MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Presented By
Hima Venkata Kishore Kumar Maddukuri
BE(EIE),M.Tech(ECE(I&CS))
ECE DEPT HOD,KSIT
Under certain circumstances all these can be Under certain circumstances all these can be
regarded as transmission lines: regarded as transmission lines:
Co Co--ax cable ax cable
Pair of wires Pair of wires
PCB tracks PCB tracks
IC interconnects IC interconnects
GENERAL DEFINITION GENERAL DEFINITION
A transmission line can be defined as A transmission line can be defined as a device for a device for
propagating or guiding energy from one point to propagating or guiding energy from one point to
another another.. The propagation The propagation
of energy is for one of two of energy is for one of two
general reasons: general reasons:
2. 2. Information transfer Information transfer examples are telephone, radio, examples are telephone, radio,
and fibre and fibre--optic links (in each case the energy propagating optic links (in each case the energy propagating
down the transmission line is modulated in some way). down the transmission line is modulated in some way).
Example 1.2 Example 1.2 -- Phase difference between the ends of a cable. Phase difference between the ends of a cable.
Determine the phase difference between the ends of: Determine the phase difference between the ends of:
(a) a 10m length of mains cable for a 50Hz electricity (a) a 10m length of mains cable for a 50Hz electricity
supply supply
(b) a 10m length of coaxial cable carrying a 750MHz TV (b) a 10m length of coaxial cable carrying a 750MHz TV
signal signal
N.B. one wavelength corresponds to one complete cycle N.B. one wavelength corresponds to one complete cycle
or wave, and hence to a phase change of 360 or wave, and hence to a phase change of 360 or 2 or 2
radians. So the phase change over a distance radians. So the phase change over a distance ll is just is just
360 360 l l / / (or 2 (or 2 l l / / radians) radians)

PRACTICAL DEFINITION PRACTICAL DEFINITION

We have to treat a conducting system as a transmission line We have to treat a conducting system as a transmission line if the if the
wavelength of the signal propagating down the line is less than or wavelength of the signal propagating down the line is less than or
comparable with the length of the line comparable with the length of the line
Associated with transmission lines there may be: Associated with transmission lines there may be:
Propagation losses Propagation losses
Distortion Distortion
Interference due to reflection at the load Interference due to reflection at the load
Time delays Time delays
Phase changes Phase changes
Some different types of transmission lines: Some different types of transmission lines:
Radio link Radio link
with antennas with antennas
22--wire line wire line
(dc) (dc)
22--wire line wire line
(ac) (ac)
Coaxial line Coaxial line
(dc, ac, rf) (dc, ac, rf)
Microstrip Microstrip
line (rf) line (rf)
Rectangular Rectangular
waveguide waveguide
(rf) (rf)
Optical Optical
fibre (light) fibre (light)
Cross Cross
section section
Microstrip line Microstrip line
cross cross
section section
conductor conductor
dielectric dielectric
dielectric dielectric
conductors conductors
Optical fibre Optical fibre
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical size of the antenna. At
higher frequencies, more antenna gain is therefore possible for a given
physical antenna size, which has important consequences for
implementing miniaturized microwave systems.
More bandwidth can be realized at higher frequencies. Bandwidth is
critically important because available frequency bands in the
electromagnetic spectrum are being rapidly depleted.
Microwave signals travel by line of sight are not bent by the
ionosphere as are lower frequency signals and thus satellite and
terrestrial communication links with very high capacities are possible.
Effective reflection area (radar cross section) of a radar target is
proportional to the targets electrical size. Thus generally microwave
frequencies are preferred for radar systems.
Various molecular, atomic, and nuclear resonances occur at
microwave frequencies, creatinga variety of unique applications in
the areas of basic science, remote sensing, medical diagnostics and
treatment, and heating methods.
Today, the majority of applications of microwaves are related to radar
and communication systems. Radar systems are used for detecting and
locating targets and for air traffic control systems, missile tracking
radars, automobile collision avoidance systems, weather prediction,
motion detectors, and a wide variety of remote sensing systems.
Microwave communication systems handle a large fraction of the
worlds international and other long haul telephone, data and television
transmissions.
Most of the currently developing wireless telecommunications systems,
such as direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television, personal
communication systems (PCSs), wireless local area networks (WLANS),
cellular video (CV) systems, and global positioning satellite (GPS)
systems rely heavily on microwave technology.
A SHORT HISTORY OF MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Modern electromagnetic theory was formulated in 1873 by J ames Clerk
Maxwell solely from mathematical considerations.
Maxwells formulation was cast in its modern form by Oliver Heaviside,
during the period 1885 to 1887.
Heinrich Hertz, a German professor of physics understood the theory
published by Maxwell, carried out a set of experiments during 1887-1891
that completely validated Maxwells theory of electromagnetic waves.
It was only in the 1940s (World War II) that microwave theory received
substantial interest that led to radar development.
Communication systems using microwave technology began to develop
soon after the birth of radar.
The advantages offered by microwave systems, wide bandwidths and
line of sight propagation, provides an impetus for the continuing
development of low cost miniaturized microwave components.
Waveguides
By
H V k KUMAR
BE(EIE),M.Tech(ECE(I&CS))
Waveguide Waveguide
cross cross
section section
rectangular rectangular
waveguides waveguides
MODES OF PROPAGATION MODES OF PROPAGATION
The energy propagating down a transmission line The energy propagating down a transmission line
propagates as a wave propagates as a wave. Different modes of propagation . Different modes of propagation
(i.e. different patterns of (i.e. different patterns of EE and and HH fields) are possible. fields) are possible.
These fall into two categories: These fall into two categories:
TE TE TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC
TM TM TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC
TEM Modes: TEM Modes: In the special case In the special case
where where EE and and HH are both transverse are both transverse
(i.e. at right angles) to the direction (i.e. at right angles) to the direction
of energy flow, the mode is termed of energy flow, the mode is termed TEM TEM. .
EE and and HH will also be at right angles to each other. will also be at right angles to each other.
TEM TEM TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC
TE mode TE mode
1. LINES PROPAGATING TEM MODES 1. LINES PROPAGATING TEM MODES::
There is no There is no EE or or HH field in the direction of propagation. field in the direction of propagation.
twin twin--wire, coaxial, stripline and (approximately) wire, coaxial, stripline and (approximately)
microstrip lines are in this group. microstrip lines are in this group.
2. LINES PROPAGATING TE OR TM MODES: 2. LINES PROPAGATING TE OR TM MODES:
EE or or HH have components in the direction of energy have components in the direction of energy
flow. flow.
waveguides and optical waveguides and optical fibres fibres are in this group. are in this group.
The kinds of mode that can propagate down a line The kinds of mode that can propagate down a line
depend on the geometry and materials of the line. depend on the geometry and materials of the line.
Transmission lines can be classified into 2 groups Transmission lines can be classified into 2 groups
according to the type of mode that normally according to the type of mode that normally
propagates down them. propagates down them.
17
Transmission Lines and
Waveguides
Waveguide and other transmission
lines for the low-loss transmission of
microwave power.
Early microwave systems relied on
waveguide and coaxial lines for
transmission line media.
Waveguide: high power-handling
capability, low loss, but bulky and
expensive
Cont.,
Coaxial line: high bandwidth,
convenient for test applications,
difficult medium in which to fabricate
complex microwave components.
Planar transmission lines: stripline,
microstrip, slotline, coplanar
waveguide compact, low cost,
easily integrated with active devices
19
At frequencies below the cutoff frequency of
a given mode, the propagation constant is
purely imaginary, corresponding to a rapid
exponential decay of the fields. cutoff or
evanescent modes.
TM
n
mode propagation is analogous to a
high-pass filter response.
The wave impedance pure real for f > f
c
, pure
imaginary for f < f
c
.
The guide wavelength is defined the distance
between equiphase planes along the z-axis.

g
> = 2/k, the wavelength of a
plane wave in the material.
The phase velocity and guide
wavelength are defined only for a
propagation mode, for which is real.
Rectangular Waveguides
By
H V k KUMAR
Waveguide components
Figures from: www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/waveguide.cfm
Rectangular waveguide
Waveguide to coax adapter
E-tee Waveguide bends
More waveguides
http://www.tallguide.com/Waveguidelinearity.html
Uses
To reduce attenuation loss
High frequencies
High power
Can operate only above certain
frequencies
Acts as a High-pass filter
Normally circular or rectangular
We will assume lossless rectangular
Rectangular WG
Need to find the fields
components of the
em wave inside the
waveguide
E
z
H
z
E
x
H
x
E
y
H
y
Well find that
waveguides dont
support TEMwaves
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.J efferies/wguide.html
Rectangular Waveguides:
Fields inside
Using phasors & assuming waveguide
filled with
lossless dielectric material and
walls of perfect conductor,
the wave inside should obey
c
k
H k H
E k E
c e
2 2
2 2
2 2
where
0
0
=
= + V
= + V
Then applying on the z-component
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
: obtain we where from
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
: Variables of Separation of method by Solving
0
k
Z
Z
Y
Y
X
X
z Z y Y x X z y x E
E k
z
E
y
E
x
E
'' '' ''
z
z
z z z
= + +
=
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
0
2 2
= + V
z z
E k E
Fields inside the waveguide
0
0
0
: s expression in the results which
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
=
= +
= +
= +
= + +
Z Z
Y k Y
X k X
k k k
k
Z
Z
Y
Y
X
X
''
y
''
x
''
y x
'' '' ''

z z
y y
x x
e c e c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)

+ =
+ =
+ =
6 5
4 3
2 1
) (
sin cos
sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
y x
k k k h + = + =
Substituting
z z
y y
x x
e c e c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)

+ =
+ =
+ =
6 5
4 3
2 1
) (
sin cos
sin cos
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ( z Z y Y x X z y x E
z
=
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
z
y y x x z
z
y y x x z
z z
y y x x z
e y k B y k B x k B x k B H
e y k A y k A x k A x k A E
z
e c e c y k c y k c x k c x k c E

+ + =
+ + =
+
+ + + =
sin cos sin cos
, field magnetic for the Similarly
sin cos sin cos
: direction - in traveling wave at the looking only If
sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
Other components
From Faraday and Ampere Laws we can find the
remaining four components:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
y x
z z
y
z z
x
z z
y
z z
x
k k k h
where
y
H
h x
E
h
j
H
x
H
h y
E
h
j
H
x
H
h
j
y
E
h
E
y
H
h
j
x
E
h
E
+ = + =
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=

ec
ec
e
e
*So once we know
E
z
and H
z
, we can
find all the other
fields.
Modes of propagation
From these equations we can conclude:
TEM (E
z
=H
z
=0) cant propagate.
TE (E
z
=0) transverse electric
In TE mode, the electric lines of flux are
perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide
TM (H
z
=0) transverse magnetic, E
z
exists
In TM mode, the magnetic lines of flux are
perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide.
HE hybrid modes in which all components
exists
TM Mode
Boundary
conditions:
,a x E
,b y E
z
z
0 at 0
0 at 0
= =
= =
Figure from: www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/magnetic/rect/info.htm
( )( )
z
y y x x z
e y k A y k A x k A x k A E

+ + = sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
( )( )
z j
y x z
e y k x k A A E
|
= sin sin
4 2
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of sin k
x
x,
where k
x
=mt/a, m=1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of sin k
y
y,
where k
y
=nt/b, n=1,2,3,
So the solution for E
z
(x,y,z) is
TM Mode
Substituting
2 2
2
sin sin
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

b
n
a
m
h
where
e y
b
n
x
a
m
E E
z j
o z
t t
t t
|
2 2
k + =
TM
mn
Other components are
x
E
h
j
H
y
E
h
j
H
y
E
h
E
x
E
h
E
z
y
z
x
z
y
z
x
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
2
2
2
2
ec
ec

z
o y
z
o x
z
o y
z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
E
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
E

t t t ec
t t t ec
t t t
t t t

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
sin cos
cos sin
cos sin
sin cos
2
2
2
2
0
sin sin
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

z
z j
o z
H
e y
b
n
x
a
m
E E
|
t t
TM modes
The m and n represent the mode of propagation
and indicates the number of variations of the
field in the x and y directions
Note that for the TM mode, if n or m is zero, all
fields are zero.
See applet by Paul Falstad
http://www.falstad.com/embox/guide.html
TM Cutoff
The cutoff frequency occurs when
Evanescent:
Means no propagation, everything is attenuated
Propagation:
This is the case we are interested since is when the wave is allowed to
travel through the guide.
( )
c e
t t

2
2 2
2 2 2

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
b
n
a
m
k k k
y x
2 2
2 2
2
1
2
1
or
0 then When
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
= + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m
f
j
b
n
a
m
c
c
t t
c
t
| o
t t
c e
0 and When
2 2
2
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
< | o
t t
c e
b
n
a
m
0 and When
2 2
2
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
> o |
t t
c e j
b
n
a
m
Cutoff
The cutoff frequency is the frequency
below which attenuation occurs and above
which propagation takes place. (High Pass)
The phase constant becomes
2
2 2
2
1 '
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
f
f
b
n
a
m
c
|
t t
c e |
2 2
2
'
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m u
f
mn c
f
c,mn
attenuation Propagation
of mode mn
Phase velocity and impedance
The phase velocity is defined as
And the intrinsic impedance of the mode
is
f
u
u
p
p
= = =
|
t

|
e 2
'
2
1 '
(

= = =
f
f
H
E
H
E
c
x
y
y
x
TM
q q
Summary of TM modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
Inside the waveguide
c q / '=
c e e | = = ' / ' u
2
1 '
(

=
f
f
c
TM
q q
2
1
'
(

=
f
f
c

| e
|
e
/
1 '
2
=
(

=
f
f
u
c
p
2
1 '
(

=
f
f
c
| |
f u / ' '=
c | e / 1 ' / ' = = = f u
Related example of how fields look:
Parallel plate waveguide - TM modes
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
a
x m
sin A E
z
( ) z t j
e
| e
0 a x
m = 1
m = 2
m = 3
x
z
a
E
z
TE Mode
Boundary
conditions:
,a x E
,b y E
y
x
0 at 0
0 at 0
= =
= =
Figure from: www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/magnetic/rect/info.htm
( )( )
z j
y x z
e y k x k B B H
|
= cos cos
3 1
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of cos k
x
x,
where k
x
=mt/a, m=0,1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of cos k
y
y,
where k
y
=nt/b, n=0,1,2,3,
So the solution for E
z
(x,y,z) is
( )( )
z
y y x x z
e y k B y k B x k B x k B H

+ + = sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
TE Mode
Substituting
Note that n and m cannot be both zero
because the fields will all be zero.
2 2
2
again where
cos cos
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

b
n
a
m
h
e y
b
n
a
x m
H H
z j
o z
t t
t t
|
TE
mn
Other components are
z
o y
z
o x
z
o y
z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
H
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
E
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
E

t t t |
t t t |
t t t e
t t t e

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
sin cos
cos sin
cos sin
sin cos
2
2
2
2
0
cos cos
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

z
z j
o z
E
e y
b
n
x
a
m
H H
|
t t
y
H
h
H
x
H
h
H
x
H
h
j
E
y
H
h
j
E
z
y
z
x
z
y
z
x
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
2
2
2
2

e
e
Cutoff
The cutoff frequency is the same
expression as for the TM mode
But the lowest attainable frequencies are
lowest because here n or m can be zero.
2 2
2
'
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m u
f
mn c
f
c,mn
attenuation Propagation
of mode mn
Dominant Mode
The dominant mode is the mode with
lowest cutoff frequency.
Its always TE
10
The order of the next modes change
depending on the dimensions of the
guide.
Summary of TE modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
Inside the waveguide
c q / '=
c e e | = = ' / ' u
2
1
'
(

=
f
f
c
TE
q
q
2
1
'
(

=
f
f
c

| e
|
e
/
1 '
2
=
(

=
f
f
u
c
p
2
1 '
(

=
f
f
c
| |
f u / ' '=
c | e / 1 ' / ' = = = f u
Variation of wave impedance
Wave impedance varies with
frequency and mode

TE

TM

f
c,mn
Example:
Consider a length of air-filled copper X-band
waveguide, with dimensions a=2.286cm,
b=1.016cm operating at 10GHz. Find the
cutoff frequencies of all possible propagating
modes.
Solution:
From the formula for the cut-off frequency
2 2
2
'
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m u
f
mn
c
Example
An air-filled 5-by 2-cm waveguide has
at 15GHz
What mode is being propagated?
Find |
Determine E
y
/E
x
( ) ( ) V/m 50 sin 40 sin 20
z j
z
e y x E
|
t t

=
Group velocity, u
g
Is the velocity at which
the energy travels.
It is always less than u
(

=
(

=
c c
=
s
m
f
f
u u
c
g
rad/m
rad/s
1 '
/
1
2
e |
( )
2
' u u u
g p
=
z
o y
e
a
x m
H
a h
j
E

t t e

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= sin
2
http://www.tpub.com/content/et/14092/css/14092_71.htm
Group Velocity
As frequency is increased,
the group velocity increases.
Power transmission
The average Poynting vector for the waveguide
fields is
where q = q
TE
or q
TM
depending on the mode
| | | |
z
E E
H E H E H E
y x
x y y x ave

2
Re
2
1
Re
2
1
2
2
* *
*
q
+
=
= = P
} } }
= =
+
= =
a
x
b
y
y x
ave ave
dx dy
E E
dS P
0 0
2
2
2q
P
[W/m
2
]
[W]
Attenuation in Lossy
waveguide
When dielectric inside guide is lossy, and walls
are not perfect conductors, power is lost as it
travels along guide.
The loss power is
Where o=o
c
+o
d
are the attenuation due to ohmic
(conduction) and dielectric losses
Usually o
c
>> o
d
z
o ave
e P P
o 2
=
ave
ave
L
P
dz
dP
P o 2 = =
Attenuation for TE
10
Dielectric attenuation, Np/m
Conductor attenuation, Np/m
2
1 2
'
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
f
f
c
d
oq
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
10 ,
2
10 ,
5 . 0
1 '
2
f
f
a
b
f
f
b
R
c
c
s
c
q
o
Dielectric
conductivity!
Waveguide Cavities
Cavities, or resonators, are
used for storing energy
Used in klystron tubes,
band-pass filters and
frequency meters
Its equivalent to a RLC
circuit at high frequency
Their shape is that of a
cavity, either cylindrical or
cubical.
Cavity TM Mode to z
: obtain we where from
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
: Variables of Separation by Solving
z Z y Y x X z y x E
z
=
z k c z k c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)
z z
y y
x x
sin cos ) (
sin cos
sin cos
6 5
4 3
2 1
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
2 2 2
z y x
k k k k where + + =
TM
mnp
Boundary Conditions
,c z E E
,a x E
,b y E
x y
z
z
0 at , 0
0 at 0
0 at 0
= = =
= =
= =
From these, we conclude:
k
x
=mt/a
k
y
=nt/b
k
z
=pt/c
where c is the dimension in z-axis
c e
t t t
t t t
2
2 2 2
2
sin sin sin
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
p
b
n
a
m
k
where
c
z p
b
y n
a
x m
E E
o z
c
Resonant frequency
The resonant frequency is the same
for TM or TE modes, except that the
lowest-order TM is TM
110
and the
lowest-order in TE is TE
101
.
2 2 2
2
'
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
p
b
n
a
m u
f
r
Cavity TE Mode to z
: obtain we where from
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , (
: Variables of Separation by Solving
z Z y Y x X z y x H
z
=
z k c z k c z Z
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)
z z
y y
x x
sin cos ) (
sin cos
sin cos
6 5
4 3
2 1
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
2 2 2
z y x
k k k k where + + =
TE
mnp
Boundary Conditions
,b y E
,a x E
,c z H
x
y
z
0 at , 0
0 at 0
0 at 0
= =
= =
= =
From these, we conclude:
k
x
=mt/a
k
y
=nt/b
k
z
=pt/c
where c is the dimension in z-axis
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
y p
b
y n
a
x m
H H
o z
t t t
sin cos cos
c
Quality Factor, Q
The cavity has walls with finite
conductivityand is therefore losing
stored energy.
The quality factor, Q, characterized the
loss and also the bandwidth of the
cavity resonator.
Dielectric cavities are used for
resonators, amplifiers and oscillators at
microwave frequencies.
A dielectric resonator antenna
with a cap for measuring the
radiation efficiency
Univ. of Mississippi
Quality Factor, Q
Is defined as
( )
( ) ( ) | |
2 2 3 3
2 2
101
2
TE mode dominant For the
101
c a ac c a b
abc c a
Q
TE
+ + +
+
=
o
c o
f
where
o t
o
101
1
=
L
P
W
lation e of oscil y per cycl loss energ
stored ge energy Time avera
Q
t 2
2
=
=
Example
For a cavity of dimensions; 3cm x 2cm x 7cm filled with
air and made of copper (o
c
=5.8 x 10
7
)
Find the resonant frequency and the quality factor
for the dominant mode.
Answer:
GHz f
r
44 . 5
7
1
2
0
3
1
2
10 3
2 2 2
10
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
6
9
10 6 . 1
) 10 44 . 5 (
1

=

=
c o
o
o
( )
( ) ( ) | |
378 , 568
7 3 7 3 7 3 2 2
7 2 3 7 3
2 2 3 3
2 2
101
=
+ + +
+
=
o
TE
Q
GHz f
r
9
7
0
2
1
3
1
2
10 3
2 2 2
10
110
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
66
3.7 Stripline
A planar-type of transmission line that
lends itself well to microwave
integrated circuitry and
photolithographic fabrication.
Since stripline has 2 conductors and a
homogeneous dielectric, it can support
a TEM wave.
The stripline can also support higher
order TM and TE modes, but these are
usually avoided in practice.
67
Figure 3.22 (p. 137)
Stripline transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and
magnetic field lines.
68
Figure 3.23 (p. 138)
Photograph of a stripline circuit assembly, showing four
quadrature hybrids, open-circuit tuning stubs, and coaxial
transitions. Courtesy of Harlan Howe, J r. M/A-COM Inc.
69
3.8 Microstrip
Microstrip line is one of the most popular types of
transmission lines, primarily because it can be
fabricated by photolithographic process and is
easily integrated with other passive and active
microwave devices.
Microstrip line cannot support a pure TEM wave.
In most practical applications, the dielectric
substrate is electrically very thin (d<<), and so the
fields are quasi-TEM.
0
, , 1
p e e r
e
c
v k | c c c
c
= = < <
70
Figure 3.25 (p. 143)
Microstrip transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and
magnetic field lines.
71
Formulas for Propagation Constant,
Characteristic Impedance and Attenuation
The effective dielectric constant of a
microstrip line:
The characteristic impedance of a
microstrip line is
1 1 1
2 2
1 12 /
r r
e
d W
c c
c
+
= +
+
| |
0
60 8
ln for / 1
4
120
for / 1
/ 1.393 0.667ln( / 1.444)
e
e
d W
W d
W d
Z
W d
W d W d
c
t
c

| |
+ s
|
\ .

>

+ + +

72
Given Z
0
, and
r
, the strip width is
where
The attenuation due to dielectric loss
2
8
for / 2
2

2 1 0.61
1 ln(2 1) ln( 1) 0.39 for / 2
2
A
A
r
r r
e
W d
e
W
d
B B B W d
c
t c c

<

=

(

+ + <
` (

0
0
1 1 0.11
0.23
60 2 1
377
2
r r
r r
r
Z
A
B
Z
c c
c c
t
c
| |
+
= + +
|
+
\ .
=
0
( 1)tan
2 ( 1)
r e
d
e r
k c c o
o
c c

73
The attenuation due to the conductor loss
where is the surface
resistivity of the conductor.
0

s
c
R
Z W
o =
0
/ 2
s
R e o =
Evanescent Wave below Cutoff
We have assumed propagation of the
form e-jzand found that for the
waveguide above cutoff (f>fc).
This equation is valid only for f > fcor
What happens below cutoff when
condition (my7.42) is not satisfied? In
this case wave propagation is of the
form e-zwith an attenuation constant
.
Such a wave is called an evanescent
wave. It does not carry any power in
the z-direction but
consists of EM fields that decay
exponentially in the z-direction.A
waveguide below cutoff
supports only the evanescent wave. A
section of cutoff waveguideacts like an
attenuator
WAVE PROPAGATION
Many guided wave
concepts can be
explained by
unbounded TEM
waves reflected off w/g
walls.
a) y-polarized TEM plane wave propagates in the +zdirection. (b)
Wavefrontview of the propagating wave.
We take two identicaly-polarized TEM waves, rotate one
by +and the other by as shown in (a), and combine
them in (b).
(a) Replacing
adjacent zero
field lines with
conducting
walls, we get an
identical
field pattern
inside. (b) The
u+ wave fronts
for a supported
propagation
mode are
shown for an
arbitrary angle .
(c) The velocity
of the
superimposed
fields, or group
velocity, is uG.
We see that a is determined by and , where f = uu/.Consider
distance AC:
NB: phase velocity can be
greater than speed of light
Waveguide Impedance
Figure 7-11ab (p. 356)
TM11 field distribution inside a rectangular waveguide. Adjacent to the left-column
contour plots are conventional plots taken across the middle of the guide. The
contour plot has been modified with heavier lines representing larger magnitudes.
Figure 7-12 (p. 358)
The TM11Ezplots of MATLAB 7.2. This is
a black and white rendition of plots that
will appear in color when you run the
program.
The contour plot has been modified
with heavier lines representing larger
magnitudes.