Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Session : 2013-14
Submitted To :
Mr. Mohit
Kumar Premi
Submitted
By :
Mujahid
Hussain
XIIth
DECLARATION
This is to
to
presented
miniature
project on :
"
Human Reproduction
"
the
overall
work
is
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that all relevant work
pertaining
to
presented
miniature
project on :
"Human Reproduction"
was completed by Mujahid Hussain
under my guidance. He has done hard
work to complete the project. His work
is absolutely original in nature.
BIODATA
Name
Mujahid Hussain
Class / Sec
XIIth
Session
2013-14
Subject
Biology
Roll No.
Topic
" Human
Reproduction"
Subject Teacher
Premi
Teacher's Sign
Principal's Sign
Remarks
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
History of all great works is to witness that no
great work was ever done without either the
active
or
passive
support
of
person's
of
child,
intercourse between
intercourse,
interaction
the
man
typically
and
involving sexual
woman.
between
During
sexual
man's sperm,
which
after
a gestation
period is
followed
education
project,
which
added
Lao
explanations
to
male
reproductive
system
contains
two
main
divisions:
the testes where sperm are produced, and the penis. In humans,
both of these organs are outside the abdominal cavity. Having the
testes outside the abdomen facilitates temperature regulation of the
sperm, which require specific temperatures to survive about 2-3 C
less than the normal body temperature i.e. 37C. In particular, the
extraperitoneal location of the testes may result in a 2-fold
reduction in the heat-induced contribution to the spontaneous
mutation rate in male germinal tissues compared to tissues at
37C. If the testicles remain too close to the body, it is likely that
the increase in temperature will harm the spermatozoa formation,
making conception more difficult. This is why the testes are carried
in an external pouch viz. scrotum rather than within the abdomen;
they normally remain slightly cooler than body temperature,
facilitating sperm production.
The human female
The
female
reproductive
system
likewise
contains
two
main
divisions: the vagina and uterus, which act as the receptacle for
semen, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The vagina
is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is
attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes. At certain intervals,
the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian
tube into the uterus.
The fertilization of the ovum with the sperm occurs at the
ampullary-isthimic junction only. That is why not all intercourse
results in pregnancy. The ovum meets with Spermatozoon, a sperm
may penetrate and merge with the egg, fertilizing it with the help of
certain hydrolytic enzymes present in the acrosome. The fertilization
usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself.
The zygote then becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus,
where
it
begins
the
processes
through
the placenta,
which
is
attached
to
the
many
years.
One
important
type
of
parental
care
differ
in
structure
("anisogamy") and
are
contributed
by
different
parents.
Gametes need
these
rather
needs
two
contrasting
are
met
by
anisogametes:
sperm
motile
that
are
(and
small)
production of sperm
walls
of
the
seminiferous
cells that
are
tubules
the
consist
precursors
of
sperm.
Spermatogonia
of
gene
combinations
in
sperm
is
very
great.
Sperm
Sperm cells are little more than flagellated nuclei. Each consists of
an
d a single centriole
Dr.
orderly
arrangement
of
the
sperm
cells
each
day.
These
gradually
move
into
LH
Interstitial cells are, in turn, the targets for a hormone often called
interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). It is a product of the
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. However, ICSH is identical to
the luteinizing
hormone (LH) found in
females, and I prefer
to call it LH.
FSH
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (also named
for its role in females)
acts directly on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm production (aided
by the LH needed for testosterone synthesis). Discussion
Sex Organs of the Human Female
The responsibility of the female mammal for successful reproduction
is considerably greater than that of the male.
She must
manufacture eggs
provide
an
environment
conducive
to
fertilization
and implantation
nourish the developing baby not only before birth but after.
Oogenesis
Egg formation takes place in
the ovaries.
In contrast to males, the initial
steps in egg production occur
prior to birth. Diploid stem
cells called oogonia divide by
mitosis
to
produce
more
old,
the
process
that
she
will
ever
large secondary
receives
little
more
than
oocyte and
one
set
a
of
small polar
body that
chromosomes.
Which
In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not go
on to meiosis II, but the secondary oocyte does proceed as far
as metaphase of meiosis II and then stops.
Only if fertilization occurs will meiosis II ever be completed. Entry of
the sperm restarts the cell cycle
Ovulation
Ovulation occurs about two weeks after the onset of menstruation.
In response to a sudden surge of LH, the follicle ruptures and
discharges a secondary oocyte. This is swept into the open end of
the fallopian tube and begins to move slowly down it.
Copulation and Fertilization
For fertilization to occur, sperm must be deposited in the vagina
within a few (5) days before or on the day of ovulation. Sperm
transfer is accomplished by copulation. Sexual excitation dilates the
arterioles supplying blood to the penis. Blood accumulates in three
cylindrical spongy sinuses that run lengthwise through the penis.
The resulting pressure causes the penis to enlarge and erect and
thus able to penetrate the vagina.
Movement of the penis back and forth within the vagina causes
sexual tension to increase to the point of ejaculation. Contraction of
the walls of each vas deferens propels the sperm along. Fluid is
added to the sperm by the seminal vesicles, Cowper's glands, and
the prostate gland. View These fluids provide
perhaps
in
other
ways
provide
an
optimum
chemical
Fertilization
begins
with
the
binding
of
the
of
egg
sperm
head
(called
to
the zona
embryo.
So
human mitochondrial
DNA is
almost
always
At
the
same
time,
the
egg
(secondary
oocyte)
their
DNA
A spindle is
in S
phase.
formed
Their
(following
nuclear
envelopes
replication
of
the
Pregnancy
Development
begins
while
the
fertilized
egg
is
still
within
in
the
thickened
wall
of
the
uterus,
process
Three or four blastocyst cells develop into the inner cell mass,
which will form
o
The placenta grows tightly fused to the wall of the uterus. Its blood
vessels, supplied by the fetal heart, are literally bathed in the
mother's blood. Although there is normally no mixing of the two
blood supplies, the placenta does facilitate the transfer of a variety
of materials between the fetus and the mother.
receiving food
But the placenta is not simply a transfer device. Using raw materials
from the mother's blood, it synthesizes large quantities of proteins
and also some hormones.
The metabolic activity
of
the
placenta
is
the
placenta.
It
receives deoxygenated
blood
from
the
iliac
returns
blood
to
normally occur. However, some of the blood cells of the fetus usually
do escape into the mother's circulation where they have been
known to survive for decades. This raises the possibility of
doing prenatal
diagnosis of
genetic disorders
by sampling the
developing
embryo.
Such
agents
are
After about two months, all the systems of the baby have been
formed, at least in a rudimentary way. From then on, development
of the fetus, as it is now called, is primarily a matter of growth and
minor structural modifications. The fetus is less susceptible to
teratogens than is the embryo.
Pregnancy involves a complex interplay of hormones. These are
described in a separate page. Link to it.
The placenta is an allograft
One of the greatest unsolved mysteries in immunology is how the
placenta survives for 9 months without being rejected by the
mother's immune system. Every cell of the placenta carries the
father's genome (a haploid set of his chromosomes); including one
of
his
#6
chromosomes
where
the
genes
for
the major
culturing the fertilized eggs for several days until they have
developed to at least the 8-cell stage;
sperm.
Often
these
can
be
(in
normal
fertilization,
all
the
mitochondria
in
the
sperm
are
father's
condition
called heteroplasmy
creates a child having
two
different mitochondrial DNA genomes in all of its cells.
Their procedure: