Understanding of Energy Efficiency in Cloud Computing

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org

Volume 3, Issue 6, November-December 2014
ISSN 2278-6856
Understanding of Energy efficiency in cloud

computing
Ms Jayshri Damodar Pagare1, Dr. Nitin A Koli2
1
Research Scholar, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,

Amravati, India
Head, Computer centre, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,

Amravati, India
Abstract
Energy efficiency is becoming a very important issue in Cloud
Computing environments as more and more Internet services
are deployed in data centers This paper presents an indepth
review of energy efficiency in cloud computing wherein we
have focused on different metrics related to energy efficiency
in cloud computing to analyze power performance of cloud
computing.
Energy efficiency, Data Center, Cloud

Computing, Power performance.
Keywords:-
1. INTRODUCTION
When
Cloud Computing is becoming as a promising
approach to improve resources utilization. This is mainly
due to use of virtualization that allows providers to run
multiple workloads from different customers on the same
computing infrastructure. As adoption of virtualization
services increases, cloud computing platforms are
becoming increasingly popular[1].However, Cloud
providers rely on large and power-consuming data centers.
With the increasing deployment of many data centers and
computer servers around the globe, the energy cost on
running the computing, communication and cooling
together with the amount of
2 emissions have increased
dramatically[13].Energy consumption has always been a
major concern in the design and cost of datacenters. The
wide adoption of virtualization and cloud computing has
added another layer of complexity to enabling an energyefficient use of computing power in large-scale settings[2].
Energy-efficient Cloud environments need to deal not only
with energy consumption but also with increasing
demand, high QoS expectations and
sustainable
services[3]. However, a large number of cloud servers
consume massive energy and produce huge pollution. The
Smart2020 analysis shows that cloud-based computing
data center and the telecommunication network will
generate emission about 7% and 5% each year in 2002
and 2020,respectively.[4] From the energy efficiency
perspective, a cloud computing datacenter can be defined
as a pool of computing and communication resources
organized in the way to transform the received power into
computing or data transfer work to satisfy user demands.
In fact, the utilization ratio of data center resource is only
30% [5].
A large amount of energy consumed by computing

infrastructure is the result of inefficiencies on its operation
and administration[3].The rest of the paper is organized
as follows, Section II gives overview of energy efficiency
,Section III provides examples of power usege, Section IV
gives various metrics for power consumption,Section V
summarizes conclusion .
2. OVERVIEW OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Cloud Computing being a model for utility
computing becoming attractive and its usage is
increasing as it promises to reduce the
maintenance and management costs in comparison
with in-house infrastructure. However, Cloud
providers also rely on large and powerconsuming data centers designed to support the
elasticity and scalability required by their
customers. Energy-efficiency remains a serious
problem for providers as increasing demand, and
high performance expectations and it is a
challenging issue in the Cloud model due to the
dynamicity of its components and flexibility of
services
supported
by
virtualization.
Generally, energy efficiency and CO2 reduction
within
the
cloud
infrastructure
implies
that[6]:
i. Execution of applications requires less energy, and
ii. Energy consumed during the execution comes from
renewable sources or low CO2 emitting sources. The Cloud
computing paradigm allows users to satisfy their
increasing need for on-demand and remote computational
services. These services are provided by data centers that
often consume a huge amount of electrical power.[7]
Power consumption is one of the most critical problems in
data centers. One effective way to reduce power
consumption is to consolidate the hosting workloads and
shut down physical machines which become idle after
consolidation.[8] Power saving is an important issue for
data centers. Large data center can consume million Watts
per year. Energy-efficiency is becoming a fundamental
consideration when managing computing infrastructure
and services. This is not only because the economic issues
derived from increasing energy rates but also because of
the negative environmental impact.
Page 278

Cloud contains several thousands of data center
so that they can fulfill demand of customers
online and on time.These data centers span in
hundred to thousand feet of area. Huge amount
of power is required for running these server
farms, cooling fans of processors, console,
monitors, network peripherals, light and
cooling system. Total power consumption by
these data center in 2012 was around 38 Giga
Watt (GW) [9]. The energy efficiency of the
Internet has come under intense scrutiny[10].
The exponential growth of the Internet brought
with it the need for corresponding growth of
equipment required to route the increased
traffic . The consequence of this is growth in
energy consumption and carbon emissions.
It
is
estimated
that
by
2020, U.S.
organizations that move to the cloud could save
$12.3 billion in energy costs and the
equivalent of 200 million barrels of oil.
Moreover, it has been reported that 1.2% of
total US electricity consumption in 2005 was
used by data centers; transmission and
switching networks were estimated to account
for
another
0.4%
of
total
electricity
consumption . This shows that power consumption
by ICT and particularly cloud computing
represents a significant proportion of total
power consumption[6]
3. USAGE OF POWER
Power consumption is one of the most critical problems in
data centers. One effective way to reduce power
consumption is to consolidate the hosting workloads and
shut down physical machines which become idle after
consolidation.[8] Power saving is an important issue for
data centers. Large data center can consume million Watts
per year. The monthly capital investment of the
data center is illustrated in figure 1.As can
be seen from this figure, energy-related costs
amount to 41.62% of the total. In other words,
the largest investment to build data centers
for cloud computing is not only to purchase
thousands of server equipment, but also to buy
the distribution and cooling infrastructure and
to pay the bill for energy consumption of all
these facilities.[11] Fig. 2 and fig. 3 gives
the amount of CO2 dissipated and power consumed
by Google search engine in one Google search
and one monthly Google search respectively.
This power could be used in other productive
work as specified in fig. 1 and 2.
ISSN 2278-6856
Figure 1. Monthly costs of the data center

For single Google search engine query, Google
uses 1000 servers that why query takes only 0.2
seconds to resolve.[9].
Figure.2. Energy consumption in one Google

search
To give us a consolidate result on every Google
search, Google uses large data centers that
comprise thousands of servers. These thousands
of servers require great amount of electricity
for
their
operation.
This
electricity
consumption translates directly into carbon
emission and thus increases green house effect.
The datacenter of USA consume 1.5% of all
electricity of the country. Only 50% of
electricity consumed by these datacenters is
attributed towards useful work performed by the
servers, rest power is wasted in form of
cooling, infrastructure [9]. According to a
Gartner report, as worldwide PC shipments have
reached 82.9 million units just in the second
quarter of 2010, representing a 20.7% increase
from the second quarter of 2009.[12]. With 2%
of the worlds carbon emissions currently
being produced by the IT sector according to a
Gartner Press Release
and with further
estimates to reach 3% by 2020, it is explicable
that there have been in depth studies which
Page 279

raise the
usage[12].
awareness
of
data
centre energy
Figure.3. Energy consumption in monthly Google

search
4. METRICS
USED
CONSUMPTIONS
IN
MEASURING
ISSN 2278-6856
Value of PUE depends on the location of

datacenters and construction done for that
datacenter. Thus it is different for all
datacenters.
Perfect efficiency would give datacenter a PUE

of 1.0. PUE for most of the datacenters lies in
the range of 1.3-3.0. If a datacenter has PUE
1.5 then it means when IT equipment has
consumed 1kWh, data center has consumed 1.5
Kilowatthours(kWh) of energy and 0.5 kWh energy
has wasted in unfruitful work(its just an
overhead) such as IT equipment cooling, grid
power conditioning, lighting of that location
and other unfruitful work.
Table1: TDP Of Different Processors.
POWER
Energy efficiency metrics focus on advancing

energy efficiency in data centers and computing
ecosystems .Measuring the energy efficiency of
cloud computing cannot be based only on data
centers but also on the networks that enable the
provision of cloud services. Various parameters
that are used to measure power consumption of a

processor or data center are TDP (Thermal
Design Power), PUE (Power usage Effectiveness),
DCiE (Data Center infrastructure Efficiency),
Performance per Watt, Compute Power Efficiency
(CPE), GEC (Green Energy coefficient), ERF
(Energy Reuse Factor), CUE (Carbon usage
Effectiveness),
WUE
(Water
usage
Effectiveness), Data Center Productivity (DCP),
Data Center Energy Productivity (DCEP), SWaP
(Space, Wattage and Performance).
[A] TDP[9]: It is the measurement of maximum
amount of power required by cooling of computer
system to dissipate. It is the maximum amount
of power which a computer chip can take when
running a real application. The TDP for
different Intel processor is given in table 1:[B] PUE [9]: It is used for comparison of energy
used
by
computing
application
and
infrastructure equipment and the energy wasted
in overhead. The PUE can be described as the
ratio of overall electricity consumed by the
facility of a data center to the overall
electricity consumed by IT equipments (network
peripherals, servers, storage, routers, etc).
[C] DCiE: It is the reciprocal of PUE. PUE and

DCiE are most commonly used metrics that were
designed for the comparison of efficiency of
datacenters. It is defined as:
IT Equipment Power can be described as the

power that data center has taken for the
management of IT equipments, processing of IT
equipments and storing the data in disk drives
or routing the data within the datacenter.
Total Facility Power
is IT equipment power
plus power needed by uninterrupted power supply
(UPS), generators (needed to provide power in
case of power failure),Batteries, cooling
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ISSN 2278-6856
system components such as chillers, CRACs, DX

air
handler
units,
pumps,
and
cooling
towers[9].
[D] Performance per Watt []: It quantifies the
energy
efficacy
of
individual
computer
architecture or computer hardware. It is the
processing rate that can be remitted by a
processor for each watt of power absorbed by
it. This must be high. It measures the rate of
computation that can be delivered by a computer
for every watt of power consumed by it.
Normally it is measured in FLOPS (floatingpoint operations per second) and MIPS (million
instructions per second)[9].
[E] Compute Power Efficiency [9]: It is a measure
of the computing efficiency of a datacenter. As
each watt consumed by server or cluster did not
draw fruitful work all the time, some facility
consumed power even in idle state and some
consumes power for computing. Although 100% of
facility capacity will never be used, but still
we want maximum output from the electrical
power which datacenter has taken. CPE is
defined as-
organization in November 2012. It is defined

as-
[F] GEC [9]: It is a measure of green energy

(energy that comes from renewable sources) that
is used by the facility of a datacenter. For
evaluating the environment friendly nature of a
data center this metric is used. It is selected
as a PUE metric by green grid organization in
November 2012. Energy consumed is measured in
kWh. It is defined as-
Where Tresource = total resource taken to produce

this useful work
It is similar to DCeP but it considers both
hardware and software resources where DCeP
considers only software resources.
[G] ERF [9]: It is a measure of reusable energy

(energy that is reused outside of a datacenter)
that is used by datacenter. For making cloud,
environment friendly data center should use
renewable energy such as electricity generated
by wind power, hydro power etc. ERF is selected
as a PUE metric by green grid organization in
November 2012. It is defined as-
[H] CUE [9]: It is a measure of carbon dioxide

emission in environment by the data center. It
is selected as a PUE metric by green grid
Where
ECO2 = Total carbon dioxide emission from total
energy absorbed by the facility of a data
center.
EIT = Total energy consumed by IT equipments.
ECO2 includes all green house gases (GHGs) such
as CO2 and methane (CH4) that are emitted in
atmosphere. This value is taken for whole year
analysis.
[I] WUE [9]: It is a measure of required water
by a data center annually. Water is needed a) For cooling the facility of a data center.
b) For humidification.
c) For apparatus associated power generating
d) For production of energy.
It is defined as-
[J] Data Center Productivity [9]: It is a measure of

amount of fruitful work yielded by datacenter.
It is defined as-
[K] Data Center Energy Productivity [9]: It is a

measure of amount of fruitful work yielded by
datacenter with respect to energy consumed to
yield this work. It is defined as-
Where Tenergy = energy taken to produce this

useful work
This metric depends on period of time for which
DCeP has been calculated. So time must be
specified prior to evaluating this metric.
[L] SWaP (Space, Wattage and Performance [9): It
is a Sun Microsystems metric for datacenters.
It is developed for computing the energy and
space requirement of a datacenter.
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The rack unit height of the system gives the
space that a server occupies. The power
expenditure of a server can be captured in
wattage from actual benchmark runs data
collected on a site or from the planning guide
of vendor site. As cloud computing is becoming
more and more popular ,the power requirement of
cloud computing is also increasing so now, it
is the responsibility of designers and
inventors of hardware components to look in
this
area
by
inventing
Energy-Efficient
Processors, Energy-Efficient servers, Energy
Efficient data centers, using renewable energy
sources for fulfilling power needs.
5. CONCLUSION
This Paper has discussed various terminologies related to
energy efficient cloud computing which are used for
analyzing power performance of cloud computing and
data center. Energy efficient cloud computing focuses on
reduction of CO2 emission and maximum resource
utilization.
ISSN 2278-6856
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org