Samuel Canadell

HOMEWORK 2: PLANE ELASTICITY

1.1 Describe the strong form of the problem in the reduced domain.
The formulation could be obtained from the equilibrium in a differential square element,

Defining stress tensor,

And applying static equilibrium of forces on the solid and in each direction, the following
equation is obtained,

In a vectorial form can be expressed as,

Using the constitutive equation which relates the stress tensor and the strains,

Where,

With,

Samuel Canadell
And the strain field vector,

Substituting the expressions,

But as the problem is a PDE, suitable boundary conditions are needed.

The Dirichlet boundary conditions are expressed as,

And Neumann boundary conditions

Where the boundary normal vector,

And the boundary traction vector is,

Hence, the Strong form of the problem reads

in
on D
on N

Samuel Canadell

1.2 Indicate accurately the Boundary Conditions in every edge.

Dirichlet conditions (displacements)

At the bottom, the whole edge is fixed, so the horizontal and vertical displacement is null.
u(x,0)=0
v(x,0)=0
The central axis must be null horizontal displacement because of the symmetry in the geometry
and loads,
u(3,y)=0
The vertical displacement at the top is prescribed; hence we just can impose the displacement
at this point. At first sight could seem that there is a linear relationship at the edge but as in out
case we have to count the poison effect this is not possible,
v(3,3)==-0.01
Neumann conditions (traction vector)
The traction vector is null when the edge can move freely, thats the case in

Samuel Canadell

2. Describe the mesh by giving the arrays of nodal coordinates X and the
connectivity matrix T.
According to the reference system took before, the nodal coordinates are the following ones,
X
Node
1
2
3
4
5
6

Global Coordinates
x
y
0
0
1,5
0
3
0
1,5
1,5
3
1,5
3
3

As a linear system of equations will be solved, the nodal coordinates are chosen from the right
angle and in a counter-clockwise angle to optimize the zero components in the LSE. The local
nodal numbering is used for compute systematically the equations. The next figure shows the
local numbering chosen.

The next table shows the coordinates on the local numbering of nodes, for each element.
Coordinates on the local numbering of
nodes
Element 1
x
y
1
2
3

1,5
1,5
0

0
1,5
0

1
2

1,5
1,5

1,5
0

1,5

3
3
1,5

0
1,5
0

3
3
1,5

1,5
3
1,5

Element 2

Element 3
1
2
3
Element 4
1
2
3

Samuel Canadell
The connectivity matrix is used to relate the local and global numbering, and will be used later
for assembling the nodal contributions.
T

Global Node

Element
1

Local (1)
2

Local (2)
4

Local (3)
1

2
3
4

4
3
5

2
5
6

5
2
4

3. Set up the linear system of equations corresponding to the discretatization of

the structure. How many degrees of freedom have the system to be solved?
The FEM works
Where

For solving the problem, the domain is discretitzed by lineal triangle elements, and the solution
inside the element approximated by the following way,

The shape functions are in function of the geometrical coordinates, and in case of triangular
lineal elements the coefficients are,

Samuel Canadell
Applying this in at the elements, the following shape functions are obtained,
Coefficeint for Ni=(ai+bix+ciy)/2A
Element 1

Shape Function

1
2
3

0
0
2,25

1,5
0
-1,5

-1,5
1,5
0

1
2

2,25
2,25

-1,5
0

1,5
-1,5

-2,25

1,5

-2,25
0
4,5

1,5
0
-1,5

-1,5
1,5
0

0
-2,25
4,5

1,5
0
-1,5

-1,5
1,5
0

Element 2

Element 3
1
2
3
Element 4
1
2
3

Where all the elements have the same area,

The derivatives of the shape function are needed, which comes from the integration by part in
the process to transform the strong form to the weak form.

0,667

0,667

Element 1
B(e1)
1
0
-1
Element 2
B(e2)
-1
0
1

Element 3
B(e3)

0
-1
1

0
0
1

0
1
0

-1
0
0

0
0
-1

0
1
-1

0
0
-1

0
-1
0

1
0
0

0
0
1

Samuel Canadell
1
0
-1

0
-1
1

0
0
1

0
1
0

-1
0
0

0
0
-1

Element 4
B(e4)
1
0
-1

0
-1
1

0
0
1

0
1
0

-1
0
0

0
0
-1

0,667

0,667

-Note that Be1= Be3 =Be4 =-Be2

The constitutive matrix is defined as,

The stiffness matrix for each element is

Ke1=Ke3=Ke4
1
0
0
0
-1
0

0
-1
0
1
0
0

Ke1
2
Ke1= 1/2

4
1

Ke2= 1/2

5
2

d11 d12 0
d21 d22 0
0 0 d33

2
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33

Ke3
3

-1
1
1
0
0
-1

4
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33

-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33

3
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33

-1 0 0 0 -1 0 t dA
0 -1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 -1

1
d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0

-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0

5
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33

-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33

d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33

2
d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0

-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0

d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33

Samuel Canadell

Ke4

5
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33

5
Ke4= 1/2

6
4

6
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33

-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33

d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0

-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0

d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33

And Ke2

-1
0
0
0
1
0

0
1
0
-1
0
0

1
-1
-1
0
0
1

Ke2

1 0 0 0 1 0 t dA
0 1 0 -1 0 0
-1 -1 -1 0 0 1

4
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33

4
Ke2= 1/2

d11 d12 0
d21 d22 0
0 0 d33

2
5

2
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33

-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33

d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0

-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0

d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33

Note that K(e1)= K(e2) =K(e3) =K(e4).

With the stiffness matrix of each element the global stiffness matrix is obtained in the
assembling process which using the connectivity matrix, the global stiffness matrix follows the
next scheme,
K
1
2
3
4
5
6

(1)
33
(1)
K 13

(1)
31
(1)
(2)
(3)
K 11 +K 22 +K 33
(3)
K 13
(1)
(2)
K 21+ K 12
(2)
(5)
K 32 + K 23

0
(1)
23

(3)
K 31
(3)
K 11

0
(3)
23

(1)
32

(2)
(3)
K 23+ K 33
(3)
K 12
(2)
(4)
K 13+ K 31
(2)
(3)
(4)
K 33+ K 22+ K 11
(4)
K 21

K
(1)
K 12

+K

(2)
21

0
(1)
(2)
(1)
22+ K 11+ K 23
(2)
(4)
K 31 +K 13
(4)
K 23

0
(4)
32
(4)
K 12
(4)
K 22

About the force vector,

The f vector contains the forces due to initial strains, stresses, body forces and surfaces
tractions,

In the current problem, just the body forces plays.

Samuel Canadell

Bx1 By1 Bx2 By2 Bx3 By3 Bx4 By4 Bx5 By5 Bx6 By6

As the structure has the body forces uniformly distributed,

And as the node 2, 3, 4 have 3 elements around, and the node 1, and 6 just one, the body force
vectors looks,
T

-375

-1125

RV3

0 -1125 0 -1125 0

-375

About the reactions, they appear in the direction which the node cannot move freely,
T

=
=

RH1 RV1 RH2 RV2 RH3 RV3 RH4 RV4 RH5 RV5 RH6 RV6
RH1 RV1 RH2 RV2 RH3 RV3 0
0 RH5 0 RH6 RV6

About the displacement vector, which the boundary conditions are applied as in exercise 1, but
in the discrete form,
UT=

u1

v1

u2

v2

u2

v2

u3

v3

u3

v3

u4

v4

u5

v5

u6

v6

u4

v4

v5

Finally the matrix equation reads,

d11

-d11

d12

-d12

RH1

d33

d33

-d33

-d33

RV1

-375

-d11

d33

2d11+2d33

-d12-d33

-d11

d12

-2d33

d12+d33

-d33-d12

RH2

d21

-d33

-d21-d33

2d22+2d33

d33

-d33

d21+d33

-2d22

-d21-d33

RV2

-1125

-d11

d33

d11+d33

-d12-d33

-d33

d12

RH3

d21

-d33

-d21-d33

d22+d33

d33

-d22

-d33

-2d33

d12+d33

2d11+2d33

-d12-d33

-2d11

d12+d35

-d12

u4

-d12

d21+d33

-2d22

-d21-d33

2d22+2d33

d12+d33

-2d33

-d33

-d12-d33

-d33

d33

-2d11

d12+d33

-2d21-d33

-d12-d33

-d33

d12

-d21-d33

d21

-d22

d21+d33

-2d33

-d21-d33

2d22+2d33

d33

-d22

-d33

-d33

d33

d33

-d21

d21

-d22

d22

RV3

-375

v4

-1125

RH5

v5

-1125

RH6

-0,01

RV6

-375

This LSE is a system with 12 equations, but with just 3 unknowns (degrees of freedom), the
displacements on u4, v4 and v5.

Samuel Canadell

4. Compute the FEM approximation uh.

Applying the data E=10GPa, =0.2

D =

1 0 -1
0 -1 1
0 0 1
0 1 0
-1 0 0
0 0 -1

Ke1=Ke3=Ke4=Ke2 = 0,667

Ke1
2
4
1

5
2

6
4

Ke2
4
2
5

-2,083E+09
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09

-3,125E+09
7,292E+09
2,083E+09
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
-2,083E+09

-2,083E+09
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09

0
-1
1

-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09
5,208E+09
0

1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09
-1,042E+09
0

-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09
5,208E+09
0

2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
0
0
2,083E+09

2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
0,0
0
2,083E+09

4
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09
-1,042E+09
0

0
1
0

6
-2,083E+09
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09

0
0
1

1
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09
-1,042E+09
0

-3,125E+09
7,292E+09
2,083E+09
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
-2,083E+09

-1
0
1

4
-3,125E+09
7,292E+09
2,083E+09
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
-2,083E+09

5
7,292E+09
-3,125E+09
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
2,083E+09

0
0
4,17E+09

1,04E+10 2,08E+09
0
2,08E+09 1,04E+10
0
0
0
4,17E+09

3
7,292E+09
-3,125E+09
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
2,083E+09

Ke4
5

2,08E+09
1,04E+10
0

2
7,292E+09
-3,125E+09
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
2,083E+09

Ke3
3

1,04E+10
2,08E+09
0

-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09
5,208E+09
0

2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
0
0
2,083E+09

7,292E+09 -3,125E+09 -2,083E+09 1,042E+09 -5,208E+09 2,083E+09

-3,125E+09 7,292E+09 2,083E+09 -5,208E+09 1,042E+09 -2,083E+09
-2,083E+09 2,083E+09 2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09 -5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09 -1,042E+09
0
-5,208E+09 1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09 5,208E+09
0
2,083E+09 -2,083E+09 -2,083E+09
0
0
2,083E+09

-1
0
0

0
0
-1

Samuel Canadell
And the following global stiffness matrix is shown,
K

1
2

5,21E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-1,04E+09

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

-3,13E+09

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

7,29E+09

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

7,29E+09

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

-2,08E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

-1,04E+09

-1,04E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

-3,13E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

5,21E+09

3
4
5
6

The prescribed displacement is applied on the displacement vector,

UT=

-1125

u4

v4

v5

-0.01

Calling the force vector,

T

-375

RV3

0 -1125 0 -1125 0

The reactions,
T

RH1 RV1 RH2 RV2 RH3 RV3

RH5

RH6 RV6

-375

Samuel Canadell
Finally the matrix equation of the problem,
5,21E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-1,04E+09

RH1

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

RV1

-375

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

-3,13E+09

RH2

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

RV2

-1125

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

7,29E+09

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

RH3

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

7,29E+09

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

-2,08E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

-1,04E+09

u4

-1,04E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

-3,13E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

5,21E+09

RV3

-375

v4

-1125

RH5

v5

-1125

RH6

-0,01

RV6

-375

The f vector has to be actualized in order to apply the boundary condition, and specially adding
the effect of the prescribed displacement on the top.
5,21E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-1,04E+09

RH1

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

RV1

-375

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

-3,13E+09

RH2

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

RV2

-1125

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

7,29E+09

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

7,29E+09

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

RH3
=

RV3

0
+

-375

0
+

-2,08E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

-1,04E+09

u4

-1,04E+07

-1,04E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-2,08E+09

v4

-1125

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

RH5

1,04E+07

-3,13E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

v5

-1125

-5,21E+07

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

RH6

5,21E+09

-0,01

RV6

-375

5,21E+07

-1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

Currently, the system is not singular, and is possible to compute the displacements,
1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

3,13E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

1,46E+10

u4

v4
v5

-1,04E+07

u4(m)= -1,282051E-04

-1,13E+03

v4(m)=

-1,132587E-03

-5,21E+07

v5(m)=

-3,867629E-03

These results allow computing the displacement at any point in the domain using the shape
functions which just in function of the point where the solution wants to be obtained.

Element 1
U1(x,y) =
U1(x,y) =

-8,55E-05y
-7,55E-04y

Samuel Canadell
Element 2
U2(x,y) =
V2(x,y) =
Element 3

-1,28E-04 +1,92E-04x -8,55E-05y

2,74E-03 -1,82E-03x -7,55E-04y

U3(x,y) =
V3(x,y) =
Element 4

0
-2,58E-03y

U4(x,y) =
V4(x,y) =

-2,56E-04 +1,92E-04x
7,73E-03 +7,55E-04x -6,67E-03y

As a post process the reactions are computed by the product of the stiffness matrix for the
displacement vector, and subtracting the body forces on the f vector

Ftotal

5,21E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-1,04E+09

1,180E+06

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

2,671E+05

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-5,21E+09

1,04E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

-3,13E+09

9,081E+06

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

1,140E+07

-5,21E+09

2,08E+09

7,29E+09

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-2,08E+09

-3,13E+09

7,29E+09

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

-2,08E+09

-4,17E+09

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

-1,04E+09

-1,28E-04

-1,04E+09

3,13E+09

-1,04E+10

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-2,08E+09

-1,13E-03

-1,125E+03

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-1,04E+10

3,13E+09

1,46E+10

-3,13E+09

-2,08E+09

1,04E+09

-5,342E+05

-3,13E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

3,13E+09

-4,17E+09

-3,13E+09

1,46E+10

2,08E+09

-5,21E+09

-3,87E-03

-1,125E+03

-2,08E+09

-2,08E+09

2,08E+09

2,08E+09

-5,698E+06

-1,04E+09

1,04E+09

-5,21E+09

5,21E+09

-1,00E-02

-3,181E+07

ftotal
1,180E+06
2,671E+05
9,081E+06
1,140E+07
-4,029E+06
2,014E+07
0
-1,125E+03
-5,342E+05
-1,125E+03
-5,698E+06
-3,181E+07

Fb
0
-3,750E+02
0
-1,125E+03
0
-3,750E+02
0
-1,125E+03
0
-1,125E+03
0
-3,750E+02

H1
V1
H2
V2
H3
V3
H4
V4
H5
V5
H6
V6

Where the sign means that the force follow the x and y axis,

-4,029E+06
=

Reactions (kN)
1179,78
267,47
9081,20
11398,26
-4028,78
20144,28
0
0
-534,19
0
-5698,01
-31805,51

2,014E+07