~r Ith:gJrcO"l!i~L[]uing 11rlilUc.ifi.l, and. other, smpP011~' ftlr the 'i"i;l1ibi'liUI,. In c)cmb(!J i ~99'<.li'1.e i~~ure came. IX), a h{!!l<ij' W~'11h a dema,nd by the UN ~e'i,l:rHy Conn.dl· [01' binLad.~1lIi!8e;xtmcli~jClu [~[ tr!til.Wberi~ a'f:l~'~ .~. 1.1J:,t7Jnth'i •. gm.e~~ ,the 'I.1aJiDiaJl le,iI,(1.ershipc'tt'ru,sedi to ha.nd. blm f)'\,'i[!'r, (hl(~ Securi,t)7 O)miil;:U tlppil.led, ecenomlc ~;Hl:cUQ.n'S mn Afghl:linlstalJ!l riree-ziing; fheml.Jnbr'sll nancial ',~ ~5€t:llilib:li~~dilndp're'l.~en-nng Ari;lna.r~QITl f~}':1.tlg o:uts-.i(lle th,eco.Ucn:t!IiJ~'

Pl:ooict'~ b:IJf, th~ sa rlCI:i()'I1lis E~ i I:(!ld. Ito$)r:ltllg" abollJ t th~5']fght~~t ·c{l[J.ue:;;e;:iol:l 'h:~lll the 'Till:ihan, iun,ij further S!fllll11f)US were-accord Lngly ;:¥P'Pl:ie1£:1 by the $ecul'iiy ·Coitlne:al ,at the end. of 200(t .Un~lqll;JeiIYI th~ke C;] I ~I r"iJlf' a ,olfl.~<slded. ""llrm~· e:mbaI'Jo, on the l'aUoon bi!l¥~tt()t:Ot'l tht:lir eppenen LSi, in. m;,kI'UUQI[l Ilu prf:y-er;¥UI1li~1. ·U.le. 'I~ Ul),;lH .~eJ'd'e']'shi p from tirt.~€Uill.giltll;O~:d t1Jfi"denfmciIDg' ,c'k~:;l,JIre of 'tIwh: ov~r$(l!l:~:S; [iI1.i!S$~ol1.s; T'he ,~I)Ij,Ii1CUO!:1'l> were l)r.IJ~~lpUy der.lI~lunt,;;~d 'by l<oi 1\!'U1:ii.mi whn pJ)C(llcLe.d lh,ai' tl:"l;ey~'!K)uld fncUiu'lf JJ!.cHbtr tb.G! l~a~ effods :!1,Oir th~ UN's human~n:l!lii~rn wo~k:ln A:rgJl<lutst.an. [II: is: t]n]ik~I}~ in U:le, ~:l;t.[\~:ntc

~tha~ t~le;y. wHIIIJ:!'lng ~~bQll,Jt ~])ly ~.Qf~~nh~£. o~' tl~e'f~dU..1'~iUf!:i' pO$~:t;i::ot",I~I:)IlU are IJkc[i"'w C41t!SC serious, d:l~ficum~~ :[nl: !~kj:!'lta'Jl. A:ny .l'es.trjlCt1:~)[J, pn tb~ .8u:pply .t,lf :;3Jum_:s, 'would be . .E! l:~d.pe (OJ; intcrn.ra1 un;res~, p.artir.'!u.Li)Il,l,' among the ;Sl'Olj.\rtng.lsl~f'~ ~c :rmove;,'I]l~n~ th~l'tti ,'W,,h,~ ~e ~nY';fW~ll;h1l"¥nu~QJl!' .. would b~'nk~11 to ·1~Op-!1·I)di$~ UJ:.Ii~ ~~J,1j;l[;'lW~"O~ tr.~' i,nt~~r~jlJ~jiQ!f~I.~td)f1'd' eJ;,(~I'IQm i~ "I ~iprJ~.[c1 ~1'lj!i1 11.;] k:i~h] II ~('~ ~~dl;y l~· ~t:'d~f

QtJ it~ iIpa:Ji1 rrorhl.tll:e:~ eiJ~~ 9if '~'b~ "~~nC'~ionf>~.the .plJ:sjtJ'otl . or the UN };a!od ·olh€:[ 11'~i~)"arm~:tarji\j'L ~getlid.e&. 'i.~i.nkinl! iii jll1goa.i'J:il5t(lfi. ha:~ briloo:ml::' hWg;hW::u:i;I!::on(lfor~Dibice. UlIIel' 'S~'Dat (_l'}It'l:i'beg~.n ~o·'WO~i! 111. U;te .AJ'g~an ~om'i,n:l!'.'5idei' Mli~yifvllin!d :~l:J~.filK~V:f'I'i 1'iI,ilv]hg'~o t[cild t;Mt~me.].y ~a~fLt.llyj 1000lrti(:l;1.~,at.1y l\\,~J'l~,F.I_M!lli~tl'l:i!l~g rei,atlrng t'Q;w,~('!ifk w,iW' 1I1rodl~:Il ·w:iisl n ql!..lt~t!IQn. Wh~I". the '111lUb(J'l1Itook' ~I'I 't1,Kiind~hl1l.J'/ Hlt::: ~gehcic~i Stt!.w:t.i.9"_ tih:ecr~ was llIo:~' rulUbhl!:hang~~'r ~'lil_l' 'i~ }~~~~tJ 'tbnst"der~.l:de d.Hlicultle,rernel;g,ed_ Uot~11J~~cm~"a:ilJd)ii"a\l~, U]e,QJllJ:d[et! ca:m,~· ®e the!' o!',):r:ldt!!wicm Urui!!C [u l:iiC~ or the 'gender 'pb]b::le~~'I1'rn)tliu~ecl by the ta~:jb(ln~tb:e,lW' Q)rd d 0.'0 l6n~g~T ~wor!k fltefe. Su.bsi:que:r.1'dYI 'whdn i{;EII!Jull1!t,'1iI:!i, I1:i±lP~I1~[l;, tbe, ageJ'!!{:[es" ~)re'd~caIn.~l betaH~·~ 'even more fitllllt'e. o.:ntheonebolrr.~!;t I tbe'lt 'we,€' al!ll1:o.$twho1h:vn:}.sPQ~~ihlle{tlr me tnaWH'b~flai!'!(e 'alf p~]]nI!:iW and[J'~J)1J'<·llIe~.rh ~i'~1 as, weill acii." fot i1I;l]~e~' I.Tl,o~ci gene.ra.~.I.y ,in~hf: cll:pil:at Ne\i!'~rll1!.e~(',s'S .. the:y_'fo'l.!ln"d tl1;J!ll d.@~i be I.:l1lJClJ~r Il;res'l efltu1-S, hu:g:~ger ij!1.d rua]nUltEltloo!j,\ttlte l!]fe,wQUl~nW~re b~h1:g;"d~p:rjye.d ,ot .h~~lUhc~fre~, gl,:r;lcS'w~!1!; l:reing- bilin~:d from ed~.u::;a~;~Q:Il tlmn -r-estr:.'k;jJem!'l: on the ·el~lpl.Q::n.H~.nrt oil' WDml1!:n\\~te h:<unlJifln1l1lg-~!heJr i!li"ltlrk, D~~llUSi~ ~d m.lf~J1Y ~~ac.h~rS!!jJ:tlL'Q 'I\\'OrJ!lCO, b~ysl :f(:lh(Jo~s ~I.iso had to' c:r~e. 1.1I!1. O!;;;t-o'b!1lf ;l9'~':h~i' i~~;u.~ w,as "-fbi]l~d by tfueUl1!il:c:d Natfiotl':i,.thc 1J\tu:d]~M:Er :C~R'lilJ.t_is:.sJ6:i1 ltnd dl~ lJ:S.A,. ,1IL1 '·0;[ "w.hol.1l stressed ~~Hfi[ '.!!(]'.!1Ie-eflt"\'at l:U . .!!:ma!i\l' il:ig~1'f~ '!ti.QI!~,tlda:U In A(lh~lni~t~n, lin J:i!![~jj;u:l~1' ri:lhoim:in~tJ0.o lr;tilt 'W!-"Ome.nc; I-l~we)'t[tlle~~, '\,ral'I.Cnns prtcJr:lDl:IrlC(il'" ments haidkl>tf' fitnciin;.~t ~.rt 11'l.e' 'IIa:l:iJOOiJl~ , .... ho cli1i,nli:sS€1d~±i,e:m .~ l'{'rtBj~Uy wwn~"lY' .... ,\is ,'O~tl:tm!r t() Ulie:ptr,L!~('pt)~ of the Kg~i.!.n lind 5h(!'I'i.r'Jj md· E:S tefle{1cirlg!Jl,"'le,Ste,t:b" ra~t::h~t th~nl[ltem;l,tio:n[)J,values,~ Th"eyalsopl~fe5~~ 'asl-on:~5'h:m€:rlt at lhe- coneem 'e~;pyessed b~ the ~l~efLdie~ G\'(!r\·fe!r:n~ne.~lln.p;lorJ.'!len't.:t;. .... I:]~fil llh~ li\,tnnl:C'fl in (]ues.dnx! ~~~ <J. ~.~rrr·fl"linolil')"-of' the mt',al.f:emale popu.la!lj0fi.\~m.e.ll ill need ,th.ey ~wi~(J-st£'d ~ liil:e1l;e poo,t~ct.~d by eha ~Uy and th-e ·ex tended f~.n~Hy ~~T<:ll1eJn. hl Smpw.mbl2'1'19~7~, l'e:Ii.!~i,o.tl~':ret.td~C:cl H ~(!)'WpOr!l" WhLC"rl the ]!;Yn:rr')!:!<:ln t:onlm]~~jo]1er~ R'mW.;lI IlOriinoj,wa:s· ib'ije(Jy . arrested after she. and .a pl~U:'hy ,of iOU1l.'n'i:lJis:ts h.ad\:ilsiled. a h({)l~pii~aJJ, d~ry1.n:g In: th~ !p'l((jC~~:'l' tlN'n of tl\~ T.'l~~I~~rl~~ ~ni!IJnetlc!Jl:\1p it;g'!lII~l$t 'CCl.luachii ".,,;Hh \<!,~j.rrl:en il1I:nd t:he ta1::i:I1'g of ph!otogroiphs, UJt~i"r. Tn Ju~.y 1I:9.gB~ l:hl~,~li,dl a~e'mc:i:es, lv,~ro o.1'det€1di by. the <lUf.hm:it-ie..s ~() (X)H~ntm'"'oltl: ~n OM: d(!'flJ:.'li<!t CdlDipmm.d. 0111 'the: {)<'utsld tt:li QJ !Kabull;. tl nci p [0.1 ~.m.'VJ.I fBlg. ~hii;'i r r~ru:!i'l'l. w~re~expem~ed :ftQ:m the dty~ T·Ql~m\"ing the Alu·eri'G<lu missi1e attl]ck. theY'withdl1f!}w !:.h~k expaui~~e s~at~ .·a:I.l!d have- dcne s,oaJg;;du.wlth. each me~ll tllllP~'It::~ti,()n or :S,1~ld&o~n~. "[,h~:y 1':I;'IV<!l, .1,fjO"i\i'e-'ifVil~, fotlmlid 'i'i, po,~~ib:leb.:.I' return and bumfi[ll.~;]Jlar.llE'l.id h<l~ c'OJ1Itinued" "l~ltl'lolJ~"h lo":l';;)I!vel,y 1'~5tdct~d bys!"lort&ges of .fuudJng find 'the, :p'.i"(jb!l.ern~ of.' .. w,QIi~i11lg In

the' :en~.~r~nrrliC'lJ'I,t the 'Ildilmtl 1,'1ave' ClllNl.i:<!d" ,

.1l,g[l,n:d. up wlt"i,'iJ: the oth1(!;f pr{)l:l]~m'!i: l1J.ih.flHl'nrt ]n,·.t\flh~!Ult&11m.t~, rel.I:lli"l"]1)htp,,;wM: h .t'!h,el"e;sX oir:l1'~~ ,1;'Kl:~d. ~!J, UU:l' P;~l~~~Ut;ln (11,1: J nru[natlotv~1

T'~ I-"!ib" J h F"

, " . " II <., ',,". ,,', ',L",~.. ,:

.• e .. a. nan an t .e .. ulure

F'o'iI" as long as bQ~t;mt;il'S continue: .and there i~ no poUdcaJ ~,'~.r:!:11 tlem'n:t.,~}~' \'J.,'[!l''fl ~tl~ ': TaUb~ n allld, .' l h~lf :oppotlenb •• i~ u~ fi~{~' :,ilC~1 oftJH~: fl.l:t:ufe 'oourn~ of events m Afghan F~ta I,'), is ~')oundl to be h~SW spe'!;:,'ldatn e. A la,i~TI~u!ty "also exlsts In tha l few observers hare att~'.m.IPI'OO 'a M!:l'ioQsl oilfli,Uy: Is "if, HIe "bllb'lliD Ieglrn_ find h'ne-' f( '1:111.1d a iiud!Tl'llel1e (l!th!! ~ VMl1bj(iri§ n.l~'~ty~;(l develq[l'" P<ltt of the problem .is tl'!J'at the ',IIdiban le,a,(J.~iil1'1p, ipgl:n~ra~ rand Mohammed Otl.1l<l:u' In _lUl'tirlil{iw '~l'C ~,H)~'tW ~l'1Ia.::t~lbllC'l oooUdI~!(:t t:h.etr almtrfi ln n~l 1J1I11,n-I!C)'" Sphe:re of 'ffi-..l;afptioIJiiJim ;SOCi;C:Q/ 'l1nd, l~a\\~ r~nv (':tue~ 'a:rtoth~ir li~3111 il!t~:nlliotL'i, and 3LmbitfO:f!I~. ,Partly too, 1!J1.t'! o'bOCtltlt;y ~ dw.e 1.)0 ,.th~ (0 us~bl'g of h1'le~rHUio()nill I!!tt~nUtm ua l'h,~ !nl;)\ lOu!,lerfficlal and sellS,;;Il'iO:i13,] flISp[,l:t~ of the "l'l:Inbll!1'5: rule, 'dl,e fi1_nath:;:i~[!l o~ ~ltS 19!dh.ercnts,. its, to·]era.nce of drugs productior and ·l;(aci:Lng, i.ts role in :Int rnalj,l1jlW iel'ml'l.~m and us hum n d,ghr, al:Ji.1si!s,. IL ts • so !',;,ully thc· consequence of 1 'tendency to a.pply labets t~'l:adical :lUmnrments in the .Mtis!Li,m tNorld and to assume that to eategortse .tnemes 1C:X.lIjml~L; n: IJ)undllm~n1;.ll~sl'1 lsa !.111l-i,el1l '<lid, eo 'undem:standi,ng; One ",'l:[~r,iTilic h~1i even '(OilllJ~d.l the term 'ne:o-hlndam~l1'It~Ust~ to descnbe t.l1e'TaUl)ilu -"again. an unhelpful concept unless it is.caleJi\dly dcl1ned. S~H:h c~t"tg:(lirUm;l:ruo:n;s St~l frntl1 the ccniim~Om1.!y h~~d v~ew ,of con 'It~ml nnrry I slam fh at ~'~ ~hi anc5sentiaU.y DiU ttant - even J;nl1.atiicfd - rehgten. the p:rlrnary eoncern of whlch is to :m]OC'ti' as often as not 'by ,'itllent me ansI' Ii \J'igorou . ~nd 1n.-CI·c!! tn,glly, [Xlrvns:ive \VCs.t, rn ct~ltul(, ~ Ill'! \-\!a Y' of li fe. On thi S [e.lding ,the TaBba n are mej[ielr .n:l.!)~he r of tilemarry 'extremIst" .mOV~IDents wWch ha'li'£ emetg'(!d,tbtougno\1"t bl.an: •. Whir." gU~ef'li" Jl;)lvll1~r.l1o i:mn1edi!,lu h ~' "I' ,(u::hie;vl'l1g, h:'gitl J~,1!,11 hilVl!f~ iliorted to h::1'TOiitFlm t th.e 'nillb~n a r,l? dIffer Ilt onJ.y.ih ~ hat, "VhiiJ~ :aheUlrtg L~l.ro,JiiI lIl:l l'_JlseW~·:H~rc. th,(!'f tl'lel.~se:l:\i'e!i',[tfe~·- t:~,pil,llor~~Uy, j,n 'U

p(}si}i_~n; 'bii)'lnrpelic ~h!C'h: l)Ii!li~b on .. i!'e'tlnfl'yw'\lid1. th~yr,p 'iI hn~l.!lly cO:a.'ltr~L

TIl!~1 r,u.e ~!n,pTc'd.' m '1:l~'tJ:l, Of ii:ign~Ml PQt~r)' J.Sj~I,~ .m:ut ~Ie rl:il;!

T"1Iil;i.~1,n i~i1. ,~cp,'dleLlI,Il)i!J)t~ '~(l,tJlJiP!lil~e:'t1 ,fhi;ln; :sucb s'm,,.ifsV~~j\i'ii~~~1

mi~Ji;I:~t' j;~!: . . '-J(n.k~~~ lU"~~~l~p@.n)~, a't;l_ :et1f oh:.ig1d '~tl~I~~j ,:I

~~.ect'ulCl ,ol . d~5 i~ lk~V'l:!bJPl:i:~g I.:'IolKt.b.in tl1fe )s'laulfC ~!{oriid" $.-0;1II!l;~

MUiilim" mru ([1: r.be ':r-jC'ti'et and :illor~ ',oosntOlPoUtmii 'i:iaw be.' CO~k1'pte~ '~'tn~.tr C;:O!~t,~dS \l\'l:~h tYl.e \rV'~t ~ri,d hia\(e-,'-ano.W,oo,lfi~ beUds ar.hl p 'I~S '10, a:~,()ph . J\t Ul@"pth!1lr j!}U!illlme, th'el';e !!Ilru 1:1h(l~,~ ,'It lin hilve'li 'Cj]:lic~l!"ned ',to sa:f(!'gu.urd i"!;Jilll1i nlili' I11dst, UniCO![llP,iOtni:SUl'ig'fqp:fl. tb!.~a;,Ii" Westem ifilfjill~~'lJC-es nndl 'to.: 'l.~&:.e',a~lifallf"i>.l~tif,iJ both ,neg'lIl n~,~ un Fel il· vC'r:s and ~61Jh:i Ii st l\1IJSl:l:m~ l,\l!rhb:, a,s ~h~)' s({!(l' L~ liHIV~" 1'ltt-rat}.1I, tihe l'a,iitl:i,. III ttim.i.])8 '10 violence, many of HilES p'lEr,ma!l<itln, l''),'f{:'!!I';e eaused mucli .~eatl~L_, ~md ill~s:tru,ql~n, Tr.Il~' g€!n..~T£l1 lll~0.nd'r b~CViG!t, ~j::l !~l n :-iJ'l,I.IJ1::1 (,cl:~n:til~'l ~Q w'bat i~ h~plPenlf.'l'g ~,~ tll~ ext~€il1U:~. iCii~~· the'Mt:tIIU·r)l wpl1~1 if.b(iro·i~, ~n e.x,plI0'~,hinof neft, Ideas, :5 irreii"U!;l by ,(l:n: unprececenred $p!;rndi of educaiio.n and a J;llit):ll~~,ril,tfon of ~O~IJlunl .. tjO"~ by In ~rns 6r.rn.(ti0'1 'bt!'JtlV~~lpn~ vj,d~~~ s£ltc1hte and cOmputer. In thE': p,a t four ,~;1'eta9e.~ QiI: SO~ ev "nin ,01 countT)' lilm [r.all" ~hools and 1IIJIi\zersi:Ue'S. b~, e umlti,pUeqj, ltt~Iattu;f"

m f" Jigiou8 ~ncl ~o· ,l~W Is,,!Ij;_ I., Illliv'id~ wi6dil ti.un and telc~\!i~i on ,is bec:omi:n!'ll.l~jlqui.tou~: SCJ[m~ re .mes tli'9 to censer ~n~( regulate' nu~ IDc:c14a, but ~h~,lllcr®,;;i$i~l)·" ,_ {.~~ I'lleall'l~ to'(do s.~(]o eiJ'ectiv,¢lY., it ta r~~o]~ is '\!'il:f1.at n~s b~'n 'des'dbi.'d as iU' "lmnl,IlUl' ~ -SPliI,ttrp,l, ~,VI,~_' i:nl'ell:e.t'tU~lfermen~I'~:"iIl) 1In ~m ~Jl.·~ltJ~~ el\lterl:t,l 'tflle:~ i,;:-kflC:rli\I'le~~ 1-'llr 'wha.t is· going o;n in nle ~\~odcl an.d a btl':ii'l:\ fW Se.r.i'OOS,C-otlsid~:r,l1't]Qn rll,t J'~:lig:iuu!! .sJnd:mt:LM ifi:S.ufil. [~X'tr 'llUi&silf '~·{ .... I'th a,nd POV~I1;Y !!~~ b(!.tro:', il1cfeas:iin~ty ,s~n]llot fus~'~, i the Vm, duet of dJVi~e w;~n~ 6u,' t f1,~_~ ,s,t)cl~llA>r and mOI'aI,Uy 'lHjac~c~'~al11'_ ~olUe MusLims posses a de,grlt!; ijf admi:rluiit:m 'hf IhJ tlyl1iinl.ism (1f 1.110 W:!it iwud, whUe ,r f,mUn:i,~ t.'ollllmi.n~ed tothelr fa:lth/ would li~e ~ OIJs,didThrzia,nd t\Iti'~Int.dl.<!h ~ ~ .~rK,:,upor.i1;1;e some cd: what they see at!:! the "Vestls".'better aspects :i ute ji' so i .~y whl h dtay r-e~1I .A is in m~I.l1ly,W'atys b;'l,k:~ilJfd !'l.lld l-lbstul1u.nU~tr The outcome of aU this has (;lfh;~ll been ~11L)r~hing bul; negative: i:a:thil1;lan!1ln~hiTIldn.g obsereanee (:if rllitlllml 'and] ;,[l,c:ceptance ·o"f neLig1~o1l]~,' fl}ul'ho,rUy ts bC'ili~tS f!:!pio.ced hy' Cfn'I1!~'C~O'!JFi !:'ei~.'ct:Lion 0111 the bIi.p'.i_ a~ tlol1s'of .licQ2'tved leUgl,ous Ib~lieii fo~' the indi0idn,lIl, and -soci~ty. \.¥Ih:ifle Jt hi teue that this has: o,lten ,gi,!;fcn :r,ise ro mtll;e vigorCliusiul,tt Cm'ii~I'V ~i.~ . ~ml!!r;pr!:::!tin;l()n_" [,( f.sI-iilli, ~nlong tile .rQ!ii'l.Ilt~ 'H:' ~ 'r~~ p incr, 'asi.ngwmiln.gn(\~S tIJ e.x(~min~ I:'h~ C(;inC~mHS uf 1;-oW":ritn~' e}·' I1n;~1 r:espon-lhUU:y, openness. ~md 'd·, ii)1OCfalQ;r.

Ti lmd, l' _~~nd wh re ,I,r: ch' l)t, l~w 1 UbiUl !I,t m I 111 I,hl,.' IB'!U! "s~ron:r,. ,it ~5 n C !>Iil'l,"Y" lent maol' I' rll!f('I~~I, ~u tht· [II1'[lU "ulll:" ':I1':~t'i,1il1 " in 'tiVh J h I'htl'~ W ,Il rt l,1'rr:IliM _' J ,illIcl l fll 11!~Il2't I. nu lIIm I, lin ~. 'I, r . )C,

ImaUry' ().i' l'h' Jt\i'~WoPtn~{nts d!~~l'mb@d in tJr.letriom Icl!lal:lt~'r~ ,of tbis. Ib~')ok. 'Thehln~lin_ ~eH.g1()u:s, IiolltS:·go ~I'c'k: t9 the .e~ral\llishm.,t.mtf, ~n 18117., or ~l S,tilo0:1 of_ l!i1Qi:l1dc Sti!(d.[~'$ :El!'t 'O,eob,ijl~_lij rn !lorUa l'nhidi.'iI, 'O'~!ol!'L m~tiy n':(lrs,r l~e 1,I'l"flUl~l1c:e l:l1uiJng Af~ba6~ of ,I he onCE: great maatrl.sst:Wat ~l!]J!;:IJ~Iil'l1 Sa,.111,3:r·Ka_Jl(F<lld.~- ·f'4.Sbl~n"l: I dJ,*UflIieclrn:l1 telatten to th?J. ~ 0 t' "J~h~;, ~n<.l~lln iJllld:nt1i~~'tijj Qf w'lMcll IDc(;!bi'l nd b·~C'f!.lltt: tn.£' 11U)'~t pr1?;m"iriliel:~'i"J r,~;]lch:ing j'~~. ''!Pc;lgel!l' b) the . late 19th iiUld iC~1fly' 2JQlf~ .(entn-rie. :.'unde.r th,e lead~.i'shi_p oh~nvlisplr~t!0n<l.l.tmn~/vJ'!:Ma_hn:}'ud .-.1- Hassan. ~to!!1;l the t'~dy yri.·,l'S gf t1.l:¢"' 20~h Grell1.t\111o .:lij SlJt(~f!sllOil ~f li'\{l!lh:m l:Jl~mr/W'(!~e U(I,irmd ill thi~ s,'chool 'l1ld, i.t~ t~m"Shoolt'sl w:hk1), . ~,\re-~'C' sitrongliy~ "'[J.u~.1i!.1frj~~'i in. eutlook ~md )1_ighly or~ho.do!K' ~n~ tbeir .l1eHgloU,.1ii 'ti!':',ac~tlng. 'V\ijbll~ Deobi't;l1I:dl SCho,l{lts were bl i be h bIt of VhU::it~g AfgbiJ.niJ~t,tul. Under Deobiltttnl!"1nu;~n(-e, nU,lilfl1.S:St~ls'.~ve:[e s-et upin tl'!l~;"liliOntier areas, and their rnrrnbers I!ilLr(f~.:lIerl, dran:m~i(,.bHy ,a:frer the Suvlel ~jl'!ir.lislolll'r wh,en .Ifazlwl' Ril,b man' S' . .I,UI 1~l1id ~,h~ 'Yi1U;~O/lI5 I'rlujrlh~f/Jn l)ilrti(eii. took :I l.iLi!,l1)i~ in tbei[ iStnbl-l:~,'lun~nt. The educatioll they OJrr~r~i was 'l.hro~\rl. drn£lUiSnUJed. I) ten COI1slstin.g of tlHl~ mQle" ni~J'l! rh~ Kl)!l'iIII'l,.the e.lenJl€'1.B 01; lisl!,lnrth:I~!W (!.tid ih !!"lIyil1,g;li of th_ 'Pil:op:h~tMoh,irtnm~d. N~ve~'tbele~s. tlli'!,ny .y1()Ul~,~ Ms;halls1 :iIldlJol.ilLlg, 1L1.'u11i.'1'~~rs (J'f orphans, ~"'~I)~attractt'cl 1:'0 ,Il:hesl! -n'/(!fclrfflf,tf{{s,. wl,kh'iec,fl.lHed,a tively -~ltl 'were seen ,'1'5 an ,jI,HI:,acrl'lre nll-e.I'i1a!tlve to'

• ~... ;hi

thi.! i}O!f@.dom arid chearln .'Il.~. oi( Ilefu.gce lif-e. ,1-\ gpodl dea~ of $,fi!JJidi

m,oll.ey 'also \\<l:l:qt" .into. t1]ti!n. ·,and. 'hlt:,h file n'm~;:il1'~y came SIIU'.di In'flil~en~ej :~~!>I~U based en U1:C hf.urs,ll,. p'IJJ'h:~.n:i(;;~i,1 ~:~flC"tt:!i of .a tdbll'Iy bMed"'~'l:ihhtl:bi!s:nl. Bcnh fhe !ddl'i7H ~'\fho fonT! the ThUban's I.!i:ad~:r~hip and 'the il.lll)vem.ent's tank a:nd Ill£' 'i1:l'e Ito a greal e ~tel'l.t the pJP£iuct. of 'tMc~~ n't(J(lm~s.il:}-i most of th~m ven rnc'.m obscuran ~'iS!t tb.'ll 'tli~ origimil D~tib!Jndl m.odei.

9ve'l die yeaC51 D1eo,baJld and lb~se D~h,el madt(lsstls ·bcctll':U~ :pl\ug!',ess.l~IY dl'i"'(l't~d t,m.m UH~ ,nlld!nst~ftll of .A(glut) j,;'dl,;l ~iJl:k!!'j. 'rr,iI,dit"iOu"ny;. If(h.1(;ationh:ad beE'I:1 l!~udc:1ttaken tn ,1m ·ex!.";:h.]J)i-ely 're.lI.i~.UolJs ctli1te:.xl, and :Legal am:!: ec1u.cal:itln.rd matters, a!l,wel I a'S, .qUt!lI.tI!l:l!r.l$ of nlOil~aJs nnd CUS'lOn.l;~, w£'ni regl,91.;~ood b}f mt~n M.hQ had h~d,~. r~lllgimj~ traJni r:(g. ;:\$" h{ W~'i"'!::1i; :fro)"n tl.1e turn oEHlle 20th ct:.nttlr~r, secliliar .~chooling grafluaUY_li:ook .root in Afghan:istan~ ·and moi¢ p~.rUtul.1ll'lY' as,grDJdU,I!b:~s of '-Hn the lLitW 'lilflcuh_ of Kabnl, ·.·I~,l;"''Ii;!usjltYi ,lS, we~11 as rmm ,.!I .. Alrli:at tl!:l~v~r:ii,t)r atld' other 1vl1ddJe ]?;.a'ste·m :in5t~tutl!()m, 'Mg:an. to I~inpetefol': eslt~.bU5:h!n'el1:t ~JOO~$. so th il'oll.:! of Deob,amd and u~h!:'l' Hu~dmJs~~('~""lI'!1m ftglu.3,tis-ed. With no e"J~'ltilt9n (.lif i1: I I' ~e~r ih pubU,c sen:rice. n~eit. st:ud'enfS re :nt:e-d, tb.eilf l;lcli; of 'opp;iJt unhyantll felt im_.:retlS;'illg:ly ~lenated .. fiom.a :<joci~lY ,\rhk~h ~::l$ cll('''I(dlolP:l~g tn ~vEly;; pF wlltdl. tl1~}' flmtlL\rfi.'~m~~,l1¥ d~~~ppru~~I".

,A 1ii~~QlI1ld, det'C'r1'ii1'il'1~1n~' ''Ii r;ho1tln~'i' nUlmbel:: cjf ltv -l'aJf~E1J1 .i~re

hiibil,1 f1ti I'u<lofiS wl,1~o. . "n jf they ha'll'l!! spent UlJ,.l, ~b J~I t'kl.'~iIt U~ Si,!

n~~g~~Jl o'~· flJW'(1~!dj,f., ret.~ln an ~i~hn1c ~[iel'lt.ttk~Il a'iu:)1 ,are lQ1bW w~'~:h It~l"t.~~J~~~·o'.It l1whro,oon ,.0, let". '. ;ol1vt!r5i~ly~ 'Lh.eY k;,t.-iI,to' U*"l! Argh~~J~.t'iJllJ nr1~re iqe~J.1 •• r:~l'IJ:c.m! O'_ the wkl~l:' W(),r,liitl. l\4'm,t , ,D~~u, 1iI~~ iJ~o",~ ,(T~illli t11:e ~~Qth-easter:!lprov~hl'de's ·of ~tgl:1ani~ltt •

~n~: ,f~ttIl.l~"_ ,lnbilJ0.~l~! ~onl(~ Iff~m ,~UIl!lr an:as ~f~b'~ .f;O!.:lf.~Jt:~~ '. "¥J.{1 U~ ·t:tle~l~ .l:,'~@ .ijoll!!l~t-';lull, 'I.l,j-r~~~, tlgns/~j\lLt -~"f~:e~f~l UU,'! ttilf~11 'dr ~~?y ~~~:eJ~i'lJ~~~l~",~,f the r~l,lg~<:Jo~ls. ottho,do~'Y enib0d~~d till ~~,tJ.r1H' law. ,lh~y ,.I;~~~I ~l. _~ - _~u~J1In 't~:nu~?]~~I~dj,So ~~,I: lIt ireils~. Ilr.j,~y s~e~ 11~1' l-o n~~G.g'l",e:~~~~k1 t '~_~r.~ ·~~~u~ frl:~t~(H1 wi~~hnl ~::~le J'a~[OO~. Tli:l;i,'!i ~~ ti'o

~tl b~. ~;h.'~er,L - .~re t1~'I2'. _.PL}S rutlon(.;tls:t@m-:, lI\'"i::u.'!rE': ther~, h&$ l;x}e1l1

l';Ot~_~l~~~ Fot', ." tIOll,., of .a(.'e~pUng I.he m~lnal(s :;m~ ttltmrD- ~ . ], ~~i~~f!11i,~fe i:lt~,ji.~£'J~·'l~eL'\~n. lh~ t~\~}~l~he -T~J_lb,~n tflus, ,I 'InD· U,}! . tb 1-e]igl.~UJ" tf9idlt·~ }.llJi'~m' ,<JiiJTl.d, 11! PushlrJt;lIl lltba.l aha...:, .<J.' col'ntJl_ II Vlll'1i'Lll .. ~,a~ ~t~rt~ ,Ult' .il1UV:enl~nt fl;rt e->tce.Pt~'o:xlillJy' \~,gq~OU$ dy,.]a~nAt~ ?ndhas lena~l_;e~ n~<;t}o provaU not'only ilg~inSt rh Siec;u.I.iliJi' t~II!'.n(le-l1c~e: iD. Afgl),aa., '~~J~~~. but a')501 iiga.lhst·th'i? a~lh reJits 'b.t ail Jsftam' . ~dc('.I~'og..y-. _(!\,l'll c,L t.llJ~s l'o.r ,~I, M.u,s1im. hl~€-E,]l~UOJlal m 'and 'l:he. :r'a(I_'I~iIll l"e.'itJ"u~l'-Ulring- ,af ~({l"'~mmeot i:'ln~'f soCiety hl th~ 'o)ti'tel,'~ ~;lf- UU~ co!ltle:rl,'l!pm~~ 't~'Q!~ld:, eat ~:~rlth an ',a roe~ll rIl. to" t:ta.~1U(l@\lJyaln;&s. rt is .n.· t nl~.rcl~ 'til., ~~U'jll.' Qf lnl);1J d.hIJde th:~u i!.p~lrat{:!s to. '11'i),!iban from such flSlfll'JIll:<i~r~,"lI~ !tah\blllt!J, I'Je:km~ltyaI ~'l:ldl'M.;j~so'd(l~, l:ut lSo,tl,- ~,Cl tbat. ll~ela;t:w.:I we:F~. educated. In ~m()cd.e.rl1f.; r<i ther' t1~aii.· '''~~dft~QrnljJ·.

.e-(:IIU(";ilJlon:BL! rl",sl::ihlt~!{.)fl~" . ",

I'n It' If~iciJIl Irtnd· :;m:ia1 terms, "the p[):ll~eqtl'dIHJ~s.O- th.e Taril~~b' ~. CI?i'ld~l:nt}1, C{3!:r~, flje.·~eerl ill. two: m~4f1 ai;ea$, "il!ij:~i:og" .re~J)f!,Cttvej){ I -~tftn Ih!:u.r v1~~ ;of .tbe I:lllUH'(! O.fg(iv,~m~~tt'!~m'd .ft(lJn N'IIi':i:r SOdil] t'~n ~I' in p~'!it]rnI~if those 1il11eC'ti,r~g UU~ P'Osif]9'n bf W0'"1~i:1. So far. • 'S':o~,',e,man~{' Is .oof}Oen\ed[, tile h.liba:ll h{J;v.e~k€:lij'" ~,11,le p"Qsi~1n~ n I~l.-_lf .m1rd~(,!ltilt,eln~ntli IIU'i11 If~e[ Ih!:!y. ,(IphlF.~d~~biJl IJ"I S~pt~b 199:6. t~~Y5iml?l? uboli, '!led ,all the Il,.nll/S _ n,d ~~il:nlfJins p'1'XtmuIQt~r by 1~1I~ C:ODUW:U.lIll.U r-e.glule 'a.r.lid ,[e']nfi'(){Jm;:B~ ~hl~ S}oStem of l<i~"'-~h ~~]~ ~n p~,au~lnthe fiCllgn 9f Z:~h~I' Shrih. )1lp,utfl:j,un th~ pflivisi~n rel~i.tlug-tti- th'~ m")n~rd1)'., i-he' 1 '964 ron!tlt~lfiO:n ~V,Ets: once.fi ~ !ntb 'efre,ct. futcepl.:Dur-ln. thie.'.(ommunI:it@.ra. the COlJ;ml1)" haJd, ; t~iI:' 'n ru~ 'd ""rUll Il!d-er,encc ~(') tJh!~ ~Cil! ·l1ii.l1g-s, bf tl:;l s.hor}(Jj ".11(J th t.J done no.m,ore th,j],n lie'store the'fl~nd,;II:nen~'ill tq~l1Id, code em ~-.r .< 'bil .i~ an I:5~.am.lc'5·~ilI~e, A(g~Hl[li:sr(a.n h~d atwayS·.based iU: pOW:]tipl:t ;eC'OI1n!J~'1i, • ~~fJ lucllcl.il sy~·,,: (lj" T~tt'~'d~ba~l aim, II Jm to .'l.ipporl UU~- p,dlldpl1 ?! l'epres.entiJitlv,e. TiIIon",d!,~'Cnm!l1liLh)ry go-v ~inmfi!!11 ba,sed on ~ b 'tcachhlgs ~~! the .s:h~rijl"'! .• u::td .ins[~t that ·~Yhe"]l, ci:['nuI'l~tall:c~~:.cb:i!fl!l~"-' a;~11d ~1I:!~PP!~P~i~ltli! 'nllj~rornn.eHt lfllau~ condli1c;iv.:o Lo pt$Utlct',,11 d~i11o'&:I:'e I , !(.:reatt'dl th,e Wsolal1l i.e ~f Ii t-\T;iU 'ta~,q' !furtho'f N~~P.'~ tv', !fiiJ .. ~oJ.ldi flln.g U::i ,r'~Jl,t· lie'nl~ Li 0I:1i'l& [(ill riiC(~.IUO :t .!. tn til" m -lntlm41! I

{ tCIill k: r l;d.!'l:~ h J~t, J~aH~!)I'l' 'JI [.1 I~'QII'I. t'hl ~~ -n by ~W1" ,',I/l'rll\l~ - ',r 'i:1

· !llI:JUI1I:rYj I;epi{'~enti:ng- ~~ all the' ll[O'U'P.s" lih:k:h 'had !ib"l;!ggled fOf d]l,e,

ll~dc;lfn of, :l\lghanJ!iunl, ,

'Ith~ ":I\llil'al1:'~ ·!·1icrUQ!f"i: Utllt U'PY have m 'r~ly: rni,nl'tot:l'u('''d the l'9K~.con:litituho!ll L$' ie(ll11y d!isb,l,gem:loll-S/ slJ;lce~ tha~ co.n:s:Htul.ion ~ofit~h'lied distlnct ~l~m~nt~, or ~cuLll:dsn,. and Ub(1r!dJ1!.I],~) .u1~1 .• xo;r .e;!l:al:)tpiGJ S~:v.·~ !l~c'l'l~od W().l]n~rl ~G1u~Uy ~l~f:nit~ i.:lh~ li'lW. U ,ouJd,be' mO[e ,rorred,to,·:;.ay lil~'t i~be:.ThUban .lIe rie.,'treTtinlFt{)')thl~ve~a.fit,nGl\\\l'l11g the;overH:tr.G;\\'iI ar ;\~;rrl."uJtab, '~\''b,eil:l: u:s:( under the ,.Bif!('ll:i!l,~~.::.r;iI.G\aO! .~.lid' then un.dcr Nadt Slllin ,uld Ziilbl!i Shf!l1~ tho ft:n"il:l'lut1l0i:Uy i,n legu,~ ,ihld'tiodal ilff'i1.ir-s )'Ir.<lS,.oo;r!tc;,eo,oo ':~,o the!' fI~mna., l~~he T;aUbanJ:s mode] j~. thus dtl~r:d()Nadlr S.ba,h"'~cOl'l5Ul.t1Uo:n:of 1931 than to athir Shilh's Qfl~'6~! ilnd, lO'sel't~lhD the~!b',~o~r ':fIbilS"NbJlngund:,1:' ~h.' Ila:'·ha,. SOl[3t as the restoratinn ,et 'lI:epJ'~ellit~tr'ile' j:rh.~fturow; i.s concerned, therahas li)e~'nuIP! 1.0 HOW' no" ~ign ()i a~}'jot~Htlou to [lwd!fy the p:;tttern of vlJig,ll'tch i,e, r~il ~ :G,~I~U'cJ d by 'l,b.e K~ ndahar 'S'lJ'~,a; 0111 ~ b:e QQF1I~nlr"Wi'Ml OttPb.er.:'1'99J\3: s1te:r w,~ls,tatilk,en '~:t1 ~rll;)1,1: would app~[n\to be [b,~ p[:lpt:i~l'~e dltrectiiO.f'i, WUll' ,3:,cb><.rn.g'€l' .~n[h.e .fJJame. of the count"" to ~h'e l~la,nlk 'J!im:i a.'~,f,e.: of A r-ghaJl.is ti'tO, wi t 1.1 M\') hsm med OfllMf rfl rm~il11 p~.omlllg Head .of Staif,e.·&! fur 8]'$ can be.'I:H~GTn~1 decisJons appear to be, lll,~en :1.11 fea' ,ing,lyl;:i}' Moh.a[~Il1!~1 Oillion: pefS{Jna~llYI·and the role .o:f tho r(and~h .:r' .flura i~ beoonH:ng Wcs' wn:l'h,I(!'t1Jbd; hi gen,·l'(ll. the .gO""(;!I'irmlIe.U1ta~ sitructure·,is dect(:pi't and in marryarees it barly ~;;:,ist-&t ,and j~:u::)!.lle w(l).:dd net have, :se.:'ml;l(l u.~U'anlll al to DorSt Moh<ll,m,m(.!d; {t is 'said l'I1i;l.t t.t, T~i1S11.fY ~nsst5-. 'Ulf ne mort;:: i~hlln 8. Un hrU:I1k in ,Moh.i.1mm(".(i .O'llJ:iir~'s l10use (!),lJisldJe Ka ndah arm

·D.n .tJ:m poil,t~Pl!l o[~j,;'omt!nl tl.1i~ 'falUn:m!:s, COl1trtuLtion b,that thl:!

C~llttlliUnis'~ i\lt-si'l1n~ t,~~,p1o~ted woi'r.1.~p fOr the pU,i'PQ~e 'Q;r ·~dva~J('h)g thek J~(lU~i~al i,U;ld, s()Ci.ill!i\l.l!~(ldas·, Their ownatm, by COntT11'S~'. W,tIiS to l:ev:lv:~ Ul.e Afghia.n family ,kIlU~ hous~110t<l"r'Ci.1: thailpuf.pO.re p~}fing the women sill1U'i.'C'1I :1'111 rb",irWtOJl"l .~" s thl~ll tb . ..:y, , could cafe' fir the:l!" fa.:rrim@~.:, and, W.ldteIl. TJ;ley were «emuilined to ,llltQvlde ,e.<.ill'C';Ltmo(l.al ·;;ind E'lIlp1oyment (JrlXl.rluniti.,~ for "~IU n '.r ~, Q'O,iU .UU! S!t:K:lal _TId alHlnC~i!lir,Ulnst~H1'~" unde.r1i,rhich Ih- bl:'lmL Stal~ QP~ra~e: ;)iJlo.w. S1il.cll",~ sr~p,to be 'l"ak,en •. , .l...lwoftunately, .h:oweyer, the cOll!ditiQr!s for the' iln:plemen~;l finn of 11. sn\:! f!!d'l effect Ive. ,1l~:l'd lsJlliILtjij,~ pllog1'<ll]]n1£ for '~he' wom.en, Of AJgi1,a.niSMi~l' ~f'"' nfjll,"'exbtc~'it·. Mn~t ~d:1oo,1 b ... ,ild~ngs h.3d be.e:I1~\IjTr.ecked,. qlJaiU;fi(!d ~ea,tH;"!:r& b~J:II ~eft the ~tM.nlti·lf and -ll(:hool boul~,"" were' fli.lIU (:lor oommunist V1'Op,;llg.;'ln.(ila, 'file UmilM [e50W'l1es tilt the' tU p~1S8ilaf 'the! :!Ii,lite welt' be~ng 'U~~~(J to finam:,' il w~rr wl1111 b~d b~en (~mposed "on Af:~!h an is. tlln' I while the l <lsI;:. of pfQVi.~iqg, ~~t.:LIrity f f :lidllt)()~.!. ~.f:ld m·lb1i IJ1.:IU<lli1g~ .had. 'be,en mad@ I!'xh'e.mely 4'111.)u,"" A I'egmds the Ilejl1iJ, the' he~d to 10 \r lllllS, q~ wonu~n, thi. w ~ llndi@lrtaken simpily in '(lrder to pIO:te~t the: 'honoUl'j dtgnitY1 .i'lr,J!d p~~qmll·. lmf~ty of AJ:ghl11c w~lmel t. In ~OtlU'Oi. t to .the- PQ.,IHon 11] th

'\iVfl:1il" .wbere 'w:om(!o ''<I.re 'u~d ' nly rolF Stdlath1g nu! l'S ,rli,lS'l ,~I I ,If~ plett,a',en) anlmal ~wa;y· or .Ii,fel,

.galO, mr\rn.y ef the 'l",:d~bi!1.n"s' ,000SS~lft~OJuJ; hi.!l'l" I:rj. I :Ini!g,~mdtcl.~'_

dlsi:ng~mIQ'US; 'Ex~ep~' in sOIDe; eases w here t~:-al~! Ina;,,",\,! !Ol:truill'l'l'ji.!mem i c:ease wOJr~~ t.her ere net p<",ylng women ~lfl tJhetr OWIl, l~iO~l'i;I~J p,~J, dI(')r:i!J~ ,1:1' SC(lem 11:~ltl:'t' l;h'!3~r blElVe {lny 11~::n~.11~lon of t!b~n~,hJn:; t,~ld)eillc apiildhe~di" "l:\I-y :r,eopeni,ng ,i'rl61' 5chcds or ~ UiO'~\o\ing '~lI"o.men' fo fe'[O~ ti tc ',~otk.1.t Js tmil:! that p~riti:ct:ll.,n,dy au b;~de ~J!lg d~f~~: a Vftr ]~:~lit¢.~ .:a.e<;:,@tiS tu.\~l'io(lll:s c{lI:Jldi h~~th ·i!iaeiil'lU.,es ha'iJ' ibeiilfi- Q(!rmnn;1. ':lfld l:Orl!!blJ;l agen 'i~s;j, lI~l\"~ been ',able to assist" In IJrnctk_ Ute. Taliban ha:\'e: $!ll.'n,etjme8, cnosen nQ~: to .. -contest a 'Ioed ool.ltununltv~ Wi' h 'to m~!~ii1ta,ill. .1: g,il'lsil lid'! o¥ or mplp'll' lIllr"(Jllll.en ]l~<lllh ~Iof{;tklirs' :A ii, ma leI' of S~[lje{al pOI~i}' .. lwwev'C .... j there seems It.O ]Jell tile d i "yJoS'itilolll on til PIU't uri' the ''I'allibwn 'to- rna ke <U;'ly .com px-omtses. ll!l.-th.i~, oWil:alIJ 'JJl:l.~'x:t, tt hes t(l' h~ r.~I'!Us~d ~bilt whil~ theIr 1911lOl'al1C'(l or the ouL~ld~ w'Mh:!1 Ls, PIO,f€J~i nd, nl~jr puiitanica,1 GliJ rlook stems •. .11:1 p~rt, itt Me~u, f1io,u1il tl;u::kr r{J"iT~,dslG1n arthe- COl'nI.ptilon.. 'OIIl.d. 'lm mora1itll thev see at elqtami'ltm8 fi;om lhe WlltJ. ~1'!1d iJlr~l dun ~t hll'S ro be ,oonce~l~d that '~here, hi. some If'vrt.mdation for'l:heiJI:' V1'tW" ~n ~ih!;l partlcular rnl$€ or t\fgl1a.nlsl;in., . part 'oJ the revulsion derives fro.m .. the: memorv of the <.'tc lI'Iil.:ii '(li( hip'p'ie~:~jfi~ 'Oi\:'crl~nd i'ti" ",~ho, p. ssed UlirOUgll dle~ounil:ry in,the 1'960::. arid 1970s ilfliea!rdh of then iudi:vidt:l.a.1 ulrvanasin Goal «at,l1'1llU19U and 'E!b~wbere. 'lrue to their,obli,f,'atl.ons ·(yi hos:plta1tty,. 'tip .Afg~litilS ,l-r~ledthliiii:e Ix!QP,le"\.!jfUh {\~m[irka1bl.e forbe[li.an~aluJ generos'i:~y{ ;;t.l'l!d thGlY ''''et. I~'Ot much ~X~f(:1se;(l by thel .. dli\!,g. c~tl ~me, -lf -D.uly' because a. !1iJ:III.iliar I2Ulture W,<lS .o:ft~J[ to be' [(JrUJf1d lin., A£glmn. ~m a:gtl;';. At thili s,a:mrl8 tl.fl'tc1 Af@h'ilI'I'II~" \"I.n:!,!1 d~'!;'pl)1 shodt'oo al tllII~ visl.to{s' n:1hiliB:m ~nd frr0sp0!U.ibiHty.r 1:!5.w:el1 as .It'the Ilome, fO~rn.l::i' ~¥I!irh many· 'or the women in partlt:uiar dIrl!s:p:lnyed. U'tbls was hnw \I\:'~$t(l m(m I~h !I,!itt'Q. r\(g ha.n:i tan ;;vtHHQQ fl,r.lt1 e ,pf U.

rrt more 'thail1! one'. sense, the Mgh~nn\~h.fld hes come full. ctrele, H .viug mst been'tln~ 'victim. of Ang1o-Hussi<m dv.alry h, l\sia and then th:e :ilJlI'ena for [l. pw,x,rW'llr b tWi?<"fl, tbe .~o~i~lI)IJ()!1 -mdl rll- Weest, ye~ 'agaIn the cp-ufi.'tr.y h;0l~ purgedl jtself of for~.ign OC(;LlIJ.:1Jt]'O'I:Ji, H4l)vv"lNer it

:Isin Afgh!an.i:s:tan?s. i,f]L~elr:J1aJ I"C:tlatlonshlps. ·that th~' tur.n of the lvheel. hmi be,i:H1ir most e\·~dent.111,:l'l'Uilgbout UledI" hr'$rQry.lh~ AJl;l;l1i~n::iiHI'itC1 in. pilrtiullll[, tIll:! Pl:a:S:t1tiOOll:S" haLv€! r.epell(tedly .s~nthe)ntselve:s, als h<'l'.v:ing ~tlI defe;l1d: th~ lo~al and tdb~ L .mtD.I'lI..JDW th.at th,=L}f pdl.'ie so U1 uch t!g~;ifllst o. tLi('c~sSmml ·uf A fgh~n polentate:.;. 'nlC .. in I1i fS,~ un~!'g. ,d til r.i.c!,e.r D(I~t Mo'ha.:r:mned; WhOSit' Brittsh -s l~blli e;f~f[{i)mi. eJlIal;ll,e:d btmto mlOLMler JUl.' ~I;rfny ~.i:id ~stabB5h an ilscendancy -Cl'\~ef ·the t-rlfues. ;t:nd.ll de,,-'" l{jll):cdi mOl', brutally D,tld nn'ttlfiml~d" un.d~.:r Abd~'l Ral:lI:n-an,. lldbb !!nt~jr~ ~ the st.imd':-Olr aSSl.IJued ne}iN'Ii.;Umt:us.i()l1S .... s the ,'<l:l'llIJ!Y. be 'arm· m-m:e C!fl"e lhl'~ ~rH.I [U,S, fi'.QJ.II ~aU 'b 'gin.mJn.gS"if'li th .I'~~rj, o.f j''[_ btbuJ:II .. lh,llm

2Q7

edul:lated elite, :etlt:recl mostly: b~ Kabul g;rad,1LIialJy .accurnulated l;'OWCi\ Un. 'bill rOl'CI,g,I,l l.I'1nu:eEU~1 ,au,,!; bohl:eJ'~d In U'i'll): 19S<l's ol'l,,Wilrd' by e_xtem.al ~i,~t1ilEiCi(t:. this e:lite-~cq!l!ired' a d~gr;e.e::of wealth and so:phistlCt~lli'o:l.UJ' ,a,nd ',v1t:i'1, it iii desire, allen to tr·~bal. sodetYj, .foJ: poli,tica~. eoorl]:Qlt'Mlrlc ;\'[(ul SClc~1'.11 q,'f:l~~,I,o~~n:~~n.t, 1'1::!is g~tle ti,s~ t:o ~, ,serle,~ of ~Gll]fr,olJ'tn,ti[;flJ:!!i. ,f.iri'l,t'with 'Mt!muiJ]alh andill;lra·en.:w'itb,.;QaDu{l'I:, a:~:td loIter' betwee~l the Ino{l'ernfsl'S, and trad ili onallsta in the parUamenl.ll eStablished 'by Zahlr Sn,lhr M~.ny 'of ,t,h~' !.:lUre; p.a,tticul:nl1lr. ,n.mOr-lJ~, disaffected 'youth toAd the Offl(;el"l~o'rp~ adopted <U1u.-m().l.u'ftch:ist and ailtlH~stabHslunent aUi,tl,ld~Si ,whkhl,th~Ulks to-the jnflluenee drat I~h:e 3m,fiee limon was able to bring to bearr, found their ItlOst ,~tr'l Ive e~pI:~",ioll nCJt a~r.a-SDda'L,dem~'I]ratie movement, but.asone that was a~~o1f\ted,ly.:. eommnn lst, ]h~entu3:Uy the trlDe:;j., rebelled I ,as this lncreashlgl.'Y·· dl:'spotic e:Jiltc' atmd«:d HDletr rl1ligio'us, ~,:(id ~~1~1' 5trucl1JI1~'S and uile'd ~Q hU[Jo.s!iI on tl~~111 \'1rlfl.ilt, ~hle:y s.a.~\~',]IS tit pwf()u:md~yo:!!li:en '1val" Qf Wie; \V.ha,;~ 'niliS :\j,iner; 'McLIi]'.t:ed has '1::IIl:!fIl the tii.tlli'li1ph 'of traditi:O~Hd ::im:le'I.'}!;o whIleI':! ~ul'S,nOw. fou~d It!:! e~pl\~ss'iu'n In a nfchh.;ossly pY!rll:anl ~I mOVrnl, 'liI't 'VI;,Ih]o!1 hns reaclted <I p(5)Hon of prodomi:nanoe :111 reactien .to th:~widesp;n;!ad CQ'IlWc.:t and misarle for ~..,'bkh: the vtcto imu

l~r,ld(lI'li(,ltn PfI,rtlts l,,~re respo,n~i~1'e. . _ _

Within dle g:reoarte.f>p~rr Q;f ,Afgbanis:tall" tltl.ereroiJ.;"e. the-upper h.a:nd, Ls fI,C}W :helH by Pu:;.l1tctlns whese roots. Ue IIlt'eligiolUs conservatlsm ·~Uld,tl\Eblon!!l,~,tj!tlldll,1.g t:db'lii,1 t::uhm . Given tl ~ I(;Oll!l1lryJ5 e'thr.l:I, ~n_d (;ildt.U:raldiv'en;ity" as w:en as :aU the tntemal eonfltct, whi€:hh('l.5 Jneluded ~thni.e massacses an~r fTo.l'i~ed disp.laceu:lien'~s pcrpd~!l~oo by' ~d l s1de~,I- tl::lle~t!' is; UU I,~ pil"G'~~pe.d of tb.~ R:SU[lf.~~'1;f:t: 0;£ asense e,f ~t~d:I:CJlft!jlJ uruty'. Indeed (ill'ei of ILhe..:5;1c.d.esi'ilspects r()fthie Afghan scene hes been thalj.-u!Il bop of tb,C' loss of the COlllL1try~S eilri11Ler ~ril!clit.il.Qrns Q:~ t1QLe:ranc:~ h)wa.lld!l·no.n.:~'h,lsliLm.5. rhe:r .ts nO~1 ~~ a ~(,!lult of ye1H~ ofirltcm~_'ne ,i'i'liif~, a much tntenslfied hostUity amongst thellli{;l:I:v~~. An eventnal rUt between the tribe'll and the ·I.'alibi.ul call by no means be .. ntled out, POl,litl,cuIJa,r.ly given the s:nnl-JntHtion h:rwttQ w'hkl t Ie country h!)' boon iIIlI:lO\~ft!d to' deteriorate and that the latter's ponCi{l~ 01 f(:uc.~dl ecnscrlptlon are <li, si,gn.i,f]cant cause of discontent. HDW~.ov(:lIhhe. present: ~!i,gl1s i1i1: • '1Jt~t ~be Pu~ht~f)n:> huve 1~ g(lV,!!nlfl1~nlt widd,l t,b~ art' pre:p.1l1:·ed 1'01 t01~r,iI:~'e' and Ula,t,the ;m1nQd't_j~sc ?]re/fO'T the '~ime bdras' ,at lea,s,tj, lflrg~f.I,y eowed. It hi, i:nde;[~d! pe:n:haps i1lll~i ~osSibh:.-,t:l~t ,a Illaw~ mure s~~hl~jgtyl~ of gQv~rrun~I"~ l:s euu:.'~rs~n,g In A,fghiL:rdslf,ifil. bliiis~d. anlong the, '[Jusb:toOl1~ jd least, om ,~I (;on:s.ensuaJ., mtbe;r thilU tI (.onff0I1,.aUona.l1 i::claUonsbip. It is l'lo,l1ewol'l:hy Uri,rttthe [e.g m hac" ~. I hl'f i1,ni~I"\'ired the I;d.bi,;::!j r!I i;:,gnl;lidcf,lIbl", mi!!II!SiJlii! ~f alltUI'lOm:y, ill d h,as. lore:&an p:leenoouwged them, to run t:heir alTaks thr(liLlgh tb:· '~r;,I!dHllonal S}~~eln ,Qf ifrgtf~ .. 'fhfl TI!'s,trldiOl!l!l 'ifI1PW:f;id 011 'Ir'IlP!1 _ 11. a:L_ I rnD."·l JflolUll:llyl b~ u'atl'l~~!i, lnt":r.I:n-I~.'i: JI:1Qf I,llarnle: liliW',Dnd pl~!, lkcl!~

but' afr!io the code or honoWi pnwl.tlertt:'l:n trlinal'so!;:i€t}j ~he'f ,e(i":ticC b~iIM;: ~~n (llj~'n:iH:'l(l '1~o.lnCtl ,O"tl't.sid mr~f.ri~~,~ !Iud :th f~mn h!'iS f11 way·,

been 'roiJrbid.d.en.. '

. NOl:w:i.tlls'til]:1rd'lng li,hek hle,:;,;pe':,lieIla' '!iff gO\i'€~llillent! th¢·T[;.i~~Jl i11ll.!,;,l(!' so :Ea:r 'Sbl"WI1,ltll.'(!,Jn$C~'I!e.s' to bl .firrl'll.y l~~nited b~, [he~r .~i~S;i{)lI$; ethnic ;iI H_d' t7~1~ Ll'l.ra[ tiles, ao,d there o'lIr~. d~p]'lle' ,r1lilD)ol1'~I:,few sig)l5 qf ,i'n~e,rnal d:is~:llLt. 'fhe '1iE',ad'ersh~IP',a:re meFlJ,'of,srmng ccU'v[ttioliS, a.rnHt ]I'i IL.uliU':f!ly fh!rt"I'h.C.Y '~01.1Id in ,ally' (b.~Ci ilfl'brd l.Q _tppe 11' 1,(1 let down thieil ·y'OUllg ~e..a,I;Q~" who bsve been .re.ady to ·tn'v]te Gl.tllrtyrdo.m. :~qr· their CiI.I.lSC. It its ah",'ays p<?ssiible tll[ft splits m.i:!Y dev~lo:iP, p: r.haps h 'I~"r aen the i.:ihra",co-nlieJiv,aHv,!!and tl,'}1 SI(o; If N'I~f(r!m!!ie SIJCh;ll\:H~ ~: b:ss fi'S~dI ou1100k,. {).I:" fu~we"n th young;eT <In,d] 'o]dcr 'se~ions, :of 'th,e; movement, Th,(j' canceul.T.adO!l of .ptlweJi in the hands pC MohaiJJ,Dl:ed, Omnr illfld In. ulll.r~p.r~8~nt1.!iti",~e K41[1d,~hini CliQ1U{'! coul!!.!' alsoat ~g'me point I:xrcO'lliJl€ a ,~on:l:'ce :of!.:ilnreoi:t, Rut :so long as the moveme,h:t 'n(jy~, h:~g;e~:h!ei(i il seems IiIntLlioolYr g:iv'l;ln it'S m.mtary and '~:er!l"!tor~al ,i,'IS(;elldaJ:n~Yr U~niJ H: (nfil be ~U:!iilodgred mom ,PO'We['. WhU~ no r~g:lrn{:! ,t:~Ull ~r~ Uie longer tel:ln,; rem,ain rnlpe'tV'jo'Uii' to '~nl]!ilc:ne~s bioth, !iv1tnin and !Ju!lslde :IU borders, the, :r.ali'b;ani s haUlnark bas so fa.r been atoi~aL r,~fu5'!1.J Ilo 00011.1'''·· l1'ds~,. [lOt :Lt!;e(e:1 ·wit'l'l ~h~ out -'ide ~l,jIbr.ld, I ul alsu ~yUh the n,J.ija':fidii" pa.rties and die (lth~f clem~nl_ ... ellilOjl t po~itital, Ife:Jjlgio!Js" or intellectual; \Iii'hidi e:dst wi:thin Mglta:11 SoC'ie'tty; fts !i~j, .' tion or.liber<IJpoli:ti,'lIl wei social concepts, ].ri:dudln,g notably ~ he eleetoral process ,<lind ltiihe-' emtIJ]Cip'itl:lolil of .vom!?fJ" '$l"em~, fumly' roeted, .and there '-~appea.~ lU:ne reason '~O sup'pms@ ,that rot the rt)r~~'~'!iiID:Il,c:rn~I!lo~rep it: '0llirn Ulld-e:rgp ,!IllY r:rigmlfiicll.l1't chan1!!,e., T~;:e' f1.nrmerllSJe spirltnaland i'lltell~c:tual ferment', eurrently.so 'ilIJparent: in Qi~her parts' oithe MusU.m. '",odd, ts, fOf the tlme being ail: leastr (il'iUltY'~i'iUElI~d 'In Afgil.anisbln.

____________________________ ~t , __

J n 11 5!l!pl~lln~,ijerc '20011 Aij!;JHlill'i::i.fan ~uddeflly ii(H.md h~t~~r b~ ~:,h.(j!' 'er;e·qf~. global :~s1!,oli'nl. Any do.ubt that :mar)'; have ltlitiallr hem Cl!l1'i'(l{:rnFl'[OO! Ull. ~ ItbJil ~HtlJcb ,[}ill lh~ Wt!lrld Tr~u:l!~ Cenl~e and t.~lJ:!Zi ~,eritb.i!';ort ~e~ th,' WfJt~ ofs;t'lm~ bin t~dll!n arndl ht~, 3J.Qa·tl~ ~t~nilUjl.t:ltln 1i1e[e; ,~ttiv<ely di~peWJedwhil!l:[1 he' pubH,c:l1r th,rellrtene.d uitt~ 'it' OtLl~ges,. In ,he bL1l1e'f rbut ne '!l\.~~'1 bfl'!lCd in AfghanIstan and )!er.ett,od. l\I1e~ 'Ir)f' 'rhl<! ''f3I.i1]1a·ng(,.v:~[n fUel'lt, -F11l!' oo,~, lilt ry 'Gllri l'k:ly lecan)e fh.e :eoctl:~: of an },;meritan4ed ,eampaign j condu~t~d· m~rgely :~tn:n 'th"'~iI~,f~ ~[),brrln:g ~1~t.11 h).sr(a'phlfc erdestna .. tio.f1" ant!: .1111!. ~o~,'!lly)!;])sed· or$'~i,SiiiUCln . ~ri(h hh11l. ln~h' poo't."e$., A-[ghilin~ 'IUIV~ tpe~~ 1l1de:r.go[ng }id mOir~·O'f fh,e su~ing~ p:riljraJtlQ';n and ~I~plia'Pf'liJJ.en.t that .I:u!y hiBV'~ hud to !.!ndu[lc ()V'~l' the p .. ast tw· d;~C:ilI~I~$ [I]' ItW~ .• f.:rn.fl1 th€! ,i]ile\.vhelH:hdr.'i~det:,~';ffl~ Jlrs~ cli~'ift!plt~(rhy Uh~ P['I,PIII co,up lli'nl.d, lh,~

;ovi~t invaston, .

UI1!tU 11 Se~J,r:eiEl~b~r/ tilt'! auent~ol'1l ,Pri!d to .AJghini$.1 an ~il:JC~ the! lniPo:s:rtion of the' m,OIr,e strtngent L"Nail linns al tbe' b~gj[uli:ng or be yell,f. had been, air best, ,desulIIQry" l!i.gh~ing had -, conttnuad let-ween Lbt!Ta,li1.1 n nd thii! NorLhrll A lila nee, but 'w3th It ute .dvilntr.J:g{' tID' eiUl€I side. ~['hl;l:I:~ wen~ periodk on tar'ts b~ tw!.!en, the Us, .dm:iI'l.isrratiQU and the Tat.ilmn, but rhe Isner p~rsls,te.d In their !'i!fu~nl to cxl:ri.lJdli.i,:' bin L,.:,d~·n. C!.%cj.:!pt pOS$lbly '11 ':lnol:ht>l: Muslim otmtry, Tht!ir ['eason:H~"c1'l~ dl'~tghHoi'w.rlnl; he-was a faU·'w Muslim; Ie .had .fought. alollsside them - <l.g<!tll [ ~I.e 'Ilussi,ans; ~nd 10 hav~ urrc'l1o(ileu~d :I'~m W~HJ,td t1<n!'~, violated the I~ush~ Of! mllk! or 1()::ipitaUtY~iol\bo hi.s· 'mllowtlr'S,~ I ~l)~rh;;m;: ":0 I moljv~~.]d ~U1d 'Vildl l;~ltnedJ l"i'c,lie pwov:iding a usefu,l sti.fli.!nhlg In th.e fighting ag';lhlst he j\llh '11[("" b~del't.l it liS crecHbll!!. 'that the 'l'aIU:mn !U 1:)-' ,.lnlply_ Hul !flVt' pO'!lsess{'d the ,illUl:.cle~(1 ~rifQ~t'~ his ~;h;lpiqrlll're,'V('n if lho!i!Y h:id

'W "Shl~ ,tl:Cli J:~l -a,n- :~n;t~ -: ni~. 'lil it ICiQ~ d. ~larinl!J

U,~u~,~}~J~~I~ ~1'1iWQ,IIt'<¢hH'l !~Il')'" l.h.1.! filill'1iW'~4l' ,~,~l,r rl'l!!! A:!ll~ir c~.r'Jti:

fI':lt . -c. :1, I

ar b~ 91l~llj,i~ it1 in l'be 'tiio~/blJ1ig5 0tfJi, t.lS ... mb~s~r-- in ~n¥j.~ an~1

"fa'l:z.auiil..

AI~,)' dur:lugZO:Ol. U,. -H!. 'WB,nlt b!'!- f ,OuPt of Wn.b!rrest t.;;:~m:o, thl:\ l'ali.~.tilbl~w t~p,the 1-wo Bllm:i;il11 Bil~1C.U1J.ls. 'all~' '~rW l;Ilttl1lu!' ~~i,l);g Qf f!Zlr:Jgn~e~I'Qt~ • .o11 tlte.ground.s '~JfuBmab'es :!ilf ~h,,: h,·um.an ft:mI1~,Wet~' r.l.l'Ft·n,~:i 'j'Q 1s1ill!ul. '"t1cf;;u~,~ t.halll tbL;: fmres .and a~'m5.XJ',~ '~he!$!iiqdh!;'l,:,. haa )flreacly b~h d'ii:'lcUed ~ff b}! 8.11 t@:lI~e:r- 8M~K~IH.on or' ~hrl'll'n b;;Ofll(l:c1ilS1:S, was nOlll,' a:pp~,6UYi S!i'JlIl;i.~·hA tjJ' ~:Ua:y ,tftefr~pr$Fut;ljce~;" Mi;l.ul:whil~~ further ~vld'~'l;iI!'I1!f)f thl.! ''!iI1lb~ljJlis ihiliuma.l'iiloy sur 'l:u::E!fI ...... · <Ii re,til!t of tilE! ,e.flbrl~'oni wumg- il.uS}!otJiEl,s,~w.umi1lnl 1ia'~rfj'Sl1UhlwW:to tl'aiv~rh!d tIi tu Mghtmtsta.ll \'\,1t.1:lI. a .11 ldo.:erl :~.a:m'~r'ft' and, ;:aI6.p,gSJ.'~.e'oU:i~l' mvcr~g¢ of..oplnebl~e 'lltl,volfias:; p:to~uced i:l grlJD, !J>.@'q!:li!!·n~ ~ll'no/-j:ri{l:' th~ p~~biliit exctnliQP' of it, \\fal'll.~tn ill it . Jr"ilYi.d sport stadhld'l, :t ,'s' ob\'1~u~lYi ilfld bii:re]y notteed by 6m~r tOOllI1 a ,.[e,\~ :UN :?l,geride'~, and ~Id ofg,LIJlJ.i~nfOf1s, ," C~tt&I:5't:r'Opb,e of llIl.[I}or I'rtl.r: Ol'tion:ft'olas buUdlWng'llp: in th~ ,(::auntt)? folkw'T!ng 'three :yeflr,i, ~illf (It,ougJl:t, and the {1()'U'~'¥iis,t ~v~.s m~de that in the absenC!f' .df'. ~Imcientilid, de'atlu{rro'l1l s'~#rv.atl'tYi1. .over" the !.!)rr~t!'l\g ~~hucr i1:l.ig,tl.t wen .JfUi1 'into miUi0ns. ne'noirts hldleEd -llggested 1'ha.t, il;!l:"OOidy by No'\~'''mln,'rl stil.r,...nJion \~a5)iprei;iidlI1S In dt,e' cenne of .tbe ca.m'll1y. 'pacrtiC-Ultldr ln '<In~ around B!JJEian. "11il:€ ,aJi't(ln}'shlln~ faib.l.r~ (.,],( i\nl~rictrn .nnd :~resll@fll.ln~l:1r,Hg~!lt:ill [1;Q',elut~~.S tp' ruttier" IJit~ rhe 111 $.ept£imbgr, i).tt~ck5 'tVjj,'i. ~)f1n]Jtom,a:tlc ,ofn ~.P'OSW·'~ ck oJ IP(l£:'ltS ·on. ,<l, nation wbich net only haw(mn~¢ :;I .• p.at'ent th:r:~fllt is ll,ldoo] ,: cClfr~Ly but W~!I u:s~H' the vldlln:1 0,(- n stl1gui~lrly t·p~@;sSh~~· govf!fjjml:!nt?il'hd a fast gt:O'I'~iit1g h'tlmilnit.ir.r:i~.il Cilti'!li,s,

The hu.tia:l obi oct:1Ve5, of he, ill t~maUonal co.aUthm f~1:rmed.· to de-ail

. .' ". ....~

w~.'~h 'bhii t.ttdoill W~!I'fJ flo I..!ctilroy nts tnlwdng Ciililn,'1pS nnd Ja'cl,lltle'!lll ~Ol

dkmbtin ttic hDPI:: orca.usmg, al Qaldil. casualnes, and <ll$c tQtar;)Jet Itt,*, ·,fllt:iibm1., ~J~J'm-ab'ly In the hope .of d.esll'OYOing' their n'n!cn:ii1le ,;~IJI~_ 'C'~~ I,n,g. ~lu:ll" dlSi n t~ gr: I t)on 'l1!ili bm:is:dofl , .. )J~i thilr ol~~tt tri\re' WilS ',(J!Ui:c:l:i;ly rea,U~~d. 'bin LOidj[~ and hi5fj;JI.lowe,~ I,ad long :iiiri}~'1? di:Sllerse.ct to pirepi!IIed. h l;('1eolu:Si 'as ·w~U a8·~6 . ~i Llag:e~' and resjdertthl.l ".a:r~~s ''l<'i''Jle;~~ , ~h~ 1 Wf:!"t'e .~hrnl,~t'lmtJ()s~l,b11i! tn d~.iiUngBisWl .fr,O<n:J' tlhe' ilodl V(}P~,~"a(lu. To 'ruy. SIOill .. Iy, 'I'm lnnlbrng tih£m, wasjtts oue distingl!i:i:liled Hc.n~lelmi re,m~l.kedp 'Uliie: ··uslug,.a bi(}w tf:ll'c~h ,tto' eradlea tecancer' _:~.m,o][e,o@'rl t( 1I1cru~:J'cli t h' "1..1 ~I,.trig b~ind ndu red by '1111. ,: i\fghilPli, ~Qd, d i i1.\:U~ .ar1:U:l as,a .li.l.lSllh. OlE' llh~ disruption. of faod l\onvo~1S~roall)Pa!ki~t.iJi~, ~~ pithHes appe~,re.I,Qlr. b.llS: em cIvili"Ul ta!!'gebi - ~ vi1hl.g~'or' III [(ed erosS ~r~11rt!ID1ClU.$~."'.l~ it ml~~ !ncten~~f.1;gliy itIi.l~m.Il:~d tlwo MU~,(1.ul '~~\():dq~ l'~ W,~l:'i :sii~I1Hlc;ant that, alfhbl~gh supp l'tive 001; thO inte ... rll:r:tion'l1i~ tm1Ul 11! I~Ees,id~11t ,M.~L'l~rc'L";lif of Paklista.11i 'was, in:si:.::;te:nt thai t1l_e bdinltlirllf·!;)1! ~us

sll'lt>rt tn .¢It! ,ntli1tl ,s p~ H)]e.. ,,'

Neil' 'W~e ll2.!l~ kjjjtiRI.,iliir r~ ',1\ ~llnl:r.:: ~n:~ uj '~~J.l'Sf' tlt~ ~al~lipEe i) : ra~~-iI: I ~. ':~fit\ll~H~~g i('ikfl ,l:lrl_d .,tlli ,iI go'Vc "UTI (fJ. ··ard ~l .~~ Iiki "If It [!her toe i1ad1dj:Sp~ ·ltu"saJe ~p~~nd,It· ~i::Lpt"w'h:er~ tll1 y h 'III man :iI, frorit Ulll.e. HPl,fe~e.t,,· 81 the' be~~:nlI18Y'of NI(j\,~l1rile~ U~l,", rl.~~g-r. h.a'ng.€d~ l;'l~y h1.}l~bUjtln:s. .lbo~l dit~tfJ"l'fJ~~O!nh'lg t[~'e t tbe:t1],AJ.1~_illjce· WCte :dip~ftme~ . a:t'lJd fJl"i!'V'Y IjombHl1,g--WM '~afwt~d 'OiJit liost ·11111&)1.1(1, [lO:Sj.tlOt,'lS., (~cjJ~g, :~h~ AU~lll'-lll":e "i,n tile Sb.a:mali ~lai:'1n~ Hh of:·liZabnl.i ,lind ,r(Jinnd-Mj,l~~I·.r-I~SlJ.arJr. \'VU1\ln a fct"r' d,zys. ttie iim~e W~~j¢ ~lIwe t.cqat;,e. Ma~f ;lind {'his Mlt'~BS WM' ioU 1X'~~ ~ ! fall Oif_gt11-e{i' northeru to\\1"fl$", ·n(Iitab~~ rUlloq_[lll;J~Ielirn und~ a.f:tte1i a J'ft ~:i.t;;:gf,i.l !Km:idul., Ji_'11lU]flIf o.ffel1liitvc also qrJ.t&iy f!,1':I'sue.d towalIdcs, OJJ1. ~alid 'Wi!>!;! suc:~s~fl..ll~ in brmgml nli:o;ut :the 'full] of the ~;ity, ',~ni NIOL,~e'n'!!ber. Jus~.as'.h1 1-9.95, .the, A1I.irlace bad a'bancicu:u:ld :Kabu1. to' ~''fl'll~bam. wnhou~ OJlP0 5,ttiID1'i.; ··so tbis tlm,~ th.e traU~tl~ ~Lm,jl~l,'d:y l~EI, ~blgu,il iI fig,h't. \'Vhi'lt be~lwe ,~vide!o~ W;fl5lh:' suctes; s · of -t-ll£ lJtti:(m~!i"'st[at(t&j'i. .!in. CQn~1"81st It).tbat oii lhe rkIss:ians in dIe' 1.9'80.5. e r(U~ ~all .lnL (rulon lVa!; U ntthe Alghi.l'l . alim}~ '~\relklJdl d,g chil' htln$ iIi~a~nst· the lJuiitthld:i.n I: ... ~h.ile du;y· IPrm;rlde.d ·sul;lport w:ltb. rm:ftr and hea::vy we~pa:llS:, bur thls falled .,,"he'll the AfglUlifl A1t1~ur )Vled ~ ~J)~'kel;' t~~d ru'ld le;tt '~h~' rt1JSSi.a~:l~ wUb '110 GP,~~on .bitlf to fngi1t ~niI~I"'~5. TlIIS nme, the !\:Ula'tlcep-to'!?oo 'an tff'e~tl'Ve lightU:lg force, :11 ftes.b ·equ.1lpn'l.ent pmvidcd 'by" Russi.[l and wu.fh AU'l.'edcan, alr ~.iH' provi'~:Un g the erfti(l!;1 ~ edg~' t6 :th~i r o~)e!'atiion:5c.W1 th J~la..~blld IhWg to a:nti.~T;illlban m.iJI'l'tia:>, [the TaIihall. '\",ere: ]eft "Ioi>1,uh Ut~e rnoil"'e m fheoil;- heartland 1:11 ~m'd around .Kalld.,Jlar.-:and. when tbJs "",as lU::k..ed blYll'lba] rnmlla~j, agii,n, suppurcd by./\rl1leri 1111 «If p(~l4'el:. It 5 not tong' bef01:~ Ir sUIT\\lnderect ilinill the "fa.Ubau ~a1d down their' ns, Tbe wi:nil,e cam.p'aign JIlI:I.\.1: ti:i;ken no moref.haQtwu.:m:o:nth~,

;rihe QCG:II.I,aJ~~on ()f KfLbt11 by' th ~ N"mLhe.t:n AlWl,XIl;I;;(lj £'iil,r !nliO:~ kkly ~.han had been cJ'Il.pected.l left a dangerous PQliti~al. \'a'CllJuPJ:~" tle progress had been made 'low,llrciJi' the .formaUon. oF. an1ltl()l'l~] V(ll.mnel1t, alth(lU,glh: .1 .. lkhd·lu' Bnfhhul" (lfl_'l' ~lg.i<liln tli. UN SeC[fctonry nel!'illl/~'i 13cf50nal Ikpr,esentativt'J had ()l;ltl.n~(L a po&~ble ag'Cn(la, Ilsistti:ng of th.e . ollnaHol1 ofa pr,!}v:i.s,iO!o.d cm.meU w:J:W.?h. ",,'Quiltl in ;i1"(~,rm a Ull,:n~lttO'lH!i~ lll;(loV~mm~f!:1l. npprl)~ d by .lQ}1'l1 i,ii'~a>. 'rhis, l'll~d be C:h';illi:ge.d w-ith ,eJ1surjng secmlty tnthe cOimb:y, btu:i:edi by ~ J,_i~jnaH()~ud fow:c.e/ .a.m~.I-e~dto-a;1.astJllg poUti.c.atm :s;ol!J.Uo!.'1'j hif)pefuUy th~flI hm }r~flrs. On 27 NOIV~mb.N" l:alk:<i' Oli 'I:hi~, t1S!f.::Wi,('ij. l~~gafl. lID. 'rm,ilIl,y1;e~","eerl, :tepires.entaUv.e~ oHhe v~trim:rs Af:g;hi'rn g:roups." ar"ld. :er. ~OI}Jle days o. w1ang,Un,g, ~gr.et:"rn.ent Wc!S fe,ached on ,<I ,u:onli~flJ!11 ,g(jVl~mnpn'l. !,;!nd~r t.hl:' 1~.;ujc·rdt1ip 9f u :ruslu onl H rmidi rzai.. Howe'\'e:r. fQrmjd~b)lr~ :political ollbsl:ac.1 Ii t· (Jij,~-Lnl to be (Hl~r~ me. Tb~ prospe(:ts 101' unity and le~dershjp 11,'llYe >bi:'~m wors:elled by 2 !~tml r.~ ·of h~() Q~ 'l:hl" c:oml'liry'fi mt'lili~ &ble ;Jnd respe(;ted mflU;ar)'

212

III J'I!1li' ~h~l{5Al'ld rlHd A.f!chd ~Itfq;'r w!h Ul;' ID~h~

[ll1/ It .' iflf~ d~r~ 11ot~l1JI[y i~~iIJJfI~d.in l-re,I-ml.'il"t~i"iltl h .. e r£'-

,{ll'ii.eme~l"allli:dJ, ~?l:' Reii' ~~r'j,t;lIl' aJioot~)f 11\l'~dOld:H~ll.d tIri!1<il '~I;'!;v~I:~ ii~ j)lil pa~f:.!k~[r.!.1.,Wl9dl mOl'Q!ItiJ\<~I¥ 'In's:t.~lI' 'Up'ilLo,h1rics;t:It',~ lhan IJ l'l95~V:. i;rrl]ulilu~~~ ·tOl-';"tdI, u~tH,~n~.I:Q.;!Jdl:y. Ttl' sad filet "1 ,th«flpersomU. ~i6 e:tbl:l~C·q:I:D.lipli,tltli.·@S aC~$~ ('he mitmOrl, .\~'bkl,ll:neventijd :thlZ ~Ol'matlo1l. oil: am! ~:I;abl~ ·gflVlermhe:rlt in UIL!! p' '(j;Cd 'betore ti'le Tilnh~n .tl,.l lit liJW.~.i:'" ';~'re 1:10~· 'at a pitch ~'li11li!ro ?lfe(tJh'e:·C~-OiP~[a.tiO[l wi,n be d~1ipe:{(11~£;~r .11ar¢l. J[J e~t'~MiSlt~or '~lI,I1l31i;l,1d :~he ttad i,~l:onal recourse ~Q I;nH:)e'1'. il.ndl cZYl:'rufl~]on b~ ~ny ~~,~g'lOll'd~ggl.ln~l' ~j!:fb~~11.U~!'1l ~:reo,ch~!y .~nd dWiUliLc:~ dr~a1:mg. ~'io~v~ri [l ~,'r.r{ilJoolnte :rjnrn l'iij)J~<OOgiJLStn1ck by th~ No:i1hGiI;n ;\\.U]a:qu '~'lihQ~.d,espU"e';pt)$e,,'lSi1l::rt.1. of't!he cllp·lUl.1 and 1ll,l!m!J:llHion .<lIs."rJw lCfl~'~~~UI~ S!d';~mmtirl;t, 0." J<lf:glnnll:s,um, h ax . bei).·u· e , pIC 'p~ l"ild to par.Hd,p6ite j·:il • ~'~oV'em:rne~lt; of ·n~t:i.omd unity, :Tbey ID.Q dOl • .bt· feil.lise tbat jf tbe:r,liVe_ie In try. to. ~o it ,a]C)neii'bey, "woul,kl tl"l~t s~~rq]1lg oppoo~t.l().flt El't)mt~al<:l:1itan ~ovel·mMI..1.lr ~md that 'thr :r~' w~.l;Ild :1.1n. :my cas.~ be- ';rmlJ1eIii;'~. slrict' lhcy wuu1d me€! ]mp·lf1:1.cab!e!i:tO'stjljly f;ln,](1"llg the pu:sh~oon' ~ r.jjb¢i.

A1gti''lnl.s:t(1J!lIfl()W Iln~~&C'tH'3~ in us mfl'!l11 t!,ut~ form" the l~iI'o,,~!em'oif th!j,~:' fai;l,ed 'stiu:c',. Wilb $OlITl1'!nr of theworld's rtHlloD5 ha~'h] g bec:Ollle independent dUl:j..~lg the P'3iSt hal! ·.OOl"lt.UrYI there has If\!;'~ua.n ul'lidJ(!r5HlndabIJii' resll.alli~e Il"O th] :lde'rJ lh~t n.tUp:ml.l,sOlv ~ignw ~ oftQ:!i1 'hHti;:l worn - i:;; nora-n@ces,sl:{,ri.:1y Inviolate, and that·~ infe']]<lfioli'ia~ COl1l:mUl'li.1ty m3iy have t.h.I!lI'.lgbt to.inte"r~iCi, not l]:U~l:~ly It",ibc:n II t,mJ,t~ PJlesl:!.!llb, " I. UUi''!!II~ trlp~'G1:ce, but qJbowh~n H irs ~()~!lWy :OIJ!pli gl'l'hf~ toW,1U:(~S lils, QW'jf!, plltoplt:'r orhas disinteSl,at~d to it:h~J~:..xfefit ~ba.t jj't', (.'"lI,.I]·r:iO kin.geE (:ll'cnrIde l\o.r theJ.J bas,le. rights, ,i:lnd nee.ds" (i~l!J.d.llJflny. bowe-vli!!;.prcctd'~nt;8 haViI:! beenest .• iNi~h&h ('ij)d U'~r:·'h!!.ve l~"h~fl~'la:t1'cesi in whlch trw !inWIna~-j,orta.1 i;Xlmmunity has been able t·o :ijlt~'I.'\'e'ne' th situatl.ons. ,of chaos; to prevt'Uil 't:I1~· ,olflpn~sslil')n Ii]f 'Im.norldil!'.li' and to bdng U) j'U'S,UllC: n,afmud '[~Itcli:m) ,,,,'hom 101" has seemed IrJgllt·'-:t9indi.~t on 'char~s ofv:iola1.:io'['},s ofhll1:nanri,ghts. TI~e b(it1f~s tha.t' ... [n. A$gh.anI51:i.U1 .. (-vh~re ,a flen::d~· :~:ndepl;'ndt'!n't [~l~'l'd!l! j~a:ve b .:~ll JlI~~rc: del~'l'I'T!I.bl~t1 th:;''Ui, ,\llmoo'~ ;1,lflY' ()Ul,er to 'resi:st outside. hrlit~rf~r~ht~e~ thle ·{mlil.'f,lIDG hj~Hi· heen tl·kl'~. tb,ey hll.ve' s}u~red .riDm <I. re;gime wi:il} ~ i.. '1!lIU:nClH rlghls Iecord "~.h.ic.h w~s· by any sttH:1d~~ i:!!pp;d1l1~g~, wlJiJ'ch Vf~S loti t,tgmed ~,ud [,tll~tm~pt'!;b:!'nt· !'O' i1wvid~ fo-r lev~n tilJC bil:['i:lc n'ed~ of rts citii:ens" lInd ""rbk:"h had beEn fadng a humanitarl"ant.mj"\lpiifh which H bad no pjo$]X!e'twhatf!~'el' ()f 'b¢iill.g ~bi{' U ('{);pc .. At t.he S'lfl.1C 'IJtlH~; it hl.!.d b '"n fur!'hounng ~nh"!'tl1~t-~on~1 ler rnl"lst for w'hose ilicti.vide:, fb(!r~c{ru]d 'be nOi 'PO::;~iblei't]'ll n<C<!ltlhnl it'l"lad treen' i1 r.naj.or pilaff! ~n. Uw lntc'J;flLUliona I. d~ug.o; tl'l1dC1 ~md l~ had bn1{i''I1 a tlJiIiCillt to, 'th~ II!:iH:,e ',J,f'id lit~lbnit], uf its, l'u;l~gl'ilbqiIlrn. ~rlf! this C01Ut:.Kt. ~ll.(!~erel!'I'H • .in parrti.n.l,lail1'y :fIe'riou$ ,cono~rn.s ~hautt~iIi@ dli.etlt o:f

~~b~ll Imb:~ rg'U~ O~ l~aldS:Ltlil\t 'w'I!IIel!'; ~h re i a 'I;a~;ge 1'111 :~:lt,~J:'I. )lrUY1 ,~b{" • ;~h,~t::,lnl'.'ilj(i 'tl L~rljn nut Slip;lleri [or ~bl! 'I'lll.ill UI inld 1'1 o3l1.'I1-V'" , hem Nh(1rii ·and whe:lEe;·th(!" pOSisess;inli 'b~"al:'l e~tl'e'lllciIS'1 lIe! v;f the 'C,QU,rltryJs Ili~d~eal" ars nal - and faCilliti,(l~ 'l\'oul.d be ';a ;i~I''9lJ.s dcy . I (l'pI'!!l n t.

f thle'J:,e:i:s, ~(ll be' a hllerab1e outcome there wIIl:osnm~b,Q",Y·1:ra.1iJe t(f ·~~~th."n1!~ll~ of ill] U\Iles.e is'sl'lles; 111] flrou:b~:b:rr:ik'e,red, b1i':,>f1J~ UJ'l'it~cl :;'.i I,J s, nl!S~' ~V:m lu'ivt' t(I ,tic(l?;rr~m.gd:!1t ' tbE ~e~,vn1in~£:i'teJ'l1, ox ~'b!;! nilition~ll(:,o:r:tlQll,[!!jtY. th~t>:i±he:,e 'be"a:n ,en,tl: tQ,~th\\l rhwwt thacl" ,a,t'i:iShtnpt:a!£es hl tbe ~re~s'of r~g101llfl!I,SJl~b'i.li'lyr dlfu~ and l'eJ.u:Oll':is:m he one 'inmd, and I he Afg'h,;uu'p in:g:r1'!ifu:id 'ilHc~t':1'i!in(3~ of. liUY' ferenee 'illth~iMlffa:nr~ on 'tile Qll'he,£. Sb h an IIllc,",ommudation.

!:lm be' ilchl,e'\,rable; m:t lit is' to bel it '!!~n only 'be d.1ro:~Ig;h ,t1 ;:~;tifl'11 Ilh'I'p'Jgl10U.tq~hll.IlI~.~tm I'hilt~ iQ~ "rn~Uml~:t2F' lstauc • Is ;pitn1)L1ble i,~' they 31m to bie.':',reJiiev:ed Qi' the suftbil1g, they have !xgQ.I:'1.e tCl'SP ~Ol'ig;., A:ftC'l' .ye~l:rsof [IegJed, a majQl' Intern • .tlon'l~ t, 00' deal Wi tl"i ~jhli\1' ij)OUI1 t !:,y 's 'p[nb1 'r!l~, !'i a 11 ~ bM)-lute n ~ '~sity~ Of! teal, as ,Yell ,~:~ li.lUTlm:a.~t01ii<.!n', gr@nnOs.

t 'WoulCi. be Otltsl'dft, 'l'be stope ,or .Utl:J:;, b('1()"k t,o d!';S(:l!,fss the wtder s ,of the ctcEeat: (if glob- .. ~ t~rr.I'Qd:$!n, 'l hC!1 t:Htud of ~ h,~ M\:1.~llm d more .ger e!'(JUy and {rre [\!J3!t.ionship bet''''~rI Hl:~l~ .wo[kl·;~.l!ld A/:es,t, 'C Jtk.al as thes,~·j~ues, now are. On~ po.m"t .. Jhm;~<e'l!'~r, needs ~ ma,d. '1 je bin Ladlen bR!lId' oif H!HQri':uT! Is I'hl;! :plOd~iI t (:) ~ l?QI mind and ,a subculture of l('fligioll:S fanaticism, nl!.l~ ~h~j,s tl:ds.ll~ lo\l'f1J,1,II.d not !lil d.31 'sealu wbidll:o s, .. urn' bu.t for it gl'm,1,:'ing i:l:metll, V rgi:l.'[g, en ,te,ql~\lf, tilfiQ'Og the ·.vr~J h n{;l' of th '~i1lr~h" ~!! ,[~d ordet '!1l:nd.e~' which .if! 'mlb~.'()Iiil:y"mil,iln.l}r in Europe and North tl,e.1il, J,W(l: iflllllnpw:~dl!r,)l~d -amu~nce, \fhn~ ,th~ ,greitt ']]·I,"'i.odty, 'j:r~ly'it~ :~,~,~ M~J:!l~h11 WQ~;kl b~ltmO'fe wld~l}r.,"l\e CO~;iJ],r;i~~~qd ~o' ~iWiId

1)( ,.alll~ect pO,vl\l'rly: U hi, I.Hl~U.;:ely to be "ii, colncidence that anl5.lall.. 'w.bJch Is probably, m,Oil'e ~; m:lchli:d ,U.a tl .?j fly other 1'1"'1 on :'fI ttl1l hns alsc Ib(\len the seat "r ~ ,gl b·] tecr,tQfist U'lIl~iJJt

I

It" a!ll\ll

I

d(·T.lli.

I .

,;'1I'1n!i ~Il~]l '1;)1io~J1J i 17·'i7~n)

II~lmT $'I~IJ 1\ (I n?~I.L,)

\ l . ·'t h t, .. , ... ~ IL<I[III ""'. 11

:Z~m~m, SI"l!h St"l.11l. .Mal1:niJo.I.~.I.~ .... lI! •• ~ '"",I, ,,..,,,,,.

e I i"?J..1 ~rll (U'I:'" ,~l(L: ' (I ~~i..I,I~:

. , ItII.)9-I.B~ I j!;:Y)c..4,;!

tn~Ulhli' ~\,~~ '~I~I

II .

..... 1,n~1I1UJdll!i!11 '};!i!'lL

QII~!lIl "r;'!)'.i IM.A!'IlalIUI\uhl

~BU:I~\, 1 t9'~!m~;i!!!I', ean not .he ~]id .011' J.l1m,~ 5 1A" M.[eh ;itlrr:; C'd,mI'l11IS , M.i.!W (,; Itil)I'~otlt tlotl~~.{ l~r8!l t~p~~) •. ,,,,hldt ,.~rv~~ . <if w,ItiO.U}f AeITt1,roE'lltalJrst~d

l'Lre o[ }. .:gh,ul·kiJt'lIi ute. . T

11.' i=FL.·· .\J~ R'H!?ORD~.

\$l1, ~j~~'~a! records Inl;;l.J !,I'I1del'~l;pru;'@bIYi ~a, ml .. ~qr 5Ottl"l:e ~if l,.llJif.liiJfDJilltlpn: out .lIJ;rl;!I'i:<liJi'st:an. in 1?illllti,tl~~t!:[ ro~l:fIe·J]lnete.enth c~tury ani! ~:I"il'C' _~:r;n h:31;r ~l~~, tV)lerHi~th.< 'I',h~ ,l3rU b"hLlIIufm''rY..I 1,1,1 its. Otl!l.lrl'~al .Iud lllal;;l QifTil.lC f1~cti))'11 . !(OJoq ~l1d p;rrU a,mj;u:'Itar);, ;Rec:oJ~s' S~~l-JDni 'lici.~ds a 'v~,"r.;i;t:~. of se <,m~h.I,'V"s;,. {j.f. !l.\rh.~~ . Llle' .most. 1~1~p:~u.tnnt' tl'rc~'I~1: ·S.el't !i. gf ROm1t;'Jl1 ~:nd I'e'l on"{\t)tlnd'etlC~ between 'lI~ti ple~P~;rlitlon 'Grnlcr'rnnent of In}:lia -1uid : C;oveirmUleJI~ m Iondon, Tb¢}:' iln.d·I,[d!o'~

CO[I'[{spflndl!t1~e tQ 'm,d II: 1I~ ]1.'l'dh!.j.1etwI:Cin, .1.7 G 1!flIdL8].1 (l./r&:sI- ~-f)}. Cqn~~pondeflt."1t!: li;u§twt:cnI87S and 1911 (l.fP,8iSt7).

t.oJ·~e~pon~~nQe 'QE:!l\,'!i'~~n 19'~;;ii, !lm1ti 19~O o .. n.l'Ist'5!l.~},

'(;.ifl'ElSpotttlC'floc,b tIlt en '~9J;] and 19'5.0' (]./P&;Sll~)':

Ofnl;l~.i ITl:e.1110r-<lI.lda ~5'~d~s· .. '\) . I_lrcp",fi1ld hI tllUl ,GoVl!t~lnl'l:!n'( (if ~lI'!di,.j"1i

Pt11IUCid. D~~'iim~I'lt', i"S4Q.-.'19.47 (E,Wi:~/-UI). .

i:·ti;(."l.Ililfly fit rln::ull"S'():f crl'li'ili, QOilly,enl 'Ilt l;:olLet;:·tifln:S. [lif I-l1:arW'oi: the!>@. p-l'P·fT.], :;re: ,!,dd' b~r(),~e ~be :~}rlt b.!t i[lat:llnmen.l. lIri d JU1!!: to b~ ft:lLmd ~r~' 't'he

r1tiH'u.lil,iLr)iP.llp~V~ ·'fiI.:5, 110lilhly .

ynl. 4<Q P,fl,'l-9J; ln~li! -P,aJler.:;; VoIs I-VII,. Vo1. 25 ~J;851~).

Vol. 7'S, fIS13).

\,:o~. 56 (_l~19),

yot 53, (\ :~B()r

\'01. 70 08Sll.

Vol '17 t 1. ass -6),.

Cm,(I" 3·Z.tL 110. ,2' ( 19'19).

df!\;antp~I\~a/u:: ctJtrespol1:dcnce he:~tl in !he llrlt~'i.h U!):Qty b\chtd~8:

~!I(l'u:gh~·OIlll r~a~l'S-?

l.yt't,~;)n, P.ap.!'l'ni.

!PaJm!~[st"!Jil Papers,

p.~ ,1 .~.~.l~)(ns.

lUIJOI.1 r'a.iIX"r~.

ViI'c.llt'slt!'Y: 'I~q:l'l:l$.

'he 'Nilt.U01;',111 Arc'hh~!i ,af In{IJ1iii" N~~ Delhlo ho'ld:!i the, ~!Ull'.'U¢:il Qf me 'wC'C.e~:li.m;gs, o,ft:l1e FO.Jl~tgn IJl'p;lrt.menl Cif tht! pr'~"Pa.rt ItiOll (j't)V~'!'ll1 mll,)l'!Jt' 6f nd Ii:l , Man)" of 'lhi)t;;t;l ;u¢ riot 'r'ClltJCi1u~iJlln lhiLl l'~cQrd:'l hdd in thi.l OIOC 'nu,l5.~ eferred to im th~ NOlc~aJru in tli!~ rat. Sec. (foreign Secfetouy , Group.

,'1\(" [J'llbllc l{(:cO!r!Ji:ll· OIH " l' W;, SIlJlIH~Y, urK, ~lJfI 'tilln:i,i i1, the ro S.l·jif'::;· ~O"OJ, ilnd tb~ '~'Clcv<lJ1l pap~rs in fO 37 L .and ~:;O. ·ms, the RK(Jrd~ 9£ the ~l'm~h l...tlg."il'l'ero UCltJ~J Blrl'lbi.h!!rr~bj)1isy); .1i:;_lb1.1J~ iL-rNr lll!!. cr'i? .. 't'ltU~ In '9~i·. '\ Tlil1l!Pc;of of f9r· i.gn Oliicl.l~"I!cm.d!l, leliliU~ til -1~H~il' ;;tIe ..aliso 're1eili:fl;llf. hi )Il~l;it~llru'f IJIp,lri 190 c,H!1! iSj:'~l( ns at' r05 ;m"· ,0. W "l,\tU1 '" P/fll'J,':I!ifl'lilj3;" In :',&ur~rlt Il;ll!.r,l, ~il'f,d, ~Ifl"t~i! If9Qij ,ijii wp,uu{. Ihe~~II 1,j;l.~lt 1i1i1~~s '"!r~~1 f't "'a,11 i.,[Id

1;~"'Ol.ll .

.i!I;l!'ri!Il!ll~tlJl'~ 2",·' "!' In. ,,'. '0;'

~, _"=' I . _ r~r \/r +I.~r'! \I- I~",

llHr 153 193

lndtlsln $i'i 'sS 9-Z 10:1> l~" '11;11

'.~6, Tigf' -f ) ''', ~, "I'

ern,d;i.n:n*l S', 10" 75, '91, lOl--41-

.. nz, nCl\ lut "l'g~-i; W7 ·f I.ildep~['ld~nc.e, 87, 90

'Afg:l.ulntsl.i,.2'll

:\frld~~, 5.Z6, &8 .

A~zal. Moh,ltmned, iii&.,..7

i'l;i~~'~~ ;tI1~llt;tl 1J,!a~i"~~[lm~,nt· R~lrnJ«~, 1 1t"9 <li~l']lrulll!-e, se« ,":L.g;ll.1I11ii:s.llID

~l:im!;d Khct tl'iS

Pihiilf? Shah p'~!I[[~ni!.8i 2iL...S; 31".

5.3, 5~, SS, 11. '

r~~~Q1 l'o\!f~r., 2..1

'l:'11;u:_.u:tcL', .2:~1,. 25-6

im·il~io.n.'j, 01 india tlJ 25,

AI Kb,ul.u.m, m 3 ,t\iITII~q!;1 S

~kl)ti)Ji', ·li.'foh!lmmed, 1~1' 49, ~l •. 53 .k,(j'iifl1, Moh<lmmct'j, 55-

ill Qatidt1. 19-8~ 210>-1.1

<l!J"i!.lIJl";~ r 1.) 111~I'S1jl1"} 2O~ 1\.I.eandcr I.he Great, 11-13 . 52

Ale,'\:.il[ltlr.ln,. L4 . .. • I ~.

.>Ii l~"'lIndJl"iOil tV<l!:;hoi:i [/). 12' Ale>:. ndnil Ar!i:mii, 12 i\'~~;l[ltBriill ... d..Ci'inC-liI!i.\!i!11 ;1Z 1'\le~m,m:.l.riIa.EKi.la,tlill 12

Ali )"ilnlijlcL !}Z

t'in, il'~ln~~iii 11.11",,1'[ "l'of)l'I. 8!Ci--~8t.' 1.02,..,.5.

j"1~. ~' 10) j tlrll, 2(:P~'i' :2.00. 2UI '

Index

Abb..'i~d . .<Jl_ll phab~'. 1;5 ;\ltild'ruJ ts, :22.-~i

AMi.d !~I.~q., 154;Z13

Abdn,d v\;~~ I Uj ., rd 'f, 'l2-9--::lQ Ab(hl['R~hTI)@i1'll1 ~~flIU{r., 5-f'i-1. 6~'-·79

8,1-112, 1:17. 9'1, 1(14,. llU, "II':;, 207, .'. . - .

~.:!i"il[l-r:T-l'In-·liJH tl [1f.uJ~~,. 6.9-16 cI~3j;~1J.'l:r1 n

and 'Islam, "'-4

~,Uld '~II~~It.~t;' 'rl.g~'~t of k'1,~~,Wi'~1 13, and the Lr1be5., 74 .. S

ilnd i.h.: B:.duS-h, 7S;' 77-9 Mild tneRtlQ";Ial1s,. 75-7

.. o!~l' I Lhl1 DUfJll,'1'ld 1:1m::'/ :18~~l Abcb.irmllf}1~RJ~mil 18

J\~hil;i!illl!mcl I)YJ~,"~~Y; ~ U, 12

A~gll;llnJ def:iV'dtioJl·t'Jof ri~HU:~, ;~ A~gh.;lJ!.1·":rrlly':, 89,U,sct R4\1-, isz.rsa

171

...\.fgl~.1iIn M'l.H.iii.l. 1Z.5

i\ f8h-!i~.1 bl'llll, IW -2fl, 2J- i !. 2!>~3Q.. 32, 34, ;~6-9. 42-4, 4S;".9. 51-66. 6!)=7'3j 75" ~1-a,fH-7. 8~ -92, 9?~S, 9!, ·lOO. lO!2-UJ, la2:-3. ~.)2;-5i l~7, l,lS-6, .1.49, U·"l-3. t'lS-l'" l:5,!)-63j 169~ HIO 1112 17S-", UU; W8~-5, U17-R. ' 191' 3:, it ';-ZOO, l(l4~I:"·

bordeis, 1-2., 78,. 'lB7; ]34 t! O~I'. ph ,I

. c;l~llntl'~l'-. ,2,-

Ill~t~'l~,.l~l!l ~t:fl.d ! ifl\~~lJ L(Y,ll'Sj3~.o;j t,

a~il:lilrll]t~bfl t~~ llii~'r~. 8(,-? - "!lIu€i: !iccond.AnWQ·i'Wg~1Ian w'al, fU·.,:!)1

ilchict~,wilte.rlf 'Of 'h)d:e:!?~n[lenr-el 90 ~tl:e1npt~(,I1If ·(or..m I?J68 ra mmes,

ss-s

a.nd·l!lrn.l5ill, 90-1, 96-7 a f1~. USS1~ '1:2

w6tIdi t~iJ~~ ·.94-5·

,i'll'ili,. 9~~"fI ' cb.lll[&C"I~t, 9'7:-8

.mIJ~"Il.n: 57

:mcrii'~:- SiC' Un! le.d St(l'"t~~

llti.l:il 'r!ro:;:lclem,t Hiln.:tJ!llla h. l:zj~ U$:,

. 13:5-(;., i:~~F?, lil,;I:-~ .

e;;u:t!i C;lr~l;!r, 1.&:1: .

f. --ct~hmws,·1 nil.:!, 1<lS. l'elol.r.h?ilShif,l witftJ"So"i~I;!;. 144-6 ,1"'ltl1. l.j~i

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