Colloquial Indonesian - Michael C. Ewig

The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar - Routledge (EXTRACT)
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/moreinfo.aspx?isbn=9780203821121&ISO=US
AAcjtael C Ewirtg
I IN TRODUCTION
IBclomesian 1s 8 varllety of Ma1lay, a laflgllage spokem throughout Dluch of lnsular Bnd
peminsular Southeast Asia. Malay occurs in many indigemous varieties, as a llimgua franca
and in creolized forns. The variety known as Imdonesian has developed frorn language
p1lanning work initiated by colomial scholars and Bdmnistrators under Butch ruIe. These
scholars relmforced an rndlgenous dksf1Bct1lon betwveem lllgh and low fol tMs of the lam
guage im an effort to valorize one Icartificiallly producedj mriety of High Malaiy for their
colonial purposes, in contrast to the nunMmus seemi~gly umwieldy varieties of Low
Malay fllourishimg throughout the archipelago. This language-plamning Bgemda has been
comt1mUecl 1m tle post= colon1all era, l3y Indoneslan Ilngulsts Bnd ectucBIiors wlth the goal of
tramsforming Indonesian into a stamdardIzed 'high' 1language deermed suitable for 8 mod
ern, cultural1Iy and intellectuaIly forward-looking people, and slie1lded from the corrupting influences of 'low' forms of the language (see Steinhauer, Chapter 3, this volun~e, for
1Dore discussion j.
The spread of tlus standardized fonn of an IIIndonesian language through the development
Gf education and the nMdlla has kndeeI been ome of ttM great successes of tlle Indomes)an
nationalist agenda (Errington t998). Yet despite the efforts of the language phumers,
speakers of Imdonesian still contimue to use a wide range of fluid Bnd constamtly inter
acting codes, styles, and lects, >vhich are meitlher easily Hor approp6ately separated into
meatly dllst)mct varieties. All speakers of lmdonesian Mcognize 8 contrast betweem the
govermmemt=samctioned form of Indonesian Rnd more spontaneous varieties. 7he former
ls kno%'mQAlclally as bQAQ$8 6PkP. standard language, charactenzed Bs 6PIhYEP p'4Mg
lraik dan beear 'Ianguage that is good mxl correct' and popularly referred to xvith such
descriptors as bahasa vesrai 'oNciat language', haltasa fore)al 'formal language", or
baitasa 8)'D 'the language of the definitive spelling system' (see section 2). Other forms
of Indomesian or Malay Used spomtaneously througlout the country nlllght l3e referred to
by speakersas,forexample, &aAasa 1i
sa~r'spokem lamguage'. 6aAasa pasaJ 'market lam=
guage, or EM'AQsitl M'IMPE-AQPE'everyIay Ilanguage . Indeed 1HsoDMthlng Qf 8 contllmua

=
tiom of this divisiom, the presemt chapter on Colloquial Imdlonesiam cam be seem to
conplement Prentllces 1990 sketch of standard Imdonesiam Bnd filll out some of the
GI3servationIs Blade tlMM about clalacteristics of col/Gqu)al lamguage. The history Gf
Indlomesian has been chMmicled Iln Alis)ahbana 1962, Amv(ar 1980, Emngton 1998,
HoIITman 1979, and Maier 1993.
Although ColloquiaI Indomesian is often calIed bahasa 3isarr 'spoken Ianguagea by
those who use it, these are mot equivalent terms. While probably the Ibest exemplar and
most frequently occurring germ of Collloquiall Indonesian is indeed casual conversation,
saI.ient features of the comversatiomal exenpllar imclude mot omly that it is spoken, but also
that it is interactive, umplamnede amd, crucially, emblematic of relaxed interpersomal relatioms. There are fomal genres of spoken 1language that lack these characteristcs, such as
228 THE AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES
spceches aDd cefta)n styles 9f drBDla. Indecd Badudu ef 4f/. 5(1934) research 9D spoken
Ind9neslan morplhollogy explIcItly exaBllIAes only EI'QAQMM582E'9%cxal language' wt th
results that are veq close t9 the prescribed standard. Conversely, the IAforrAB1 characterIstlcs 9f convcfsaiIGAal IndoneslRA occuF IA AGA-coAversatlQA&lgcnI'es aDd AQA-spoken
chmInels, for example IA personal letters, electronic fonm>s, and popular magaziHes.
Noncfheless conversatIon remains the primary II9cus 9f Colloquial IndQAesIan and rnany
wrltel 5 Qf infottlMl 1anguage stfkve to capture ttM fcel of thls genre.
This chapter presents Co1loquial Ind9nesian H9f as a separafe variety of Malay but as
8 socla1l style, olM FegIsfer BmQng the FDany %'ays tllat tlm Datlonall language Qf IIndQHesIa
is used by Its speakers. This iFIforxmalI style is Mentifiable, to both speakers and researchers, by a coAvergencc Qf lexkcal, morphologIcal, syAfactI.c,BAddiscourse mBFkers.
In casuall Inferacfions, speakers and writers use these markers in coAjm>cfion xvith the
wider resources of Standard Ind9nesian BDdwith FCSMlrces from Qthel varll.etics of
Malay (e.g. Betawi Malay and Jakartan Indonesian), as well as other Indonesian and
international languages(e.g. Javanese, Arabic, and English ). Colloquial Indonesian is at
once thlls sef of DIarkers BAdBlso flM ways in whllch speakers lllse fhese Markers togeH1cr
wIth 9tlher linguistic res9urces to sintulltaneousIiy refllect and coHstitmte an inf9rnIall BHd
casua1 qualIty o f
I n t elactIGA. Because theM 15 VBDlatll9D Mt h9%' spcakefs cGAstlhllfe
ColjoquIa1l IIndoAesian across educafIona1l, economic, FegIonala ancl ethnIc groups, the
descrllpflon Ifl th1s chaptcr Is based 9n tl4c type of language typllcallly used l3y ec1ucatcd
speakers oi' Indonesian using the language in ethnically (or f'irst-Ianguage) tnixed,
informal interactions.
In this socIa1 style nsodel 9f co1loquial IIDd9nesiBA, speakers are seen fo draw frequcnfly
on the gramriatical res9urces of Sfandafd Ind9neslafl 1A theIF IlAfoimal llAferaction.
Because Sfandard IndoAesim has beeA exteASIvely describcd elsewlserea these fcatures
wIll n9t be coveled ln detakl IA the presenf chaptcl. RcMlers CBAtllfn t9 any of the reference grmzmars or linguistic descripfions of Sfandard IIndoHesian, ineiudiAg Kaswanfi
PUDvo 1984, 1938, Macoonald KAdDardjowldjojo 1967, Moelllono Bnd I3ardJlvwllJJl9j9
1983, Musgrave 2001, PFCAtIce 1990, sAeddon 1996, BAdverhaar 1984. IA this chzpter,
emphasis wHl be placed on. issues Doticeably dIvergent from the stBAdard language: fea
tuFes that are pervasIve ln Colllloqullal Indofleslan and fealllfes that BM particullarly char
=
acterlstllc Qf 1Hf9rmal face-f9-face 1lHferactlon. PFevlollls 1voFk on Colloqulal IIld9ne51an
has 13een lcss exteASPfethBAihat on the stMIdard language l3ut there has been 8 feceni
sfrong upsurge of interest I.A the topic. see for example, cmmrmng 2002, EAglebrefsoFI
2003, ENiAg and CuImIing il
998, Gil 2002a, 200 b, Sneddon 2002, 'A'ouk 1989, 'A'omk
1999. %918 et a/. 1986 iAclude extensive descriptions of beth stBAdard and IAformal
usage, while AAdersoA 1966 BAdl Hooker 1995 dIscuss the polItica1l implicatI9ns of
dIfferent styles of Indonesian. otlher related ~vQFk includes GrIjns 1991, IkrBAegara 1980,
MuhadjIF 1931, Tanner 1967.
The dI.scussion In this chapter is based largely oA 8 corpus 9f trBAscripts fram naturally
occurring conversafional IIndoAesian recorded in Jakarta, various parts of Java, BAd
BmoAg IAdonesiBAS resIdiAg In Australia. It tlherefore tends to Fepresent Collloquial
Ind9neslan as spoken m Java alth9ugh the coAversatloHS dlo generally lnclude speakers
with difFereAf first-Ilanguage backgr9unds, iAcludIng speakers from Gufside Java. This
stzdy thus focuses on informal IndoAesian in ifs rolle as a second laAguage of national
lntegratll9n. Becwlse prosody carIl185 knhlportBAt gFKm'Aatlcal llHfolDEatloA In spokeA Ilan
guagc QA apar wlth morplhol9gy BAdsyntax, the coflversationa1. data are transcribed Ilnt9
IntoABtIQA uAlis. Each. )ntoAatll9n mIt IS '8 stretch Gf speech uttercd mlder 8 slng1e c9her-
ent uuonatlon contour (Du Bolls er ol. (992: 17) and ls transcrtbed011a separate Ilne,
COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 2 29
which is closed with punctuation to indicate whether the tenniHal pitch contour hjas final,
continuing, or appeal intonation. Sce the list of transcription conventions at the end of the
chapter f61'these and other conventiOHS. Tll cQHversatloH81 data Mc 8Ugnented wlth
examples of natural1y Gccurring 1Hforrnal wl1tten 1angu8ge froDl thje 1ntel net. The %T1ttcH
dzta,of course,do Hot have prosody, and these examples are given as punctuated by the
or1glnall %'r1ters.
IH the context of the data used for this description, the phonological system of spoken
Colloquial Indonesian is not strikingly dtfkrent from the standard. The basic phoneme
inventory of IndoHesian 1Hclludcs the sI.x vowells in Table 8.l and the twenty= two conso
nants in Table 8.2.
Thje orthjogfaphjy umd in this chapter folllGLvs StandMd Indonesian, Il.e. the I3eflnitive
Speiling System (Ej aae yang D/seetpet7ta/aa or E3'D, Moeliono e/ a/ i983.). The orthographic symbols of the FM correspond to the segmental symbols in Tables 8.1 and 3.2,
with the following difkrenees: <e> = /o/, <0> = /e', <j > = / 5/, < ny> = I p / > ,
<sy> = / J/ <y> = /j/ + n g > = /ti' < k h > = /x/, end <k> = /7/ end /k/.
There will be variation 1n the phonetic realizat1ons of sorne aspects of this system, differjjHg botll by llndlvll<iual speakers Bnd frQBl one reglon Gf the c64mtry to another. But
because a description of regionally identifiab1le var1eties of Colloquial Indonesian is Hot
the goal of this chapter, such variation ~viill Hot be addrcssed here. There are, hoxvever, a
few freqMnt vaGlatllons 1n Colloqulal Indones1an phonology whllch staHd out as sa1l1cHt to
speakers themsclves, especia/ly those of tlle Jakart&Java Mcas. These IlHcludc, 81Ttong
othcrs, the realization of the diphthong )'ai7 as [e] and, au," as[G]; uHrcalized 8; the loss
of initial syllable schxva befoxe liquids as in r'balu1T1~
[blmu] 'Hot yet'; and realization of
'a,/' as [a] iH the final syllables of some words as tn fsvna1j"' [smz1j] happy' IH additioH
othjer examples of reduced forms in Colloquial IndoHesian are not part of' the phoHGlogical system, but are linaited to a sn>alll set of specif'ic function words, e.g. Standzrd
=
TA.BI.E 8.1: V0%KLS IN

lNDGNtESIAN
TABLE 8.2: CO~WMINANTS IN INM)NESIAN

Labial Imterdentall Alveolar P alata) V elar
voiceless p
voiced
b
Yasal
Fricatjve
Lateral
Trill
GllNie
L a b io- G l o ttal
veiar
236 TME AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

$QNM Col joquIa1l QmQ sBHlc', Stamdard SQJQ ColloquIal
QJQ Just, StaMlM'd $IIti&A-
CollIoqUiall udaA 'r Fv', Bmd Standard wemmg Colloquial emang 'indced'.
The salicnce of such features for speakers is seem im colloquial spelling, a fluid set of
informal orthographic comventions difkrentially applied by eTIters to give the 'sound' Gf
famI.liBrity to the writtcn xvord. Some of tlhe phonologicBl variation discussed Bbovc
appears in the colloquial spellimg used in the followiI>g 1limes taken from internet imteractions. These includc the spelllings <ka1lo> for kalau and <pake> for pahei, as v ell as
<kasi> for kasiA and <trus~ for Ieswss.In tlhc imtcrllincar glossing of exaITIples taken
frotn the intermet, B lime in standard spellimg is placed before the gloss line.
(f)
/(a/o
I(d( ( /I / L e/I//(/( g u e
k alau udah
k e piki r
/ (rsi
co((( a leai / (( g i
guc
ka s i h r o e mreet l a g i
If
PFv
PDT:t h 1mk I I . s g I'4re(
comMlcnt agalm
If (III'vc thought Gf tsGHlPthlng), I Ill give soIYN Hlorc conlk'meflts.
KAffp 9ZN'6'l0'geoClfMS MNPSOQIABPQCAr'PEeP7437 Ug80boOI(; AlNlIW
(2)
TPl(s 8((I((l/ I ( nrl(/( S/ / iN ur e / ( a

' terus eNM/I UntUk SAvckNRJY itu
ncxt
e H 18i l f or
PQ4 P'O'Bg MQ B QP
pa k a i y a n g m a n a
Slack % 'ar8 D l s T u s c
R EL
w hIch
'And what's the cnsail to usc for S1ackwarH"

<Aftp b4I/(N'vlsm w ghmev-orcA<veh7msg00694 AImI>
Other aspects of' colloqmal spelling (not iflustrated above) do not necessariiy ref)ect
phoflologlcal featurcs Gf spokefl Colloql8iall IndoncslaI1, bUt arc alltefIlatIve folms for
graphenms inthe standard language, for example <mk~ for standard ~ng> or <ch>
for standBI'd KhP. Prior to 1972, use Qf ttM numbcr C2W to Mark rcduplicatiGB was
accepted im standard spelliI1g, but is noxv restxictcd to informal comtcxts, as im example
(68j be1loxv. Colloquial spellimg is Bmother indication of the salicnce for speakers of
col joqUia1l lmdoltMslBm In alll its various forHls of Pxpression. All exMAples Of spokcn Ianguage are presented ivith standardl orthography ~vhile examples taken from the internet
are presented with their original spelling.
3 BASIC MORPHOSYNTAX
3.l O'old clMses
There are two open word cllasses In Collfogulaf IBdolleslan, Bouns aud veribs (both
eventivc ver'bs Bmd stafive verbs, includimg 'adjectives'). %ords ofboth classes may cither
bc nMHGnorphemic or morplho1logically cornplex. WVords with derivationall or infllcctional
morphjoloay can generallly be more easily categorized as momm or verbs bascd on forntl.
alone IMcauM speclflc morpholog)" temds to be' assocIBted prllmarlll)" %"Ith elth@r theMgUMcnt ol predlcatc fUMtioms wlthlt1 clBuscs. Most HloIMNYlorp1MIMic forn)s CBm bc catcgo
rized as nouns or verbs based on v hethcr they Hmrc frcquentlly Occm im argtjml.et or
predicate functions in clauses and on patterns of interaction with negation Inarkers (see
section. 3.5'). Hmvevere rnonomorphemie forms tend to bc rather flexible, and speakers of
ColIoqUial Indonesian v ill Unflinchimgly use a xvord that might gcncralIiy be takem as a
verb in B nominal function or vice versa xvithout the derhationall morplhology prescribed
by standard fndolleslan to IIlark tbe siuft ln wol'd chss. Exalnp(es (3) thl'ougll (5) lliustrate the flexlblllty of'word class nlembersfup. In (3) the speaker, m a lnore standard
stylle, uses the nzomomorphemI.c foltn> eerilI'a 'story' as B noun im the first line, and then
COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 23 I
the dcrllved vct'bai torm, lrlencCPliiQirntl 'to 'teii 8 story ln tbe second ilnc. HO%evcr, ltl (4)
cer iIa is used as a verb wifh6uf benefit Gf derivatioBal morphGIGgy.
(3) N:
kEI0
e:
pNflp '8 ccP ktQ,
1p
H E s ha v e
sto r y
fPA4$ klI Q
N M ' 8-celfIQ-/MH 4 '
ifeM w, -k NMR
ILJifQ,
then
Av =story =~ PI
f r iend =rml
ip
Ip
tG
'I1VChave a story, and then we tell (it) to our fricnds.'

(4) C :
..
Ku' l n ll SQVn cerlri9 b e g i a l ,

is
st o r y lik e .this
'If I fcI1 a sfory 1l1ke fhlls.'
Example (5) iiiustrates the use of lnnkan, usuaHy 8 verb meaning 'to eat' but in this
confexf cI98rly 8 HQB11BallICBH1lflg fQcKI.. The prescriptllveIiy appropriate deDved foI'Bl
%'QuM be tP'MkQ4ft/ fo od .
(5) C:
Ma kan j agu nggak b o lr'h d i r aroil -di s itu .

foad
also
w~ E G
811 6 w Uv - p u t
Loc
ti, rED.ADv
'Food alls6 isn't allowed to be put there.'

Dcr1vat1Qnal morphology >s a m1ajor part 6f Ind6nesun grammar, >B both staBdajrd and
colloquial styles. CGI1loquial IndoBesian iBcludes a set 6f non-staBdmd forms as well as
tlhe f4Ill range Gf forms found in Standard Indonesian; alfhough standard forn1s may be
puf fo colloqmal usage as illustrated above. C61l1oquia1l derivatioB81l morpho/ogy maiBly
6ccurs with verbs and is Jiscussedl in section 5. There is Bo nomiBal derivational mor
phology speciAc to colloqmal IndoBesian: speakers draw m1orph61ogicaily complex
novns from the general stock 6f vocabuIary com1m1on to Sfandard Indonesian and
C61lloqluia1l Imdonesian. Sfandard derivational morpholegy is discussed fhlly in the grammars of Standard indonesian eited above. Prentice (i990) points out that Standard
IndoneslaB has a largel IlnveBtory of denvatllonal m6rphoiogy tllMB mosf Bon=staIldatd
fQHM of MaIBp. But because speakers of colloquial IndonesiBH draw Qn standard, c61IGquial and regional liBguistic zesources, their 18Bguage displays am even richer range 6f
morpl1ology than is displayed by Standard Indonesian.
=
3.2 Bssic cllsesestnactmre

A c1813se cGHsists Gf 8 su13ject Rnd 8 pI'edllc&te or a PMdlcSfe 816ne. Tll
p r c d llcafe Ils
frequemtly a verb, eitlher iBtransifive or traBsitive and either rnonoBMrphemic 6r with

sQHM sort Qf H1OE'Ph616gllcBImarklng. C6BmlGH HGH=verball pMdlcafP. QT)es Ilnclude Houn
phrases, prepositional pI1rases, and some adverbs.
The subject al1d I11ost other coM argumemts of 8H ImdoIlesial1 clause Me gcmcrally
unB'lafked as Gpposed tG oblique BrgmlMnfs, which are usualIiy m1RI'ked w1th8 pMposi
tioB. Tlhe subject is distirlguished from ether c6re argumeBts primariiy by the fact that
ifs positioB rehtive to fhe predicate is somewhat variable while that of non-subject
coM argllllnellts is Mlatlvcly flxed (cxatrlpies CM glvell bclow). Ill addlltloll, tile subjcet
argument may have one Qr more of tIM following features. It is generalIiy referentiai
and ideBtifiable; if is GAen higl1ly accessible in tlhe discourM contexf and so is oAen
mof expressed explicitly. In, c1ause=coB>binimg cGHtexts where a single arguB1ent is
shBrcd thaf argument 15 usUlally tlhe subjecf of tI1e sub6rdllnate clause. IH ccrt81n trmls1tlve
=
ciauses, the subject can frigger voice morphology on the verb, which marks the
subject's role as actor or undergoer of the clause (see sections 3.2. t and 5). I'he juncture
bettAeen subject and predicate is at> imporfant position for adveribial expressions amd
for dIscourse particies, '6'klllch Dlay be placed 1Mre, clause-Iln3tlaily oF ciause-flnallly,
but nof wifhin phrasal comsfitUents iI1 the ciause. This is illustrated iI1 sectioI1 3.2.3.
Finalllys piural subjecfs can be indicated ~vith the plural marker pada preceding the
predicate. Nonefheiess, Dot ali c1auses wili contain BI1 arguI1>enf that exhibits any Of these
feafUres. This possibility, fogefher v ith the prevalence of Unexpressed BrguIlMnfs,
frequemf lack of verbal DMrphollogy, and fllexibility in consfituenf order, cm. I1Man that
not all naturally occurring ciauses in Colloquiall Indonesian v I.ll have a clear sUbject
argument.
3~2
f~eP&Q/pJPdJt.-Q
i(eS
Transitive clauses have txvo core arguIlleI1ts, one nore agent-likee here callled fhe actor,
and one more patient-liike, the undergoer. Either the actor or tlhe undergoer can serve as
the subject of tlle clRUM, %"lth any Gr Rll of fhe characterIstlcs nofed Bbove. Most fraMItA'e cllauMS In 6"4lch bof/1 core argUrnenfs BM explllclfiy expressed have fhe coDsf1tucnt
order SVX, avhere 8 is the subject, V tlhe verb, BI1dX flle second, non =subjecf core argu
ment, as in the actor voice (Av) examplle (6) and 'the undergoer voice (L'v) exallilpte (7).
=
(6) S:
J W Q N 6'QNM
Pi9tIL R Q Z f
6 f MA .
M r R a z i v z n t c a rr y f r u I f
'Mr Razi is going to brlng fruit.'
(7) M :
dlrr rIE: IkNt Ea -
M i9$n
l3.PTcL 3s
-Selc Eatdl,
Uv-f o l l lolv-APP by
1nfel l e g e llce offiice
sNQ way s11e was follov'ed by sonleone fronl hrteI.'

There are in facf two difFcreHf c(N15trucfions %hich Bre l39fh classllfied as UV. IH fhe
= and fhe actor argmnent iis option
firsf, exemplified in (7), the verb is prefixed v ith dE'
aiiy nlarked by a preposiition, either coiloquiai samu~ama or sfandard OIeh 'by'. If the
actor Is nof marked avith a preposifion. the xvord order Is SVX and no intervening material can cone between the verb and tlhe aeter. If the actor is nmrked xvith a preposifioI1,
that preposifional phkrase is less restricted in iifs order relative to other elements in the
ciause. Dk-form L>v construcfions have been prescriptively associafed %vifh fhjrd person
actors in siandard IIldonesiBH, buf Iln nloderI1 collloquial Indones1IBn they can Blso be used
for first and second person actors. as in exampie (3).
=
(8)
XAf 8 )'8 c o i'o
Eif w
k'A
pffff8l'
pifMPl
kata-nya cwvok
If U
t eh
pInfa r
pIsa m
Say-DEF
Dls7
l3.PTCL Smarf v
J'Qpf
gu y
kd f/0
ZEI M ' W M 'I
$ QN 'a
M ')M'
tapi k alaU d i -lihat-lihat sama
s ava
but
1$,
COMU
1 f'
Uv-se e - RDp
l'Pl f
iI'Cili
by
ery
l Jflg / i Ph I A'4f-PPM' QgP/t, P He h ,
Ag o &P'OI.
BgBk an e h j RFB ng n g o brol

ratlher sfnnge r arely A v : talk
guy
'Tkey say that guy is very smarf, buf If I take 8 look at (11IIDII, that guy s acfions are
rather strange; ()xe) tarely taiks.' <members.nbcii.com,'pd2oniine/cinta'yenni.html?
cowok
=nya
1 A I I feh
fl ngka h 1lRkU
this D. PTcL be h a vior-DEF
P'AVI'g
COLLGQUIAL INDONESIAN 2 33
TlM words Iek Rnd pE$QPIin this exaIYlple are fronl stl3ndanese. As sundanese uses R
cognate k = constnlction for first person agent Uv clauses, this is a likely source for this
usage in Colloquial IIIdonesiana at least in the case of this particular writer.
In the second Uv constrmction, the ver5 is unafI'ixed; the actor is expressed Rs R
pronolninal fornl (or name, kinship term, or title used protlotninallv ) alld precedes the
verb so that the order is SXV, as in exanlple (9).
( 9) D :
D / a J i i g a sayu Ii n dung,
a lso 1 s
Invl t e
I invited hllrn too.
A specialIzed proHoun fak 1s > fr6Bl JavaIIese, Is used bv solHM speakels to 1ndllcate t1M
flrst persotl actor of 8 Uv constructloII, as In exan'1ple(10).
IeJ'TkS PU'JVg M A .II
RHL
fleXt
P P )lI'MIL SP)'8.
Q n e for
1s
tak
p/k if/' g/ fM .
1s
think l i ke.thaf
Then that one is for I11e, that's xvhat I thought.'
Often in Colloquial Indonesian, as it is prescriptively in the standard language, the
pr666Blllnal Rctor is clitll.cized to the verb such tllat Qothing can intewrene between thern;
aspect and negatiion particles all occur before the actor-verb conlplex, as in exanlple (11).
(11) c
a d a dtiu
EXIST
SQNM
tN to
Aa /
y ung
ntati
sa v u /ra s i il t aiI I I
nl a t t e r
REL
F UT
1S
g lv e
kHGW
QEMQ-PHdA' pM'7
to
2s- R o r
yes
'There are tNOthings I want to tell you all.'
H6wever. it is also con1mon in C01lloquial IndonesiaI> for this cliticization to be loosened
so that pre-predieate particles occur behveen the pronominall actor and, the urlafHxed verb,
as IB tlle relatlve clallse IB (12) (bllt Bote tllat the core constltllellt ol'del' lls shll SXV
(12) D:
Fa n g ka y a g i l a
yang s uyu ntatl
REL li k e like . tlbat REL 1 s
FUT
'That kmd is ehat I v ant to I.ook for.'
).
cari.
look . f o r
The L~v construction xvith proc/itic actor has bem. prescriptively associated v ith first
and second person actors in Standard Indonesians but it is alls6 used ~vith third person
actors in nmclern Col1loqulal Ind,onesian.
(13) dan di a bi n g ung ap a yang itu n i s d i a la k a kan Imt t ik
dan dia bingung apa
y ang harm dia laku-kan untuk
and 3 S
c o n fused v hat RE I. mus t 3s do=API
f or
HgeA4pQE8
NKfRt Q APl)'8 / iM
nge-lupa-Ia. m a ntsan-nva >tu

Av =f orget-Apl
f o r m e r-DEF D I s T
'And 11e s confllsed ab6ut 'hvhat he has t6 do to f6+ Pt hll.s ex.

C'M%"A'gudeg net islAoflsulltasL' Ilten1'28-2443 4tnlW
PragBlatlcaHQ Hlal'ked suiiljlect-flllal consfimeilt order
(vxs or xvs) can be 'Llsed
%4Mn the referent 6f the suBJlect ks hIghly accesMblle, Qet stllI. explK1tly expressed, as In
examplle (Il4).

Sf'NfQA
$Q V Q PH Q kPJ'l f f 4 A,
Slldah sa)'a m akan
t uih
p Fv
l3IST
1s
c at
I ve already eatcH It. Klattp:A"o'iA'%'.gan'IltaMlalagazlllae.colal'server-DQcsi'

galmaaamagazine/th j. '6'LPU3=6 html>
Hlghly accessiblIe RHd contilluous refere11ts ln cliscourse,are oftcH not explicitlj ii
expressed. Tlhis might appIiy to either the actor, undcrgoer, or both of a traHsitive clause.
Thus, a transitive clausc in llatural discourse naay consist of the vcrb plus olae expllIcit
arguttzstu (15) or ths verb alone (16).
W
(16'j N
M a k rh Aa erpu In ' a>ng-s

88ppk,
in.fact allmost A v:compete-APP father.2s
In fact (I)'m ahnost in competition witb you.
Vvat i
Av:search. for
'(I) nl searclung for (tlmnt). Qr (I) tn searchtng.
In ths context of (16) ws understand that the speaker is talking about her search for newspaper clippings. Nowcver, this clajLIse, like Ilaany produccd iH natujral interactioH, does Hot
provide cHough gfawIlMtical clues fol us to cicternlllHc vi'hctlMr Ilt is trBHsitive or lntlan-
sitive. This indeterIaainacy is refllected in the altcrllatlve EIlglish tran$1latlons.

Intransitive clauses usually have the order SV, as in (I17). VS order is also possible and
usually sigMls that the Mfel'cllt of tltac subjcc't Brgunlellt is highly Bccessiblle. In thlls
constituent ordera the subject iIs most comnaonly representcd by a personal prolloun or
a reduced demonstrative, as in (lgj.
iI 1
7) M:
Sl AE M JMgQ 66dttt
PN A t l I1
Rl s o
A QA
Aei| QJQl'.
IMfoI ' e D.P TcL IN T R:stlJld)'
'You studied Beforc too, you know.'

( 1 8) c :
H ig J'g''6 sQ f ll i A M ' AfA Q N
only
oHc
fwo
$ HJ
beI l 'kfiflk95 k l l Q .
DMl l th PRx m e ssy I
sKVC'll only be llll a laless for onc ol two H ilonths.'
In. colloquiaI IladonesiaH, asIll the staladard lallguage, the verb ada 'zxIsT' can be used
to introdUce a rcferent ilato the discourse, in whiclh case the umazarked coastituelat ordcr
is ada NP, that is VS. The referent is often colltextua1lized v ith 8 locative or temporal
express j.on.
( 19) 0:
. . Judi ad a
so
Ir a trrpan
sap:i
d ong
E x t s Tb u ll chariot race D.PTn.
d if
5QRQ.
LOC
D I S T .ADV
So there s kiwQpl7pl MpE tlMM.
AdQ can also be used with 8 given or Melltlfllable subjcct, 1Bxvhicta caM the unnlarkcd,
order is SV. This construction, cala be used in a copula=like Rllctiola to link the suhject
with a locatiive prepositional phrase as in exarnple (20).
(20) C:
.. M a p
A]tam =nl'a
folder black = DEF

dM
Qd Q
(A
IeFl'Q P$
S JAS .
38
E x I sT Lo c cUp b o ard PR x .ADv.
The black folders, they aM IH thls cupb6ard 1MM,

Ada can also be used to indicate possession as in (21), in which the order is always
possessor-ADA-possessed.
TI A
E e /H etl I i Q El Q dQ
DIST f Flend l3. PTCL
M p ed Q
dh
slfll
EXIST b l cp'cle LOC P R X . ADV
Ie8)"Qp
VRHtshed
'You know my friendhad a bike here; (it) disappeared.'
3 2 2 Aon-ve> baI' pmdscaIes

AlthoUgh pMdllcates prGtGQplcalll) conslst of verbs esseHttalll) aH) phrase-formQg
e18DMHt can be 8 predicate liH Ifldon88iBA, IHcludllflg rIGBlllHals,preposltllorIBll phrases, RQd
Gther Rdverbials. NofI-verbal predicates are juxtaposed xvith their subject, withoUt a
copulR Gl Bfty other 1itlkllflgfnorphology. While at'i optiollRl copulB, 6'dQIQ'A, can be used
%'Ith predlcate Donllflals 1HStRMIBrd IMlGIMslaH, thlls ls 8 fomlal rHarker and ts Hot used
in Colloquial IIldofIesiRH. As with intransitive verbal clauses, the uHnlarked constituent

Grder iH most non-verbRl clRuses is s PRED, avlsile the fnarked PRED s order also occurs.
ccrfRIrI clBUse types, such Rs cleA coHstluct1Gns, hBve PRED 8 as 'tlM Illost frequcnt
order. T1M subject argurnent aeed tlot be explicitly expressed.
Nolnlllai predllcates usuallly Alnctloll 'to c(ass1fyOI'ldent1fy 'the refereIIt of tile subject.
(22) W :
S a ya I Ih or s IIIg ba r I I ,
Is
DIST
per s on ll w
I nl a new persons
TlM pMdicRte Hol1llina1l IRy IM used ITIetaphoricRlIIQ,HMtoIlyBlicajly, M' tH sonM other %',Ry
such that tlhe relationship tlhat holds behveen it arld t4e su&ject fnust be inferred from the
context. In example (23) the illteractants have been discussing who will cook what dishes
to brifIg to Bsocta1l gathering RIld Nadar is the persofI to brtllg fried rIce.
(23) 0 :
W k ~ V adal II a si go l erlg.
t vtr N a dar r l c e f r y
'Mr. Nadar is the fried rice [persoH].'
AH itmportRtlt type of predicate Hominall clause is the cleA constructioHs iH xvhich R

headless relative clause serves as the subject In the matrix clause ivhile a specif'lc
Ilominall refereHt acts Rs tlhe predicate. The unmarked order in clleIA: constructioHs is
PRED S.
(24) C :
S a y a y a llg am b i/ B I I .
I s
RE L t Rke
rHR'a m .
i IB tlle olm %4M took (lf), Bla aBI.
Locative and temporal expressiorls (including prepositional phrases) are cornmon

predicates (25), as are demonstrative adverbs (26}.
(25) 0 :
D r' a d a r i Jarva.
3 s fr o m 3 8 v a
'He"s from Java.'
(26) C:
Iregirrr
Kal k r riator aj a kak
ca1cu lator j u s t D .pTcL l i ke.that
'%"hy is it, evell a calculator is treated ill that wayl"
Clauses can bc modiflled by adverbial expressions 'Lvhich caD occur at aDy majo1 juIlcture.
This means clausal Mlvcrbialls most frequently occur c1lausc= iDitially, betxveen the subject
(if present) and the predicate, or clause-finally. They do not occur behveen the predicate
and a non-subject argranent. Exanlples (27) through (29) illustrate the use of rrarrti 'later'
ln thI'ee poslltloM.
(27j 0 :
Na e t i E ay a b i I(;ie f a h .
l ater
Is
make
E MPH
l wlll make (some}.

( 28j 0 :
$Q'pQ AQ'8(i
co k ' 4 7
'l-.'aHg 4if-goP& i1g
1s
lat c r try
'I'll tq, somcthing fried.'
(29) 0:
X ~ h~
fry
Uv =
ri ar
1 p ca D
s e e lat e r .
'%'e'll look at it 1later.'
OtheI' tcIllporal expresslloDs, inc1udiD0; Mlvcrbs and prepositionall pltlrascs, CRI1occur 1Il
these positioDS, as can adverbials iIldicatiIlg evidcntiality or speaker attitude toward the
truth or relcvance of xvhat is bciilg said. MaDy of these iIlclude dcrived adverbs, xvhich
afe often OMrked wltll tlle eucll'tlc =rrjYF Tllese O.MYbe based on 11olnls as rn
(30), or'
verbs as in (31).
( 30) %
Bapak
bisa ra e rrdayrrng eir ~
Dar r rr r pa=rrya
and a ppeafance DEF f athcr 2s caB r o ' A
huh
And appaMIltly )ou can ro((v, huh?
(3 l) 0 :
/ rr r
pa l kadarrrr pepal."a
DtsT usual =DEF usc
Il e a f pa p aya
That usually uscs papaya leavcss
If>lasa = l l
va
'These adverbials are erstwhile noniiinais (see discussion of gerunds in section 3.3.2).
Thus the structure of (30) might be represented by the alternative translation 'And the
appearance Is that pou can ro'}rv, huh? . These foI'ms Mc, h6'A"ever, bcst ulldcrstood to be
fullctioraiDg as adverh}ials. This is cvideDccd by that fact that, Ilike other advcrbials, they
caD occur IbeteeeI1 the subject and predicate of the modificd clause as in (3 I j, iI1addition.
'to occurrrng before or SAer the clsllse they nlodrfy.
33 Noum phrases
3. 3. 1 AMfB p6A1$e sfAK'.ffo'e
Fulll noun phrases may consist of a single lexical noun or a lexical iten> xvith one or more
Ixm)ifiers. Nom1s tnay be monomorphetmic or rnay have deriivatioi1all morphology. A fewv
nollns are nlarkel's of Informal style, fot' exaIIlple Collotlulal dlllt moltey (Standard
rlatlg}. Generally the order in the noun phrase is head-modifiier. Modifiers which follow
the head noun can include other nouns, stative verbs (Rnd sometimes eventive verbs),
possessors, re}ative clauses, and demonstrative deterlniiners, usually in that order (32).
guantiflers usually precede the head (33).
(3 I}
(33) O'
3I2
Gal i s g alis -a tara V aag s s d ah ltM f Q A 8PJR pPk s e f i QIJ.

l ine RDP
ey e
REL
ppv
o1dl DisT a ppear v e r y
'The erinkles of those old eyes are really visible.'
Iia i a lll s a f a / i a aiop l n / ada
st lsteBI
in
ofle o H ic e DI s T E x IST s y s i em
ln that one oIIice there [shouldj be a systern.
=RVa aiapiallg rieflllltelless passesslall aad gepliads
Sometimes callled a thIrd persois possessive, the enchtIC= EIVa fonctions more geiierallV
as a defllnite nMrker BHdis so glossed I.H exafnp1les. = PlfP serves to ind1cate tkat tlM
referent of the NP to xvhich it is cliticized is identifiable throitgh association xvith some
other identlf1able iefeleni IIn the discourse. This associatllon may be one of 0%'nefship as
in lI34) or other relationship oAen expressed by possessii~e constructions such as faimilv
or part-avholle rellationslups.
(34) M:
TApE / YldEO =Pfi'6

l 3Ut
r ad l l o= lDEF
Bllt
It' iE
-4'O'EV
ILQR
P9 T-nMet N E G . Q
(you) foulld. vonf Iadlo
didII't yon7
II1 StandaI'd II1doneslall s lex1cal possessors are expresMd Bs noun phrases follo%'ing
'the head no@t1 phrases Bnd 81is cons'trlllctio51 Bls9 occljrs lln C ollloqulal I M IGIMslBIi.
IIl CollloqUllall Indonesian, speakers allso Use B CGMtMctlon derived, frofD 3avaneM, i11
wbich the enclitic =zya occurs together with the noun pllrase possessor, as in (35).
(35) I3 :
. . P e cel
$E
f) ,
k.o.salad D.PTCL
gapHpQRg,
easy
b/.tt1g
hk58
dE . .
= PJ
4'. N IPQi
f8
BQ
SEC E I.
c an m ak e L o c p l a c=e DEF M s Sici l

'Pece/ is easy, (we) can Inake (it} at lvls sicil's place.'
Returning to the associative nmaising of =nl;a, aIIother kind of Bssociation not
a1%'ays considered possession cross-lllngullstllcally bUt regularly marked 'lA'ith = N vQ iH
Indonesian is one of an evoked frame or scheme. This is illustrated in (36}, where the
speakers are talking aboijt hoav to operate a tape player.
0:
R akERkCVni eaha g i r >i,

tinM
I j p e tPf
llkc. t h is
AQAE
ke-dePlg@l'-85 SM QNf =Iff tl.
Imn'led)Rte. PFv PDT-hear- P DT s o U n d = DEF
ItVlMn 'A'e tltlled tltlIs %'Bp, onllp tlMn wvRs tlil e souncl RUdlb1le.'
The referent
ofsaamava 'sound =oar' {the sound) ibas not been previously nxentioned. lt
ls Elarked as defiHite l38cRIjse it is Understood to be associBted %'lltl4 plagiQg the tRPC
recorder. Rlready established Rs a discoUrse referent.
As a definite marker, =nya is allso Used to contrast one referent from another previously menfIoned refererlt. Tlhese can occur v,ith noUn phraMS that are inherently definite
such as proper names (37) or pronouns (38).
(37) D:
. . B apak aja
father.28
yung d i
JU st RK L
Loc
SPCkj = J'$$'Q dIR&k

s 1c1l = D E F
sit
J&R
sini
I-'R x.AI3v
SE E R
Ms
MED.A ll3v
'VQUJMt [sit] here. Ms Sicllll [can] sllt tllere.
TOPl' H OEIEif.
but l a t er
kQkBE JMA
if
beco m e
liB 8f P
gadl
p eM'1
DIKT=DEF be conle k .o . s allad

SQfHQ
1' 0 7
same )'es
[Comparing the procedUres for makirlg hvo ditfterent kinds of salad:) 'BUt if
it's goillg to be peeeI, yoU do the same thing right'?'
In addition to Hlarking defimteness RH4i posscssllon, =PlfQ is allso used to forIll
gerunds by simply adding it to verbs {whiclh may be tnarked with voice and applicative
Illorphologv). 'GerUnds freqUeIltl'7 5L1nct1on as tlM' SUb)ect of a c l RUsc. In t h l s wap
the infonnation focus shifts from the ershvhiile predication, ivhich is presented as
presupposed inforrnation, to some other e/erllent, such as Rrl adverb or prcpositional
phrase, wlsich nwv stands Rs the granlmatical pred'icateRIld the inforIllation focus of the
clause.
i39) Vf:
Ag-gGP88g = 8JQ
888I E,
later
'The frying {will bappent later.'
Av'=fPf = DEF
(40) U:
Dff 0 1larrl'dat rr
dlt4 , P~ rk.
U x"-fast. foDvard-DEF f Ilrst
sk r
'The fast-fovvarding [shoUld happen] first, sir.'

A number of gerundivc fornss xvith =nya have grmtlmaticized as clausal Rdverbials,
IllentioIMd in section 3.2.3 above.
3.3.3 HcadI8$$ I'eIa|Ill~ecJaf4M$
Headlless PBlat1vc cllMses I 6 clallses llfltroduccdby the rellatllw'e nlarker )YlP/g%1thout 8

prcccding head nQuH, are also 8 tp'pe Gf nominalization. Like=54'8 gerullds, thcy are
l3Rsed Qn a prcclicate, but tunllike gerunds, which refcr to tlM Bctio11 Qf the predicate, hcMlless re1atiive clauses refer to the subject of the predicate. Headless relative c1auses
contrlloniv fllBctloB as part of a cieft construchon (see sectloll 3 ..2 ), IB "bvillch tile IIBfol'rnation focus shifts fi.on1 the predicate to the erstwhile subject.
As in mmy other western Austromesian Ilanguages, velatiive clause formation in
Collloquiall Iadonesian is constraimed in tlhat tlhe head nouI1 in general must also be the
subject of the reIativc clause. Hov ever, as speakers Produce relative clauses in real-time
interaction, somewhat more contptex struclnres can result, snch as(41).
( 4 t} 5 '
i
ltt l lBPln
Pak X'Qdai
Vn s l
) arlg
cooked.rllce aEL
A v : prcpare-APF
Mr N ad a r
'[As for] rice, tlhe one >vho'lll prepare [it] is Pak Nadar.'
Hele Nasl ricc is 8 t6pllcalized Bominal. jlIlxtaposcd to a commeDt %'hjich is a clleA con
stnlctIon consIstIng of the subject yazg ayiapie and the predIcatc Pak ~vadaI. '8"hat
makes thIS example unusual Is that botll argunlents of the verb Ifl the fc1atIve c18usc are
sharcd wlth the nlatrllx structure, GIICBs a jtopllc and t/M otltlt Bs predIcate Gf t4c cleA.
FQE)g constnIctions caD also bc usccll to create refercnts from non-vetbal predicatcs.II1
(42), 'tlle speakels are sortlrlg oll'tvalllolls tasks the) wlii Undertake and these tasks are
identified v ith yang plus NP consfructioas.
=
(42) 0 :
Ka I af4 B apaIt. )'aAg AQYBN,

if
fathe r .2s REL C I l i ckeH
saya y a n gsayw'.
ls REL vegetable
If you re [thc one coobng] chicken, I I tl~e [one cook ngj vege~~bles.
3.4 Aspeetaa) aed modal mirkers

Aspect markets occljir as auxiliarics directlly before the predicate. High=frequency collo
quiai aspect markers inciude perfective udait (Standard stldaItt) and progressive lagi
(Standard sedang). The continuous marker masi hand recent perfective bans are standard
forms regularly used in informal interaction. The negative perfective auxiliary Itehws 'Ilot
a
yet is also Standard II1doncsiaI1; it Is conImonly used in Col1loquial hsdonesian but has
tlhe informal variant beJ'on. Example (43j illustrates aspcct 'being nzamipulated interac
tiona1ljy through the use Qf comtrasting rnarkers.
=
(43) M :
Lu
ndu h a t r t adi k a B P
2s
PFv
tba t h e
NE c . q
'You'vc l3athed, haven't yolP;'

NEG.PFV
'Not yet.'
INTj
kQIQ =6f8
Sap= DEF
IQg k
PRG
NlQ M f f Iif M 9.
b RHle
C Ml M I '.
'Hey, earlier (you) saiid (you) were bathing.'

These auxiliaries also occur with non-verbal predicates, as iin (44).
(44) 0 :
S sd r rh k o t a adeiiaistnrtif
FFV
ci t y
y o? '
Bdnl in l l s tlMtllvc Yes.
'(Batu) is already an incorporated city, isn't it: '

Modalig markers aIso occur as auxiliaries before the predicatc amd nxost arc con1rnon
to Standard and Colloquiall styles. They inchde bisa 'ability', 'possibility', 60R'A 'perMlssloH, poMll3ll.llg',
Bp proprlatcflcss, AQYRsh8$(l obllgatloA, Bc cd,, O'It,QJ'J.' fllltUI'c,

nau 'vollition, future', ieg&>svollition s desire'. Piwgie andpdngie are collloquiall variaHfs
of ingin. The standard Iidak vsaA 'hck of obligatioH, lack Of need' can be forIzed xvith
any of'the colloquial negative particles (see Section 3.5), e.g. nggaIr usaIt. Examples
illustrsting nMdals with verbs include (5j and (6) above. Example (45) illustrates the use
of nMdals xvitlh a prcpositioHal prcdicate. Note also the loublling up of ~o n1arkers of
oblig8tllon.
(45) N:
=nva I toIsts k e b i m
pead i d i l rrn a i h .
n~ esti
must = DEF n 1ust t o
bu r cms education P R x
'l (lit. this one) should have [to go] to the IBureau of Education.'
Aspect Nld 11Mdal tDal'kers cRB co=occUll'. T/1ep can occUlr llo 811yordeI' ) dcpcHdlIlg on
the scopc of cach llHtltM pGI'ticular pI'QpositioI1 bPMlg prBMHted. Thc nlofc con1BMH ordcr
in infortnal interaction is aspect followed by modal as in (46), but modal betore aspect
also occurs (47).
( 46)
5:
A kA
88M g I QgrE
l08
68lYAPE QJQ,
ls
ind ce d FRG v, ant s tm d
'Ia fact I vant to just stamd up.'
(47)
j ust
CMf Q It ,Qf QkPfl'a S C k QHMg AOP f4$ SVXAA 4' 5' A CJ9tk
c uHM
onlv
k a ) "8= By8
Il l k e :DEF
se k alMBg h a l MS s u d a l3 b e r h c nt1
KAlJlst PF v
INTR :stop
now
'Only it seems now (we) should have already stopped.'

<lhttp:Dstudmt.unpar.ac.id/-4194 l 17>'allburn"koleksi.ktm>
Negation is marked with a Hcgative particIe prcccding the predicate. Various imforn1aI.
IMgativc parflclcs iIlclude PlggQk,Hd@k, gtQgQk,BHJgQk. alll coITcspoDdlng to thc standBId
I<dak. Ncgation gcncraliy precedes modal n1arkers, e.g. I5j; but ordcr dcpcnds OHthe
scopc of IMg8tlon, Bnd a Bcgatlve markCr cHD occur bct%"cen8 HEodal BMl verb as kD(48).
(48)
Di tpl Io glon
opn
s/It
ItB& s agna P B Z P 6g
lBlsss 8 8
dan lagiaa
a p a s i h hub u ngan P M P d e agam kasus BB
m d m o r eover v ,ihat D.r TcL cormcction P DI P v , it h
case
BIB
$8AMggP SQ']'9
A QPWS J I'gga'k $ 8 'kl
dg
PD JP :
schikgg8 saya h a ru s k ggak s mk a dm. gak PDIP

kIIti1l
ls
must
NE
G
like
v itl
PDIP
Akd norcover %"lhat s PDIP s cokkectIIorl with th9 BB czsc Mch tlat I have to
=rcIlve.coD'IltbIfhIltb.ac. IIIdl ~rksg07465.ltklw
Ilot lik9 PDIP~' c ht tp:7,'9"o'w.kMBl1l
NokMIlklal pMdicates are fMcp]lektlf Heg8ted wllth tlM forn AH'I(:QPf,as thev arc ik StaHd8rd
IkldoIcs1ak1:
(49)
D:
TQ P E IlBIrer'l PeadlAfML . .
b ut
w E G res i d efI t
Se t e BrPQ'r~
loca 1l
kQl'l7
DIST
AE G . q
'But (they) aren't IIocal residentsT lsn't that the point".

But negative forkzs assocIlated with kon-nominal predIIcates Ie.g. egguk, sukrk, kagak)
also occur with kok>IIrIals iI Colloquia1l IkdoaesII8I:
(56) D:
PMMgkXP)
k Qk f f f
6(cik
NEG
ma)'be
if
. kata: g i Iu.
kEI EPHQl,
ser tekCP
%"ord l l lke.that
'maybe if (1't)s llot a sentence, (lt) s a 'hvortL llke tlla't.

As ikSt81dafd Ildoklcsiak. 6wkYMk cak kegate 8 QoIl-Doiikal ptcdicate wlek a coIltrast 1$
eitber stated or ilnplied, as in (5 l ).

8'kil'W
6HItDR
Nl e -tl fkNMif'-l S P AQ
PQk.
sr
'[I wekt there but] lII) dMn't erkjoy goIlksg there. sir.'
NEG
AX"=ek)OQ= APP
Dl ST.ADV
3.6 Xuleu coastmctloms: eexadatlomls madltep1cs

The cokdItIlork8l p8rtkcle kakru 'yvek, if; vhm.' is rmportakt m both Standard arid
collloquiall IIkdokesiak akd is pervasive Ilks informal, irxteractiokal lakguage ksc. A.afau
Blal'ks eltllel' bypotbetllcB( condltlons as lB (52) Qr reaI condlttons as ln (53). Krr/Qll ls alsQ
used in telnporal adverbial clauses indicating a future tinle frame (54).
(52) D:
ME5QI= P't1'8
k f ki M
CXakrkple = D EF i f
I(,a83J ..
p/ k'P PffQs-kQB,
lpe
priori t y-Ak
P
eJ
U11
IM
CQK P f /P g E A4,
PRX n 1 X
seoIah-OI'aA,
as.if
l31$T
dQP$
JQM a
ffok11
Java
eA,
uh
PQk@l
..
uM
J4vI Q - k l i fiQ it 8 ) 'tefJ/fif.
%"Ord-K3P
CP Ftaln
'For example if (we) were Javanese, we would prioritize, tdq nuxing like
tlat, like using certaIn wards.'
iI 53j
N:
KQ'kFR
Pifaslk
$8J ' v lg-$8J'Mg lcoAYPsif,
if
stijl
often - RDI
gElQHa
NM Q
l46%"
% " ant p r osperGUs
corruption
Pl Qk 8 'l'f/I;
. RegQAV XM (6'MSM.
Datllon I n d o nesla
'KVhen theFe's still oAen lots of' corrIjpf16l1, l0%" can Il 1dGDesla becoI19
pfosperoUs~t
(54j C:
Jadi,
So
. J47)"8 =HJQ,
like = D E F
j kNIPP, SAQA
If
P FV
dJ
LGC
J4l'8
fes J 'k
s f l daA
ge694P)g
bu i ld i n g
bQJ VZ if lf4,
f le% ' DIST
k g ff: 5 ,
1p
pF~
must
s t r Iict
'So like ivhen ive're in the nnv buildIng, xve'll already have to be strIict.'
The general ncanlng of It@I@8 Bcloss ttMsc thFce cxB11ples Qs onc Qf 'glven as 1H
'gkven stuBtQn X thefl Y holds, and Ils IMUtrBl as 'to tlM real or hypothetKBI nBture Gf
tl8 glven sltLIatIGD. 6'hether tl4e clausc ls I1nterpreted as reBlis Gr lrreall1s IIS a functI16H
of other elements in the utterance or context, not the PBrticle Imcvlau. Thus, the generIc
conditional in (53) has no explicit time frame. Example (52) is also condtional but has
the added markers atLM/llvn 'for exanlpie' and seolizll-oli9jt 'as ilf' (together wllth til
kHo'apil'ledge slarcd 13y t/M speakers that spcaker D ll.s ln fact Dot Savancse) to indlcate B
hypotheticai condition. In contrast, (54) refers to a specific event,pianned to take place
In 8 fewv dags.
A.aIrau can also mark a topicalIzed eleIent. Rather than introducIing a neNI referent,
8 kaIQM constrnction is usua1lly contFasting an Ildefltlflable referent %rith some Qthcr entity.
In (55) the speakers have IMen drscusstng the rlstng cost of tut r vetstp tuttlon accordtng
to the years that d>fkrent BcqvBIDtances bcgan studyIng; th1s example g>ves 1IfornaitI.Gn
about one of those years.
(55) N:
KPIPM
l' i oHf,
if
Yoni
BggiQtc:
Pl ) YN@P@J d fM
J Bit i 9.
NEG
A v:fe a ch
rnil l 1 o n
hvo
'As for Yoni, (hs yeBr] didn'f reach hvo IIIllm. [rupialj.'
PreposltI1onal phrascs c8n also foFFDtlM 138sis Gf a kPIQfl constrUctIon's, and functI.ofl
to orient the propositfon expressed Iby the main clause In space or tIinc, us1lally
in colttFBst 'to sGDM GtlMr Qr1cntatlon. In tll f o lllowvlng cxarnple the speBkcr was
COLLCtgUIAL INDONESIAN 243
discussing the employment situatio11 first in Jakarta ajj1d now in Yogyakarta (referred to
as Jogla).
(56)
M:
MM gk/ J 'l kQIPfldI J
og/a ' Ie EPkACOCok
fiJ'l l 'f4k 14'kIYlf/SQAQ,
DMybe 1 f
Loc Jo g8 m o m a ppropHl8te fo r
Map'be Joga ls more appropr18'te foI' entI'epreneursl11p.
ellt r epreneurshlp
Tl1ese topicalizatiol1 and orientatio11 fuI1ctions of Itakru constructiolls are consistejj1t >vith
ttM ge11eral DManiBg of g i v ell
il l wh ich some sitLlatiojjl, refQMIlt, ol oriK1tation is Qst8b

=
lished as 8 fouI1clatiojj1 or backgrou11d oI1 xvhich the ijj1foIB>ation iI1tlhe lnain clause holds
(see Haim8I1 l978).
AaIm constructions regularly precede their main. clauses, but ca11 also foIllow thenx.
AdditItonally, being 8 kind of advelbi8l constructioa e 4viIau constructioas also oAen
appear betweel1 the subject 3nd predicate of the nlaln cl89se. In these cases, tlle Dlain
clause and the Italuii clause usually share the saine subject as in (57) where oiuttg oinIIgatas 'high levell ofriIcials' is the suhject of both ngomong 'talk' in the kaIav conditiozal
and pPkU uM
(57} I ivl:
11 thC
1 matrix cIi8llse.
FA
6HI LfI.
=8)'O' O KfHg-6AMg
uh f a ct
=DEF
c v IQ$
J/fga
perso11-RDP above 8 ls o
kQ I aM Rg - 0 8lotlg
lf'
wv = t8lk
Hgg @ k R g g Q'IIk PQktVJF F Q

kae T
N EG
NEG
Use
standar d . IHdonesia11 NE G.g
k@.8,
A EG.g
B
The fact is that evea high Ilevel oKcia1ls don't use St811dard II1don.esim. when
they tallk.'
Note that i11the second IliIM of'the above exanxple nggak is 11ot gramn18tically reduplicate@ rather it is 8 repetitioI1 in tlhe coI1text of reall-time production.
3.7 (Mher claase cembimlmgla diiseomrse

Folllo'Lvi11g verbs of spe3kiBg and cognition, the coHiplement clause, which expresses tl1at
whlcb Ivas spokeII or coIIceived, cs11 be Inarked with /zdi2II, as Ijn (5g); howevBI; It Is nlore
comI1>on it> Collloquiall IIndo11esi8I1 that such cl8uses are not introduced ~vith any lil>kiI1g
particle, as in (59). Use of the Standard haiIII'a 'colr' to link a cotnplenmnt clause with
a verb of speaking or cogltlition iIs r8M 811diIndicates 8 nlore foI'maI style.
(58) I3: .. N g gak mda'r,

N EG
KA a r e
ILaIae I'agi d i - >vkam.

ll.f
P RG
U 'jt' =recoKll
(He) wasn t awsre tllat (Ile} was betng recorded.
(59) D: tndi
e8I'llef
b iiang
d a c nr h i I I i i siIIe u a n i i
sa y
8ma
toul ls n l
for
peHie&MKJH
pla11tation
'Earlier (you) satd (it)'s an area for plantation touriMtl rigI1t7
'L 8
yes
TeImporal clause markers such as seswdah 'after', sebetwmabefore', ajl1d vsaltu 'when
(realis) 1 can be used in Colloquial Indonesian, but are not conunon in inforinal
244 THE AUSTROYESJAN LANGUAGES
conversational interactioH, wlMre tilRM relationships 8re nlGre Gften develGped icGl1icallv
in sequeHce. If ten1pora1l seqUence lls m8I'ked Pxplllclltly, it %'illl GfteH be with 8 coordinat
=
lng coHjunctllon sucRI. as tfv'M then, lMxt .
It is very camn>OH iH inforn1all interaction for c1lauses to be juxtaposed xvithGUt any explicit conjunctions. The rellatiGnship betweeH them must be inferred based
Ga. their re/evance tG each other withiH the coHtext in Nhich tlhey were uttered. This is
IllIISt1'Rt8d BI RXRIIIpl8
(60)
WI RRI'8 tll8 Sp 8 8 k8FS RM dt S CBSSIBg WllO W t ll b l ' I Bg
Fice to B party tlMy are PllanHIIHg. TIM rlletor1cal MlatloHsllllps Ilmpllled u'1 tI1lls ecGHom
icall CQlllQqui81 IndGIMsiBH Utterance are preseHted explicitfy in tlhe rather IliberBl free
'tl ansl8tl Qn.
F6fkPE J'i)Yf
R6fRi f i
Bfraid = aEF
later
J'MSE ]Qgi,
rice Bgaln
Im
86QR)"QkQA.
too.much
gitrs.
Ilike.tlhat
8%'hat I'm afraid will happen is that mother person N ill also bring rice and
tlMH '6'ewvilIl 118ve toG mucli. That s %'48t I n'l 8fraii3 %'ill happen.
4.1 Perseiial prerIemas

TIM CQHMDGlll)' USed. prGDGuHsof 'Colloqulal IHdGI1CSIBH
Include:
(61j 1s: saya, atbt, kita, gtta - gtld (p : kiia (1p8: itattti )
2S: ktVnli'fl 1 8 e l f i
2p: Ia.A'IEQ'8
3S: diQ
3p: NM'Peit:8'
These free fonms are not tzarked for case md cBH occur in any position where B lexical
noun cBH occur. II1 additioH to the special Uv actor proclitic Iak '1s' H1entioHed iri 3.2.1
above, txvo proHQn1ina1l ericllitics, = I-u '1sross' md =mv '2smss', are allso fouad ia
colloqllia1l IDdoneslan afld are discussed iH sectloH 4.' belovi'. BesMes the proHouns listed,
IB (61), 0'ti181' fOBIIS BIRQ I38 IISRd, 8Sp8818lllti far f t l ' St RBd SRCOBdpRI'SOII, RCCO1'dlltlg 'tO8
speaker s sociolingllistic backgI'Qtlnd. In 'collloquiall IHdQIMsian the class of pN1ouns ls moM
PQI'ous md acc8pts DELv men3beI's nMKe 8asifiy than a siIBill8I' closed class n1ight ln Gtller
lBHgu8geS.
4.J.Z Filsf pe>son

ID the cGrpus used lmre, sQ'L'9 15 the most CGml)lon first persQI1 prGI1ounUMd, allthough
sonM speakels teHd to prefer QIt'iI. 3BvBHese Bls9 Ilas tke fGnlll Qkfttand soHM JavaIMM
speak@rs wlll Use QIm;8
lD fheir colloqllllal. IHdGfMSIBH.Use of O'It i(1sHot linllted tG 38vaneM
speakers, however; Dor dG Bll savaiMM us6' If v(hen speaklng IHdonesiBH.KPIQ Bsa first
p81sott sIBgBJRI' pMBBIBI RBd gtla (gttd) 818 oARB RssocIRt8d BI sp88k81's mttlds wtth
3akartan usagc, ad ilM f o r l e f l s p a r ticularly familiar, even coarse to soe

peoplle. Another strategy iH wore intirnate relationships is to use nae, kinship ternil, or
cobinatlon Gf k1lHsllip terBl and nae for first pefsGH reference. Assigning levels Gf
lnformahtp' and 1Elt181acp' to dlfFereBt pronouns and choosllng %'hlch to 1Llse iH a glveH context is based on complex sociolinguistic factors and N ill vary from speaker to speaker.
While ethnic background can suggest possible variatioH in the use of Colloquial
Indonesian, 1t lsno't a reliahie predictor, Kt least no't IIn ternls of sln'1ple franster (see tor
example tllc dlscusskoH of avoldance Of Qkf by Javaese speakers of Indoneslan 1in
Erring(on t998 ).
IH Collloqmal Indonesian the meaHing of kita is niot restricted to first person plural
1ncluslve as lt prescQptvelp' Ils ln Standard IndoBesllan but Ils gener'kllzed tG 1Hclude lboth
first persoH inclusive and exclusive meanings and is also used for first person singular
and generic. Various possible referents of kita are exernplified below.
(62) l n clusive: the speaker is tnaking plans which include his interlocutor.
D: Nggai
no
kQAlH'
J 88$
dfM ,
if
hour
tv o
pPk
1 p ca n
tog e ther s l r
'No, at t%'o G'clQck xve cMi go together, sir.'
. IL//8
6E 58 &QM 'Hg
(63) Exclusive: the speaker refers to himself and his colleagues at another institution
%'hele Hone Gf lkls lnterlocutors '5"ork.
O': J P d /
It ' lfQ $AN PE- d i &lgQ:E3 . .
PD P .
s o 1 p sha r e wi t h
PDP
'So we share [facilities] ~vith PDP.'
(64) Singular: 0 is asking what he bituself should bring to the party m contrast to
Gthers who are RtteBdlHg.
D:
Ki ta nm u ~r y iap-~n
Qp07
=hpp xvhat
Is
x v amt av:prepare
DQgl8g
Q A JM $8 ) % P7
weat
Qf
veget a blle
'What slGuld I make, meat Gr vegetables7'
(65) Generic: speakig hypotheticalIiy about xvhat naight happen to anyone.
TQpJ
47 I QM
fiQI Q M
Eld Q k
blM
but
if
if
NEc,
caH
(H)
..
kl fQ
HQN f &QA . .
yes
AQ' fHkQIt O E fgkM.
I p I B crease
kBc r eaM p a)'met
sBut if jonej ca't trow], weli oe has to payore [to hre aH oarspersoH].'
The previous examples were chosen 4ecause the context makes iIlterpretation relatively
clear. But as xvith s~'e in English, whichay be vague bettAeen inclusive or exclusive
eaH1gs. ttle actuaI nltent Gf a token Of J4tQ ln colloqu1la1l IIldQneslanap be aml3llgu
=
Gus Gr evefl llfldeterrnate.
(66j C :
. . N ah ,
l3.PTCL
Efv
)YUfg
E NST R E L
. 8A,
HES
sapa
i'l'g-PJgoNMPilg
5M 6fah NgoHloj
I s
rvv
.~v : ta)kv.Dr
=
d88gQN
F P dP.
SeJ NPIQNJ,
'Lvith
Yuda
las t Bight,
.
PaRJQAg I e66U,'
'Lvlde
long
IQPI,
but
khIa
b8I f 4Nl'
O' P k llf4 S PI'eSS JRg It,e M P / Q.
Ip
NEG.P Fv t 06
stM ss
to
DlsT.A IDv
GK, tllat s w48t I spoke to YlKla about for aI long tlmc IRst n1ght tKlt %'c
hIaven't really stressed that B1uch yet.'
The spe3ker and Yuda llave been cstabllIShed M 8 pair of referents wvllo have HMdc
pllans together. and kita iB the last line may refer to thc two of tlaem, exclusive Gf
the present auclience, who are felllow oA'ice workers zt a n1eeting. H6wcver, the issue at
hand has already been briefly rnentioned in the present mectIHg as well, and kta
may be inclusive of the audlencc. But in fact it i s the speaker himself who has
donc aln16st Rlll the talklng up 'to Bo%' afld 1M could well rnesn that }lc hfn1sclf 1MS HGt
yet, coveMd tlM lssuc 1B t60 fnuch detBlls and R fKst person sjngu/ar MMling Is also
possiblc. If wc asMmc that the spcaker hMI. a spec(fic refeMnt iI1 m1nd 1vhcn tllis
utterancc Avas pMduccd, than we cRn sBY tiMt kkfa IIS RB113IIguous in t4IIs contcxt.
However, another possibility i s t h at m y o r a l l l o f t h e i n t crpfctations Ilisted
abGve could4ave been intended by the speaker md heard by his audience, such that
the 'real' identIty of the referent Gf kita in this context is B6t only indetern1inafe, but
irrclevant.
The first person exclusiive pronoun kami can allso occur in colloquia1l Indonesian,
Nrhcre its B1eaning is alv ays first person singular or first person plural exctusivc, but
Hcver p1lUlMl Inclluslve or gcncBc 'C-holce bettik'ecn kQ'0l/ and tIL/fQ' wltll the slngular or plu
ral exclusive B1emings ivill vary by speaker and intcndcd levell of inforrnality. Exclusive
kQN)E'
evokes 8 B16re standard sg'Ilc tllMB It,lta, %'hlle kQP8t'lvlth singular Mfi8rence is hllghly
GKiciIous and its usc in an othenvise inforfrfal context would produce a particularty jarring (and potentialliy very eFective) jnxtaposition of styles.
=
4.2.2 SecwEaPBf 6l'JP%Pe'P59$
speakef's conslder.ANNlQ 2s approprjIBte for addressllng 8np close frIend, or everI

causa( acqUalntsnces (H IIHfornlal jintcractlGB. while 6tl181'spcakers consider 4fPHPtoo
coarse for use v, ith equals mxl nxay Usc it only tG sma/1 children Gr anin18/s, if at all. Also
very fantiliar is Itl (ela), associated with Jakartan indonesian and socioiinguistically cornp/en1entary to first person gee mentioned above. Also in1portanit for second person refelence is the use Gf HGMes, c1lBssif(catory kinsIlip terms, of' ll3oth, Gs Secn in Humc1'QLls
examples t11roughIout ths chapter, xvherc the Ifterall mcaf13ng m the glass lfne Is appended
Man'tt'

'ljvith
jthe a135revkation 2s to IfIdicate tIM iHtende J refcrent. Oihet secoHd 13ersol1 prGHGm
ina1l fornzs are used, frorn time to time according to the iHteractioHal Heeds of speakers,
including those that am very familiaf. e.g. engkau, rmore Ilmpefsonal. e.g. smdam and
ARda, or thst wotlld lropt7 speclshst kBowtedge, e.g. t'aa (Ettgllsh) ol' PrlfP.(froB1 Arshllc
Ylls Betswl MR/Ry).
Dia '3s' is typicalfiy resefvml for lhumaH referents, as iH (7). Hwvever, very topicBI non-
hQnlan anlltllate or eveH )nafllmate ref@lMHts wlllI be MfelTed to wltI'I 6AQ b)' soDle speak-
ers, as in (20Il. Mereka '3p' is Ilikewise usually reserved for ltmumaH referents, as in (67j.
(67}
N: Jt Iel e7race I R a h pal a i

3p
lectU I e
use
'They lectufed using a mike.'
Rtic
microphone
4.2 Passemive prenomas

The eHclitics =Ihs ' I.sposs' and =mn s2sposs' caH ocn>r in collloquiall IndGHesian BIvong
tlhose speskers who Bse the correspoodiBg fBll( forms ali~ RBdkama (68}. More coB11BOB
it> the data used for the present study is the use of 5>ll profIomiHBI forms Jirectly folIow~ltlg the heed tlolB1 fol' fllrst ol' secolld persoll proBQBtllBRl possessors
(68} H ip...
He
Hey
R gap a lr l
8lffi(;I-2
SMtM1'MJQ ~P7P
flg =apa = fn
fHukul =nI.UkUl
suB l 'lll)
= Illllll,
Av-'L vkat-APP A v : h l t-RI3I'
(69).
l msbaH d=281'Dss
Hep, %'hat are pou cloing llitting Ihtrour husbBHcl7

<http:DcentriH.Het.Idl,"-erganovfhmzor3.lhtnzl>
(69} S :
SQ)''8 dfiIA
JWgP oi W'tg Afe f ) Mf6'.
a l m>a ra n tc k a s
because aUnt b o ardng.h|3use 1 s bef o f e a l s o p e r son M eHado
Because mQ previolls landlady %'as also fI'om MenMio.
These t@e enclitics fornmlly and historically fone a paradigm v ith the enclitic =srya
'ljvhich Dlmks tl'illrd petsofI possessors. But as sh6%'fl in sectiofl 3.3.2, current use Gf =P/1'8
far exceeds typical uses of possessive pronoUIm. It has becomeBHimportant grammxatical
n'Ilarker ill standK'cl 4MlGHcsiaH Bnd. lls eveH nlom &BqUeHtly tused in collloqullaI IndofIesiafI.
OM' other infofn'Ilal possessive constructiofl should be mentlontt!d iH passlflg. It ls oAefI
used by speakels from eastefn IndonGslla, among others, BHd con'IprIses a possessof
pvcceding tIM possesscd, lllllkcd by pM84'8lIllave, Poss), as ln lI 70).
(70}
A:
X)la
CM' I
EiQ )'a p f a l /a
tla H g ,
3s s t Pal 1 s Pos s m o n ev
She sto1le my monev.
iag''eg
Demongf I Rat
4.3. J DVNR7tlsfAltsvc pJ''OEtofM's
The denlonstrative s)tstPnl fQII'1TIlallYfHBkes a simple two-%'ay coHtrast behveen ptoxiI'Hal

and distaI reference. ProxifHBI im = niA and dista1liw - I.'vA are coH~>only used for
protlomiHBI MfefeHce. DemoHstratIlve pI'Gnouns map pollHt to thiHgs IlHtlle phpsIcal cQn
'text Rs lB the secood (Ble of (71}.

(7 I )
A:
FOI' 0
$8E
CQN i f'Ek
II IO.
plhotQ PRx beautifull PART

Thls photo is MRjlpnlce.
T
JE
EE.
8 >~ ' r
P RX % i V , i
'Is this 'A'iwi~'

DeDloiMtrative pfon68lAs Blso CQIomolAlp I'efiBl' tQ ref8rel1ts RjreGdp' established il1 dls
comse, as in the last line of (72).

(72) C:
CQJcBIQtoI' QJQ IL QI(; 6egE f fl,

calculator jlllst PA RT ll ke. t h a t
Ho%r CQUld just a calc1llator be thQIlglht that [in1portaI1t].'
. TQPE
but
JQ%8-IiQWIItE gQe
lol1g= R.De
jls
$8J'QRQ
tI ( ;icv
JQ.
'AIrOt'k
P/Ia|7)'-PEkifE'
think= RDI
E)~Q vQ ,
p'es peah
EfV
kQ P l'
D IST
N E G . Q faC1llty
88t BAer R,v;hille I was thinking, oh yeah, it is a part of our work equipI11eI>t,
P'QU kIlow.
DemoiMtrative prQI1ouM Bre cspeciallp commQn fQI' DQn-IR1111an

refereAts, %'ilic4 usuallY
are 11ot referred to xvitlh dEa '3s', but caI1 also refer to ImmaI1s Qf al1y person, as with the
use of aih for first person reference in (45). Demonstrative pronouns can also refer to
propositional content, see the second line of'(77) below, and can be used non-referentially
as discourse markers to introduce a proposition as in (73).
Iru
PR.x
mnfi
l at e r
bia)
M bak V e
p e,
let . i t.be s i ster V h y m
Jcltlg
J' M VIfQ'-klN
S JPP P .
"5'4o
'SQ here, MbRk Yaym's going to be the one to say who ["ll do xvI1at].'
REL
AV : f l X - A PP
A CQmmol1 marker Qf CollQquial Indonesian Is the use of the red1lced dernonstrative

pronouns ttitt 'this' and tsh 'that'. These can stand alone as in exatnple (I4) or in combination with the full-fornt equiva/ents, asittt ttth 'that that' in example (78). In general,
reduced deI1MI1stratives do l1ot occm clause initia1lly, but otherwise can Qccur in al1y syntactllc poslltiol1 %'heM R Ml det11onstrative can QccUr. A discllssioD of tlM fiHncfional
differeI1ces betaveeI1 fhese forms awaits further research.
4.3.2 DV NfW'l'SifJQA'V8 deif8)'8$(RePS
DemQnstrative deterI1>iners have fhe same fQrnz as the den1QI>strative prQIMm1s, i11cIudil1g
fUlll Bnd slhort fam1s, as welll as the combination of fulll Bnd short forl11s tagether. A I11ajor
fUnct1011 of demonstfatlve deterHmlers Ils to II11dlcate tl1at the refeEznt Qf the lAMlfl pl1rase thev
modify is identifiable from the discourse context, as in the I'irst line of (71) wherefoto
JPlJthis photo Ils a photogfaph physkca1lly Ln ffont of tlM speakcrs, or ttlaf kt is LdefltkfiabIe
by havkng been pfcv1Mlslly cstablkshMI.1fkthe dkscokkrsc as LH(54) whcrc gddMJ'IgbQPtf ItM
'the nev bkkIldiflg a has already been nzekktioned iH the convcrsatioIL. In this fm>ctiGH
deMGflstratlve dctern1ijflefs cakk I3e seen to CGmplement = f l fQ, discussedabove, %hkch
indkcatcs a refefeILt v"hich is idefltifiablc by association v ith sokme other identifiablle
refefcllt, bllt '6"4lchIItself Heed Ikot llavP. bcen prevllouslv melktkoflcd ol' othefw1se present
in tlM dkscoufse cGfltext.
Addlt16klallV, dckTkolkstat&'e dctern1ILMrs can als6 occul' tA'Ith noun pllfascs that are
Gthervvise marked as idcflttfiablcs either ik>hefeHtlly so, such as proper nan1es or prokkokms,
as in (74), or in conjunction with =ayu, as in (75).
(74)
Q t t l n g /r s
Qraflg i t u
bE'Ptcl .sP/rn/t snPlQSnp'n './iYliwae sn y n / i fB.

l3e I l c i s e kal1I safna saya kafeILB s ay a ktu
p erson DlsT hate v e r y l v i t h l s bec a use 1s

'That persolk rcalIiy hates me because I'm not serious.'
Khttp:j Av%'%'.pefspektkf.net&cta. teror/ adll09.htHI1%
( 75) D :
Pldtlk Sei'E'tks.
tkdak serjkks
D l s T NEG serkous
Aa i u u saya,
if
1s
Io'pf i= HgP
IIfl,
Bllchovy = DE F
66-g6M'Ng,
DIST
ffy
As fof me, tIII fry tl4e ancl4ovlcs.
Uv =
4,3.3 0' 8 NMtksflYEtEvc86fveP6$
The denzonstfative 'manflef' adverbs 68glNE 'llke tlhis' ancllbegI'lQ 'Ilike that' BHdthellf
short foI'Ms, gsNt Bkldgl'tIE respectivcly. Bre very kIBpoI'taHt Ln ColloqIIllal IIkdoflesiafk dks-
courM. UQllike trUC rnaxmef Bdvcrl35, t4ese Bdvefl35 can l3e used alkaphGI'kcallly to refef to
a previously nmntloned proposition. In example (76) two interlocutors have agreed on a
time akkd place to meet and D cGHclkkdes the discussiofl uslng begstu to refer back to the
circm11stances just agreed on.
(76) D:
Udah,
PFV
I-ataIL b egitu.
if
like. t h at
'lt's settled, if that's the case.'
The short foI'n1,g/ fM, Ls Gftelk Lksed to fefef back to 't4c prGpGsitiofl hvhllcl4I the speakcl' has
just expressed; tl>is usaae usualIy occurs at Ae efld of a short cluster of ilktonation uflits
8fld is an in1portamt fhetofical device to marked uflit boufldaries in Collloquial IHdonesiafl.
as in (60).
As welll as referring to xvhole propositions, a dermoflstrative adverb caH refer to a
pfeviousIy establkshed predicate, xvhich then becomes the predicate Gf'a different refefent.
In (77) the speaker first outlines a probletnatic situation involving oKice files. He then
uses begila to assert thaf the same problematiIc situation applies to stationery and other
rcsourccs.
BE
IQC f
JWQ'Skfg-NEQS&lg
Loc dra%'el cach

NggaIt.
PtdsrA edd' frle f llE' kG u tol'

stilll
E x <ST fi1lc-R13P office
6e EEPE' Ef M .
correct
D IS T
.. SvdQA.
PFV
. BegkfB' JMg8
likc.f11Rt also
de EJgifM k 6 P SMM'f
with
1le t ferhe3d
dQE'E MAPgQ& fgA.
80d so.fortl4
'(Each of you) still keeps office files in your ouut drawers. That's not right.
That's the bottom line. ThRt a1lso goes for lcttcrhead Rnd otlher supplies.'
BegJtfi| 80d glfM UMalll)' refer anaphoricR1Iiy to 8 predicRtc or ploposit1o0 prevlouslV
rne0tiIaned or ir0plied v ithin the discourse. BegiE>i and gini are often used cafaphoricallly
to signal that a proposition is Rbout fo be expresscd, Rs in (78j.
M:
PPP EQ8M kQI /

f lrs t
f I 0M
. P EkDYUi'= Al 0
EI M
GlsT
gM
I'HA ,
D IST
its
thought= DEF li k e .this

. P/ ItEEYlEE
= lfg'8 P'Idja: 5MIA(B'.
exc l usively
thought =osr ba d
'The first time, they think this way, tihey think everything is contpletely bad.'
In. contrast to demonstrRtive pronouns Rnd dernonsfrative ma0ner advcrbs, lacative
deictics form 8 three=term system: proximal sE's>i,medial sitv, and distal saEIa. These
are conMTionlly used in conjuncfio0 wifh the ge0erall preposifio0s, llocafive di, allativc ke,
and ablative deri, as illustrated in (5), (21) and (l9) atuong others.
Example (37) illustrates locafivc dellctics 130th %'ith Rnd wifhouf 8 prepclsif1o0.
5 GN THE USK OF VKRBAL, M ORPHOL O G Y

5.i Trsa.sitive and lmtrlmsitlvcvel lbs
A clear disfinction behveen tra0sitivc aad intransitive clauses is centrall to discussions of
Sfa0dRrd IncloincslRn 0mfphosvntaxs Rnd grRBMnR'tKal trRnslflvlg' lls regullRrl)" 17iaI'kecl,
n'IorphjologlcRlly Qn verbs. Thc sllhlR'tlo0 ls qullfe different IIl colloqllllal IndQnesian. MUlch
of tIle vcrl3Rl morphoJogp of Sfa0dard IndoncsllRn ls nof rcgulRFly er0ployed during

i0formRl iInferacfion. Additionally, u0derstood refere0ts are routincly not expressed
expliciflly. These features togetlher co0tributc to cascs in vvhich it is 0ot clear xvl>ether
8 given clause mIght be bcst categorIlzed Rs tMnslf1ve or lfltlM0slflvc.
Thc mosf ffeque0tly Qcclirrlng Colloquial I0donesia0 infransitlve verbs are Blonornorphemic. Scverall of these verbs, like pergi 'go', dudMk 'sit', and tE'dIEI'sleep' are also
nonomorpIcmic in Standard IndonesiBn. But many commoH intransitive verbs that

Iight pI'escriptivcly tBkc the intransitIve prefllxcsbeP= or PM'A= lD StBndmd IHdoneslaH,
for cxample 6ePPQP)l'8'ask', RHd NkefffQN)E 'slIHg'. regular1iy occur Bs nQnonloI*phcnllIC
forms in conversationai indonesian, i.e. tanya (79), and al iaayi (go).

(79) U:
Elk 7 h sl? t i ???gs??l?g to ? IVI? yi9 . ~

Ip
c a n dlr ec t
Bsk
pes
"A'e can ask directIiy, can st we~
GPAV-gQWHfO'
tl'QAtQ
Jt fE
F QN ) '
M 'k t M' C QP
gRra-gafa= nya wGktu 1t u
FM l l y s a kl t c a car.
I'eMlt = DEF
Fad l y
HggQIt,
t1H c
DlST
s1c k
fPM
IteI'U 5
sna l l pox N E X T
6E SQ Pf l'QEEP'J.
nggak Bisa
n yaHyi
NEG
Slng
CBH
AkA'EE'Jf4'6
>"It ifVifQEEg 'l 'QP)g g O B l kEN.
Akhlr = nya
cnd = l3EF
NBHMlg yang g a ntl-I n

Na n BH g
REL
fe p la c e - APP
'Since Fadly had snalllpox at that tinc, Bnd he couldnst sing, iH the endl NaHaHg
replaced ltin.' <Attp:bsobatpadi.tripod.eoercmwl.hbn>
The use of unafFixed 1Intransitive verbs is B sign of informal style. But by DG neans are
all iHtransitive verbs unaAixed iH the type Gf Colloquiall Indonesian descriBed herc. Nor
is it thc case that intransitivc BIIYixes are sinpfiy 'droppcd' at random in Colloquial
IIIdanesian. It Is the nost frequent verbs 1IHdiscoursc that regutlBIly do not have aQixes.
Lcss commoIlly used BHdm6re spcckallzed 'o'Qrds tcnd t6 sltQw Mly aftllxcd forms BIll
cBn be analyzed as being drawH by spcakers fron the extcnsivc stock of Standard
bldones?a?I vocabolarv, rathel' tilan tlle Inore ilm?ted (bllt pervaslve) stock of lnfoB11ai
vocabulary. Other factors that nay Dsotivate the usc Gf prefixation inck>de the folllowing.
In cBses 'bjvlMrc B contrast llHafflxatlon, bcms Bn Ilmportanf MmaHtllc contrast s the aNxes
will tend to bc retaIHed, Bs in behaja> 'study' and egujar 'teach' fron the baseajnI 'hw,
lng to do wlth tile teachlng?tearnllng process . Gliter pMfixeli verbs have devetoped
specialized scmaH(ic functions in wvhich the prefix no longer nBIks a transitive
iH(ranstiivc distinctioH Bnd tcnds to bc retained iH CollIoquiBl IHdonesiaH. The base tE'nggaI
'depart, reside, remain' v ith the Standard IHdonesiBH pIefix n>e.V-, 0>eningga/, is B
euphemisn meaning 'to die' and iH this functioH nevcr occuIS without the standard prefix, even I.H informal contexts.
=
5 2 V9icc
As v ith staHdard IndoI>esIan, colloquial IHdonesiaH cBH rHark a distinction Between
Acto?' Volce (Av) allci Ulldelgoer Volce {I?v) trans?tlve ciallse co?lstrnctlons (see sect?oll
3.2 above). As 8 marlker of informal register, an ~v verb may either be Bnprefixed, as in
(6) ol' ilave 'tlle Basssl pMflx ~V- aslIB(15). Alternat?vetv, Av verbs Blap have tile Stalldard
IIdoIMsian prefix me~V=. N represeHts either a velar nasal or a nasal homorgaHic witl the
initial coHsonant of the base as shmvn in TaBle 3.3. When X- is applied to base forms
with initiall voiced consoIants, there are tv o alternative reallzatioHs oHe coHsisting of
a homorgaHic nasaI alone, xvhict is similar to the cognate construction. in 3Bvancse; BId
Gflc cGHslstlng Gf 8ge =, whll.d is sIDZllar to the cogHatc constrllctll6n I,n SLH1dancsc. 86th

TABE.E 83: NASAL PRKFIX ALLOMOlRPlHS
Initial phoDcAlc
p iIpattggil 'call' )
b (batttn 'lhelp')
1TI- (y Clided) tttatiggi'I
1TICIH- (p Cllded) tHettiatigg7/
1TI-, Gge- tN'bQ'tit, ti gebatiitM
lTICIH- PHettibatif 8
k (tenhtIati 'set' j
d ge tigi9t' hCsITIj
D- (k Clided) ttetifMkr2H
1TICQ- ( k CIMlCCll)'tilettetifvkatt
D-, TlgC- tideti gat; tigedeagat
1TICQ- ttieH6(etigaP
s itsebttI 'call' )
c (eati Iook fof )
Dv- iIs cllldcdII tivebHt

DV- CC ellded) twati
1TIcAY- (s clId&l) ioJ'etil'6"bwt

Glen-
I' N e ticaP!
j (ja>~u6 RAS%'CF)
D- ~ AIC- ttjoNHh', ttgiP$604'ah'
Dlell-
t N e t ig6P4
k (JtmiA 'give')
1TIeng- (k elided) tttetigasih
g (gattggu 'bothet' )
Dg- (k CllKICd)' tigasfk

Dg-, Age- ttggattggn; ttgegattggu
ll (Ita&tSlti f1 Alsb )
DgC- tige/M &tslti
1TICAg- ttletigIia&tslt!
%' (wa~vaneam intCTVieW )
Dge- tige~~"avvatit.-am
1TM- we l f"0 NHtlt."QPQ
lliqllids (kdeI- 'ridicule')
Dg-, ANC-ttgIedefc, ttgeledeitt
QM- ttiefedek
MSRIS (ttifvnalIi Cll)0'itt' )
0- ttJ'/itNQA'
1TIC- ttl'etttkH aift
Dg- Hgaptibll
1TICQI,- ttiettgatti&d
vowels (ambiI 'take')
1TICAI',- ttietiggatiggH
orthogkapl>IC ~11 ~ l3rollounced as palatal nasal [JI]

~~ This form is not conlmoD; a less IIlakked alkermtive wollld be tIo Ilse a Alore eolloquiail base mtholit
inittial h , pluS llg-, Jtga&istti.
8lterkl8fkves Rre con1iBlQBly uMdl Ilk1Colloq iukal Indonesllak1i and kndkvidual speakers Blay
8lltcrklatc bcfwvcen them.

Use of Av cllauses is gelMrailfiy associated with undefgQers that are indefiklite Qr non
referekltia1l. ActQts kkkAv c1lauls tend t6 IM defknlte 8nd tQpical. TheM Ils 8lso 8.tendency
for speakers to prefer .~v clauses ik1irreal.is cok1texts and whekk expressing background
=
kkkfOrmatlQB.
Ik1both types Qf Uv clauses those v ith a di-prefkxed verb as v ell as those wkth a proclitic actor (section 3.2 8bove), the undergoer subject tends tQ be referential Rnd definite.
IB all Uv cllauses with 8 procllitic actor, the actor is a/M referentkallMkddefknite. 5,I8k1y Uv
clauses eith the dI = constructiork alsQ have referential aIkd dH'ik1ite actors. There is a
tekkdency for Uv clauses to be used kn realis contexts aind xvhen expresskng foregrQunded
information. There is allso8 secQBd g7e Qf 4i-verb cQBstruction, the agentless Uv clause,
in which the Rctor is non =referek1tial or unirnportakkt and is usuallly umnek1tkoned or
QH.lyexpressed with a gek1enll terkM such as 0/YUlg 'persQB,sQmeQne, an)'olke . This 1ls
ex801P/ifkcd ik1(58) in Iivl1ich the actQr Qf dkMkQM be recorded ls unknQwlk aind
inconsequekltia1l
This brief fm>ctiokm1l description Qf Av and Uv clauses okkIiy presents genera1I tenden
ckes. speaker usage varies according to rnediukrk and geme, 8s xvelll as first-language
background 8nd socio-ecokkokmc status. The complexities of this system and its usage are
topics which cQk1tik1ue tQ Qccupy researchers.
=
IB CQl.loqukal. Ik1doneslaD the stand8rd appIkcativc suftlxes =tjm;QH Rnd =1' ai'e uMcl Ilk1adclkitkQk1
to the exclusively colloquial -irk. In Standard Indonesian, appllkcative suffixes gek1erallly
forn1i trans>tv e xerbs from tiransktv e or kntrainsktv e werb81 bases or from non-werbail
bases. The su8lx = kQPkcak1 kndkcate cauMtkve (PeMQPMskQB tQ h6'at sQHMthkk1g up
< pa tr as 'bot' ), benefsctive (weetbeh kaa 'to buy for s'omeone' < Irtembeli 'to buy") or
cok1trol1led perceptiok1(merrdeegarkas> 'listek1 to' vs ekewdengas 'hear' j. The sufFix -i can

indicate directional (mendarangi 'come to' ( datang'colne') or iterative (merrIIILIIA 'hit
repeatedly' < rrremrl/crr/ 'lut'). In Standard Indonesian, senlantically related pairs of transitive and ikktnnsitive verbs are oftek1 foun(IILLL1
xvhich the intrak1sitive takes a prepositiok1al
cornpleknent, whi/e the transitiive has an applicative suffix mxl the ershvhille prepositional
Blgunlent Ils t/M' und@rgoer; for e xakrlple beJ'&IcPJ 8 iteRAP/g "talk al&out ak1d N/etgblca/QkQH dkscuss, A d A'k di skt on afMI. MVI)dBdflki occupy .
The co11loquial applicative sufFix =ie is a robust nmrker of informal style. Ii can often
repllace =kan or -i, retaik1ing the same meaning as the form with the standard sufFix, as in.
(8I) where 'tlle stallclard folms wollld be dr /Ia/I-/c /can -Uv-retlllln-APPMd Inenp'e/Idr/c
Av: LnvestIIgate-App .
(8 I) N :
. . Ter r a d i / I aA'L -in

t hen
Uv =retum =APP
II,E'Ia,
.. Din p iegie v y e hdik-izr
3s x vak1t A v : investigate-Apv I s
'Tilen (he) renrF11ed (lt) [my dlary]. IHe had wallted to llnvestlgate llle.
The forHl wkth-IH map cover 136th -i aIld -kflfJ meankngs for sorne verbs, Gk'Lnoil iML' cases
the -it8 fl3lkll has no StandRrd Indorneskal1 equkv81lents; for PXBITkple Colmoqukal BgeJJQJB
'beat np on' (physlcally or emotlonally), but Standard mengerja/lan 'enlploy' andIrrenger

gm '>vork on'. In Collloquial Indonesian, there may be Iko applIcatiive used when one would
be prescriptively requiredI e.g., the Co/loquial unsuftixed ngev'av'a~ream 'to interviexv' is
used Lnstead of tlle standard applicative fornl mew'aM;arrcami. ConverMIy applicative
fork11s nlay be used, xvhen no such form is accepted it> Standard Indonesian. This is I11ustrated in (82), xvhere the stak1dard form for 'help' woUM beeresnbantn without a suN'ix.
5 I: Ae napa Rv IC; RT
= eya
BggQIt' Etg8-EPQP1'tM-IP),
%'l1$'
M r nek g hborhood.head
= DEF N E G
Av - l3 a n t u= APP
M QII.If4
|I fM.
t inM
DIS T
''INhy didn.'t the neighbourhood head help at that time'?'

wMe there Ils a pfefelMnce bv speakers to use the colloqukal N- rathek' than8M'N- Lf 8
Iaasal prefix is used in conjuk1ction xvkth -in, forms xvhich juxtapose the fornlal prefix md
informal suffix do occur as in (83).
(83) C:
EEtQ
N M f H'-6~ 'ifPkg-M
Is
Av- Lrnage-APP
I LTL
inlagining this
>
There is not as strorkg a preferekice for avoiding X= ~vhen standard mpplicative sufFixes are
used. Forkrks such as tfgMfQ'kQB8nd tlgddosPt 'GrraHIII,C' (K QdQ ExlsT) are both comMG11.
I/Iar18tkon IH tl1e use Gf Rpplkcatkves Ls seen througho'Ut exGI11ples Ln thks chapter.
5.4 Statlve amd peteative verbs

In Standard Ikkdonesiak1 the prefkx/eP=, used on verbal roots io kn Jlcate poiekltia1 ok Bdvel
sative passive, is often mplaced xvitlh iIifork11al ke= in Collloqukall Ikkdonesiaki: Standmrd
=
Iesbiasa, Colloquial kebiasa 'accustomed to'; Starkdard f'erIaxm, Collloquial ketaI4'a

'llmgh'; Standard Ie>vangkap, Colllloquiallkeraegkap 't9 gct cmgI1t'.
XO
A ' if
E)g - M f Q -hll
pres
D I s T Av =c9Hduct-APP
'I'QI/g d
S HM.
REL
Sl b l
LOC
pePfeNf'iNfH
g i8Pp
If4It,
HMetkng
dark
IDIST
'Yeah, thcy had the secrct rncetiIngs the one iIn Sibi.'
IIR
e-i PRgkeP,
wEG.q poT-capture
A~PN
kQM 8 8ggaA Pfge(J WBggQk

2s
NEG
N EG
lhcar
. 6fh-NMIQA-NMAVA- JH.
Lw-angry-R.DV-App
The$' wefe caught pou knMY. You clKln t hear kt; tIMy %'crc rcprklIlaIlded.
Not all ke-V coHstructiIons in C91lIoqukall IHdoesiaH correspond to StaHdard Indoncsian
IPP =V foln1s. For cxakrkple, /iekNkftII 'Blect corresponds to Standard IndoeskaH
68P'tePI'B;
it caH allso have tlhc co<>otatiIon of accidentaliy nMctiHg s9meoneBHdin that scnse does
not have a JiIrect Standard equivalent.
6 DISCOIItRSK PART1CLKS
Extensive UM of diIscoljrse partkcles Ils a pefvasllve feat11M Qf C91lloquIall Indoneslak1, Bs
svilll lhavc Becn observed in many of the previous exarnpIes. As xvelll as Being geHeral
markers 9f iIformal style, each particlle has BH individUB1 semantic, LI;ratnmatical, or
BfFectlve functiI9n. Tlllf frequeHt 9ccuwMce Bt tltM end of intoHatlI9H Umts allso lmlps tQ
signall breaks iIn the discoUrse Nhiclh aid information processiHg. Onlly a few are dis
cUsscd hcrc.
MBI1$'colloqukBI discourse particlles express speakcr 88cct. DORg, Bssoc1ated IIP(rith
3akartaH IHdonesiaH, indicates tlhat the lhcarer is expected to have allready llm9>vri xvhat tlm
speakel' ls sa)'lng, Rs111exan1ple (19) Rhove.LIto, ffoBII Javanese nsage, Bl nl'tolla'tlon 1lllltinltlall position ind1cates surprIse, %'I1kle lntoHatiI9n uHIt-fkHBl1ip' indiIcates that %'hat tlM
speaker is saying is a rckminder to the hearer. Afasa or masak indkcates disbelief fhat
sonMthing is the case. Bs iH (7). Tlhe JavaHese kok also indicates surprise or disbelief. Bs
in (26), and appeals for a response from the hearer. TBI1 "nonetheless' is a concessive
rnarker frorn Dutch.
Two comnlon qnestion particles are ya 'yes' and /ralt (from the negator Ilslrart)
Mf Is a p c rvasiIvc 1Ht9nation ljlllt =fkkHal partllcllc used as 8 conlprehension check, see
exanlplle (44). Intonat1on Bllllt-flllallit', jrrPt Iis R Begatlve qnestloll 'tag, see exalllpie (43).
IntoHation Ijnit-initiallly or kn prc-predicate positiI9n iIdkcates that the speaker expects
that the hearer should have knmvn the kHfornzatioH bciing presentcd, as iH exanzplc (17).
=
A tlllrd fofBl Ils ta or kP, %'hiIch IIs PxcllUsllvely GH kntoHatk9n ljnit-fkklal qucstioH-formkHg
partIcle.
(85) T:
BeA.EfPII
69 - I M /lS d J
PtfPKM
if6'7
NEG.pfv
L ~=vw Hltc L Q c
b o ard
(It ) hasn t heen wlttten oB tlle hoafd ) t'etr, has tt7
The Feduced deiciic f o rms ffdP,PPHi,gEPPf,GIKll gll'8 %'CM discMsed in 4 .3 a bove i
tlMlFdeictic and infornatio fllolv flLmctioBs. Because tlese forns frcqllently occur at 68
efld of 1ntonat1on 1lIMts, thep can sinM1ltafleousl$' functIon to nlark tiM eflds of di.scourse
r
LlltS W/11le peffOrmlng t h e llr Othef Sena n t lC Or pl'agmatlC fLlDCtIOQS.GPIB lS CSpeClall'tt
conI1on In lnformall rf1teractllon Gs a fFatrl1ng dev1ce n1ar'klng the end Gf a larger dls
=
COllrSC uinIlt.
(86)
W:
..
K a JQ f P $5 g l Pl PM 'PP-daPat-4UP S e SfMff4,
if
I kkf RH'
~vant
dPI c l
A~= Feceive=,wr P something
endeavor fi r s t
gEJA
P PIIR.
l ike.that s i r
'lf (yo lr ) want to get something, yon have to work [for it] first, that's how It
ls, sir.
ThIls exallnpIe also illlHstratcs ttM 38xtaposition of registers con11on lD IltMlonesi811 inter
action. Here the speaker's proomcenent is presented In a standard style, including

the llse of me.V-, -IaaP>,arxl the rather formal sesvatrs'something', yct is framed with the
conversational gihv '1like that'.
D8>, siA, and znaA mark tlhe information status of ellcnents v, ithin a clause. SiA ard
maA are topic rnarkers, indicating given, often resurnptiive or contrastive, inforrnatio i
a s'tatelnent; see fol' exanlpie sIII ln (35) Bhove, ol' IIIOII ln (87). DeA illgililghts lnfornIBtioll focIIS ill a statenlent, as in (87), and is also nsed as a softener in commands. Qc!II and
slII Bre Bssoclated wlth Jakartan ihldoneskan, wlllie IIIIIll ls fl'onl Sllnl[BIMse (see ftlrther
dI.scussion of regional particles belloxv).
(87) M:
/WCf4
fnnny
D. P TCL
dM
PPMA.
3s
D.P T CL.
He s fllnny.
SIA Is Biso Usecl Bs B soABIIBr Bfter B qllestlon word, as In
(88) M :
A p a sih
what
l uh
(88).
papm a= pr ya.
=DEF
D. PTcL D IsT I anxe
Now v hat was lt called

siitifEYt HMrks a tralslltllon IMhveen scgIIMll'ts of dlscourse 1larger tkan 8 clause. For exRI1ple,
ln (66) the speaker uses PPah to itxlicate a sunD1ig up of what he lhas just been talking
about. NaA can also be used to introduce a Hexv topic of conversation, or to drav a
hcarer s attcntlol1 to an itenl In thc discourse or etlvirollIMcl1t.
As sccn wIt}1a fwv of tltM dlscollfse 8al'keFS dll.scUssecll above, speakers flequently
incorporate regional particles irto Colloquiall Indonesian. Some of these, such as sih, deA
ad kaIt; have bccone very common it) the colloquial IndoIIesian of iany speakers
regardless of first=languagc or regIonal background. Otlher regioal discourse markers,
such as the SmdanesePPMA,orjY, a quotative or suirprisc tmarker conmon it some vari
eties of Javanese, cspecially on the Nortlh Coast of tava, xvil1 normally occllr or1ly In the
Co1lloq1lia1l IndoIMsian of speakers from that specific area, ald will not have gained v ider
cuiFrenc)' throughotjlf thc ar( hlpelago. Other elcDMDts eHblemafll c of Collloqur Bl
=
256 TME AUSTROYESJAN LANGUAGES
Itxlonesiats speech that majy be associated v ith specific regioBal laBguages inctude, for
examplle, the variation, in allon>orphs of X- nMntioned in section 5.2.
When speakers use such regionall features. they need Bot necessariIy be regarded as
speaktBg a separate variety Of' CQI1loquial Indonesian. Rather, one of the hallmarks of
Collloqullall Indotlcslan lls that tts speakers dfa'o' on a broad atld varlled Mi of linguistllc
resources in ordet to iBdicate an itsforrnal style of speech. OBe of the resomces availabIle
to a1lI. speakers is the use of regionally identifiable linguistic elements and the option of
Using these to assert a sense of personal identity or social affiliation ~vlule speaking. That
is, in the context of interpersonal interactioB, speakers of Colloquial IBdonesian regularly
depjo+ rnorphologllcal and + Btactlc resources froHil a 4'arMQ' of sources as tlM)' coBvey
Bot only propos1tlIQBal and pragmattc 1nfojrnat1on but a strong sense of 1deBf1$" enll3edded in the socially atxl etmotionalIiy salijent coatext of informal interaction. This is exem
plified by the jiustaposition of discomse markers frottt different regional sources in (87)
and of ditTerent registers in (86), and is etnblematic of tbe vitality of informal interaction.
TIM fesulli ts the ltvely, pelsotlBII, and coBstajntl)' cvolvit1g langUage sfyIe that is modern
Collloqull.all ItNfones1aA.
=
4CKNG'A'LKBG1MENTS
In addition to the hvo editors of'this volune, I xvould also like to thank Susanna CUBmning,
Novt Djlenar, and Robert Englebretson (wlto also provtded exantp(es 21 and 70) for tiMtr
hellpfull conltMents. Umar Muslim greatly assijstedDM LBthe colllectiotl and transcfiptllotl of
much of the data. Research for this project was partialIiy Anded by an Australian Research
council smaIl Grat>t aBd I xvas supported as aB. Associate Felloxv at the Interaattonal
Institute for Asian Studtes, Leiden Universify turing the initial wrttiBg phase.
TRANSCRIFTION O'ON'tl"KNTIONS
flna1l p1tch cjontour
conttButng pltchj contour

appeal p1fch contiouf
truncated intonafion unit
APl.'e 6M'Qk separate line used for each compllete or truncated intotmtion unit
short pause
Iong pause
IengfheB1ng of preceding segmeni
fnincated 'jjvord
L~3
(H)
speaker attribution
ovet.lapptng segfDenf of speech
tBhalation
Alisjahbana, T.S. (1962) Xedortesia Lottgttage ond' Liremtwt.: 1ivo Fssays, New Haven,
Cotlti.: Yale UBtvetsllty Southeast Asta Sfudies.
Anderson, R.O'G. (1966) 'The Languages of jtndonesian politics', Indoaesia 1: 89 16.
j
Anwar, K. (1980) Jtldoaestolt: rI Dcvelopeteat cad Usc of c n or M / LeagMoge,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjahj Mada University Press.
Badudu, J.S. et al. (1984) tjorfologi Bahasa Indonesia (Lisan), Jakarta: Deparfcmen
Pendidikan dm Kebudayaan.
Cumtlllng, S. (2002) 011 tll-, papcl' prcsenfcd Rf 'tltc 9fl1 Infcrnattonal Confcrct1cc011
AUstrollcsiM) Llnguistlcs, Can13crra.
Du Bois, J.W., Schucfzc-Cobum, S., Paolino, D., and Cunllning, S. (1992) Discottrse
TPitMscE'/pIEof/, santa BGII'IMlM: Un1vcrslty of cs l l f o r nla. sRIlta Barbara 13cpMtInent Gf
Linguistics.
EnglcblcfsoB ) R. (20M) Searchlng for StPlcctto e: 'iAe Ptuhient of Comp!ententatlon tn
CQIIQqMQI JM&M'skQB CQtJveE5'Qif'EOR,An1sterdatYL: Jo/1l'I Ben)GI11lns.
Errtngfon, J. ( 1998 }Shtjtln gLang'uages.' Intetrtctlon tllld Iden.tttt ) lll Javanese Ittdonesta,
Catllbridge: CaDlbridge UI1liversltv Press.
Ewtng, M.C. Rnd CutfulllBg,, S. (1998) Rclaflvc clallses tn lndottestau d1scourse; Facc fo
face and cyberspace interacfion', in s.L. chelliah and w J. dc Reuse(eds.) Papers ftrtnt
fAe Ftjtlt Annual lfIeettng of ihe, Sotttheast.4slan L!Ilgutstlcs Soclett)) 79 96, T etl'1pe,
ArizGI18: Arizol18 State University.
Gil, I3. I'2002a) 'Thc prefixes di- and N- ia Mahy.'IndGnesial1 dialects', in F. '6"G}LIkmd
M. Ross (eds.} The Histoty and 7(pology of Western Attstlrtnesiatt Voice Systeltts
241
283, Canbcrra: Paciflc LlngUlstlcs.
(2002b) Rtatl Indolmstan -kltn lIBsytlchrony alld dlacllrony, papcl' prcsetlfcd af fhc
9th Intenntiol181 conference Gn AUstronesim Liagllistics, Larlberra.
Grtjns, C.D. (1991) Jaharta 11
)Ialay: A ttt)Ittltiditnensional Appt)oach to Spatial Vatiafion,
Leidel1: KITLV Press.
Hain1an, J. (1978) 'conditiGI1als are topics', ImIyEage 54: 564 589.
Hoffnlan, J. (1979) 'A forclg11 tnvcsnYlcnf: ltldlcs Malay 'fo 1901 ', IIIIIonesta 27:
65
92.
HookeravM. (1995) 'Ne% otdcl lallgURge ln colltcxt', ln vM. Hooker I cd.) cfiAIAV PAd
Socieh' in Nev Onkr Nlo eesie, 272
293, Oxford: Oxford Un.iversity Press.
Ikrancgara, K. (1980} Metatnt Beiawi Gtrltnntar, Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri
NUSA.
Kaswanti Purwo, B. (1984) Tottatrls a Description of Contentpotuly Indonesian:
PE'eIENIEA~
PEQ' 5IINffes, PPPtJI, Jakarta: IEIGdBn PenyelcrlggHra seri NUsA.
(1988) Towamts a Description of Contentporaty lndollesian: Pts'liminary t)tttdies,
PaEt JK Jakarta: Badal1 Penyelenggara seri NUsA.
it)lacDonaid, R.R. and Dardjowidjojo, s. (1967) A sludettth' Re
fetsnce Glrtntntat of
Modern Pw emI JEIdoIIesim>, Gcorgetown: Georgetown University Press.
Maier, H.M.J. (1993) 'IFrotn heferoglossia to polyg}ossia. The creation of Ivlalay and
I3Utcl4 Ml 8M Illdlles, XEttdoflet}t'io 56:37&5.
Moeliollo, A.M. Rnd Dardjowidjojo, S. (cds.j (1988) Tata Baltasa BO41 Baliasa
ZEEdoMJIQ, Jakarta: l3epartcn1cll PendlldlkBl1 clan Kcl3UdRYMn.
Moeliono, A.M. et al. (1988) Aamtts Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Balaii Pustaka.
Muhad)llr (1981) Aforphologt) of Jakarta Dlaleci: A fltxiatton attd RedttplIcatlort., Jakat"ta:
Badan PenyejenggMa Scri NUSA.
Mtlsgl'avc, S1nlon (2001), Xon SBIIIect APgttnt-ents Itt Il l doneslall, PI ID D l s s crtafloll,
University of Me jboUrne.
Prenficc, D.J. (1990) 'Malay (Indonesian Rnd Malaysian)', in B. Comrie (Cd.) The IVorlds
MQJOP L.QNgBog8$913 935 LoMIGn RoUtledge
sncddon, J. (1996) Indonesian: 2 complehensive Gtuntmar, I.ondoll: Routledge.

(2002) 'VariatloA ln llnfGrlM81l JGkartGn IndGHesiRIl: 8 qUafltitativc stud) t, pRpcr
prescntcd at the 9t h I n ternatioI1al confereI1ce on Austroneslan Linguistics,

Cant)erl'a.
TR11nel; N. (1967) Specch and socllefy RB'Iongtilc Itldoncslan clltc: A casc sntdV of a
nlUjtl1.lIlgUajl coDlHlUnlg", 28tI'Yj'I'opohogJciQIE,ttNglH$Acs 9: l 5MO.
Verhaar, J. (1984) Toufttris a Description of Corttempotfny IndolreSia: Prelimina>y

Slmdiess Pivr ( jt, Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA.
A BBRKVIA T I O N S
AfFix boundarics arc indicatcd by a hyphcn (-). clltic boundariesby an cq11ah signII =').
Im.fixcs iI1 verI1acular wordsarc betwecn ang/ed brackets (<... >),
If nlorphcnle bouAdafics arc llot indicated ID the vcr11acllIar llnc, a. coloI11s uMd 1A
betwcm. granllr1atlcal categorylabel and base meaning iI1 thc gloss (e.g. Av:get). If one
formative representstve or nlore morphosyntactic categories, aperiod is used to separate the categorics iI1 the gloss (e.g. RLs,vc). Similarly, multiword glossesfor single
lcxlcBl bascs Brc scparated by perlods (c.g. fatllcl;lll.laiw ).
Glosscs for pronollns BIId pronominal clitics and afFixcsare as follows:
1 s 1st persoD singular

2s
2 n d pcrson Singular
3s
3 r d person sineular
l p l st person plural
l pi l st perso11 plural iI1clusive
I pe 1stperson pluralexclusive
2p 2 n d pcrson plural
3p 3 r d person plural
Thc letters d and P are uscd in arlalogous fashion to indicatc respectively dual BIIdtrial
(c.g. Ide = first persondual exclusivc).
Tihe proI1onlinal glosses I11ay be cambim.cdavith the abbreviations for gramnlatical
functions listcd bclosv,for example, 3s.sll>, lpi.NGM,3d.Acc, lpe.poss, ctc.
ABS
ACC
ACL
ACT
a ibsolutlvc
ANI3
a iccusatlg'e
or affix for mixovcment
to~vardsspcakert
ccjdcnta
actor (pronoun), active

i(vcrbail prcflx)
a id)cctIQ'e Inarker
advcfb(1al)
adversative passive
agent. Bgentive
alleYlablc
aliatlve
anlnla itc
anaphoric
i(afof
cnlcntIoned)
andative (directioI1alpartlclc
APASS
APP
ART
ASSPL
ATD
AUX
AX
8EN
8%'
CAU
CIRC
3lltlpasslve
appllcatlvc
articlc
associative plural
attitudc(attitudillal (dclictic)
auxiliary
actor voice
bcnefactivc
bcncfactlvc voice
causat1vc
c1rcumstaintlal
xx A B B REVIATIDNS
CLF
CMPR
CNJ
CNTP
COMP
CONT
COP
CORE
CPL
C%
l3,A II3%'
ll3.PTCIL
ll3AT
ll3EF
ll3EM
ll3ET
ll3IR
ll3IST
ll3G
classiflcr
cGnlparat lvc
con]Unctl Qn
contcmplated
complen1entlzcl'
ContllluatIVC
copUla
corc' argUDMAt
completI vc
convevance volcc
deictic adverblal
dilscolse particle
datllve
deflnlte
demonstratlvc
determiMl'
dlrcctl onal
d)sta il
dylm.mic verb stem former
('do X'j
ll3TR
II3U
ll3UR
ll3V
II3 rW
EMPIH
ERG
ESS
EVI3
EVIT
EX'EXCL
EXIST
EXP
IFAM
IFOC
IFRM
IFUT
GEN
GER
GV
IHAB
IHAVE
d,etrallsltlvlzcr
Kfiual
dufatIVC
dative.'directlonal voice
d)' rlalTllc
cmphatlc
CfgatlVC
CSSIVC
cv ldelltlal
CV ltatl iii e
cxc llIlslve
cxlstentla il
cxpericntial (aspect)
familiar (tcrm of addrcss)
fOCUS
formal (politellcss clitics)

R.tt!lfe
genitive
gerUIld
goal voice
habitllal
stativizing prefix oll I>OIlns
(mcalllng 'have N')

IHES
lHGN
IHGIRT
lHlLM
lll3X
IIMM
IMP
IN
INAL
INAN
INCPL
INI3
INDEF
INS
INT3
INTR
INTSF
INVIS
INVOL
IPIF
IRR
ITER
IV
JNT
ILIM
ILK
ILOC
LV
MED
MIN
llesl.tatlon
llonorlflc
hoftativc
hUIYIRA
lllldcxer (scc Le'A)

IQlmedlatc (Past)
imperativc
IDCIUsIvc
inalienable
illanimate
incompletive
Indlcatlve
indefinite
instrllmelltal
lnterjection
Intfansltlve
intensifler
in~isible
involuntary
Imperfectlve
llrrcalI s
iterative
instrllmelltal voice
joint action
limitative
lillker, ligatUre
Iocatrvc
Iocat<vc volce
D'ledla ii
mlnimal (nulzber of
Pl Onolllll
MOD
MUT
NEG
NE% SIT
NFIN
NMIN
mood marker
muitatcd (see Xias)
MgatlOA
nc|v sltuation
Don-f lAlte
non-mnimal tnUrnbcf of
pronoull)
NGILID
NGMI
NG%
NP
R
QOA-Gld infofmatioll
Qon1lnatlve
NSBj
08j
Don-sUbject
OBL
OLD
OPT
OV
PART
PASS
PIFV
PIL
PM
PN
obllqUC
new (deictic)
Doun phrasc
Domna illzcf
object
old inform.ation
optative
objectlve volcc
participle
passlve
PcffectlvC
plufal
predicate markcf
proper or personal name
A B8lREW"IATIONS x x i
PGSS
PGT
pp
PRI3
possessive
potentive {Potelltial)
pf epos lllonal phrase
precllcatlve (pf GDoUA,
delctlc II
perfect{ive)
pf GgIesslvc
prohibitivc
pf Gposltlve
ST
SUBJ
TOP
TR
UG
UV
VEN
VIIS
VOC
statlve
subj Uxlctlvc
topic
transitive, traAsitisizer
UIAdefg Gef
UIAdefgoef Voice
vcrlltlvc
v1slblc
vocatlvc
pfesellt tellse
proxlrDail
past tense
partiele
patl cnt vol.ce
qUestlon (paf tlc Ie)
*qUalify as, becomc'
c see BlQkjI
QUOT
RCP
R13P
RECOG
REIL
REM
RES
RFL
RII S
RPRT
RQV
RSN
SBJ
SG
SGIF
SPEC
SR
quotative
rec,Ip f ocail
LAAJGUAIGK, S11BGRolLtPAN9
PROTOLAWIGUAGE
ABBRK'AATI IONS
CEMP
Central-East-MalayoPolwwesiarl
subject
CM
CMP
EMP
IIM
Mkl
Mkn
NJ
OJ
OM
PAn
PC
PDMI
PM
PMP
SteIAl foHBlng fomlatlve
P%'III'lP
Pfoto-%est-Malavo-
softcniBg particle
specific (article)
SEA'NG
Polwwesiarl
SoUth lHalmahera-%est
subordillator
MIP
I'ccent { delctlc)
fcduplicaition
rccognit onal (deictic)

relative (particle.'affixII
ren1ote (deictic)
rcsultatlve
fcAexive
fcalls
fcpoftatlve
rcqQcstlvc
rcasoll, cause c
I pfcposltlon )
SIIlgUla if
Classlcal Malay
Ccntral-tMaIIayo-Pollynesian
East-III lalayo-Polynesian
Ilndoncsiarl Malav
Moklen
Mokell
Yew, javanese
Old Javallcse
Old Mlalav
Proto-AUstronesian
Proto-ChaI111c
Pidgirl-Dexived Malay
Proto-Malayic
Proto-Malayo-Polyacsiall
>le%' GlliI1e8.
'IjllI'est-Malayo-Polm.csialI.
O F A SI A
A ND
M A D A G A SC A R
Edited byAlexander Adelaar and

Nikolaus P. Himmelmann
Routledge
Tayhr L Francis Croup
lONOON AND NEW YORK
f t]st puhl<hcd I )(!5
hy Routlcdge
Pat'k Si]uarc..'v[tltun Park.:Xhtnudon. C)mon OX [4 ARN
Sirnultaneously puhlihed in thc US:'>>.and Canada
hy Routlcdu>e
. E> 'v[adton b'e. Nc>v 3'ork. M
[ ( ! 0 1 (i
R>>!8(>'i'((j~'!5 al) fl ltpt'i'8( r>f (Ai' Taui'! >J' O' Au!n ! s ( i ! i > :I)>
2(!05 Sclectton and cditorial nzattcr. Alcxandcr:Xdelaar and

Nikolau P. f[hnmelmann; individual chapters. thc contributors
( artography hi: ( handra Jayasuriya. Thc Unixcrsity of v[clhourne
T>'pect ul Tlnlc Nc%' Rornan hv
Ncvvu>cn [nlaLinj'. Systenls I P) Ltd. Chennai. [ndia
Printed and hound in (.>rcat 13ritain hy
MP(> f3ook Ltd. 130dmtn
.Xll rights rcscn cd. No part ot this book may b reprinted or rcproduced
or utilied in am: torrn or hy any elcetronic. nlechanical. or othcr rncans,
noiv kno>vn or hcrcaftcr invented. includin > photocopx:in > and rccording.
or in any intorrnationtorap>c or retricval sytem. i>, ithout pcrnsission in
vvrlting [rc>rn thc publlher.
f9>((i.'h I.>hru~", (.'a>'>IA>~a>>p!!; >!! A>h>'ii (,'! in I?akr
.X cataloguc record tor thi hook is available trorn thc 13ritish Libran:
I.'> PUl'1' i!> C >>tigl'I'55 6 C>"(I >'>g'/!" 'l ! A ( 4 '( ' i J A>>ti I?Cl>d
.'X catalc>g rccold fc>l th!s boc>k lta hccn rcquetcd

[ Sf35 0 , ( ! 0 , ] 2 w { 0
Z,lsf af 38ftsf)%'Aot)$
E,isl' af eaniktcfan
PAp
f Q'ce
Lisf af ubbrniatians
Tbe AmsfroneslaII langItages of Aslla aM Madagasesr:
8 hL%torlCk1 pel'SpeCtlVe A Jexander Ark(aaj
hltroductlon
lm p o rtant reference %'orks concertullg Austronesllall

comparative historical l inguistics
3 AVriting
4 PAnamdPMP linguistic history: some basic information
5 Th e intemal classificationof Austronesian languages

6 Th e Austronesian homeland and Austronesian migrations
7 L a nguage contact
,8
29
2 L a IIgIIage sblft and emdaIIgermeat Me rgam ( F(mev

lntrodllctlon
Factors in
assessing language endangermmt
3 E thaolinguistic vitality of Aushenesian languages

4
3
Re v iev ing research priorities
IC.'o)omIam
Ristery amd IamgtIsge polltey ln IlIIsII(ar
SOutheaSt ASLS Blld M3dlagMeSI' Re iw SJ'eiejiawer
65
lntroducflon
)n Jonesla
Malays ja
Br u nei Darussalam
E a s tTllmor
Th ePhilippines
73
75
M8 4 4lgsscsf
8 L a n guage policy in other Southeast Asian countries
Co ncludingremarks
4 $8tual Iangmages, speclal regIsters amd speeeh decoFItm

lm AustroIteskan 4Itguages Ja~ves J Fax
lntl oductlon
2 Ri t u al languages among the Austronesians

3 R l tuall languages as prmest, pl lestess aHB splHt regIsters
66
69
72
78
80
84
CONTENTS
4 R lltUSI languagcs as praycr, oratlon poctry and Song

5 Fo r ms ofparallel composition
6 Topogeny
7 % 6 r d taboolng
8 S p eciaI pu.rpose registers for hunting. fishing, andother activitics
9 Pm L esu:A special register among the youth of Jakarta
I 0 Spcechllcvelsand honorific registcrs

I I C o ncllusioms
91
94
95
96
98
99
IM
l02
Tlhl Au$tromeS)all 13llguRg8S Of ASIa RIRd MStlaN,8$Caf:
Pyologlea) eharaeterh0es Nk oku~s P.Hie~meie~ann

I S omc prehminary divisionsand definitions
2 Phonology and morphonollo
gy
3
4
Ba s llc morphosyntax
Ma j or vcrbal BLltcrnations
Clav.se linkage patterns and anaphora
6 A f maI llook at @yologieal diversity vrithin~vstem '
Ilo
II5
l26
I 65
l7l
173
AUstroncslaQIanguagcs
Old Malay IVams>a MaAd'i

I l l ntroduetion
2 Spe)ling amd. phonology

3 B a sic morphosyntax
4 M a j or verbal alternations
5 NG QMna11zatloTls
and, nomlnall mofplhology
132
I84
l89
l96
198
Strtteturall dh'ersRy Im the Mslayle subgroup .CIexmd'er Ad'eIaar

I M a l ayic varieties: an introduction
2 Ph o nolOg1c@ chaf actcnstlcs
3 Mo r p hosyntactic features
of Pidgin-l3crivcd Malay varietics
4 M o r phosyntactic features of Salako
5 Ke r inci: nesv morphos>mtax throIjgh sound.
change
+i
QIQ
2M
2I2
2I7
Colloqslal Iludotleslao Mjchae j C Ewe>g

I
l l n tro8Ijction
Ph onology and
orthography
3
4
Ba s ic morpho~mtax
Pr o n ounsand demonstratives
5 On the use of
verba) morphology
6 l 9 lscoufsc p ~c l c s
TSolll
EJf:I obp.JAZc'-spovpl
I l l ntroduetion
Ph onology and
orthography
3 B a sic morpho~mtax
259
260
CONTENKS
SeerIllq Naami Tsw Aiia
vll
29lI
lIrtrodrlctl&n
Phomo)ogy
4 M ajor verbal morphologv

5 N orninahzations and nominall rnorphology
Hake Cah' Rcrbivo
326
)mtroductiorr
326
327
329
335
Ph orro)ogy
D c l c t r Gs
Major verbal alterrrahons

6 N o rnirmlizations and n.ominall rnarphology
gR[Og
336
345
ASA '6IO'LfS
P J%PiiHPMPVF
JIlltrodllctlorr
Phomo)ogy arrd orthographv

4 Ma j o r verbal altcrrrations
5 N omirelizations arrd n.ominaI rnorphology

SSI8 (BRj8lII) AkaruAre Aw
377
lIrtrodrrctiorr
Ph orro'logy md orthography
4 Ma j o rverbal alterrrations
5 T cxt cxarnplc
397
2 Ph orrology arrd orthography
3 Basic morphosyntax
397
397
405
415
llltrodllctlon
V e r balaA)xation
SelmN Ad'rian Cf>mes

1
lt r trodrIctlon
Phorro/ogy
3 Basic morphosyntax
4 V erbal rnorpho/ogy
5 L a nguage Ioss
M'8)8gR%$
J Q W 8 RQ SOA7SGti88'd CCP'J RtCblfW
IQtrodlletlorr
2 Ph o rro'loly
456
459
462
CONTENTS
4 l 3eixis
6
Verbal IIIorphollogy
No r a inalizatioms
PhsE R8$g Cbaxll

I
l l l ltro8Uetion
Ph onology
Gn r llarrr TIrrrrgead
3 B a sicmorphos)mtax
4 C o mp)ex predieates an8 sentcrlces
Mokeo SEld MekleB M i d rcre/ D. L.arish
I l l atre8Uetion
2 Mo k cn atrd Moklea phorro)ogy

3 Baslc mofpho5)'ntax
4 M o rphology
Text
Kate Balrak Geog f/Sallams
I l l atrotUetion
Ph onology
3 Ba s ic morpho~mtax
4 M a j or verbal alternatiorls
N ormnal AMrphology
l l l ltroRUetion
Ph onology aAdl
orthographp'
3 Ba s ic morphos)mtax
4 ll3envational verbal n1orpho)ogy
N o nmnalizatiorls and rlolninall ITlorphology
Javsma&p 3(exarrder F. OgiokIia

I l l ntro8Uetion
Phonology, orth
ography and morphophonemics
3
4
Ba s ie morphosyntax
Ma j of verbal derivatlotls
90
92
98
6IO
N ominalizatioll
6I4
6I
No t e soII OM Javanese and structural ehanges in the historyof Savarrese
BII.ol & ik Zoke)

I l l ntrolUetion
Phonology
3 Ba s ie morphosyntax
4 l 3 eicties an.d kreet>orlals
M a j or ver'bal BLllternatlons
6
N o I I Iknalderlvatlons
62
62
629
637
638
647
(X
%18RRSSRI .NN/AOPll.' JN/ieS

1 1 Iltrodllctl&n
Phonology
3 B a sic rnorphosyntax
4
D e l c t l csSnd dlrectN)nals
Mml Buvtth Da vidMead

1 l ntrodection
Phonology
4
Delxls
Ma~or verbal alterrmhons

6 N o fDIQalkzatlons and nMAinall Alorpllology
KSmbera
M a r i aj KIawer
1 h l t rodUctlon
Ph onology and orthography
4 D e i ctics and direetionals
5 M a j or verbal alterrmtions
769
769
712
726
727
Tettjto Imtd Letll Aone vm Eege/enkavew and'Caiharkia <FiAiaeu-van AViakea

1 I ntrodvction
2 Phonology
735
73'7
745
765
No minal morphology
TSllR
JOI M BI 9 li'de8
1 I H trodUctlon
'769
776
Ph onology
4 D e i ctics and direetionals
Major verbal altcrrmhons
773
6 N ominahzations and nominall morphology
791
SISR
788
789
He M SI e M(JNMe)'
1 1Dtr odllctlon
2 Phonology
3 Basic rnorphosyntax
4
De m o nstratives andl directionals

Ma~or verbal dcnmhons
6 C o mpol16kng
L,aPfgM'Qge fndeX
Slfkjec'f Mder
793
794
797
814
818
821
LI." C L> B'"' ALEXANDER ADELAAR AND

NIKOLAUB P. HIMMELMANN
I OUltlR Clg & I AN 5'L)AC> FFAMlI Y
5e'I le! 5

Colloquial Indonesian - Michael C. Ewig

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The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar - Routledge (EXTRACT)

guage, or EM'AQsitl M'IMPE-AQPE'everyIay Ilanguage . Indeed 1HsoDMthlng Qf 8 contllmua

228 THE AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

I n t elactIGA. Because theM 15 VBDlatll9D Mt h9%' spcakefs cGAstlhllfe

acterlstllc Qf 1Hf9rmal face-f9-face 1lHferactlon. PFevlollls 1voFk on Colloqulal IIld9ne51an

TA.BI.E 8.1: V0%KLS IN

TABLE 8.2: CO~WMINANTS IN INM)NESIAN

236 TME AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

QJQ Just, StaMlM'd $IIti&A-

TPl(s 8((I((l/ I ( nrl(/( S/ / iN ur e / ( a

'And what's the cnsail to usc for S1ackwarH"

cer iIa is used as a verb wifh6uf benefit Gf derivatioBal morphGIGgy.

pNflp '8 ccP ktQ,

N M ' 8-celfIQ-/MH 4 '

'I1VChave a story, and then we tell (it) to our fricnds.'

Ku' l n ll SQVn cerlri9 b e g i a l ,

Ma kan j agu nggak b o lr'h d i r aroil -di s itu .

'Food alls6 isn't allowed to be put there.'

3.2 Bssic cllsesestnactmre

frequemtly a verb, eitlher iBtransifive or traBsitive and either rnonoBMrphemic 6r with

232 THE AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

dlrr rIE: IkNt Ea -

sNQ way s11e was follov'ed by sonleone fronl hrteI.'

XAf 8 )'8 c o i'o

ZEI M ' W M 'I

tapi k alaU d i -lihat-lihat sama

l Jflg / i Ph I A'4f-PPM' QgP/t, P He h ,

BgBk an e h j RFB ng n g o brol

nge-lupa-Ia. m a ntsan-nva >tu

'And 11e s confllsed ab6ut 'hvhat he has t6 do to f6+ Pt hll.s ex.

(vxs or xvs) can be 'Llsed

234 TME AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

Slldah sa)'a m akan

I ve already eatcH It. Klattp:A"o'iA'%'.gan'IltaMlalagazlllae.colal'server-DQcsi'

M a k rh Aa erpu In ' a>ng-s

sitive. This indeterIaainacy is refllected in the altcrllatlve EIlglish tran$1latlons.

'You studied Beforc too, you know.'

H ig J'g''6 sQ f ll i A M ' AfA Q N

DMl l th PRx m e ssy I

sKVC'll only be llll a laless for onc ol two H ilonths.'

So there s kiwQpl7pl MpE tlMM.

folder black = DEF

E x I sT Lo c cUp b o ard PR x .ADv.

The black folders, they aM IH thls cupb6ard 1MM,

DIST f Flend l3. PTCL

EXIST b l cp'cle LOC P R X . ADV

'You know my friendhad a bike here; (it) disappeared.'

3 2 2 Aon-ve> baI' pmdscaIes

in Colloquial IIldofIesiRH. As with intransitive verbal clauses, the uHnlarked constituent

AH itmportRtlt type of predicate Hominall clause is the cleA constructioHs iH xvhich R

236 THE AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

Locative and temporal expressiorls (including prepositional phrases) are cornmon

l wlll make (some}.

'l-.'aHg 4if-goP& i1g

Gal i s g alis -a tara V aag s s d ah ltM f Q A 8PJR pPk s e f i QIJ.

=RVa aiapiallg rieflllltelless passesslall aad gepliads

TApE / YldEO =Pfi'6

(you) foulld. vonf Iadlo

c an m ak e L o c p l a c=e DEF M s Sici l

238 THE AUSTROYESIAN LANGUAGES

R akERkCVni eaha g i r >i,

SPCkj = J'$$'Q dIR&k

DIKT=DEF be conle k .o . s allad

U x"-fast. foDvard-DEF f Ilrst