Variations From Standard Atmosphere

U.S.
STANDARD
ATMOSPHERE
4UPPLEMENTS, 1966
Pfepared under sponsorship of
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

NAIOI~ ERNATIA1PD 6PjCE ADMINISTRATION
UNITED S3TATES AIR FORCE
CLAR
"cum G
iCUS
0umS
U.S. STANDARD A'i MOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966

U.S.
IMP4LMI~L
___
~~J
U.S. STANDARD
ATMOSPHERE
SUPPLEMENITS, 1966
l
Prepared under sponsorship of
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
7I
-~-
& 0,lill
L1
I
Abstract
The U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, 1966 was prepared in response to a need for
atmuspheric tables depicting conditions other than the mid-latitude mean represented by the
tables of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962. Tables of typical winter and summer conditions
for various latitudes are provid'. ] for the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. The models
merge into three sets of boundar) conditions at 120 kilometers in the lower thermosphere. Models
.tarting from these boundary conditions then branch upward into atmospheric profiles which are
related to the wide range of conditions in the heterosphere associated with vatying solar activity,
geomagnetic activity, and zenith angle of the sun.
The sabstance of this publication is two major sets of tables: those for the region below 120
kilometers, keyed to seasonal and latitudinal variations; and those for 120 to 1.000 kilometers,
keyed to solar and geomagnetic activity and solar angle. These two sets of tables, though separated, have mutual boundary conditions so that users will be able to select for any location. season,
and solar activity the appropriate continuous profiles from thie surface up to 1,000 kiloneiers.
Profiles of atmospheric properties for any orbital or re-entry trajectory can thus be estimated.
In addition, this publication contains information on diurnal variations in dr'nsity up to 90 kilometers, refined analytic expressions which can be used to represent pressure and density profiles
of the 1962 Standard and these Supplementary Atmospheres to 80 kilometers, and a mid-latitude
ozone model up to 50 kilometers. Tables providing the altitude variation of equal geopotential
surfaces as a function of latitude are also included to facilitate application of the atmospheric
tables to all locations. For those interested in aircraft pressure altimetry, a set of detailed pressurealtitude tables for levels from the surface up to 10 millibars is included.
The general background leading to dcvvlopment of theste tables is contained in the foreword.
Technical background is presented in Part 1-Basis of the Tables. Parts 2 and 3 provide detailed
insight on the development of the two major sets of tables and include presentations of pertinent
supporting data. Part 4 contains the additional material on analytic approximations, ozone, and
latitude-altitude relations and Parts 5 and 6 are the major tables of the atmosphere. Throughout
the document, figures and tables have been introduced to permit visual comparisons of the varying
conditions presented. Major tables art ,resented in both English and metric systems below 120
kilometers. Above 120 kilometers only metric tables are provided.
TI
For sale by the Superintende~nt of Doceuments, U.S. Government Printidg Offiee Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $4..00
S......
Contents
A BS T R ACT ........................................................................................................
LIST Of' ILLUSTRATIONS .................................................................................
IIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................
PART 1--BASIS OF THE TABLES .................................................................
v
ix
Xii
xiv
xvii
3
1.0
INTRODUCTION .......................
..............................................................
1.1
BACKGROUND .........................................................................................
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS .............................................................................
1.2.1 MODELS UP TO 120 KILOMETERS ......................................................
1.2
1.2.2
1.3
MODELS ABOVE 12M KILOMETERS .......................................................

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND FORMULAS ............................................................
1.3.1 PRIMARY CONSTANTS .......................................................................
1.3.2
1,3.3
1.3.4
6
6
PRESSURE ....................................................................................
MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS ......................................................

THERMAL WIND EQUATION .............................................................
7
7
DERIVED QUANTITIES ................................................................................
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
SPEED OF SOUND ............................................................................

COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY...............................................................
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ...........................................
PART 2-ATMOSPHERIC MODELS UP TO 120 KILOMETERS ............................

2.0 INTRODUCTION ................................... ...................................................
2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC MODELS FOR ALTITUDES BELOW 120 KILO2.1.1
2.1.2
M ET E R S .....................................................................................
BELOW DD KILOMETERS ....................................................................
SOAND
2.4
3.2
3.3
7
7
11
11
11
11
120 KILOMETERS ....................................................
16
17
17
2.2.1
2.2.2
17
21
TEMPERATURE ..............................................................................
DENSITY AND PRESSURE ...................................................................
DIURNAL VARIATIONS Of DENSITY TO 90 KILOMETERS .....................................

SUPPORTING LATA ...................................................................................
21
2.4.1
BELOW so KILOMETERS ..................................................................
23
2.4.2
BETWEEN DD AND 120 KILOMETERS ....................................................
27
PART 3-ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS ...............................

3.0
3.1
DEFININC PROPERTIES ....................................................................

LATITUDINAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS .....................................................
BETWEEN
2.1.3
2.3
5
5
MOLECULAR-SCALE TEMPERATURE ......................................................

HYDROSTATIC EQUATION ..................................................................
GEOPOTENTIAL ...............................................................................
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.3.8
2.2
PERFECT GAS LAW ..........................................................................
1.3.5
1.4
S
.5
23
39
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................
CONSTRUCTION OF ATMOSI-IIERIC MODELS FOR ALTITUDES ABOVE 12q KILOMETERS
39
3.1.1
3.1.2
SPRING/FALL MODELS ......................................................................
39
SUMMER AND WINTER MODELS ..........................................................
40
39
SYSTEMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE 2t KILOMETERS ............

3.2.1 VARIATIONS WITH SOLAR ACTIVITY .......... ........................................
41
42
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
44
SEMIANNUAL VARIATION ..................................................................

DIURNAL VARIATION ........................................................................
VARIATIONS WITH GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY ..........................................
COMPUTATION OF EXOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE .............................................
vii
44
47
47
3.4
3.5
EXPERIM ENTAL DATA
.. .....................................................................
.....
DENSITY DATA FOR ALTITUDES ABOVE 25O KILOMETERS ..................................
3.5.1 COMPARISON OF MODELS WITH DENSITIES FROM SATELLITE DRAG .........
48
53
.3
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF DENSITY .................................................
.57
3.5.9
3.
UIMITATIONS OF HiH-ALTITUDE MODELS.
...........................................
PART 4-ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATING TO THE ATMOSPHERE .........

4.0
4.1
4.2
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................
ANALYTIC- APPROXiMATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND DENSITY .............
4.1.1 U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPIHERE, I1% .................................................
4.1.2 U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS. iv66 ............................
MID.LATITUDE OZONE MODEL, TO S0 KILOMETERS ..........................................
4 .2.1 DAT A ........ ......... ...................................... .................................
....................
4.2.2 LIMITATIONS OF MODEL ............................
4.2.3
4.3
VARIABILITY .................................................................................
AFION ...........................................
GEOIiIENTIAL-GEOiETRIC ALi.TITUDS a
4.3.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................
4.3.2 D;FINITION AND METHOD OF CALCULATION ......................................
4.3.3
DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOPOTENTIAL TABLE ........................................
R E FER E N C ES ....................................
..
60
67
67
67
67
69
78
.78
78
79
80
80
80
83
...................................................... . 9i
PART 5-TABLES OF PROPERTIES OF SUPPLEMENTARY ATMOSPHERES TO

120 KILO M ETERS .............................................................................
PART 6-TABLES OF PROPERTIES OF SUPPLEMENTARY ATMOSPHERES ABOVE
120 K ILO M ETERS .............................................................................
viii
95
217
Lst oF Illustrations
Figure
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2,21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
3.1
3.2
Ternperaturr-altitude ('ro-as section for January arid July.............................1

Temperature-altitude profiles of the 30%, 45,60'.W and 75' N. January and mid-latitude
14
sloring/fall Supiplemnentary At mospheres..............................................
Te'mperature-altitude profiles of the 30'. 450%60% and 750 N. July and 15* N. mean
15
annual Supplementary Atmospheres ..................................................
Temperature-altitude profiles for 60 N. January mean and colua and warm regime
........................................... _1
atmosphereF .............................
Temperature-altituidc profiles for 750 N. January mean and cold arid warm regime
atmospheres ......................................................................
...
1
19
Mean density variations with latitude and season, 80 to 120 km .......................
Idealized m~ean seasonal and latitudinal density variations. 80 to 120 km.............. 20
22
Departures of Supplemnent ary Atmosphere densities from Standard ...................
23
Departures of 75* N. Atmosphere densities from Standard...............................
Departures of Supplementary Atmosphere presr~ures from Standard................... 24
D~epartures of 75* N. Atmosphere pressures from Standard.............................. 25
Approximate values of diurnal density variability up to 90 km .........................
25
Comparison of some observed temperatures with 300 N. temtperature-altitude profiles ...................................................................................
26
Comparison of some obseried temperatures with 600 N. temperature-altitude pro.
files...................................................................................
27
Approximate 95 percent range of observed values lindicated by arrows) around the
density-altitude profiles for the January and July 300 N. Supplementary Atmos.pheres . ..............................................................................
218
Approximate 95 percent range of observed values (indicated by arrows) aroundl tile
density-altitude profiles foi the January and July 600 N. Supplementary Atmos28
pheres.................................................................................
Departures of mean rocket grenade pressures from Standard for summer and winter
28
at four locati~ns ......................................................................
Zonal wind components between 300 and 450 N ........................................
29
Zonal wind components between 45' and 600 N ........................................
29
Departures from Standard of the mean and standard deviations of 13 density inca?.30
urements at Kwajalein Island.........................................................
Departures from Standard of two falling sphere density measurements at Wallops
Island .................................................................................
30
Departures from Standard of ICY C~hurchill density data and of early curves for
winter and summer 450 and 600 N ....................................................
30
Departures from Standard of 12 recent density measurements at White Sands and
31
Eglin ..................................................................................
Mean summer and winter density data for White Sands and Eglin compared with
32
idealized (Figure 2.7) 300 N. summer and winter density curves .....................
Departures from Standard of the densities from three recent measurements at Chu1ksrchill anid of the 600 N. winter mean, cold and warm models ................... Z........ 33
Departures from Siandard of two pitot-static density measurements at Wallops
Island and of the idealized (Figure 2.7) 450 summer and winter density curves ... 34
Departures from Standard of eight density measurements at Woomera and of the
35
summer and winter models for 3W~ N.................................................
Molecular oxygen number density data between 60 and 170 kmn.........................36
Deiisity departures from the spring/fall models for summer and winter with th.ee
40
exospheric temperatures..............................................................
Matching altitudes tV,.) for summer and winter atmospheres as a function of exo41
sphieric temperature ..................................................................
i7x
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Departures from Standard of densities for summer, winIer, and spring/fall m-ode,
42
w ith three exospheric tempetatures .............................................................
Contours of percentage departures of density from Standard at all latitudes uor.
responding to 1400 hours local time at northern hemisphere summer solstice with an
equatorial bulge and a maximum exospileric temperature at 1200' K ................
43
Temperature distribution above the thermopause according to Eqs. (3.13) and (3.14),
for the case when To 1000 K. Hoirs of local time, counted from midnight, are
44
marked on the equator (Aitofs equul-area projection) .....................................
Typical summer, winter, and spring/fall temperalures, 0 to 300 kin, for 450 latitudc
w ith an equatorial bulge ........................................................................... . 45
Contours of percentage departures oif density from Standard at all latitudes corresponding to 1400 hours local time at northern hemisphere summer solstice with an
equatorial bulge and a maximum exospheric temperature of 1500* K .....................
40
Density versus latitude for polar regions and night side of earth from Discoverer
sate llite s ............................................................................................. ...
48
Comparison of densities from drag of low-orbititig satellites whli 0w present tables,
A log p is the difference between log p for the experimental data and log p for tile
1100* K exospheric temperature springifall model ..........................................
49
Diurnal variations of p VHat altitudes between 190 and 240 km from Cosmots satellites.
The abscissa is local time ........
.......................................
50
Root mean square (rms) exospheric temperature residuals for Explorer XIX 01963-06)
51
B and m ....................................
and Explorer XXIV (1964- j6) as a functio'
Latitude variation of n(O)fntO2) for nighttime meawurements .............................
52
Measured Nx, 0,. and 0 profiles at White Sands compared with values fronm the
appropriate Supplementary m odel ...............................................................
53
N2 temperature profiles measured with an omegatron compared with model at.54
m osphere profiles .....................................................................................
55
Rotational temperature versus altitude at Churchill. Data for 1964 and 1965 .........
Comparison of the EUV flux with the exospheric temperature, the 2800 Nic/sec solar
flux, and the geom agnetic index E K ..........................................................
56
Densities and temperatures derived from the drag of the Explorer I satellite (1958 a),
compared with solar and geomagnetic parameters. MJD is the abscissa in the
M odified Julian Day UD minus 2400000.5) .....................................................
Densities and temperatures derived from the drag of the Explorer IX satellite (1961
61), compared with the geomagnetic index a,, and the 10.7-cm solar flux .................
Day and night denusity profiles in the upper atmosphere at sunspot minimum and at a
tim e of exceptionally high solar activiy .........................................................
Daytime maximum and nighttime minimum temperatures above the thermopause as
a function of the 10.7-cm solar flux. Open circles: individual maxima deduced from
satellite drag curves. Circled dots: individual minima deduced from satellite drag
curves. Dots: temperatures reduced to the nighttime minimum at times when the
curve of the semiannual temperature variation was close to the annual average.
Measured atmospheric density versus altitude obtained for passes over the northern hemisphere mid-latitude minitrack stations. Data plotted without regard for
local time, geomagnetic or solar activity ........................................................
Helium number densities versus altitude for local times between 0MOO and 2100
hours during May, 1963. A diffusive model profile for T-800V K (reduced in
absolute value by three) is shown for reference ..............................................
Errors ip representing the 1962 Standard to 200 km by digital computer technique
approxim ation ..........................................................................................
Errors in representing the 1962 Standard to 200 km by truncated Chebyshev
exp ansion ................................................................................................
Errors in representing the 1962 Standard to 80 km by truncated Chebyshev
exp ansion ................................................................................................
Errors in representing the 15' N. Supplementary Atmosphere by truncated Chebys'ev exp ansion .......................................................
.................................
Ei *rs in representing the 30f N. Winter Supphl-mentary Atmosphere .....................
E, ors in representing the 30' N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..................
IU.rors in representing the 45' N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere ....................
X
57
58
59
60
61
62
68
69
70
70
70
71
72
Errors
Errors
Errors
Errors
Errors
Errors
Errors
Frrors
Errors
4.17
4.1B
4.19
4.20
4.2 1
Tentative mean annual mid-latitude ozone pressure ...........................................

'Tentativemean annual mid-latitude ozone density ..............................................
Tentative mean annual mid-latitude ozone number density ..................................
Tentative mean annual mid-latitude orone mixing ratio .......................................
Altitude difference (Z,4-Z 5 ) as a function of reference altitude Zx for each of seven
........ ..........
latitu d e s ........................................................................ .
Altitude difference (4-Z 5 ) as a functiot of latitude for each of five equal-geopotential surfaces equivalent at the reference latitude to the g-ometic"altitudes 200,400,
600, 800, and 1000 km .......................
....
.........................
4.22
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
it
in
represenling
repre-enting
representing
representing
repre~rutiniag
representing
representing
representing
representing
the
N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ................
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.1]5
4.16
45'
Ihe 600 N. Winter Suppleotentary Atmosphere ....................
the
the
Ihli
the
the
1he
the
600 N.
60" N.
(,00 N.
750 N.
75' N.
75' N.
750 N.
Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..................

Winter (Cold) Supplementary Atmosphere ..........
Winter iWarm) Supplementary Atmosphere ..........
Winter Supplementary Atmosphere ...............
Summer Supplementary Atmsphere ..................
Winter (Cold) Supplementary Atmosphere ...........
Winter (Warm) Supplementary Atmosphere .........
xi
73
74
74
74
75
76
77
78
78
80
80
81
81
82
82
It
List of Tables
Table
1.1
Page
A cceleration values ......................................................................................

2.1
Virtual temperature structure to 10 km ............................................................
2.2
Temperatuse (TM. 'K) structure below 120 km ....................................................
2.3
Molecular weights for supplementary atmospheres .............................................
2.4
Number of January and July MRN thermistor observations ..................................
2.5
Number of grenade observations for altitudes above 50 km ..................................
3.1
Matching altitudes (Z.) for summer and winter atmospheres as a function of exospheric temperature ..................................................................................
3.2
Boundary conditions of supplementary 4etmospheres, Z = 120 km ..........................
3.3
Values of the factorf(d) for computing the semiannual effect ..............................
3.4
Ratio of exospheric temperature to minimum nighttime temperature on equator as a
function of latitude and local solat tim e ........................................................
3.5
Temperature increment as a function of geomagnetic indices...............................
Difference table for sample density computation ................................................
3.6
San Marco satellite dcnsity data ...........................................
3.7
3.8
Temperature range as a function of altitude ......................................................
3.9 Satellites nsed for determining atmospheric densities .........................................
3.10 Departures from the models of Explorer VIII drag densities .................................
4.1
Approximation of 1962 Standard up to 200 km by digital computer technique .........
4.2
Approximation of 1962 Standard up to 200 km by truncated Chebyshev expansion .....
4.3
Approximation of 1962 Standard up to 80 km by truncated Chebyshvv expansion .....
4.4
Approximation of 150 N. Supplementary Atmosphere by truncated Chebyshev
e xp ansio n ................................................................................................
4.5
Approximation of 300 N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere ...............................
4.6
Approximation of 300 N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..............................
4.7
Approximation of 450 N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere ................................
4.8
Approximation of 45* N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..............................
4.9
Approximation of 606 N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere ..............................
4.10 Approximation of 600 N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..............................
4.11 Approximation of 600 N. Winter (Cold) Supplementary Atmosphere .......................
4.12 Approximation of 600 N. Winter (Warm) Supplementary Atmosphere .....................
6
12
16
16
24
24
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
Approximation of 750 N. Winter Supplcmcntary Atmosphere ................................

Approximation of 750 N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..............................
Approximatien of 75' N. Winter (Cold) Supplementary Atmosphere .......................
Approximatior, of 75' N. Winter (Warm) Supplementary Atmosphere .....................
M id-latitude ozone m odel ...............................................................................
Standard deviation of observed ozone density about mode ..................................
Values of rs and gO employed in the calculation of geopotential at various latitudes...
Geometric altitude differences Z,%-Zit (if equal-geopotential surfaces Hj as a function
76
77
77
79
79
79
81
of latitude 0, where reference latitude R =4532'33" ........................................

Sea level to 120 km. Temperature, pressure, density, sound speed, coefficient of
viscosity and thermal conductivity. Metric units ...........................................
Sea level to 390,000 ft. Temperature, pressure, density, sound speed, coefficient of
viscosity and thermal conductivity. English units ..........................................
Sea level to 30 km. Geopotential altitude in meters as a function of pressure in
millib ars .................................................................................................
Sea level to 100,000 ft. Geopotential altitude in feet as a function of pressure in
millib ars.................................................................................................
120 km to 1000 km-winter models. Temperature, pressure, density, scale height,
molecular weight, and number densities. Metric units ....................................
84
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.1
40
42
44
47
47
48
50
52
54
55
68
69
69
71
71
72
72
73
73
75
75
76
97
147
205
2 11
219
xii
L .
-..
----
___
6.2
6.3
120 km to 1000 km-summer models. Temperature, pressure, density, scale

height, molecular weight, and number densities. Metric units ..........................
120 km to 1000 km-spring/fall models. Temperature, pressare, density, scaic
height, molecular weight, and number densities.
xiii
Metric units ..........................
243
267
Symbols and Abbreviations

A
area, also empirical parameter
A'
coefficient
Angstrom
coefficient in Chebyshev expansion
geomagnetic planetary index
A
aj,
B
BTU
b
C
C/o
CA,
C.
c
Cal
cm
CST
D
d
e
EST
F
F
1",10.7
T 10 .7
f
f(d)
ft
G
GMT
9
g
H
11h
H*
Hi
H,
h
in
j
OK
K,
Ii
49g
kg-cal
ki
empirical paramettr
British thermal unit

subscript indicating base or reference level
degrees, in thermodynamic Celsius scale

aerodynamic drag coefficient
Chebyshev polynomial
speed of found
cycles
calorie
centimeter
Central Standard Time
empirical parameter
days since January I
vapor pressure
Eastern Standard Time
function
degrees, in thermodynamic Fahrenheit scale
10.7 cm solar flux
10.7 cm solar flux averaged over three solar rotations
function
empirical parameter
foot
Newton's universal gravitational constant
Greenwich Mean Time
acy leration due to gravity
gram (mass)
geopotential altitude
grpotential altitude of base of layer
hour angle of sun
scale height of individual atmospheric constituent
lpressure scale height
H-Hb
inch
index
degrees, in thermodynamic Kelvin scale
geomagnetic planetary index
thermal conductivity, also Boltznmann conost.ant
kilogram (mass)
kilogram-calorie
kilometer
I'll
11,
gradient of molecular-scale temperature with geopotenilial altitude

p,,nnd (miass)
L.SIT
i
'tit.
mllat nl-g'nl
Local Standard Time

mwean molecular weight of air
sea-lhvvi value of mean miolecular weight
iili-at
niospite re-ccntinmeter
-gl
-"
mi
m'
meter; also exponent

geopolential meter
toin
millimeter
in,
mhb
MST
n
o
molecular (or atomic) mass of individual atmospheric constituent

millibar
Mountain Standard Tinec
number density: exponent and index
subscript indicating sea-level value
P
p
pressure
a constant
q
OR
R
R*
r
an exponent
degrees, in thermodynamic Rankine scale
a constant in the d;urnal bulge equation
universal gas constant
effective earth radius: also a density or pressure ratio
s
S
SD
STP
an exponent associated with temperature profiles in thermosphere

Sutherland's constant
standard deviation
standard temperature and pressure
see
second
T
7'1
TA.
Tvu
Ti,.
T.
T..
To
T;
T,
T,
T7,
T
oC
lIV
w
temperature in absolute thermodynamic scale

daytime maximum exospheric temperature at particular latitude
Chehyshev polynomial
molecular-scale temperature in absolute thermodynamic scale
molecular-scale virtual temperature in absolute thermodynamic scale
nighttime minhumn exospheric temperature at particular latitude
nighttime global minimum temperature averaged over three solar rotations
nighttime global nminimum exospheric temperature
T, corrected for day-.to-day variation in solar flux
virtual temperature in absolute thermodynamic scale
daytime global maximum exospheric temperature
temperature at satellite perigee
exospheric temperature
east-wesl wind component
ultraviolet
watt
x
1'
indep'endent variable
horizontal north-south distance
Z
Z,,,
geometric altitude
matching geometric altitude
Z'
empirical function
thermal-diffusion factor
ak,
a)
right ascension of satellite perigee

right ascension of sun
"y
81
8"
19
a constant
ratio of specific heats: also a constant
declination of satellite perigee
dcclination of sun
emlpirical parameter
empirical parameter
coefficient of viscosity
argument of Chehyshev polynomial
p
Pi
p.
p,,.
mass density
mass density for spring/fall atmospheric models
mass density for summer atmospheric models
mass density for winter atmospheric models
mass density at satellite perigee
mass density at reference altitude
emp irical parameter
p,
p,.
"
.....--
. .. ..
..
...
._...
-i-
- -
0}
4'
-Olt
geopotential
geographic latitude
geographic latitude of center of diurnal bulge
empirical parameter
angular velocity of earth
xvi
Foreword
"The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 was developed to serve Aie aerospace community as a
mnvan basis for design and operation of vehicles and for gentral scientific considerations. Hlowever, there are also requirenlents for realistic tables of the atmosphere for use in investigations of
effects due to nmnstandard atmosphcric conditions, especially for systematic departures due to
geography, season, time of day, and so ar activity. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements,
1966 provide tabulatior.s of atmospheric parameters from the surface to 1,000 ki, based upon
latitude and season for lower altitudes and as a function of solar activity and angle for higher altitudes. Such tables, designated as supplementary atmospheres, must be judged, found acceptable,
and published by a knowledgeable, responsible group such as the U.S. Committee on Extension
to Ithe Standard Atmosphere (COESA) in order to receive widest circulation and be utilized with
confidence.
COESA is a group of organizations that banded together in 1953 to take actions required to
provide the then newborn missile industry with a realistic description of the atmosphere extending
beyond altitudes of conventio)al aircraft operations. Sponsors of this effort are the Environmental
Science Services Administralion (ESSA). the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), and the UInited States Air Voirce (.SAFt.*
Today, 30 participating organizations, representing governme.nt. industry, research institutions, and universities, support this effort. These
organizations and the scientists and engineers that have participated at the COESA Working
Group level are listed here:
Aerospace Corporation
R. W. Bruce
Air FIorce Cambridge Research Laboratories, OAR, USAF
K. S. W. Champion
A. F. Cole
A. J. Kantor
N. Sissenwinc, Executive Secretary (if Working Group
Air Force Systems Cmmand. USAF
"W.A. Finley
Air Weather Service. USAF
H. S. Appleman
R. S. Quiroz
D. A. Krider
Applied Physics l alaoratory, Johns Hopkins University
Army Elect inics Cmninand, USA
W. Barr
Army Missile Command, USA
0. NI. Essenwanger
Blattelle Memorial Institute
Ballistic.s Research Laboratory, USA
W'. W. Berning
Environmental Science Services Administration. Department "f Commerce

S. Teweles
A. K,,chan.ski
IL. M. Woolf,
IFederal Aviation Agency

(;Genral D> namics/Convair
(C(A Teclhnology Divisionu
H. A. NIininer
1l1-krt,1.,nibilit.) Ll-sipl d t,- Ohw kir F'orct, Cainklidwc Itevs ari<'h l~ahoraltipri,
234-468 0
* 67
-2
.d(:
(Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA

H. LaGow
W. Nordberg
N. W. Spencer
Graduate Research Center of the Southwest
F. S. Johnson
Higli Altitude Engineering Laboratory, University of Michigan
L. M. Jones
Langley Research Center, NASA

W. J. O'Sullivan, Jr.
R. A. Hord
G. M. Keating
Lockheed-California Company
A. Court
E. Ashburn
Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA
0. E. Smith
National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce
D. P. Johnson
National Center for Atmospheric Research
P. Julian
S. B. Solot
Naval Proving Grounds, USN
Naval Research Laboratory. USN
P. Mange
Navy Weather Research Facility, USN
H. B. Wobus
Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA
M. Dubin
R. Horo witz
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Harvard College Observatory

L. Jacchia, Chairman of the Working Group
Space Technology iLaboratories, Inc.
The Boeing Company
The RAND Corporation
E. S. Batten
White Sands Missile Range. USA
For several years COESA has been attempting to assemble information permitting the lahulation of vertical profiles of atmospheric properties as functions of latitude, season, and ftlher
systematic influences. Such tables are required chiefly for scieintific calculations and invusligations of the effect on aerospace vehicle design, of atmospheric depart ures from Ihe aucepted base
line, the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962. They will also prove useful in long term planning of
specific scientific experiments and aerospace vehicle flights in instances of great sensitivity to
atmospheric conditions. For locations and seasons characterized by a minimum in variability of
the type caused in the lower atmosphere by weather, supplementary tables may be quite satisfactory as predictions of atmospheric conditions to be encountered for a specific operation or experiment. In other instances a supplementary atmosphere may be the best prediction available even
though it is suspected that effects due to nonsystenmatic variability around it are unacceptably large.
However, readers who intend to use these models operationally, as relprestntations of variations
in liet.real atmo sphere, arc advised to study careiuully thei. imatherial tn iminitat imils Sections 2.4 and
3.6). This may be particularly important for precise applications during and iimmediately subsequent to geomagnetic storms (both planetarl and polar) in the 120- to 200-km, region and at all alti.
tudes within the auroral oval. An example of such an application is precise ephemeris prediction
for low-altitude satellites in nearly circular polar orbits.
Dcvelopmlent ol the new Supplementary AtiTinl.mpheres has been woell coordintated with Ithat of
l
CIRA 1965 (tOSPAR hlternalii va Reference At mosplre. 1965). This has been achieved
Ihrtiugh ptiartiation
it'
some of the majo r ciontiihiti!ors in both Irelparalory W'orking (Croupsl
and
It prcscmalit
n fti C(JESA modeIls and studies aLt C()SPAR invottipgs. Bot h sets Ilf models giVi
latitudinal and seasonal varialions iap to 80 kin. 'I hljugli ltese are ,onowhat similar there' ar'
""i'U~UAV~
solme important differences, particularly in the high latitude models, where the COESA profiles
appear tio be in [letter agreement with recent data. The new Supplementary Atmospheres give
latitudinal variations in proiperties at all altitudes (up to 1,000 kin) and seasonal variations up to
about 250 km. so that continuous atmospheric profiles from the surface c'an be ubtained for any
location anti time. No seasonal or latitudinal information is provided in CIlIA above 80 km.
This docum~ni is the result of the efforts of all Working Group members listed previously.
The cochairmen would like tol take this opportunity to thank each of thenm for his unselfish con-I
tribution. However, for anl effort of this type a small, hard c'ore group of dedicaied individuals is
alsop required to bring to fruition the ideas of many people. Special recognition which must be.
given to them is provided in the following paragraphs.
Ini additiona to guiuing the Working G;roup through several major meetings, Dr. L~uigi Jacehia,
Working Croup Chairman, is responsible for extension into the exosphere of what had originallyI
started out ito be a report (on systematic variations below 90 km. He illustrated the manner in
which satellite-determined density data can be classified by profiles which are logically related
to solar activity and the time of day. He followed this conti-ibution by developing a methodology
for obtaining a family of exponential temperature curves which fitted these density data after
application of the barometric equations. It was adopted with sonme modifications for this report.
Finally, Dr. Jarchiia is respionsible for much of the text and tables describing the atmosphere above
120 kmi. These tables also include his finding-, on tile geomnetry if upper-atniosphtere parameters
as related ito the varth's coordinates and thle relationship tof solar (and geomagnetic) activity and
exospheric temperature. Along withI Dr. Jacchia, a great deal of c-redit must bie given to his asso'iate. Jack Slowey. His coimpetence- in tht, grograniriling and comtputing (if tables of atmospheric
pirofiles was invaluable in lthe tedious process of joining together the faniil)ies of lower altitude and
hiighetr altitude atmospheres.
During the several years of development (of these tables, Dr. K. S. W. Champion was a source
of strength and( knowledge. As a responsible Task G;roup Convener, lie refused to compromise
toward a less exact but more convenient solution in joining the lower-altitude seasonally and latitudinally depende-nt atmospheres to the high-altitude at mospheres. With lthe aid opfhis associate,
Frank Marcos. lie performed extensive studies of the available data in oirder to) present an interface famiily of' curves above 90 km which gradually merge the seasonal and latitudinal variations
below this altitude to the upper-altitude atmospheres. Thus the variability shown in the 100- to
250-kmi altitude interval is most likely to be fairly representative (excluding conltditions during
gi-omagnetic stoprmns) oif the true but insufficiently explored ((onditions in this region. Dr. Champion contributed extensively ito tie development of text and tablles for altitudes absove 90 km,
especially those between 90 and 250 km. He was responsible for convening several Task Group
mieetings when the situation see-med rathier dark during atte-mpts to join the lower- and higheraltitude atmoiispheres. Throiugh these discussions and piresentat ions of data, D~r, Champion was
able to provide the guidance required topovercome the grave difficulty encountered.
Allen E. Cole and Arthur J. Kantor drseia s much gratitiude for their major responsibility in
development of the supplementary at mospheres upk to 90 kmn allti tor t heir patience and continuing
44flrt s during the- several years require-d to modify and attach time upper portion of their already
well used Air Force Interinm Supplementary Atmospheres toi the high-altitude atmospheres. Mr.
a numbeir oif years in t hist- efforts
Cole11led a Task G;roup of several Working Crounp mi-miber,; fomr
andi showed great skill in assimilating many of their miodificadons in) tho- original presentiations.
iticludinig those of Dr. Arnold Court, Fredleric-k G. Finger tESSA). Stanley Batten. Dr. William Nordbeprg. and( Roderick S. Quirupz. Mr. Qtuirii iaso? deserves re-cognitionl for prt-paring a section if this
report describhing diurnal vari abiilit y o f density up top90 km. S~p'ecial appreciat iiin i must belexte-ndedat this time itp Paul F". Nee andi Eugene A. liertiini of' AI"CHI -, whip assisted in t[he- programming
and co'mpuiitat io n poftIlc tables ofCsutrface to) 120-kiii arroo spheric propijert ie-s.
Raymtiloid A.- Mi ozncr lat; bieeni api invaluable c ontrnibluto r in all phases of the de vp-liopment o f
this v l u iii'. lie. was extivi'mel y hmelipful in reasol1ution of iiithe probilem in vo lvi ng tilie inlterface alti
tudes oif thle 0 to 90 kml and tlle above 2(X-k ni at mospheires. Hie prepared mrany task le-vel woirking
papte rs oni mnethoi do llgies' oit joini nig thle varikku
IU Ianiie
i s ofiatfllisp hen's.
He al sio prepared a su hisiiliary table atit ilicalple tip thli- a mi ls of Iiigh-alt it Udi atino~ s iheires - whiic h re-late,' thli- gi-l niviit c
alItitudeh of geop~iitciitial surfaces at all latitude-s tuithat at thei standard lafimudi-. 450 N.
COESAs 11.S. Stanidard Atmosphere, 19t2 includies pres-Fi-tatilinS of te-mpe'rature' a% atitiroiis
mate atnal)'mil uinictiiins of alhtudi-, ul tii 2(0) kmn. Altiviighi viery 11115 fit ofithe' Iilipi-ratuiri curve
wias oblt aine-d density and irp-ssure i'loiip tt d fr~pi'pthlis c urye de parti'd co n side-rablyl fr'il illte
Stanmdarid at ci-rt ain alt it idi-s. Thvi-t0ri I i. it was dei'tided thIat aiddit inpal supplemen-ntar) iiiailo-ri il
XiX
should be developed and included in this volume. Richard A. Hord (with the aid of his associate,
Miss Jean P. Mason) and Hermann B. Wobus .. miprised a Task Group assigned this responsibility.
They were able to prepare independent analytic approximations for density and pressure for the
1962 Standard up to 200 km and for the new Supplementary Atmospheres up to 80 km. These
should prove invaluable to those concerned with machine programming of interactions of the
sensible atmosphere with aerospace vehicles in the mesusphere, stratosphere, and tnopotpheiv.
Finally, the COESA Working Group decided there existed a requirement for presenting information on a minor but extremely important atmospheric constituent, ozone. Wayne Hering of
the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, though not previously associated with COESA
efforts, was called upon and responded with a valuable section on ozone for this volume.
The technical contributions to this volume of course cannot end with tihe preparation of the
draft material, There must be final overseers so that all material may tie together logically
and accurately. Responsibility for this fell to the three co-sponsoring organizations. Assigned
as technical editors were Dr. K. S. W. Champion, AFCRI.. William O'Sullivan. Jr. with the aid -f
--Gerald Keating, NASA; and Harold M. Woolf, ESSA. Major Donald A. Krider also provided
informal aid in this phase of preparation, Their extensive efforts are indeed appreciated. They
in turn had to be followed by an editorial group completely responsible for format and final preparation. To John Marple, AFCRL's Publication Chief, and his staff, including Eugene Pepin.
cover-picture artist, we owe our thanks for completion and publication of this work.
MAURICE DUBIN, NASA
NORMAN SISSENWINE, AFCRI.
SIDNEY TEWELES, ESSA
Cochairmen, U.S. Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere
14
XX
-_71
~t4
PART 1
Basis of the Tables
0*
j
I
BLANK PAGE
.-
-4..
r--
PART 1
Basis of the TablIes

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Part I c-ontauins the b~asis of tile main taitles of
at motspheric properties that appear in Parts 5 and 6.
I'lie sptecificationls of [lie model atmospheres that are
included are listed (Section 1.2). Also included in
Part I are background infortniation, dlefinitions, equalions. physical constants, and cotnversio~n factors used
inl tie computations.
1.1
BACKGROUND
Systematic variation in the troposphere due to
seasoni anid latitude has been fairly well known for
years. In fact, when COESA first started to update

flth- Standard Atmosphere in 1953. rough data were
presented which depicted this variability tip to 30
kin, flth- middle stratosphere. These data were oh.
tamned from a limited number of' radiosonde flights,
However, thle requiiremnent for presenting variability
in a format similar to flt, tables in the Standard
Atmrosphiere had not been establishied.
Thle current C()ESA effort to provide supplementary atmospheres received its impetus a little morethian five years ago when expansion oif the nation's
space' prograin generated requirements for infor-
h-owever, due to the different thermal regimes found

at high latitudes in winter, four additionai atmospheres
were defined to represent flthe warui and c-old at raiospheric-mesosplieric comndjtitions at 600 (it) 90 kin) and
75'41tu10kmn)in January.
At this point, very little additional effort would
have been required to provide a follow-on COESA
publication to the V.S. Standard Atmosphere. 1962
with detailed tabulations of these 13 Supplementary
Atmospheres. In fact, thle Air F-orce, in response tip
urgent reqiz~rements. published pruliminary tabes
as Air Force Interim Supplemental Atmospheres.
Hlowever, at tlie Fort Collins metireing. Working Group
Chairman Jaceh~ia presented a summary oif recent
research indicating that it had become feasible toi
prepare models for altitudes above 200 km which
would portray systematic variability resulting from
changes in solar flux arid ;?enith angle. New pres.
sures front the aerospace community, this time from
atnsospherc-space interface interest%, moade it desir.
able to extend our supplementary atminspheres to
-otming into the inventory from a new sensor, thle

mneteourological roc-ket so rde. It was thoughit that
orbital altitudes.
U ufortunately. there was little. informat ion on Iystemiatic variability for altitudes from 90 kmu upi to 200
kin, above the maximum altitude of most rocket sensors anid below the muinimunm altitude of viost satellites. 1)espite this difficulty the( Working Group
decided to) try to provide a reasonable interpolation
across thim region for thle seven basic kurfacr-;o-90
kmn 41W aninual arid 3f0' 450, and 600 Janiuary and]
Such data, in conjunction with the very much improved
July) atmnospheres.
30-kmn radiosoinde data, would permit construction

of typitcal January and July at mospheric tprofiles fo4r
300, 450, 60'. and 750 N. latitudes and an annual
average for 15' N. The extension iof these nine
antmospheric' protfiles to an altitude (of 90 kmn was estab).
lishied as tlite goal. T'o attain this goal, data fromi a
handful of specialized rocket experiments for alti.
tudes above those of meteorological rockets were
subjected to; extrapolatioo techniques, through wfhich
flthe wind field is related to gradients of pressure,
The (contenmplated interpolation required pihysical

expressions for describing the atmospheric profiles
obtained front satellite drag. Although thte physical
relationship was partially understood, it can still
be (Only roughly, spectified. The final goal oif sptanningb
the 90. to 200-kmi "ignoros~there" was found difficult
to attain in spite of intensive research by (OESA
students of flt-e upper at mnosjdiere.
l'o review lie situation, the COESA Working G roupt
mnation on thle variability of atmospheric struc'ture in

the design of second-generation scientific arid military
aerospace vehicles. At that tinme, a decision was
made to utilize a comiparatively large mass of data
temperature, and density.

In July 1963, the COFSA 'Working Giroup. meeting
at Fort Collins. Cotlorado was able to define a generally
acceptable set of seasonally atid latitudinally determinentd atmnosphieres. Seven of these. extended ito 90
km . 'rhte twot 75' Iathitude atmno sphere s Itad to ttc
limited to 30 km altitude because of a lack of data.
met again in January 1965 at the University of Miami.

It was agreed that an itnadequate theory is worse thant
none when it inus? fit a great mnany accurate observa.
tions. Density profiles acceptably close to those
deduced frotr satellite data can btc ompinjued from a
famiily of' empirically derived exponiential tenipera.
ore curves and thfe barkpin etric equiiat ions. ' It 'li
temperaiure is continued a% tflit- tdefinitng parameter
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966
of the atmosphere, as in the case of the lower altitude

seasonally and latitudinally specified supplementary
atmospheres. All profiles of atmospheric properties
converged below altitudes of satellite data to a single
boundary condition of density, temperature, pressure,
and molecular weight at 120 km which differed only
slightly from vorresponding values in the 1962
Standard.
The arrangement of these atmospheric tables ih
terms of exospheric lemperature, rather than solar
activity, ensures that the family of tables will noi
become obsolete as relationships between exospheric
temperature and solar activity are refined. It utilizing the tables, on-e notes that the basic high-altitude
atmospherte 4elected will be that with exospheric
temperature on the shaded side of the earth appropriate to prevailing solar activity. Exospheric ternperatures for other locations can then be obtained
from a functional expression requiring only the angle
120 km. The 150 annual and 30'. 450, and 600 N.
July atmospheres could be conveniently extended to)
that point. In so doing, the density-altitude profiles
for all atmospheres had Lo pass through a density
ranging from 10 percent to 15 per(cnt above standard
just above 90 km, a level recently noted to be isopycnic
(near-constant density). The concept of such a singu.
lar point has proved to be most useful.
Two new families of temperature curves for the interface region above 120 km were developed to connect
with the Jacchia high-altitude atmospheres. One
family starts with 120-km winter conditions, each
member joining smoothly at an altitude in the 200to 250-kmi region with the corresponding curve in the
family of high-altitude atmospheres, whereas the other
family starts at 120-kin .ummer conditions and in
similar fashion joins high.&ltitude atmospheres.
These continue upward to I000km.
Another important point arose. The available
of
the key
sun. Th se exospheric temperatures serve
as the
in selecting the table of atmospheric properties for the angleo
location applicable to a specific solar
Thge. edalso
The meeting at Miami was adjourned with our goal
and procedure supposedly well established. 'The
low-altitude supplementary atmospheres {5" N. annual and 30, 45, and 60" N. January and July)l terminated at 90 km with seven sels of temperature,
pressure, and density data. Though the 90-kin ternperatures and pressures differed substantially, density
profilesard
to a single value slightly above 90 kmi. Since an
acceptable family of high-altitude atmospheres had
been defined which now extended downward to a single
set of boundary conditions at about 120 km, connection
with the seven low-altitude atmospheres which reached
90 km appeared to be a simple chore. Some manip-
spring and fall soundings, although sparse, indicated

that density at 120 km is probably very close to standard. IIn tthese sounedings, densities siear 90 km are
shown to approach isopyenic conditions. It is
apparent that if we were developing a Pew Standard
today. density should be 10 to 15 percent greater than
the present Standa'd just above 90 km. Since density
variability approaches a factor of 3 around 70 kin and is
known to amount
orders of magnitude at several
lation of the lapse rates betweep 90 and 120 km would

be required since consistency through the barometric
equation must be achieved. Also, consideration had
to be given to several newly available soundings,
some of which had been p.resented at Miami during
Task Group sessions. Therefore, it was decided to
permit rnodificatin of the seven low-altitude models
to levels as low as 80 kt,, if necessary, to provide
greater flexibility.
The implication of this decision to join all models
at 120 km is that latitudinal/seasonal variability, so
well defined in the lower layers, becomes essentially
damped out and negligible above 90 km. This simplifying assumption was not borne out by examination
of most recent data. More realistic conditions for
winter, at least for middle latitudes, are represented
if the 30', 450, and 69f N. January densities at 120 km
are approximately Y5) percent above the Standard,
Mid-latitude summer and low-latitude data grouped
around a density some 20 percent below standard at
hundrd kilometers, such a small discrepancy is not

sufficient justification for a revision of the 1962 Standat this time. However, it does appear reasoable
to provide additional realism in a report on supplementary atmospheres by including "spring/fall"
atmospheres. The Standard appears to be a good
representation of spring/fall conditions up to about 70
kin, above which a departure is convenient through the
91-ki isopycaic to 120 km. meeting exactly the basic
farj:ily of high-altitude atmospheres suggested by
Working Group Chairman Jacchia. With these considerations, a density profle can now be constructed
which depicts mid-latitude spring/fall conditions at low
altitudes and conditions for the heterosphere for any
solar position and degree of solar and geomagnetic
activity.
In summary, the goal of these effortia is a description
of the complete range of atmospheric properties cornmensurate with known systematic variations for lower
altitudes due to latitude and season, and for the
heterosphere due to solar activity and angle. Continuity and internal consistency are maintained between all latitudes and altitudes. Two sets of tables,
one for the family of atmospheres below 120 km and
the other for 120 to 1000 kmi. are provided. These
families are matched at 120 kmi.
Further refinements are likely in the future, especially between 100 and 200 km, but it is believed that
S-'-
BASIS OF THE TABLES

the greatest possible correspondence with data and
theory currently available is presented by the tables of
atmospheric profiles in this new COESA publication.
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
1.2
ture-altitude profiles in which the vertical gradients

of molecular-scale temperature are linear with geopotential altitude.
f. Molecular weight is assumed to bi onstant, 28.96
to 80 kin, decreasing above 80 km to 26.90 in the spring/
fall, 27.12 in the winter, and 26.76 in the summer and
of properties
tic thle
(latitudinal
and isseasonal)
to 120 km
altitudes up
shown foi-rvariability
atmosphere
of
by a family of internally consistent Supplementary
at 120
annual atmospheres
15"g.N.Special
these atmospheres,
of km.
characteristics
such as the trade inversion of the tropics and distri-
The following atmospheres are irkLatitude

Time of Year
15' N. Annual average up to 120 kin.
30' N. January and July to 80 kin:
winter and summer 80 to
bution of water vapor in the lower layers, are included.

h. Special attention is given to physical features of a
global nature, such as isopycnic levels, which help to
tie the family of supplementary atmospheres together.
i. A brief discussion on diurnal variability of atmospheric density for altitudes below 90 km is included
in Part 2.
120 km.
January and July to 80 km:
1.2.2 MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS.-A family

of atmospheres between 120 and 1000 km is presented
winter and summer 80 to 120

km. U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 to 69 kin; spring/
fall 69 to 120 km.
January and July to 80 kin.
winter and summer 80 to
120km. Cold and warm stratospheric.mesosphcric regimes
to 80 km for January.
January and July to 30 km.
Cold and warm stratospheric
regimes to 30 km for January.
with the following 11 exospheric temperatures: 600',

700),
800', 900% 1000o,
1100', 13000, 15000, 1700',
19000, and 21000 K. Each atmosphere corresponding
to a single exospheric temperature divides into
separate atmospheres denoting variation with season
below the matching altitude, Z,.. These three atmospheres denote typical summer, winter, and spring/
fall conditions. The altitude Z, varies systematically
with exospheric temperature within the range 195 to
255 km. For the lower exospheric temperatures the
value of Z, is higher for the winter models than for
the summer models, but for exospherie temperatures
above 13000 K, Z, is independent of season.
All the summer atmospheres converge to approxithe same set of conditions at 120 km (density
Atmospheres.
eluded:
Title
Tropic
Subtropic
Mid-latitude
450 N.
Subarctic
60' N.
Arctic
75' N.
Some special considerations employed in the de.

velopment of this lower altitude family of atmospheres
fc:tamately
a. The distribution of thermodynamic properties
in the January and July atmospheres is consistent with
the observed wind fields for altitudes up to 80 km.
b. Atmospheric profiles between 80 and 120 km are
based on empirical density profiles for the winter,
summer, and transitional months. They proide a
about 20 percent below the Standard), all the winter

atmospheres approach another set of conditions (density about 46 percent above the Standard), and all
the springffall atmospheres converge to a third set
of conditions (density I percent above the Standard).
1.3
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND FORMULAS
hydrostatically consistent link between the season-
and latitude-dependent atmospheres below 80 km and

the families of atmospheres related to diurnal and solar
flux vaniability above 120 km.
c. Atmospheric models are considered applicable
to the northern hemisphere only. However, it is believed that they closely approximate conditions as far
south as mid-latitudes in the southern hemisphere.
d. A north pole (900 N.) atmosphere is not provided
in the low-altitude family of supplementary almospheres. The 75* N. atmospheres are believed to"be
the best oppzoximation to the 90' N. atinosphe!,? ;hat
this time. They are limit 'd to
can be devclran altitude oF
vations at thiu .
c to the sparsity of rocket obser.

del
e. Models presenting the vertical distribution of

thermodynamic properties are defined by tempera-
...................
1.3.1 PRIMARY CONSTANTS.--The numerical values

for the various thermodynamic and physical constants
usud in the computations of atmospheric properties
are the same as those given in Table 1.2.1 of the
U.S. Standard Atmosphere. 1962, with two exception i.
Surface conditions for each of the atmo.pherves below
'20 km are based on hemispheric mean si=a-levcl values
of temperature, pressure, density, and relative humidity for the appropriate latitude and month rather than
on standard conditions: and accelerations due to
gravity at sea level for latitudes other than 45Y N. were
obtained from the following expression by Lambert
(List. 1963)
aZc 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin1 c

-0.0000059 sin' 2*)
....................
....
,1.1)
(e,-
For 450 N. the value of the acceleration due to gravity

at sea level (,Ro) was taken as 9.80665 m sec-t . This
value had been used in most of the earlier standard
atmoausplheres and was adopted for the U.S. Standard
Atmosphere, 1962. It more precisely applies to a
latitude of 4532'33%. The value at 450 N. from
Lambert's formula is 9.80616 m see-2 , The follow,
ing table shows values of R0 used in the computations:
TABI.A 1.1 ACCELSRATION VALUFS
is the corresponding relation between T.r and the
virtual temperature T,.; Mo is the mean molecular

weight of air at sea level. Due to molecular dissocialion and diflusive separation, the mean molecular
weight decreases with altitude above 80 km. Hence
the value of Tt is larger than the value of T at these
alhitudes.
1.3.4 HYDROSTATIC EQUATION,-The air is assumed to bc in li)diJstati' equilibhiuin and to satisfy
the differential equation
dP=-pgdZ
-0
15 N.
30 N.
978036
9.78036,
45* N.
60( N.
9.80665
where Z denotes geometric altitude

1.3.5 ('uI'OTENTIAL.-The relationship between
geopotential altitude and gt,.iwtric altitude developed
in the U.S. StandardAtmosphere, 1962 is used at 450 N,
For latitudes (other than 450 N., the following expres.
75* N.
9.82W6
9.78381
9.79324
9.81911
750'N.
N.
go'
9.83208
9X83208
geopotential
1.3.2 PERFECT GAS LAW.-It is assumed that dry

air and water vapor-air mixture behave in accordance
with the perfect gas law:
MlP
p(1.2)
R*T,,
altitude
and geometric
MOLECULAR-SCALE
1.3)
TEMPERATURE. - The
molecular-scale temperature Tt is defined by
P=fz dZ
1H
(1.7)
dZ
Gt.)
and is in geopotential meters (m') when

the unit geopotential G is set equal to 9.80665 M2 sec- 2(M')-1.
The inverse-square law of gravitation provides an
expression of g as a function of altitude with sufficient
accuraey for muost model atmosphere computations:
-=gr
(1.9)
9
0.9)
where r is an effective earth's radius at a specific latilude as given by Lambert's equations (List, 1963).
Integration of Eq. (1.8) after substitution of Eq. (1.9)
for g, yields
H-
(.10)
G
-(.0
or
Z ---.
_
Tv
The
where the integration is performed along the line of

force which passes through the point.
The geopotential altitude is given by
This is the fictitious temperature which dry air must

have at the given pressure P, in order to have the same
density p, as a water vapor-air mixture at the same
pressure P. temperature T, and vapor pressure e.
The assumption that the mixture behaves as a perfect
gas eliminates the necessity for considering minor
deviatiuns from the perfect gas law such as the comprcssibility factor of air which is a function of pressure.
temperature, and relative humidity. The error in
computed densities resulting from the assumption
that air is a perfect gas may approach 0.05 percent
below 10 kiu but becomes less than 0.01 percent abwove
20 kin (List, 1963).
1.3.3
altitude.
geopotential at a point whose geometric altitude is

Z is given by
where M is the mean molecular weight, R* is the

universal gas constant, and T,. is the virtual temperature, obtained from the empirical formula
T
- 0.379(e/P)
sions were used to obtain the relationship between
j1.6)
of #0
Values
tm wee')
Latitude
ni
(1.11)
Mr)
T
and
11.4)
Diffeiences between geopotential altitudes obtained
T M0
M(1.5)
from Eq. 41.10) and those (comluted from the more

complex relationship used in developing the U.S.
-- A
BASISOF
StanardAtmsphre,
Fr eampe,
values
7W
froi
______
0.1)fl
m,
eurIAmspertiel, than
.aeapoi
-(I
aey
141
lationship used in the Standard.

pressures
(ses-lcvel
1.3.6 PREssIJRE.-lnitial
vausfor each atniospihere) were obtained from
monthly normal sea-level vharts for tile northern
licnfisphere (United States Weather Bureau, 1952)
bamed ujion a 40-year period of record and from 55-day
normtal sea-level charls tLahey et al., 19W)) based up~oni
ai 20-year period of record. Vertical piessui'e distrilmutiomns for altitudes up to 120 kml were calculated using
the follo wing eq uat ions with tilie appr ippriaie temnpera.
gem~mtetil
P
T'_
a linear function of
atiudc~ient
+ L,h)
11
eepe-to
nte DERVE
S tnadANtmTIspe,192
Qtue
htue
nteU.StnadAmshrI2
.= y
TAU)
(1.15)
where -y is fthe ratio of specific hecat of air at constant

pressure to that at constant volumne and is taken to be
1.40 Idimensionless). Owing to thle limitations of
Eq. (0.15) at low pressures and high altitudes, tabulalonofvue
rthsedo
ondaeemitd
al 9%)kml.
COEFFICIENT
OF VISCOSITY.-The coeffi-fined as a coefficient of internal
whIere h = H-H 5 .
The quantity Jih is the geopotential altitude at the
base of a particular layer characterized by a specific
value of L't, the gradient of the nsolecular-scale temperature with geopotential altitude. Tub and Pb are
theresectve
alus o T~andPatthealttud n~ It
should ble noted that Tv, was substituted for To, at
levels below 10 kmi.
1.3.7 MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETEHS.-The
additional equations; and specific techniques used to
calculate tile models above 120 km are described in
Part 3, Section 3.1.
1.3.8 THERMAL WIND EQUATtON.-The thermal
where J3 is a co(nstant equal to 1.458 X 10 6~ kg sec

and S is Sutherland's constant, equal to
n m ()
110.40 K. Equation (1.16) fails fo.r conditions of very
high and very low temperatures and under conditions
occ-urring at great altitudes. Consequently, tabular
entries for the coefficient oif viscosity have been teroinitated Hi 90 kmi.
1.4.3 COEFFIC IENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. The saine empirical expression as that adopted for the
1962 Standard was used to obtain the tabular values
of the coefficient of thermal conductivity:
wind rqtmation is
kU,~961143T2454x 10 - 7T/2
~(1.17)in
2w?'
where Au is the change in east-west wind component
through tile vertical layer A
1-iHt, T is thle mean
temperature of the layer, (o is angular velocity of earth,
0 is latitude, and OTA9Y the north-south temperature
gradient.
of tile tables:
__&____0)___13
RV*1.13)
E'D
friction developed where gas regions move adjacent to

each other at different velocities. Thle expression
used it., compute coefficients of viscosity itt thle U.S.
Standard Atmosphere, 1962 was used for computation
)(.21
('t
and
j1,
(of viscosity is
(Tm.
~Tvr,
TALES-
.4 DRIVD QANTTIE
fror exthie,
re-
aroe obmanl.
is
ture-altitude liootiles in which T,%,
geoplvilialalliude1.4.2
TE
1*2aresmal.
LOU-
Tabular values of thermal conductivity are terminated at 90 kin oiwing to the limtitations oif Eq. (1.17)
at higher levels.
It Ahould be noted that in computing thle derived
quantities at altitudes below 10 kin, T,. was substituted
for T ant] ?'. for Tv.
---.-c
---
--
I "
PART 2
Atmospheric Models Up to 120 Kilometers
.4
PART 2
~
Atmosph~eric Models Up to 120 Kilometers
2.0 INTRODUCTIONJ
2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC

MODELS FOR ALTITUDES BELOW
120 KILOMETERS
Thec defining Inaraotek-r lifthe Supplementar-y Aiinospheres below 1.20) kmn is nipleculaz--sceak temperature presented by 1lineor gradikents iri geopotential
altitude. fl~elatve humidity has been n;?ecified ail
levels up toi and including 10 kni in the mtean &tII.Il
15' N. and till January and July alitoosphvres, The
Plid-ldtitude ?ipring/jfall amowsphere is the Saint as the
1962 S~tandard tip to 69 km and constquently is a dry
2.1.1 BELOW 80 KILOMETEIS.- Temperature-altitude profiles of the mean January and July atmospheres
at 30%"45, 60%and 750 N., and the mean annual atmosphere at 15%N are based on the temperat ure -altitude
cross section in Figure 2.1. The temperature distribution shown for levels belotw 30 km was obtained from
radiosonde observations. Mean northern hemispheric
values were computed at various latitudes from available summaries by giving equal weight to observed and
interpolated temperature data at each 10 degrees of
longitude. Mean monthly values of relative humidity,
I'abhe 2.1, were obtained in a similar manner for levels
below 10 km. The initial pressures (sea-level values
atilopwe
Vertical pressure. and density distoribiutikns were
caleulated from virtuoi temperature-alti.iude profites
ut-ing thet barometric eqluation.s from Part I and approriakkc s-ea-lvel pres:;ures, Tables of the virivial
waviperatuces und ither properties of the 14 Su1.pplneotary, Atntosphetrefl. 41scutuled itt this Fection, are
gie in Part 5.
fo
ach atmosphere) were obtained from monthly
~V!
January
130--
30
277'
-045~
302
210--
--
230--
---
270-
261
210
4~*
2660
26
270tud
Fnus
TS
.....
.. TroCair-tiue
r.ooco
260
o aur
uy
12

TABLE 2.1.--VIRTUAL TEMPERATURI STRUCTURS TO 10 KM
15" N. Annual
Altitude
H, m'
Temp
T, 'K
Virtual
Temk
Humidity
%,.=
0000
1000
2000
2250
250
4000
6000
8000
10000
299.65
293.65
287.65
286.15
286.95
276.90
263.50
250.10
236.70
302.59
295,89
289.34
287.72
287.74
277.36
263.71
250.17
236.72
75
75
78
75
35
35
35
30
20
30 N.
JaMuary
Altitude
H.
Temp
Virtual
Humidity
T. *K
TemK
0000
287.15
284C I
281A5
274.65
268.15
255.15
242.15
229.15
288.52
285.24
281.86
275.10
268.39
255.24
242.18
229.16
80
70
50
415
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
10000
3's
'30
30
30
Temp
0
T, K
Virtual
Humidity
Temp
.301.15
293.65
288.15
282.65
277.15
266.15
252.15
238.15
304.58
295.58
289.54
203.72
277.82
266.44
252.27
238.18
80
65
60
60
50
40
40
30
4!0 N.
January
July
J'dy
0000
1000
272.15
268.65
272.59
269.00
771
70
294.15
289.65
296.22
291.14
75
65
2000
265..15
265.43
65
2W .15
286.19
55
3000
4000
6000
800
261.65
255.65
243.65
231.65
261.85
255.77
243.70
231.66
55
150
45
279.15
273.15
261.15
2.1:;
279.78
273.55
261.30
248.21
45
40
30
30
10000
219.65
219.65
30
235.15
235.17
30
35
60WN.
January
July
0000
1000
257.15
259.15
:57.28
259.31
80
70
287.15
281.75
288.45
282.68
75
70
2000
3000
3S5
215.95
252.75
251.15
256.09
252.86
251.24
70
65
60
276.35
277.06
70
270.9.5
271.45
65
4000
?47.75
247.82
60
265.55
265.89
60
5000
240.95
............
......... 260.15
260.38
55
6000
234.15
234.17
50
253.15
25328
50
239.15
220.55
40
220.55
................... 225.15
10000 r.. ........
239.18
225.15
40
30
8000
268.25
. ... .......
.....
I
[
13
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS UP TO 120 KILOMETERS

TArnt. 2.1
Altilude
im',
Temp
Virtual
Humidity
Temp
Virtual
Humidity
T. *K
Temp
_ _'K
T, *K
_
Temp
T., K
_.
January
0000
1(00)
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
6000
8W00
9500
10000
(Continued)
75" N.
80
249.22
65
252.23
253.74
60
250.98
60
............ ..............
245.45
55
50
239.93
45
228.91
40
217.90
............
..............
............ ...................
249.15
252.15
253.65
250.90
248.15
245.40
239.90
228.90
217.90
July
278.15
278.92
276.19
275.55
274C2
2.............
. .....
272.95
273.46
271.65
272.14
268.40
............
262.13
261.90
248.98
248.90
235.92
235.90
22............
M 5
226.16
226.66
226.65
85
75
65
65
..............
55
45
35
30
20
normal sea-level charts of the northern hemisphere

(USWB 1952) based upon a 40-year period of record
and from 5-day normal sea-level charts (Lahey et al.,
1958) based on a 20-year period of record. In the
development of the temperature field between 30 and
80 kin, temperature, density, and pressure observations, taken from December through February and June
through August, were considered in arriving at mean
monthly values for January and July. The thermal
wind equation was employed to obtain estimates of the
latitudinal pressure and temperature distributions from
available zonal wind observations at various heights
above 30 km.
Observed characteristics of the atmosphere such
a,.i the level of minimum latitudinal and seasonal ternprawrue variability near 65 km (Nordberg and Smith,
]962), the level of minimum density variability near
913 km (Cole, 1961), and the inverse relationship betwe)i me-an imonthly temperatures at 50 km and those
near 70 km (Figures 2.2 arid 2.3) were used in arriving
at an internally consistent thermal structure for the
Supplementary Atmospheres.
been incorporated into the mean annual temperaturealtitude profile for 150 N. (Figure 2.3). For example,
routine averaging of monthly temperature-altitude data
indicates an isothermal layer about 2 km thick from
16 to 18 km. An examination of daily observations,
however, reveals a sharp inversion at the tropopause.
This sharp inversion, a feature typical of the tropical
atmosphere, has been retained and appears at 16.5
km, the mean annual tropopause altitude at 15" N. The
average altitude and magnitude of the trade wind inversion, characteristic of the temperature structure between 2 and 3 km over tropical ocean areas, also have
been included in the 15* N. temperature-altitude profile.
In addition, surface temperature inversions, normally
observed during the winter in arctic and subarctic
regions, are incorporated into the January temperaturealtitude profiles for 60W and 750 N. (Figure 2.2).
Profiles representative of the cold and warm %tratospheric regimes observed at 600 and 750 N. in January
are shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5. The frequency of
occurrence of warm and cold stratospheric regimes
varies with longitude at both 600 and 750 N. Tempera-
A mean annual atmosphere rather than monthly

atmospheres wa,,i adopted for 15' N. since the monthly
variability of the temperature-altitude structure in the
tropics appears to be relatively small at levels for which
data are available. In addition, die sparsity of obser-
ture-altitude structures below 30 km for the cold and

warm stratospheric regimes at 60* and 75 N. are based
on radiosonde observations taken over northeastern
Canada during January and the first week of February.
Due to insufficient rocket observations at 750 N..
vations above 30 km in tropical areas makes it intpractical at this time to develop monthly atmospheres
between 30 and 80 km. Recent meteorological rocket
network observations at Ascension, 80 S., Antigua,
170 N., Grand Turk, 21' N., and San Salvador, 240 N..
and falling sphere measurements at Kwajalein, 90 N.
(Peterson et al., 1964) leave little doubt that at equatorsal latitudes the seasonal variations are minimal.
Typical features of the thermal structure of the
tropical atmosphere not evident in Figure 2.1 have
temperature-altitude profiles for January and July and

the cold and warm winter stratospheric regimes could
not be provided for altitudes above 30 km. The two
regimes above 30 km at 60 N. are based primarily
on rocket observations taken at Fort Churchill (590 N.)
during observed cold and warm stratospheric condi.
tions. Most of the available winter grenade observations were taken during days with a cold stratosphere,
whereas warm conditions were recorded by a numberof
thermistor and falling-sphere observations. The num-
rai
14
V.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS,
il
1966
-4___
go-
goI
~60
70,J
7
30
January and Spring/Foll
II-
___
IS0
2t-
20
20
6
Ternp~rowr. ('K)
280
300
3340
360
FIGURE 2.2.-Teniperature-aittude profiles of the 300. 45*. 600, and 75' N. lanuary and mid-latitude sprinir/fall Supplementary Atmospheres.
ri.--0-
Is
120--I
11_
__
____
__
____
__
100
4.5',
"FF
30',
10)
and 15' N. Anrnual
,u e pr hJuty
200
*00~
180
FnIURt
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
2.3.-Termperature-Alitiude profiles of the 300. 4.50. 60. and 75* N. July and 15' N. me~an annuial Supplementary Atmosphere$,
ber of'observations above. 0 kin, however,.is in1.d,4qua.e

n Ittinleratuure-alti!id, profiles
f'Or dletmirning ingvm
f'Or ilics- cold mid warmiiJanuary reginles. (lns.ijuicltly. the prioiles above 50. kin are intende.d only to
obtai ned 'rom Ithe
depiclI lenil iiratluris ltypial of l'thse
fi w ri iik-lt
obfi, r atlitis imiade durinig these rgimines at
Fort (Ahurchill.
The first 69 kim of Ii, tdnllperalure-allit-de profile

of tlie mid-latitude spring/fall atliospliere (Figure 2.2)
is tie samre as that for the U.S. Standard .A'rosphere,
9iW2; the portion betweetl 69 and 80 kiml is based on
recetnt dle.nsity oblservat ii
l anld is inlendcd to lilpro xi-
vitatl# niman votinditlmios diiriling hie perio ds, of NI ar-h/

..
r/lii.h I,,l,,-A
izh
A pr!. an ..!
-00
.-
,
0
. ......- - -ON.
go
16
TAaI.1 2.2. -TruPIa'rTuuK (Ta.,
*K) SrlTmTu
15" N.
T'ABL 2.2
45" N.
Altitude
iH.m'
Annual
0000
2250
2500
16500
22000
47000
51000
59000
8I000
89000
100000
110000
117496
299.65
286.15
286.95
193.15
215.15
270.15
170.15
254.15
177.15
177.15
199.15
270.65
410.90
Alti',.de
H,m
S84000
July
0000
10WO
2000
6000
12000
15000
1600
17000
2187.15
...........
281.15
...........
216.15
...........
..........
203.15
301.15
293.65
..........
266.15
..........
203.15
203.15
..........
18000
203.15
..........
89000
90000
k0000
110000
117776
January
199.65
.......
July
Altitude
i, m'
..........
--
60 N.
January
0000
257.15
IO
00......... 259.15
3500
251.15
5M0.... ..........
8500
217.15
10000 ..........
15000
217.15
23000 ...........
25000
211.15
320M0
..........
34009
220.15
43000 .........
..........
480 .
50000
53000
165.15
19965 .........
227.65 200.35
282.25 295.25
355.90 410.90
45'N.
H, m'
lContinued)
60WN
0000
272.15 2-..15
2000 ...........
285.15
3000
261.65
6000 ........... 261.15
10000
219.65 ......
13000 .......... 215.65
17000 .......... 215.65
19000
215.15 ..........
27000
215,15 227.65
32000
219.15 238.15
47000
265.65 275.65
52000
265.65 275.65
62000.......... 250.65
241.65 ..........
64000
81000 ...........
165.15
3;V N.
H.mI'January
BzLow 120 aIi
54000
59000
69000
81000
89000
100000
110000
117930
July
287.15
..........
..........
260.15
..........
225.15
..........
225.15
..........
238.65
..........
271.65
277.15
Spring/Fall
249.15 278.15
253.65.
.......... 271.65
9500
..........
75N.
7
I
1
216.65
216.65
228.6C5
270.65
270.65
252.65
220.65
Hm
11000(X)
........
172.55
88000 191.15 ...........
89000 ...........
172.55
233.15 198.95
10D100
10000 2M0085 283.25
117612 3.55.90 410.90
79000
90000
1o000"
110000
117776
190.65
190.65
210.65
254.25
382.24
217.15 224.15
12000
25,500
........... 224.15
30000
199.15 ............
206.15 ............
35000
235.t5
37000 ............
40000
228.15 ........
January January
Cold
Warm
0000
1000
3500
8500
oo00
249.15
1500
253.65
8500
215.15
11000 ............ 222.15
17000 ............ 222.15
17500 201.65 .........
25000 197.15 226.15
257.15
259.15
251.15
217.15
30000
197.15
ATMOSPHERES
Z, km
Summer
Winter
Spring/Fall
ard, between 80 and 120 km. are sh.wn, as a furction
80
28.96
28.96
28.96
o.f latitude and season in Figure 2.6. These curves,

which are based primarily on experimental data, con-
85
28.95
28.95
28.95
90
28.94
28.94
28.94
9k5
100
105
28.75
2823
27.78-
28.79
28.34
27.96
28.77
28.28
27.86
110
27.39
27.63
27,49
115
27.05
27.35
27.17
120
2.6
.
27.12
nect at 80 kn
with the densit
profiles of the January
and July at mosphercs for 30%.450, and 60' N., the mean
annual atmosphere for 15 N.. and the mid-latitude
spring/fall atmosphere for 45' N. which were discussed
in the previous section. The approximate isopycnic
level near 90 km should be noted, as well as the large
density variation in the allitude region 110 to 120 km.
233.65
TAaLc 2.3-- oLzcuL.R WEIGHTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY
Supplementary Atmospheres outlined in this section

have been based on an analysis of experimental data.
described in Section 2.4.2, as well as on theory.

Estimates of the mean density deviations from Stand-
226.15
115M0 213.65....
........ 230 15
13500
19000 207.65_ ..........
23,500 .......... 230.15
30000 207,65 237.95
J anuary
.e'
January
(Cid Warm
288.15
120 KILOMETERS.-The
July
0000
1500
2500
600 N.
0000
80 AND
January
i'
".
268.15
268.15
...........
225.65
221.60
&M5o215.15 ............
277.15
11000
20000
32000
47(000
52000
61000
69000
BETWEEN
N,
260.15 ...........
251.15 265.15
246.15 ...........
........... 161.75
202.15 161.75
226.35 200.25
273.15 303.45
355.90 410.90
21000 ..........
214.15
22000 213.15 ......
32000 2.33.15
I
236.15
47000 269.15 272.15
510UM3 269.15 272.15
59000 253.15 256.15
79000 191.15 ..........
2.1.2
50000 256,15
54000 256.15
59000 243.15
71000 J 255.15
79108 238.93
.
....
75' N,
260.15 ..........
...........
j'January January
Cold
Warm
H,
....
....
26.%0
.
...
..
70
levels bIetween 80 and 120 kill. Suitable values were

derived (Clhampion. 1 960a) and are given in Table 2.3.
2.1.3 DE"NIN; PROtERTIES.-Adopted molecular
scale temperature-altitude structures for each of the
14 atmospheres are shown in Table 2.2. Mean nonthly
values of relative hutmidity, ambient temperature, and
tile resulting virtual temperatures for the lowest 10
are shown in Table 2.1. Above 10 km the difference
between virtual and ambient temperatures is insignificant, since humidity produces a negligible virtual ternat the colder temperatures. It
perature
should be increment
noted that the mid-latitude spring/fall atmosphere is the same as the 1962 Standard up to 69 km and
60* N.Jkm
Churchill-Cold
50 0XChurchill
-Worm Regime Rodioiondes
R,
17
is a dry atmosphere.
2.2
Maximum and minimum mean monthly temperature,

pressure, and density do not occur at all latitudes
Worm
ICold
"30
Mea-
,ea
between the surface and 120 km in the same month or
/
X.
tseason.
______
Consequently, the tabulated properties of

January and July Supplementary Atmosphere.presented in Part 5 do not represent extreme mean
monthly conditions at all altitudes. They do, however,
____the
20-
It-'
LATITUDINAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS
provide anl indication of ltie magnitude of the latitudinal

and seasonal variability which can ble expected at these
--
levels in the atmosphere.

2.2.1
L
l
'
0o
I
200
,altitudes
220
240
Temperature ( K)
260
280
TEMPERATURE, -Temperatute
extremes at
below 20 km occur in January and July at
most locations between 300 and 75' N. In the stratosphere, however, semiannual and biennial tempera.
Fiotust 2.4.-Temperature-ahtitude profiles for 60' N. January mean

and cold and warm regime atmospheres.
ture oscillations complicate the annual temperature

distribuiion. The magnitude of the annual cycle is
The density curves in Figure 2.7 are essentially an

idealization of those plotted
in Figure 2.6. The
isopycnic is more pronounced. To reduce the number of boundary conditions at 120 km the (curves have
been drawn into three points. The first is f.'r sprinig
fall conditions which match the boundary conditions
used by Jacchia (1964) in the development of atmospheric models for levels above 120 kmi. Density is 1.01
per'ent higher than tle U.S. Standard Atmosphere,
1962. The second point is for typical winter condiltons with a density about 46 perenlt greater Ihan
Standard and the final point is for siunmer and tropical
conditions with a density 20 percent lower than
Standard.
Models for the region 80 to 120 km were developed
by choosing suitable temperature-altitude profiles,
consisting of straight.line segments of molecular tem.
perature ITv) in terms of ge,,potential altitude, which
yield density profiles approximately the same as those
shown in Figure 2.7.
"Toobtain values of kinetic temperature IT) from tihe
molecular temperatures it is i-cessary to have values
of mean molecular weight as a function of altitude for
largest at high latitudes, decreasing toward the equalor.

The amplitudes of the biennial and semniannual cycles
are largest near the equator, decreasing toward the
poles. The phases, as well as the amplitudes of ihese
temperature oscillations. change with! latitude and
altitude. A sufficient sample of observations is not
available above 30 km from which to establish the verIleal extent and magnitlude of the biennial oscillation
in equatorial regions. North of 15 latitude. however,
the annual and semiannual cycles appear to be stronger
and tend to obscure tei biennial oscillalion. Observations show that tile semiannual oscillation produces
two pronounced maxima and mininma wilhin the annual
stratospheritc temperature cycle in tropical andi subtripical regions (Cole et a)., 1965). At mid-latitudes
tile combined semiannual and annual components
shift the time of maximum temperature in the stratosphere toward early June or May (Batten, 1963).
Radiosonde data which extend to 30 km indicate that
two thermal regimes exist in the winter stratosphere
in arctic and subarctic regions (Figures 2.4 anid 2.5).
In January the cold regime predominates by roughly
four-to-one over northeastern Canada (McClain, 1961;
Belmont. 1962), whereas the warm regime prevaihti by
nearly eight-to-one in the Aleutian area. Explosive
If
is
35
--
753'N. Jonuary
Mean
WarmReim
1c
North America Radiosande,
Cold Regime
___I___
210
200
220
II'
I_
230
250
240
Temperature ( K)
FIGIJRIE 2.5.-Temperature-altitude profiles for 75' N. January mean and cold and warm regime atmoApheres.
S-*-.-..-.--~
---
~----~----------~-----~
I
I
.v-A
19
12U
IVI
t
g
+I
4rL
15 Annual
1J
Sprngfu
Winter.
m30.
SI
jI
I
e4
30' $,e.mmer
#4-
. -
...
im
Su0mi
if
6'
--
300
Winter
II
--
60
15-
30
20
0'6
Departure (percent)
fil(;xnl 2.6.-Mean density variations with latitude and seL son, 80 to 120 km.,
20
120
Ij
4
lie
S,1
'5'
Spring/Po!iI
il.60'
[ 3o Summer
1,
450
60.
-40
-20
M0
15
30'
0
-Departure (percent)
45A
60.
20
FIGunE 2.7.-Idealized mein seasonal and latitudinal density variations, 80 t,
.urrow,~r..!-
-.4-
.....
0..~i4.~40*,-
Winter
80
I
ll
40
120 km.
21
warinings, the abiLipt change from a cold to an extremely warm regime, occur during the winter in the
arctic and subarctic stratosphere and mesosphere
and can produce large departures in a given season or
month from annual temperature cycles based on longterm averages. The frequency of such occurrences
depends on longitude as well as on latitude. Recent
metenrological rocket observations between 30 and
50 km indicate that these explosive warmings occasionally affect the stratospheric circulation as far south as
Wallops Island, 38" N.
The meridional temperature gradient (Figure 2.1)
varies with altitude and season. In the troposphere,
from the surface to roughly 10 km, temperatures decrease toward the pole in both seasons. The northsouth gradient, however, is much larger during January
than July. In July there is a reversal of the meridional
temperature gradients betweeii 10 and 15 kin; temperatures above these levels increase toward the pole
rather than the equator. The thermal structure in
this region is not as well defined in January because
of the relatively large variations with latitude in the
thickness of isothermal and near-isothermal regions
immediately above the tropopause.
In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, 25
to 60 km, temperatures increase toward the pole in
July and toward the equator in January. This is in
accord with expected seasonal variations in the solar
heating at these altitudes. At the stratopause, the
region of maximum temperature near 50 kmi. the mean
monthly temperature at 60* N. is approximately 170 K
warmer in July than in January. The corresponding
change at 300 N. is 3* K.
The meridional temperature gradients reverse again
above 65 km and temperatures increase toward the
pole in January and decrease in July in the upper
mesosphere and lower thermosphere, 70 to 110 km.
Temperatures in this region are inversely related to
those in the stratosphere. A warm stratopause, for
example, is normally associated with a cold mesopause.
Grenade soundings taken in northern Sweden during
1963 and 1964 (Witt et al., 1965) confirm the existence
of this inverse relationship between stratopause and
mesopause temperatures during the summer months
at northern latitudes. Near 80 km temperatures
average 500 K warmer in January than July at 60' N.
Seasonal differences at this level, however, decrease
with latitude to approximately 100 K at 300 N.
The step function in the north-south temperature
do not reach above 70 km, and satellites seldom orbit

below 150 km. Consequently, data presented for this
region are considered only an approximation of actual
conditions.
2.2.2 DENSITY AND PRESSURE.--Density profiles
for each of the Supplementary Atmospheres are shown
in Figures 2.8 and 2.9 as percentage departure from
Standard. The region of minimum seasonal and
latitudinal variability in density near 8 km represents
the first isopycnic level where density remains relatively constant throughout the year regardless of loca.
tion. A second isopyenic level appears to exist just
above 90 km where density profiles of all latitudes and
seasons tend to converge or cross at a density roughly
10 percent greater than Standard (Cole, 1961; Champion, 1965). This concept of a second isopycnic level
near 90 km is supported by density observations and
observed wind and temperature distributions between
60 and 100 km. The levels of maximum seasonal and
latitudinal variability in atmospheric density occur
between 65 and 75 km and 100 to 120 km, Seasonal
variability is greatest at high latitudes. To reduce
the number of boundary conditions at 120 km the
density profiles (Figures 2.6 and 2.7) have been arbitrarily drawn into three points. The limitations discussed in the previous section on temperature also
apply to density between 100 and 120 km.
Density profiles associated with typical warm and
cold stratospheric and mesospheric thermal regimes
observed at 600 and 750 N. in January are shown in
Figures 2.8 and 2.9, also in terms of percentage departures from Standard. The profiles for 600 N. in
Figure 2.8 indicate that during January at 70 km, the
warm regime density is approximately 80 percent
greater than the cold regime density. Although these
atmospheres are intended to depict typical January
conditions, similar conditions can occur in the arctic
and subarctic during other winter months.
The piressure profiles in Figures 2.10 and 2.11 are
similar to those for density. A level of minimum seasonal pressure variability exists near 85 km which
reflects the negative correlations between temperalures at altitudes above 70 km and below 60 km. The
limitations that apply to the density between 100 and
120 km owing to the assumption of only three sets of
boundary conditions at 120 km also apply to the pressure at these altitudes.
2.3 DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF DENSITY TO 90
KILOMETERS
gradient at 120 km (Figures 2.2 and 2.3) is the result

of an arbitrary decision to establish three sets of boundary conditions at this altitude, the interface between
seasonally- and latitudinally-defined atmospheres
One of the more important aspects of the variability

of density is the diurnal variation, that is, the variation
within a 24-hour period which remains after synoptic-
below 120 km and the family of atmospheres related to

solar activit) above 120 km. The altitude interval
between 100 and 180 km is the least explored region of
the atmosphere. Operational meteorological rockets
scale effects are eliminated. Since sufficient observational evidence is not yet available to describe
definitively the diurnal variation between 30 and 90
km, some speculation is necessary.
S.....
...
'1
. . .. . . ...
4{
22

is
120
N.
30' N.
]o
I5
~~k
S ri.
Summer
o!owior
Full Witi
908 0
Annual
Jo
T__
J na yJ
N...
w1
-Sr
u_ !"-r ----
i il
!0
cry
tl
-4L-
_0
__
-4
309
-20~
0_0-0
FIGURF~
eatrso
20e
dira
vaiaio
to~~~~~~
asoitionwt
of- dest
takig
ino acountthe
is_ atrbtd
ftecntn th
thrmll-
ieadfl
4
est
-2
0i
Deatr (percent
upeetr
2.-
-0
-6
Miiu
ufcsi
wt
an grvttoa2-
eniyi
ira
aito
ighId.ns-Depafture lofe Suplmetar
Atophere
-4
-2-o
-040
tnad
topeedniisfu
in- part,
Thediurnal vxetstari osilation

dniysatrbthed
of s
inwe
parts
to herie
anoud
fal ofrlthvel smanl densityurfae.hs,in
thssoc
alvaiation
wit thermaly-adugraoiatmonslly-rodueOscillations
a
thef
aegtm
ofspherest s
roml ae
conre
xpce
etn
urn
otl
hayihs
bopino
oa
yooe
dhenste frnt Stundard.fc
oiidwt
Minimtm deunaity is hiexp

ansdduiong
relatda tinthae
sowithiuonalf heating due tatnoshereabsrt cofmp~lated
rdiuratioensiby wavne.wt
aibeapltd
a
exromed45 to9kmte oservaturiofa evdiunal dfromt
siearsato oftevrelative rdiauinal

andei
genravlyItaet.oa
vrability may b96
aonictd
12Otbyler
v1rabl
atElnAi
focest a6ctint (on
thelwer ainimmdupersatmophr, aepndin Fouece Bafe Flunroraitasgeti
orilatinsgfie
dunal
af os-uj
takng
cinatoloiaccountite.high
density
mu
ofttoer at0sd
pherc.Went,psilunar
u
high is 25percentd winh the
pheccr, oneaepettha
time iltinofmimu themloeraue atsa
vicinty of diurnal
Maximmo
i dexpnsityoncurelred torthe
phure. shoutld befofe sreaiveys
al amliue.Ths
absorption. hat
At
oun
t9e
kinphresut afcompim-tedor
Instillationsiattth
Nearea
asmcnts
aheights
eedh
diurnal range
percent
2
of
ofiaberet shul
bite rex-
esiaisfo
thaneal pere!to
1
exctd
ngtieblwao
10 kin, aad in daytime above that altitude.

At about 30 to 40 kin, the diurnal range is expected
to be about 2 to 5 pervent. However, suitable observatiional data are- lacking for a final det ermi nation,
eviunldensifro
rande18 May 1961cand 12m-orer 1962

matiu
lthe
minimum density,dependduing
sunrine,
rulenshtly bsexefored
observationsHl.16)sgetal
Tnaiv
tdenst
densAiry
BasterFlori.a
lorce
Houggestirna rane
acufcaoft
meteor
obevtosi
vafterndon. acAt rout95k.rulsro
ratlher uncertain.
I'ron, Ike foregoing, it may be estimated that the
factor by which the daytime density exceeds the
minimum at heights of from 50 to 90 km varies from
23
"
7'N
p"
,diosonde observations at stations within a few
.N. f's of latitudes 15', 300, 450 600 ane, 750 N. and
observations made from
_J0
released from rockets.
rockets and
instruments
The rockets were fired at the
following locations:
Locations
January
30 -
II
I w"ar2m
Co'ld \
1,,
1.)\
\j
"
Kwajalein
Eniwetok
Guam
Kauai
Cape Kennedy
Eglin AFB
July
,/
-
2o
_Wallops
-
Ascension Island
, 'oornera, Australia
Aboard Ship
-20
-10
320 N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
710 N.
80 S.
3.1* S.
North Atlantic
30
20
T0
0
Departure (percent)
300 N.
340
380
380
400
590
64W
Fort Greely, Alaska

Point Barroi%, Alaska
-30
280 N.
Point Mugu
Island
Tonopah Range
Churci ill, Canada
-Fort
130 N.
220 N.
32' N.
Michikawa Japan
_
II* N.
Kindley AFB
White Sands Missile Range
/_
Latitude
90 N.
2.4 SUPPORTING DATA
Although there has been a recent increase in the

number of locations taking meteorological rocket
observations, the preponderance of available data is
for North America. This is particularly true for levels
above 50 km.
Recently compiled distributions of observed data
are compared to adopted mean monthly values for
January and July in Figures 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, and 2.16.
Temperatures obtained from thermistor and grenade
observations taken at locations near 300 latitude are
plotted with teniIperature.ahitude profiles for the 300 N.
atmospheres in Figure 2.13. The mean monthly
thermistor temperatures that are shown for Point
Mugu, 340 N., White Sands, 320 N., and Cape Kennedy,
28' N., are based on Meteorological Rocket Network
(MRN) observations taken during the period 1961
through 1965. Mean seasonal grenade values are
based on experimental observations taken at Wallops
Island, 380 N. (Nordberg el al., 1965, Smith el al., 1964)
and Woomera, 31' S. ((roves. 1965) during the period
1959 through 1964. Thermistor and grenade observations for each location and level, in approximate number, are given in Tables 2.4 and 2.5. Many of the
observations wexe made after the atmospheric models
were constructed. Seasonal rather than monthly
means are presented for the grenade data because of
the sparsity of January and July observations above
55 km.
2.4.1 BIk.Low 80 KILOMETERS.--Data available for

vonwtructing the various atmospheres to 80 km coin-
A similar comparison is made in Figure 2.14 between

the temperature-altitude profiles for the mean January
FtiEuH 2.9.-Departures f 75DN. Atmosphere densities
from
Standard.
1.10 to 1.25. However, at times when the lunar tidal

oscillation and the thermally induced oscillation are
of the same or opposite phase, this factor might take
on values greater than 1.25 or less than 1.10, respectively. Estimated ratios of the diurnal maximum and
minimum densities for altitudes up to 90 km are
presented in Figure 2.12.
The apparent existence of a quasi-isopycnic level
near 90 km would seem to suggest that the diurnal
variation has a minimum in this region. A minimum
at 90 km. however, would he difficult to reconcile with
the amplitude deduced at 95 km front meteor results.
In view of the uncertainty, an alternate curve has been
entered between 70 and 90 km in Figure 2.12. It is
emphasized that sustained observational series which
might permit a definitive evaluation of the diurnal
variations between 30 and 90 km are not yet available,
Although Figure 2.12 clearly does not provide final
information, it is at least indicative of the various
unsolved problems surrounding the diurnal variation,
..
~-.
-.-
--.-
. .-
-~
-.-
24
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS,
10 Is
N.
N.
145
3N.
/.~
~~Coldl
--
r.
July
January.,
I
July
N.
WinterSumer
Jlyua Janury
Annual
1W
Stmino Sprig/Coi
W1nter
1966
----
_+ . _-j-.
20__
SII
20
- 20
20
0 -40
20
20
_ Z-
40
7=40
- 20
20
40
60
Departute (percent)
Standard.
of Supplementary Atmosphere pressures from
FIGURE 2.10. -- Departure

30
I !I17
"l'TALJE 2.4-NubfbE
35I
16
0-522
"
11
oF JA,-4vKR AND JULY MRN THERnMISTOR OBSERVATIONS
K n e y ( h rchill i Greely'
Sa d
Mg
Altfitud e
1 4 z- I 87
)'
21
9I
29
G eirinish
FIUR
.1.tmspee
-cprtrtto
rssre
Sppeenar
ro
Sadad
21
24
22
7,
10
19
I7
:-:.::, . . . :-:.:::
- -?...
:-T
..................:...........
..........
.............
.............
....
.......
S.
FOR
v
M.'OBSERVATIONS
TA v.E 2.,5. - Nu hm s or.: to(r,i~
,5 9 XM
AL'fiTtDFs .,AROV E
Sesn Wsllopt,
.Summ
r7
10
W',tner3
3
3
an dJ July atmo spheres for
W0 N.
and temperature
observations m ade at Fort Churchill, 59 *N., Fort

Greely, 64* N., and West Geirinish, 57* N,
It should
Fort Churchill
be noted that the Fort Greely January temperatures
13
than
considerably
Radiosonde
and 40 km
between
Geirinish. warmer
West
and are
Churchill
those for 30
20 to 25
data indicate that similar differences exist at
km.
Consequentlyt
it appears that these d)fferercez
25
Io
July
January
70-1
Co
Ms n
Day
ExPected Time of
''5
I-
It
~50
aMaximumn
Density
Night
Day
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.20
1.30
p max/p min
FIGuRE 2.12. - Approximate values of diurnal density variability up
to 90 km.
-20
20
tions. The density ranges at altitudes above 50 km

are estimates based on departures of grenade, filling
Departure (percent)
FItutE 2.11. -Departures of 75 N.Atmosphere pressures from
sphere, and pressure gage measurements from individ-
Stndard.
ual monthly means during the summer and winter

seasons. Note that at the higher latitudes the distribution of observed densities around the monthly means is
not symmetrical. The January density distributions
for 600 N. are based primarily on Fort Churchill data
and are undoubtedly influenced by the two thermal
regimes which tend to produce bimodal temperature
distributions in the arctic and subarctic winter strato.
sphere and mesosphere. The skewed July distribution
is probably a result of the inadequat. data sample.
The indicated density variability i,-judes some
diurnal and semi-diurnal variations due to solar and
lunar effects since the observations on which the
estimates are based were not all taken at the same hour
of the day. They also include observational errors
which comprise part of the observed varia-bI.lity. R,
are due to longitudinal variations in stratospheric

temperatures. The Fort Greely temperatures, however, are in close agreement with those for the 60r N.
warm January atmosphere in Figure 2.4.
A summary of MRN and other density data for
January and July from locations near 300 N. and 60* N.
latitude is provided in Figures 2.15 and 2.16. Density
is presented as percentage departure from the U.S.
Standard Atmosphere, 1962. The horizontal arrows
indicate a range in density at various levels which
contains approximately 95 percent of the observed
values. The data below 50 km are from MRN observations taken in January and July and the estimated
95 percent ranges are based on two standard devia-
-71
26
U.S. STANDARD ATMOUSPHERE SUPPLEM!NTS, 1966
F30*
N.January30N.Jl
.0
A7A AA
++
30January MRN
owhite Sands
Kennedy
2-+Cape
0
Jl
20 -+
Cope Kennedy
1S0
200
220
240
Temperature (* K)
260
10
280
I8O
Summer Grenades
4D Wallop& Island
A Woomnera
Wonter Grenades
* Wallops Island
AOWomr
ht ad
200
240
220
Temperature I*0K
260
280
FiGVRE 2.13. -Comparison of some observed temperatures with 30* N. temperature-altitude profiles.
cent experimental observations between 80 and 120

km are presented in Section 2.4.2.
Summer and winter pressure profiles based on approximately 61 rocket grenade soundings (Nordberg
et aL., 1965) are shown as percentage departure from
Standard in Figure 2.1?. These proliles, which are
similar to those shown for the various models in Figure
2.10, indicate that in this altitude range winter pressures are lower and sIunimer pressures generally higher
thtan Standard. The seasonal variation is largest at
high latitudes. It should also be noted that the -rage
of s-easonal and latitudinal variations ;s small at bo kmr.
The thermal wind relationship was employed to
obtain estimates of the temperature distribution with
latitude from available zonal wind observations at
various altitudes between 30 and 80 kmn. Geostrophic
zounal wind components cornpuied from the latitudinal
pressure gradients of the Supplementary Atmospheres
are compared with recent zonal wind summitaries based
on appropriate MRN and grenade observations (Figures
2.18 and 2.19),
Observed zonal winds at Wallops Islarid, 38' N., and
Green River, 39' N. tFigure 2.18., loceations approxi-
mately halfway between 30' and 45' N., csonIpAre

favorably with the geostrophic values computed from
the 300 and 450 N. atmospheres.
Observations are not available for a point ntid~I'a%
between 4,5' and 60' N. Instead, January and July
zonal wind observations at Fort Churchill, Fort Greely,
and West Geirinish, locations near 600 N., have been
conmpared in Figure 2.19 with the computed geostrophic
winds between 450 and 6O* N. The values observed
in July at Fort Churchill and Fort Greely are in relaifely good agreement with the computed winds.
Observed winds for January, however, vary considerably with longitude. Fort (;reely at 1460 W. has the
lightest and West Geirinish at 7'W. the strongest zonal
winds, with Churchill values intermediate. An
analysis of' available data at Fort Churchill indicates
that strong westerly winds above 30 km normally are
associated with a cold stratospihere. The Churchill
winds which were used to determine the temperature
gradient in this region were weighted on a four-to-one
basis, the ratio of cold to warm stratospheric regimes
in January. This provides a January wind distribution
which c'ompares favorably with the geostrophie zonal
27
80
July 60, hl
so
AJanuary
AJFtChr
Gel
chill
JulRNR
*~~~~t
40-
Ft
Ge-yA
ChftuChrchlll
40.
A~At
Chrhl
Jl
Xrngr
30 -
20
20-
ISO
Chrc.l
R
X~ KnFt.Cuhilld
30-
itt
601.
200
220
240
Temprac~ture I' K)
Fiuticu
260
280
Soo
200
220
.2A0
Temptraturl, tou
260
260
2.14. - Comparisen of somne observed temperatures with 600 N. temperature-altitude profiles.
winds computed from the pressure distribution between the January 45' and 600 N. atmospheres.
2.4.2 BETWE.EN 80 AND 120 KILOMETERtS. -Data
available for extending the latitudinal and seasonal
atmospheres from 80 to 120 km comprise primarily
density measurements. Summaries of recent measurement.K and results of previous analyses of data in
this region are presented and discussed in this section.
An) analysis of data from 13 falling sphere firings at
Kwajalein (Peterson el al., 1965) is contained in Figure
2.20. The plotted curve represents the mean density
values given as percentage departure from Standard.
On either side of the mean curve are plotted curves
indicating the standard deviation (Crowley and Sandlin.
1964) of the individual observations about the observ ed
means. The mean curve is considered the best available eatimate of the annual average density for 100
latitude.
Results obtained by Peterson (1964) from two flights
of jadar tracked one-meter inflatable spheres at Wallops Isia~ad in June 1061 and 1962 are shown in Figure
2.21. Figutte 2.21 also contains a mean curve and
enivelope curves which indicate the range of observed
dlensities at 38' N. ini Jimne.
Estimates (kant~or and Cole, 1963) oif the mean suminer and winter detnsity profiles, for 450 and 60' N. are
plotted as percen'. age departrest, ;mr Standard in

Figure 2.22. The. 450 N. rirofiles, based oin observed
wind an' therrmodynarm - properties, are pm bly
accurate up to 110 km buf eicertain above that
altitude. This applies partic dy to the crossing of
the curves and i-vcrsal alw.,e 123 kmi. The curves
-'-[wmeasurements at
for 60W latitude arc ijued oon
Churchill (59 0 N.). The obser. %d values appear to
verify (lhe trend toward greater seasonal fluctuation
with increasing latitude. The level of maximum
seasonal variability appears to lie between 110 and 120
km at latitudes higher thatn 3 0 '. Above this level the
seasonal variability pro(l ;ly decreases.
Figure 2.23 contains the results of 12 falling sphere
density measurements. Six were made at White
Sands (Faire and Champion, 196.5) and Aix at Eglin
AFB (Faire and Champion, 1966). At levels between
60 arid 80 km the measured densities range from 10
percent greater to approximately 16 percent less
than Standard. Between 80 and 90 km there is a
marked change in the data. The difference between
the observed minimum densilies and the 1962 Standard decreases until at 90 km the observed minimum
values correspond to those of the Standard and the
maximum densities are 30 percent greater than Standard. Thus, these data suggest a mean density approxi-
25

30 N.
60WN.
ISo
Jan uary
001
Julyk
4January
o - 0-
---
. -. . .
. .
70-
1-s---
~50N
60
~30-4*
----Depar"ure (percent)
f-
40
--
2216.5-Approximate 95 percent range of observed values

(indicated by
the density-altitude
-40 arrows) --200
200040 profiles for the
Janaaay and July W0'N. Supplementary Atmospheres.
4uFIGU
--- 00 /|
aroudund
SJesarturre(ppercent)
-- 40
"-20
20
40
Detporture (pe rcent)
300
4indicated by arrows) around the density-altitude profiles for the
January and July W0 N. Supplementary Atmospheres.f
FiGUlat 2.15.-Approximate 95 percent range of nbserved values
mately 15 percent higher than Standard at 90 km. At

higher altitudes the spread of data continues. The
measurer.-* .t range from several percent less to 65
percent n,,ie than standard at iWOkm and at 110 kin
from 20 percent less to 62 petient more than Standard.,
At 110 km the July measurements deviate from Standard by - 15 and + 5 percent. The density deviations
of three November and three February measurements
lie between + 13 and + 62 percent, with a mean of about
+ 36 percent. Two February measurements have
negative deviations at 110 km. It is believed that
these do not represent typical winter conditions, but
80-
0
,
60
,
50
'0
Wallops Winter (61-64)
Wallops
3o-c
Summer
(60-64)
0---.. Churchill Winter (66-68)
close to 15' latitude, where there is no winter, there
must be a large gradient in temperature and density

between these two latitudes, and thus large variations
in the properties at 300 latitude during the winter
would be expected.
Mean seasonal curves have been deduced from the
data in Figure 2.23 and plotted in Figure 2.24. Data
from the two July measurements were used to produce
--
fll
NIrm'
Churchill Summer (57, 64)
20
10o
-60
1
-40
*---'Tropical Latitude (Guam 56,

Ascension 64)
I . , .II I
1 1 1 1
-20
0
20
Departure (percent)
40
60
Ftr;ung 2.17.-Depertures of mean rocket grenade prescures from

Standard for summer and winter at four locations.
*u,~~o
nu.
.n,...AI~n~t.A
-]
29
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS UP TO 12D KILOMETERS
tY
Janu
70--
70*-A
ophc
trohGost
60
60
--
I~
i?5-
30
30
MRN
X Wallops 1961-65
SGroan R 1964-65
Gre -- 12
20
Wallops Grenades
A Summrter 1960-64
r1 Winter 1961"-6.4
W
Churchill Grenodes
Summer 1957-c54
Winter 1962-64
1i
1n
9
1A
Goirinish 1964
From West
From Coto
FromWet
______
From West
______
50
MRN
Gorely 1961-65
20
-.
From Etct
"00
0 Churchill 1960-65
50
100
Speed (m sec :)
FIcURE 2.18.-Zonal wind components between 300' 41d 45' N.
100
50
50
100
Speed (m *ecc
Ficust 2.19. -- Zonal wind
componenls
between 45'
and 60WN.
the summer curve ard the other ten measurements

were grouped together to yield the winter curve. The
30' N. suggested summer and winter density curves
are also plotted fo: comrarison (figure 2.24). The
mean winter density curve is in very &ood agreement
with the suggested curve up to 156 km, above that
altitude the agreement ii fair. The difficulty arises
from th, great variability of the atmosphere in this
region (sce Figure 2.23). This is also demonstrated
iby the sharp change in the mean density curve at 1lO
km. Up to 110 km the curve is the mean of nesults
from ten rocket flights. Above this level it is the mean
Other data that have been analyzed include the

results of two pitot-static rocket probes at Wallops
Islend. The flights were made on 6 June and I Decem.
her 1962 by Taeusch and Nagy (1965). The data,
shwn in Figure 2.26, agree with the general trends of
other data as represented by the suggested 45' N summer and winter density curves. The very high winter
density values above 100 km may be partly attributed
to outgassing effects.
The results of eight density measurements at
Woomera, Australia. using radar tracked inflatable
spheres (Pearson 1965), are plotted in Figure 2.27.
of two flights.
It is obvious that the results of the latter
It can be seen by comparison with Figure 2.23 that,
measurements are significantly different from the mean

of the other eight measurements. For the same reason
the significance of the summer curve (based on only
two rocket flights) is not high.
Figure 2.25 contains the results of three recent
winter experimental observalions at Churchill, Canada
(Faire and Champion, 1966) obtained during the
IQSY. The flights were made after completion of the
models contained in this book. Thus, the relatively
good agreement between the results and the other
carves in Figure 2.25 constitute., confirnmation of the
models. The comparison curves are the 60W N. winter
mean model and tile 600 N. winter cold and warm
in general, the data are very similar to those obtained
models.
234-43,8
0 - V3 -
at the corresponding latitude in the northern hemisphere. The suggested summer and winter modes
for 30' N. are also shown in Figure 2.27. However,
there are some differences in the data. For example,
near 70 km the Woomera data show a region where
the densities are higher than Standard and this does
not occur in the Eglin and White Sands data in Figure 2.23. An isopyenic level still appears to exist
uear 90 kim, but the average density is 32 ltercenit above
Standard. as ('tlnpafed to, 15 ptrcent for northern
henmisphere data. However, it i, n14 (lear whether
these differences are the result li " different Measuring
techniques, of relatively small samples, of dillerellnes
30
1204
Mean
12
-6--- June 196L ..48 bra

.....
6 June 1962,1910
Standard Deiaiitioln__F_
909
60
I2
-AO
20
40
60
Depot ure (percent)
,__
60
.-
FIGURE 1.20.-Departures from Standard ofthe mtan and standard

deviations of 13 denmiy ncas-irettwnts at Kwaijalein Island.
-40
-20
0
20
Departure (percent)
FIGURtE 2.2t.-Dcpsrittres from Standard of twit falling ,,phere'

drensity nirasurements at Waiiug Iniiid.
F30
betwee n tire rnortihern: and southern hemnisphteres, or tof['"

longitudinal eliects.
Values otf- otxygent (0:,) den'!ity as a futiction of

altitude (.ursa el al., 196S) ohl3int'd by various experimenters are sittwn iii Figure 2.28.
hi'l 02 den-sity
is det ermined priianI> by theu Ita airnosmtvpherit'
toI
(K) kitli, by a tiy large
dens~ity b ut alsto. albtve aliut
130---
120
120ekeeta
ar
d;highraltitue irt
is itniltrvitit
toelittle
I), kitiIC tota denniier
'
dliiiglLike
thllat in) figue 2.28tal
ansevd
(djt2o altitud hart
;iirt-t'rin
tilet mha'or0'till.
I92) 'il i-' lat' attitt
'I' l. l vas ifIati
r rinc and I ritst a'r itd
10ktin
end
hitthe r ali.'drwnIt>
tehat ituttK
itrf,
II
-f--
It isa itcrl.
in;_
'girt'
,h1.28 l0ghici02 Ienill7.5
9 21 eb
__1_ct19
-- 0
i) -
atJ10
-
-k
kin
llla
-
-40
ar*
stiorJtt
2.28.
101
i
-o 0
-2N,2'~
eatr
tjt9-td1t
/
prit
tiu'jnt.ioi
ii
st
trli'tjn'
otatr
20
irjtaoi
('rvis. ''ii'sm
lil I ettl itigli ti ririli'ist
tattdsweeoye
lrtmeaue
tutuiie titit irn fit'ntit mShttiandr teoniteChrcthill i lit'
mitot
attin'1(1a
l'wthe
alrot idi ptwtin
is
i
Hndit' naew valliut
ittjist
Ijitis.,,n~tr~i'
ii 51.)ktn Vai
tin ta
mt
il\)ti'
ihs
tu
u t~ hititrs
ain d Prt'ggn'r% 16)t
so-IsitI
i FarI
it
ir 'it-,o0daut r-in>
ennns t-'s
t (of
i'nf( idels,
Winter'
Summrer
-.-
ail.Ths
vatihigiiatitudj
dn
mantude(it' ht
45' N 60'N'!
6N.
60
t(,
s ;u the degree of' dissocie at ion ( thFat is, t ie
vaiatinam
4.)
r80ilei
it)tjt'i'my
d-.
erd
-al
fuve
orw
nera
~jiie
4*&,d(A
IxI
ATOSHEI
MOESU
o10
IOEES3
Nov1963, 0300 hrs (MST)
W4
-...
4 Nov 1963, 1700

18 Feb 1964, 1450
4-19 Feb 1964, 1430

28 July 1964, 1306
-4-040--
~X--
80-
29 .luiy 1964, 0230
Ii-Mar 1962, 1207 hrs (CST)
-e--3 Nov 1964, 0402
~-23 Feb
1965. 1115
-Poo 26 Feb 1965, 0612

27 Feb 1965, 1500
.......................................
-!-3
-20
tFicftn
0
Departure (percent)
2.23. -Departures
Nov 1965, 03 10
040
60
from Standard of 12 recent density measure'ments at White Sand. and Egtin.
saltit as kinlc'It it'teperaturc'.

At higher altitudes.
value's of thewtitcnv n111e1Cular weight must be known
cmp
]-du(-'d ltw~'
k inhit CIfi [IIt'rat urn'. V aluecs of kinetic
te'tmperatulre van lotededuced directly itt Opp' region tiC
diffu:,ive separation if' itme altitudc profile of a single
('intst ittent. suiilt as N..oi ( )1.is mtiasured. Intice~onc4' it medhc , lit niasciticig 614,6f,ic'tern tiet at u i di rectlIIy
art' Mnai nly optical inatturime'. '11w) include mieasu remelt'IIs of tlit'lt,Doltitler lbroaceni ig ot ri-sonat atiac',diatim
ir p I as sicin andI Ithededu'tc tin of tvin froint sod inm ol
1wcrature froim tiht band t'niissitht of altitninumn oxicic'
(19641.
by~ Arinsistrtng 11963) antI Blammiccn
, 'VIt'
mlct at Urd's call aIsob
inIimeasu reti on ,t
~
ba~sis Ity measu~cring liii Dltijicthcr widiht of !I(-tltominiccxygt'mi airlgliip, lint's. 'flis i torlienui~rI> -oit'niviit'i
to (lip withi tip 5577 A Ii ' T ihtis line, is Irlinitaily
emitited ill tlIc viniicily of 95 kint, at or near fltc' ino's'-
pause, a legion of ninincuniu
temperature. Armstrong
(1959) has obtained a ('onsiderable amount of temperatore dat a fromn observat ions on tic 5577 A line.Th
results of' 15 early MI-asorements gave tenmperattures
in ilit( range M80 to 220' K, witht a median value of
190' K. More recent results have sometimes yielded
lenci erat iri's as low as I 50"' K and, oin the ot her hand.
siclii eli ric's as hiighi as several lIt tdired degrees. In
Itha ie observed
the11 lattIer cast', Arm sItrontg I etlit'vt's Hi
al it udes,
thIiglcr
radiation must btv coiminig large'ly from
near where dt-t red liine (63(XI A\ ic';uitted.
li'cin'n data inc-lodt' thostt- ofi Ifc'riandvz and TJurtlt'
(1 965). 'I'l( ternpettrat Irt's Ivsmea t(d at Ikvd~f 11.
Massat'lusc'tts tNovt'ditac'i 19f4 tip I"''fruatry, 1965)
lit' bicc'wn'mt 154.aiid 240' K, v. itfi a itucat oft 21'0" K.
lHiii" vcictpai..', !av'rahtl) with a kintellic ln'liitttrdlurrof 2it8.!' h at 95 kinl i then 45' N.w inter tmcde.T], 'lit'
II
30' Summqr
, "//
110"-,
Winri
!30
,\-
=-
"
- S=
-------
70,
Winter (10 Flights,)
Winter
(.
Fliglilts only)
S--1-----Surnrrer
(2 fligjhts)
602
80
~
________
! I!
-20
-40
FIG vi ; 2.24
,
N ae
.i-
. 1 I I1 I
aeportire0 Ipercend)
20
40
" N.
r c'om p ar ed with id hlize d (Figu,c 2.7?300
' h ite Sandm and Eg ib
and wint u d ensit*y data fur W
elunsrm
60
me r.urn
8nd winte r
120..I-
33
___
Fort Churchill
.. 0...9 Dec 1965, 1433 hrs (CST)

600 Winter Mean
II Der 19%5, 1255
I1Dec 1965, 2255
---
__
__
6WO*
Winter Warm
Win60'
IDI
80
8G
__
__N
IA
-- 60
HainIA
40
-20
060
Deojwtu.re (percent)
2.2.
flpartures from Siariderd of The~d~riszihs from thiree re~ent uJeahurernwrvi MiChurchill and of the 60' N. winter mrain, cold
and warm nwdels.
34
05* Summer
45' Winter
100
90-
80(
70
-X-
NASA 14.19 7 Juf,e 1962, 0340 hrs (LST)
-- e-- NASA 14.20 2 Dec 1962, 01o4 hrs (LST)
50
(I.__ __....
40
II
,I
-80
-60
-- 40
-- 20
20
40
60
&0
_J
100
120
Departure (p.?rcent)
j"tA HE2.26. - Deparuures from Standard of two pitot.statie density measurements at Wallops Island and of the idealized (Figure 2.7) 45' summer and winter density curves.
. ...-........
-- ...S..............................
2.'.i.......
1M
100-
35
300 N. Summer
300 N. Winter
-7
9044w*
80
70
. ........
HAD 135, 20 Oct 1964. 1832 (LST)
0-X
0.
-IAD
14,
17 Sept 1964, 1847
HAD 146, 15 Oct 1964, 1906
.a/e
60
/
50
0~,P, ,
./
-HAD
**
157, 12 Nov 1964, 1930
HAD 159, 8 Dec 1964, 1956
-; =- HAD161, 10 Dec 19 64, 1956

'
HAD 152, 2 Mar 1965, 1927
- 0
d
-
HAD 153, 30 Mar 1965, 1900
"40-
-40
-20
0
Departure (percent)
20
40
60
}i(;uiRE 2.27.-Departure' Irun Standard of eight densily measurements at W-,,iney .and (if he summer and winter models for 30* N.
41
. _,
- *
... ...
. .
-~i
36
SA
March 1957 and OQcober 1961

10 March 1963
JNT
104
September 1963
March 1962
Harris and Priester 1962
Nier et ol. 1964
X Hinteregger 3964
*
Cohen and Norcisi 1964
o10l-
\E1El
x
10
t'*0
Ii
101
60
70
80
90
100
. iI
110
120
130
140
?50
160
. . .
17I
]do
Altitude (km)
FIGuRE 2.28, -Molecular oxygen number density data between 60 and 170 kin.
observed temperatures Ahowed fluctuations up to

65' in time intervals of the order of 10 to 20 minutes.
tempereture of the almosphere cannot fluctuate in this

way. Assuming that tile fluctuations are not instru-
For example:
mental or due to processes peculiar to the excited

oxygeni atom, one notes that they suggest a line slructure in the atmosphere near 95 km. The instrument
7 January 196,5
EST
OK
04.10
0427
views a cross-sectional area with a diameter of 300 m.
2] 1
150
0445
210
Zinmerman (1966) helieves that large eddies exist at

this altitude with diameters in the range 300 m to 2 km.
I is possible that a part of the observed variability is
due to the temperature fluctuations associated with
these eddies.
Certainly, from energy considerations, the average
-,..r~m
~
im~r~r
PART 3
Atmospheric Models AIove 120 Kilometers

which has a density of 2.4 X 10r cm-8 in CIRA.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
result of these changes p and M are also slightly

different.
Above 120 km. diffusive equilibrium was assumed,
and the number density n, of each constituent i was
computed as a function of the geometric altitude Z by
integrating the diffusion equation:
The basic defining parameter of the Supplementary

Atmospheres above 120 km ;s a family of exponential
temperature curves. These were empirically derived
so as to provide density-altitude profiles which are in
agreement with satellite-drag derived densities for
various degrees of solar and geomagnetic activity and
varying solar angles. Such a family of atmospheres
was defined for one boundarv condition of temperature,
pressure, density, and molecular weight at its base,
120 kin, by Jacchia (1965) and can be considered to
represent the annual mean oi- spring and fall conditions
in lower layers. However, the eight supplementary
atmospheres below 120 krm converge at three separate
and distinct boundary conditions at 120 km and new
mathematical treatment was required to join these
families realistically.
Tables of atmospheric properties for 120 to 1000 kin,
the development of which is covered in this Part, are
provided in Part 6
dn.
ni
M=II26.90
(3.2)
kT
ai
where & is the Boltzmann constant, mi the molecular

(or atomic) muass of the constituent, and g the acceleration of gravity. For helium, following Kockarts and
Nicolet (1962), a value a=--0.38 was adopted; for
N 2 , O, and 0 it was assumed that a=O.0
Hydrogen was assumed to be in diffusive equilibrium
3.1.1 SPHING/FAIL MODELS.-For altitudes above

120 km the spring/fall atmospheric models pres-'nted
here are identical with Jacchia's (1965) static diffusion
models. Winter and summer models, which start
from different boundary conditions at 120 kin, join
the spring/fall models at altitudes neat 225 km. A
description of the method followed in *ioining the
homosrAh.cric and heterospheric models is given in
Section 3.1.2. Here we shall give a brief description
"ofhow the spring/fall models were constructed,
These models assumed the following tet of fixed
boundary conditions at 120 kin:
gn Cm -3
=4 10
dZ dT
Hi T(l+.t)'
Here, T is the temperature, a the thermal-diffusion

factor, and H, the scale height of the individual constituent, defined by
3.1 CONSTRUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC

MODELS FOR ALTITUDES ABOVE
120 KILOMETERS
T= 355.0 K
As a
above 500 km. although this assumption is not entirely

justified for temperatures above 15000 K. The values
of n(H) at 500 km were taken from Kockarts and
Nicolet (1962, 1963), or rather the empirical equation
iogion(H)=73.13-39.40logleT-I 5.5(log,Ta7
(3.31
was taken to represEnt their numerical data.

Below 500 km it is known that hydrogen is not in
diffusive equilibrium, but at the moment, theory is not
adequate to calculate the density profile due to lack
of knowledge of the flow rate.
A famil) of temperature profiles, which approach
n(N 2)=4.0 X 1011 cm
different asymptotic
M
mn(0 2.t=7.5 x 10
n(O) = 7.6 X 1011 cm- 3
n(;!e)=3.4X 107 cm-
onstructed by assuming exponential curves of the

form
exospheric
temperatures,
T = T.--(T.-- TJ20) exp [- s(Zg-120)j
This is the same set :f boundary conditions that had

been s&iected fbr the constroction of the COSPAR
International Reference Atmosphere 19%5 (CIRA,
1965) except for argon, which was ueglecled in vie,
of its small contribution to the total density, and helium
was
(3.4)
where T, is dependent on solar activity and other

parameters and T120 is the boundary temperature at
120 km. All temperatures are in 0 K, Z is in kilopieters, and s is a constant, different for each profile
39
S..
..... ............
. .... I
UJ.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966
40
280
and therefore a function of T., Appropriate values
of s such that 'talistic density variations are generatedSumrWtr
from the temperature profiles are determined by the
26C
empirical equation
js0.0291 exp
\2.
(.)
-.
,60
-T215W*
240-
where
T,,,800220-9
75TwZ+
722X I0-'(T,,--800)2
-.
Once a set of models for a wide range of T,. was

constructed, the problem remained of relating T., to
the various parameters that characterize the different
factors of atmespheric variation: solar and geomagthe sun, and so forth. Equations and tables for these
contditions, based on isechia (1965), are given in
Section 3.2.
3.1.2 SUMMFER AND WINTEP1. MODELS.-As shown
in Figure 2.7 (Champion, 1966) the eight supplementary
atmospheres below 120 km converge at three different
density values at 120 km. Starting with these boundary conditions, one observes that three sets of high-
)so-I
.
140i
20015
AO
tO1
20
30
-30 -20 -10
Percent Density Deportures FromnSpring/Foil Models
atmospheric behavior observed at various times of day
sururmer and winter wiith three,-v*

xrrrparie iemperaturesTASLE 3.).- MATCH4ING ALTITUDES (Z.),FOR SUMMER AND WINTER
ATMOSPHERES AS A FUNCTION OF EXOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE
during tin enstire solar cycle, models with a range of

exospheric temperatures from 600' to 21000 K were
prepared.
The summer and winter atmospheres merge with
the spring/fall atmospheres at altitudes near 225 km.
The nmatching altitude depends on exospheric temperature and seo'son. Thus, corresponding to each exo.
sphe-ice tep.rsr-rture, there arc three models below the
snmatching aitikudes and a single model above.
In Figore 3.1 density departures are plotted for three
typical case's corr~espoinding to exospheric tempera-
T'.
'K
tion that can be satisfied by varying the matching

altitude' is the requirenment that all the summer models
have the same temperature at 120 km., co that they can
he matched to the low-altitude models. Similarly, all
the winter models must have the samre te-mperature
at 120 kmn. The matching altitudes for the summer
and winter Atmospheres are rive-i irn Table 3.1 and in
Figure 3.2. For temperatures above 13 0 0 ' K it can
be seen that the sumner and winter values 4fZ. areI
the same.
7. (Sumnmer)
kmnk
Z,. (Winter)
-_____
6W
0
w
turea of 600'j 5W0, and 2100'PK. For each exospheric

temperature the referencet line corresponds to a different density profile and furthermore the matching
altitude Z2. is different. In fact, the matching altitude
lies within the range 195 to 25.5 km, depending upon
FIGURE 3.1.-Ien'.rly d,-paitur.-s frontl the rspriingjfall moidet, for
altitude models were developed: a single set applicable
to transition season (spring and fall) conditions, a aet

for summer, and a set for winter. In order to represent
15220
21
1000
1100
1300
1500
220
230
235
245
250
225
235
240
240
245
250
1700
255
255
190
255
255
255
255
2100
The mathematical functions chosen to represent

pm,= pj 0.48U -0.418U tti)
(3.6)
p, =pj(0. 79 19 +0.2 081
(3.7)H
and
de)
where
l,~anh 1.75 D +0.&59 D2i
(3.8)
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS

I
277
260
-.
Winter
rer and winter models were matched to the cre

apuniding springjfall models at 7.. and above.
density departures shown in Figure 3.1 are replotted in Figure 3.3, but in this case the reference
the 1962 Standard. Densities am. shown for an
exospheric, temperature of00W K, separating below
winter, and spring/
o umr
nocre
200k
Denitie corsodin
to exospheric tempera.
tures of 15000 K and 2100 K are similarly represented.
The density departures at 300 km for models with
exospheric temperatures of 900", 1100", 130W. 1700.
an
td 190(r K are alsct marked.
Figure 3.4 illustratee. per- wnage density departure
from the 1962 Standa~rd at all latitudes con-esponding
to 1400 hours local time at the northern hemisphere
summer solstice when~ the maximumt daytime exospheric temperature is 12#0W K. This figure is based
on the type of temperature di.ttribuation in Figure 3.5.
Su90-
Figure 3.6 contains typical summer, winter, and
"T
~-
250
240
-The
,is
240
230ll.
230
-220--
mt
210
-..
/1
1__I-
'I
200.-
eve to
180sea
__701__
WO
600
I 0
tD
200
1400
Exaspheric Temperoture
1600
'
1800
2000
)temperature
Fo.us- .3.2. - Matchting altitudeA tZ.1 fie s~ummner toid winter

atmosopheres Lisa tunvtj.'n ot ewcsph.jeric trmjperaturt,
and
DZ -120
Z,
120
41
(3.9)
%her-e pj detsignlates the appropriate density value from

isechia's (1965) models, p.,. the winter density. p. the
summer density, 41ia parameter defined by Eq. (3.8),
and D a parameter defined by Eq. (3.9).
lo~ Part 6 tables are given for models with exospherioc
temperatures of 600, 700", 800" 900", 1000", 1100",
1300", 150" 1700", 1900, and 2100" K. The following
procedure was used to obtain the values in the tables.
Molecular-scale temperatures were calculated from
the- density curves described by Eqs. (3.6 ') and ('3.7)'
using integraltion downward from the matching altitude.
To convert to kinetic temperature, the moleciular
weight values of the spring/fall miodels were used a~s
a
first estimate. With this temperature profile, and
boundary conditions for n(02), i)(0), ntN 2). and nIHe)
that were the spring/fall values multiplied by 1.4848
and 0.7919 for wirnter and summer models, resspectiveh),
a new set of table% was computed. Molecular weights
obtained by this process were used with the Tu profile
14oobtain a revised set of kinetic temperatures. By ain
iterative prib4C55 iln which the temperature profile and
boundary conditions were adjusted slightly. the autoi]
n alitue of300km.
The three tem-
towards 300 km are plotted from values for the 1500* K

exospheric temperature models in Part 5. The mean
curve from sea level to 120 km is the
1962 Standard, whereas the summer and winter temperature profiles up to 120 kmn are obtained from the
appropriate tables in Part 5.
The valtues shown in Figure 3.6 are typical. Actual
values at any particular time will depend on the
latitude and, at the higher altitudes, also on solar
flux and time of day. The present models are the
first in which variations in temperature anrl density
as functions of latitude, season, and other parameters
are given continuously and at all altitudes from sea
level to 1000 km. Figure 3.7 is the density plot appropriate to a maximum daytime exospheric temperature of 1500" K, It should be noted that, at the higher
altitudes, the densities are larger in coimparison w'th
the Standard than those plotted in Figure 3.4.
The boundary conditions at 120 km of the high a]titude Supplementary Atmospheres are given in Table
3.2. It can be scen that each (if the tabulated quantities varies with season.
3.2
SYSTEMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE

MOSPHERE ABOVE 200 KILOMETERS
AT-
Four types of atmospheric variation have been reco&gnized at heights greater than 200 kin, namely:
1. a variation with solar activity.
2 a semiannual variation.
3. a diurnal variation, and
4. a variatiori with geomnagnetic activity.
Each of these variations has beeni found to be re.
laled to one or more observabli- ruarameitr-. nisvI
empirical forniulas hiave been constructed to cotnp~ite
"
------------------
42
900' K
600, K
15000 K
1900 K
2100' K
1700-K
1300' K
1100*K
1966
2401-
(2
Exospheric temperatures for the three

and, also, for five
.,Note:
20-.
'atmospheres
220ntermediote
atmospheres, ore print-
/1,
160
ed at 300-km level on density curve.
140-
-100o
20
6
-20
0
Percent Density Deoartures Frain 1962 Standard
-60
Fei;umE 3.3.-Departuref from Staridaid of densities for summer, winter and spring/fall Models iwith three esoSPtieriC WenjerCaturr-S.
the exospheric temperature when these parameters

are known. Once the exospheric temperature T.
hag been computed, atmospheric densities and related quantities can be found for any given height by
interpolation between the individual profiles given in
we considler thet slow I11-year ceyth- variation or Ilie

day-to-day variation Within one 27-day solar rottationt.
Vat-riation with the, solar cycle. - Let F1,. 7 1wi the
the Tables in Part 5. Following is a brief sumnmary

of the formulas to be used for computing 7'.. The
order in which the types of variation are listed does
not reflect their relative importance. it is diet 3ted by
the sequencec in which the computations to obtain T.
time, giliJal nmi,TUrj value- (A' exosphieric temperaturv
10.7-cm solar flux in units of 10 22wtt/ieylle

avera,'ed over three solar rotations, and To tlit ni ghnaveraged oiver thie satne timt- interval.
To =362+3.60 FIl. 7
'lii- formiula
(3.10)
are to be performed.
absolutely quiet geomagnetic cenditions, that is when
the 3-hour geomnagnetic planittary index is zero. If a
tontdi t ionts
re lat ion ftor ave rage tinii t gvi *ntagnr-t ii
(K"=2) is desired. the alisolute term shtouldtl he
changed frotm 362 toi 418.
parameter that can be used tit best advantage ito characterize solar ac-tivity is tliv- 1OI7-csntiniv-ttr flux whic-l
is monito
t red b y ths Nat ioinal Be-st-art -it Co u ncil in
Oltawa, Ontario. The relation between this flux
and T. is different, howtever, ac-cording to vilit-tht-r
TrARLEt.
:.U
IT
Hot NoI)AI
I-5
lu~g n(O.)
slitnvin r
14 jitter
379 7
.3-3.5
16.7.,t)
17.0.56
spf mg/F all
355 0i
16 87.S
*nto.), nIOl, n(N.t, arnd n(He) are in 3r
'o
oN*' TONttiil
lO
ut)
Il,
169,38
1 68
ht iii
IgnNI
il.tAWIA
tR)
ArM,,StHItMkl
*log n(He)
Af
120 KlILtMF.11IIS
ognIIkill
17.497,
'7.764
1j7.602
1'
1/
1.
lA.~
1,3..W8
2, 76
27,12
12 49
!0 W
:1S3
51
26.90
11.62
it,1,
kg it,
2,2153 X 10 1
3.611 y10 *
1.935 x 10
3.if1 11)
.700
10t
2.461 'K10
43
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMLILtKj
700__
________
7___________________
____________
___________________________
____
50%_
__________
600__________
________40%
500
______
400I
10
j
inila
IF~
7
~iarii 1~dvinlii
JI.
fiw rt dii tiian
*ida~l
~riliu'.li
Uin
it
t~tart
Iiit~li
aijihtii
ttt~iaalue
lttnilI',(.5
h~~t
utt~dil
ui'f
ar
1
fit
ilmt~inalt
I50i,4
IlL!
.-
44
U.5
60^
1966
SUPPtIMEN'b.
6(
/0
30'
16"'
14"
12"
4h
5ITANDARD ATMOSFiriri
1"
N4
2"
0-30'
FIGURE 3.5. -Temperature distribution above the thermotiause ac'ording to Lqis. (3.13) and 13.14). for the caqr when To=, 1000O'K.
local time, counted from midnight, are marked oin the equator, (Aitott's equal-area projection.)
3.2.2 SEMIANNUAL VARIATION. -The amplitude

of this variation is a funrction of the solar cycle and
van be related to P'i(.7 by~dt
TABIH.3.3
1-0.267
11--0.276
21 -0.255
Feb
1 -0203
Apr
I 1 0.218 Jul I -0.3&3

11I+0.2S9
11-0.453
21 + 0.2.75
21 -0.469
THE
Mlar
Ovi
I 0 .434
11+0.472
21+0.451
Mait 1 40.258
Aug 1-0.418
Nov 14 0.366
11 +0.200
11-0.312
11+0.250
000Sep 1+0.026
11+0.196
11013
DJ-~ 1-0,016
-0.1.38
911
and d is, the number O~fdays elapsed since January 1

of each year. To is the nighttimie global minimum
The combination of' these
exospherricv temp~erature.
two sine terms produces Iwo unequal maxima and two'I
uneqtual minima in the course of the year: a sec.
ondary minimum on 8 January. a secondary maximum
on 20 April, a primary minimum on 18 July. and a
primary maximum on 14 October. Table 3.3 gives
VALUESSOFi THV FACTtitf(d) FOR COMPUTINU

SEMIANNUAL. EFFEICT
Jan
where
sin 41 L
Hours of
7=T+fT.(.2)
f(d)=(0.37 + 0.14 sin 27r d-15l)
'
0.000 Ju
]11+0.078
'21 -t0.151
1+0.338
9)-.7
11-0.130
21 -0.2 15
center of the bulge, that is, of the point where the

highest exospheric temperature, TY, is observed.
Satellite drag data from 1958 to 1965 have shown thatj
the ratio TYITo is rearly constant; we shall writeI
values off(d) for the Is[, the I Ith and the 21st day of
3.2.3
DIUHNAl,
exopiteri(- 't
tiax intouin is
VARIATION. -The
toptrat
distributition
is sut-h t hat theI

urv ot)t the globeho
a ri 'u d 14WXl1Otrs lo c al solar
Thet
Obse rved
nmuximiuni an(] the tnainimuni art' located at low latiItitles - Si ittc at moIspheic-n d-ensit ies at heig hts albov'e
2WX kmn art, grete~Ir whit ii te ti-mlo-raliirt is higher.
si ighlIt
in Ilt-e biright
uIt's out
lt-e at to sp li re bIi
ho-ni i 1 ilt-rt- pri ducintg what is '.1o-ivi refe rred to as
tht- "ditiriial
of
time, and the minimum around 0400 hours. both the
hittlgo-'
daytime
.m
axinmui n to'mplt-rat ore T,, and the
nightlim- minimum t-niperature 7% at any given lati-
tude 4 c-an lie related toi the ntighttime minimuri global

t empeJaratuIIre by
Let 0t$,hot- lth latitudet (of, OwhN=
T17',
='To(1I + R etis"' 7)
(3.13)
1(I + R sin"' 0)
To
11
ATMOCH[RI(C
MOLA)iS ABOVE
45
120 KILOMEfTIES
[iempeotune ot 45' N Latvude
250/
j/
/
200
150-
..
..
..............
Spring/Foil T.
---
1500' K 120< Z < 300
Winter
Summer
1962 Standard0 < Z < 120
50-
1000
500
Kinetic Tennrature
FIGtURE 3.. - Typical suimmer, winter and
.pring/fall
and for the difference in sharpness between the maximum and the millimion
in the temperature curve.
A suitable expression for T is
1lb + -0-1
As can be seen, the exponent m controls the ternp,-rature decay from the center of the bulge in the
north-south direction.
We shall represent the diurnal variation at a given
latitude by
+A cos"
T=T.
(3.14)
2/
2000
temperatures. 0 to 300 km, for 45' latitude with in equatorial bulge.
whern
7/=- jo-OJ and 0=
1500
(m K)
=fH**+/3+p sin (H*+y)
7--r< " < 0r) (3.15)
In an earlier version of this model (Jacchia, 1964).

the latitude of the bulge, On, had been assumed it) be
the same as that of the subsolar point (that is, OB = 6
where 8, is the declination (f the sun), and the same
value had been assigned to the exponents m and n.
Information fronmt the high-inclination satellites Explorer XIX and Explhrer XXIV has led to a revised
version (of the model (Jacchia and Slowey, 1966), in
where
which the bulge ne.ver moves much from the equator
T,Tv
(O - 0) and is elongated in the north-south direction
Rt-"~ 7/-sin
+ R sin" 0
Here r is a function of I/*, the hour angle of the sun,

that is,of the local solar time counted from culmination,
This function must account for the asymmetry between
Ith(- morning rise and evening decline of temperature,
2.34 4AR(1
(m < n). This seems, at least, to be the picture of

the bulge above the F2 layer. There is good indication
that at lower altitudes the earlier version of the bulge
might be correct, in which case m and Os would be.
come functions of altitude or, better, functions of
density.
611 5
----
~-
46U
%S7ANDARD
ATN'IQSPHEIE
SUPPLEMENITS,
1966
707
600
90
onnnidtntrt~h
00
N 3
60 N.
.
'Aitd
fomstadad
hemiipheve~~~~~~~~~~~~
iha qaoilbleadaaccr
M ntedunl
variation
~ ~ ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-
_i
305
7umteltc xpei
os
77
+60J
605.
t ll attueevre~pndngcI4('
Wt hs
7o0lsaeoclslrtm
a~
V
dpaiueefenit
FIUIR37-Crniurolpecetag
T400
ur lca tie
epr~oeo
0 S
trter
0~K
isw
Iwy
aeT~TI.8
d etm eaue
ii
u
h
s04
AT.1,)O5Pt4HP
1si li ki I'
1 1,.,"t4t
'-1I4t,I
N 1. I FI-?4
llt
It,
MDFLtS
ABOVI
47
120 KLJOMEttRS
Ott I..II%om*
I
N1,14411I1%1F 1IF%41' 4 1 pit 0% t~.yI kI4k
,1 il',l k"I IIMF' 111Ml V.k ti'Mq mi llNI'Afl I
A.ti
NI fill% OF I "lilt
III lk%il
W I id, I. 1
I 166 145 I I 6 I Ird,

I IfbN'I
IIf16(1 14fi I If'- I 6 1 F'6I I IV,I I6
t .II, IIM
1 66
1
I.
AM6166361 3) 1166
1,42 1A
1 3 3I1 134 I [131 1341 13- 1.1'12 11501.1601
-71 1 1821 I'M I Ik 1 181I 197 1194 1I.I1 I 1821 I 175 175 h.1 , 160l
31 147
l 9 1.127
1 10-1
1.(") 1
1.1011.I.0, 1.11:1.1321 IS2 1 174 I II1 2210 1.2211.226 1.2241.217 I,171.194 1.181 1.1661 II 2I
604 1 I1 13I 410044
7:
45
I
I (y) 1 1079' i.071 1 0X6.
30
I (1MA 1.0.3 1.03 1 03H IA.37 1
1.222 I.20(" 1.184 1 163 1.1431.124 1.106

1421.1 I143
t34 1 , All 1 227 1 242 1.2481.24U 1.237
I.
81.
1.070 16
441")
L,
M' 1.110471. 133 1 172 1.208 1.23,8 1.2"A l.2m,6 I Xi 1.251 1.232 124N9I
.
384 1.15, 1. 'I l3 .
4 1.087
'I 124 1 6IMI 2111 24S 1 267 1.27h 1 273 I 2.S' 1.2.181 212 1 1 311 l.33 14124 1 0Q4' 1.071
F., 1.044 I.132 l.L026I1'A14 1.013 Lol,l 1,28 1 0:415 1OKA31
1. 1 1.1,
IN LA(W 1.01t.
1 262 1.23 1.211 II I
0
1.041 I.(XI 1.003 1.015 1.039 1.0741.118 I 165, 121 1246 1.27111.21 1 ;276b
0I 1.03I4 1.02 13047
1. 3 ,!2I. I 64 1,210 1.24S 1 2(7 1.276 1273 1.259 1.238 1.212 1.183 1.153 1.124 .06 1.071
1.020 1.014 1.0 13 1.0 1h ,(128 1.050O.
- 15 .-1.0419 I,O
1.0h
--30
1.053 1.0313I.
3
1.037 1.040 1.0I491.009 1.00471.133 1.17% 1.2(54 1.238 1.258 1 266 1.263 1.251 1.2321.204 1.184 1.15
1.1333 1,1091 087
.I0 l13.1,79
1.071 l.(f,7 l _%, 1.OA 1.076 1.092 1.1 1 4-I 1.174 1.203 1.227 1.242 1.248 1.246 1.237 1.222 1.24-4 1184 11. 3 1.143 1 .24 1.306
--45
1.10),I"9
3.
O.l0,1.1 17 1.132 1.152 1.174 1.111 1.21( 1.221 1.226 1.224 1.217 1.2u07 1.1941.181.I
16 1.1S2 1..139 1 127
-- 40
1.116
h1 108 1.102 IA.W
-75
1.142 1,1"148
1.351.133 1.1331.1341337 1.142 1.1501.160 1.171 1.182 1.1
W) 1.19h 1.1 W 1 197 1.194 1.188 1.182 1.175 1.167 I.60 1.153 1.147
-90
1.166 .166I I.
1.10 1.1
. 66
L
.IM
1,1661.166 1.166 1.166 1.166 1.16 1 i
ll60 161 1,366

16106I I66 1.16 I.I66 1,166 1.166
1,166 1.166
3.2.4 VARIATIONS WITH GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY.-The templerature variations with geomagnetic activity
closely follow those of the 3-hourly geomagnetic plan-
Tihere is nhi indication that AT/AKp, varies with the

hour (if ihe day. Tlhre seems 144be, however, a Fub..
stantial increase in AT/AK, at latitudes above 50' or
etary index, K,, or a,, with a lag of 6 it 7 hours,
60', that is, in the auroral zones.
The
Occasional increases
relation Il'twecin exospheric temperature and plane-
by a factor of 2 to 4 have been observed, but it is
tary index, whether one chooses a m or its nearly
known whether such enhatnement
liogarithrmic ,:ounterpart K,,.. svems to be nonlinear;

it can he approximated by illw two nearly equivalent
just occasional features at ihigh latitudes. There is

some indication that the time lag decreases a little
formulas:
at high latitudes.
lot
are regular or
Jacchia el al. (1966) find a mean
time lag of 7.2--0.2 hours for latitudes lower than 55"
AT-28 Kp+0.03 exp K,
(3.16)
and 5.8-0.5 hours for latitudes higher than 55.
An
even greater variation of thr time !ag with latitude

or
1W [I
AT= ,
exp I- 0.(M. ',)].
(3. 17)
was found by DeVries et al. (1966) from Iow-altitude

Agena satellit.- ;n high-inclination orbits.
3.3
COM-PUTATION OF EXOSPHERIC
TEMPERATURE
Here AT is the increase of temperature above ithe

level that applies for the condition Kp= a,=O. The
time lag should not be forgotten in computing the
Suplose, in ace-rdance with the-preceding formulas

and present tables, atmospheric density is desired
temperature. Table 3.5 gives AT as a function of

Kp, computed with tihe first of the two formulas, and
on September 15, 1963, a 1600 GMT, at an altitude of

420 km above sea level, for a point on the globe located
at longitude 75. vast of Greeniwich and latitude 44'
at tile sanic
K,, and a11 .
411ic
shows the (correspondence between
"ABHL.w.3.5
1TI'MI'E.AT.IREI
IN:RFMI:NTAS A FtC(:TtoN 1.'(;E1MA(;-
NFTIC IND5I1CES
,
0)
n
42
2
1A
0ill
91
S_
5--
AT
IM
134
')
I,1
2.4
53
5t
6 -
1.56
167
h,
I,M
2--
37
47
.4 ,
67
1
f64
94
2.
%5
7-
Ill
1WN
119
210
2 1
0,0
7,,
132
229
75
7 4
Ir4
2.51
K.
841
179
279
Ii
3-
12
3.
L4
oo
AT
3 4
31
94
8.
2117
2113
22
3I04
236
374:
4,
111
500
32
1294
~~777i77
44
north.
The procedure is as follows: First, look up the daily
mean of the 10.7-cm solar flux F,o.7 for th.- day in
question, which in this ease is 99 x 10 Is watts/nm/
cy(-le/see.
Second, determine the value (If the flux
averaged over three solar rotations, that is, over roughly
3 months. The monthly means of Fl..7 for August,

September, and Oetober, 1963. were 81, 8f5. and 85,
3:onh.
11'm4ntl man
fF14f.rAgut
respectively. in the same units as the f,,r-goitig.
Therefore, 1o a close aplproximation, FT, 0 .7=84. The
needed value of the K, index 7 hours earlier, that is at
0900 GMr, is found to bie 4,. The local solar time is
1105 hours, whii-h 4'orresmpnds to4 a solar angle
1/*
-14".
Summarizing, we have:
F10.7 = 99
F4.
495
Loc.'al Solar Time
11105 hours
= 84
-
7177
SU
LErMENIS
US STANOARD ATMOSPHEPL SU
Le, l'.q'iali.i-l
stolar cj
V ariattion Uaig
T,,= 36s2
3.60 )
t3.
J-)
l c
'1niFt.3-'
1966
I
It'-liit_1
I.
4=64.4.
1 --
'
,.ol's i'S
\'I
Ill
.51
t I
4' 5%
olrr o(-ritit.1 Flom

I
Va(riation cilA dy-to-d.)
Eq. t3. 11) T,--644A4* 1.8 (99 -- W =-691.4
nIn Tabl 3.3 sy inerpola--4
lion, ftd) - 0.257; therefore
9M
- I .8h0,
1000
To =691.4 -4 0.257 x 84 - 713.0
T= 1.205 x 713.0=859.2
Variation with geomagnetic activity. Fronm Table
3.5, AT= 114.; therefore
Ta= 859 + 114=-973
Computations of density. 17'Tis the final exospheric
temperature which is used to enter the appropriate
seasonal density table for an altitude of 420km. Look
up the logarithm of the density, which is easier to
interpolate, for the models corresponding to T =800M,
90, 1000W, and 1100* K, respectively, and form Table
3.6 complete with first and second differences.
By interpolation, for T. = 973 K, it is found that
3
log p -- 11.695, from which p= 2 .02 i0-12 kg m3.4
mer or at lower latitudes. The increase was as much

as 60 percent near the pole in some cases. Sotme
of these data are shown in Figure 3.8.
Lidov 1958) reported that latitude variations o!
Priester et al. (1960) and Paetz,,ld and Zsehiir,|er(l96l)
pointed out similar variations. Schilling and Whit-
Altitude (k2n)
19o
'
210
.-
200
"-
210
L1
-'I-I
6-
220
1 0. 171
density at 230 km may be as large as 50 p-r'ent.
1 4'72
-.
they vary systematically with latitude or season, From

analysis of denity values from 1957a, 1957,6, 19588
(Sputniks 1, !1. Il) and 195 8 ,y (Exphlrer 1ll) ('-ip;,n
anc: Minzner (1959) found that in the 170 to 230 km
altitude region, densities in the northern hemisphere
winter were higher than those at low latitudes or at
high latitudes in the summer.
(,roves (1961) computed density data from orbital
observations on ten Discoverer satellites during the
period April, 1959 to Octoher, 1960. lhe found, in
general, that the change of density with latitude was
less than 20 percent. However, in the altitude range
190 to 240 kin, he found that the density was higher
at latitudes above 30 in the winter than in the sum-
EXPERIMEN'TA" DATA
_______f
1100
From the time of the earliest satellite drag studies

the density values have been analyzed to determine if
tl0 .
-0111
-11,
_________________
Diurnal variation. By interpolation ini Table 3.4,
TIT(= 1.20I5 therefore,
- 0-053
+0.21
,Z0420
'
"
230
.
...
'-
220
240d
I ,'_J
'0__
0
230
240
C250
10
1.0-
-V----
260
260
ODiscoveter Satellites
270
06o
280
0.4
0.3
90g
70-
50'
Summer
t .
30'
100
10
v A
vi V
X1li,
XV
VII E0
V Capsule 'X'
-.
30,
500
Winter
. . Ii
700
90g
Fi(,xR .'. 3.8.- Den-lity vi.reus latitude- f,,r i,,tdr regi,'is I(lat. > 6.5'and night side ,,f earlh {..T., 18 06 hr.) fron D)i-.,cvererr .atelliteo. Mantdt-y,'/hstrjrsei.
watto/
ardized s,,20 ern olar flux of 160 X 1)
ATMOSPHERIC MODRtS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS
49
1 (),0
do I noi fund atO IIimpotdIot latiltidi e-lir-et
(1, oiito dri-ti.d Iot',
F~pov 1% 0958e datii.
ThIe
g.-aliu
41
de vsas apj riximainte15 255 1 in atrid
tito 111f. te!.ult 1
rtcon.tcii
wisi theOw present Inodelet.
apprccia ite diurnal densitt) Narintion' -rild be ohserved at rclati,'ek 101waltitudes. F'igurt, 1110 shows
some il, rest in resu(5ltIs otailitail'e frnt
in
i1ser'at tiiirs
of Co.smos satellitc. (Mdri.v. 1966i) which cotntttin this
%h
uic give iio significant latitude variation at that
altilinII. Newton el al. 0%.5) I'uiuid onl analsis (If'
i. xli.rc r X%'II dat a lot- the l atittude ranige 35' to 55* N.
expectation. Perigee altitudes lay in the range 190 to

24,0 kin. Note that [lhe quantit> p VII, whete If is
denisit y sc ale he ighit, is pimlot ed, but tire variat ion will]
time- is primarily (ILe to) that in p. Maximum value,occur ne~ir 144X) hours arid minimum values near (0400
Iin
that army latitude vairiationi of density at tire satellite

altit ude (about 270 kin) was less than a factor oIf 2.
Figure 3.9 shows somte interesting satellite dentsity
dlata derived by Sitall (1964). The data for altitudes
below 200 kni are valuable because of the paucity of
data in this altitude region. The data for 1962pa-
with perigee between 126 arid 134 kmi are uniqjue fur
a sateflle. In tile plot (Jacehia, 1965) the satelfle
data are divided into four groups: 0I) exospheric ternperature greater thanm 12000' K. (2) between 1000'
and 12000 K; (3) less titan 10000 K; and (4) from 1958W2
(Sputnik Ill). The data fromt (4) were plotted separately because they may contain a systematic error.
The figutre represents dep artures in iog density f'ront
that of' the spring/fall model with an exospheric terntperature oif 11000 K. Curves are also shown for thre
*winter
and summer miodels with the same exospheric
temuperature. The data for 19623or were obtained
*betweeni
4 and 8 December 1962 with a perigee latitude of approximately 34' S. This corresponds ito
summer in tire southern hemisphere and the agree.
giicit with the( summer curve provides excellent
coe~nfirnmation of the models. At higher altitudes, lithe
*effect
of' varying exospheric temperature (witht time
of day, solar flux, and so forth) donminates over seasonal
effects. For example, at 180 km the values (of j log p
are marked on the plot correspondintg !o exospheric
temperature extrentes of 600' and 21000 K.
During the period of low solar flux, and consequently
low exosphieric temperattire, it would be expected that
TV
too00
t, IIM K
Wite
-i 2 04
Spin/Ft
_T
hours local time.
Roemer (1966) derived precise density data front

Ilaker-Nunn observations (of Exphorer IX. Analysiti
of the data revealed a seasonal density variatiomn of
L25 percent at a latitude (of 390 and an average alli,
tude of 690 km. The atmospheric density at a given
altitude was higher in winter thtan in summer when
compared with ftile model of the atmosptheric bulge
discussed in Section 3.2. H~e alt-u f'ound that tite
average timet lag between the maximum (of a geotnagnetie storm and thte peak in atmospheric densit) was
5.2 hours,. ]it order toI decide wherther the variat ions
of the residuals in log p represent a seasonal variation
or whether they are caused by a smaller amplitude oif
tile diurnal effect. the corre-lation coefficient between
the residuals anid the curves was computed. A (firrelation coefficient of 0.47 was obtained. comptlared
with a coefficient of 0.22 when the correlation was mnade

with, angolar distance froni tt w 1tt!gc.
Moire recently. fromt a study oif' Explorer XIX anid
Explorer XXIV data, lacehia and( Slowey (1966i) fo.und
tha lower residutals can bet obtained withI a model in
which there is no seasonal variation at high altitudes,
andi the bulge is always (entered near thre equator
andi elongated in the nortIli-sou th dir-ction (m=1.5,
n=2.5). Keating and Prior (1966 have analyzed
data fromn the same satellites (and also Explorer IX).
Some of the results of thteir study arce shownt in Figure
2100'K
2100'K
Spring/FotIIF
W,nvor
>_j
+19562 jo
02 003 00
ii~
4050t
ou~19 0
10
0,
Summirer
Sqjmmnir
Yt'.m10. 3.9. -I .iilpdrisitnif ,I

d-i i
~ N~o
JDOK~6~
springi~otI
irxics
Inrim drag
Is*,rtifing -aietjiiesa. Owt ptrr.-,ittft~es. Nwr. iliat .1 N
hot
I., p ii- Iw
(I eI~
5
log p ti.r the extieritiiiiiial dain and fi, pjlIi 111fI UIcrK vii-phetra, luio-t~m aturr stiriwl~ atl inmidtq.
t,,wirtr
~US
50
STANDARD ATMOSPI-04L SUMIMP~ENTS,
I'66
Cosmos, 2
Col,'~os
10
to
EE
EE
toa Toe
hn Siwey
3 ( 10-
5. vaiateo
B=Ol
ofs
LoaUTm
smHatlltiuer reweniul 19n4
3.an theri earlierbaH

mod
(cii(UL
nels
ur.
ldower
slare
trediched n obserddu svll
4otat
hs
and
degative11
Ilwy(
-)
ast
a
,hi5, ioiiae
to
fuodetat
io
correspond Ith o as witier liui

ii
B = ..-I~'
ves.
tile
gi
int
-:irtr,,saelie.3
..
from2
3.7.
-,;A
- 3h1..,ist
172.
Th ab2.ol3
MAW ______
0 AI
ii lotI-al t170
:WIS
)I
.r
residuals
l arJ. almo2
-eie
U.24
sort. ris1re*li
iiy
rt low for ai bulge rcueirerd di [lit, equator

B -- 0) .
The density
liwasurcietiflts
litirs. w idi in the alt it dve
between 1961 and 1960.
mu
(m 1.
which indicate
rval 550 to 850 kil and
Data front other satellites.
8,
=eclinattion
P'. .
Idperigee(
density at lie rigee and rvilernive alt it ide
respectively, in g. emA-l
altitudles and( levvls of solar activity miust be analyzed

befo re. thle poisit ion aid %
hape (of the bulget
(anl
lit,
Soul
r
cuaeydl
recent tirecisiiinri-duced
i~I.I
dlensity data fromt
gri tiod- I ascd observations of tbc San NI ar(- satel.
flte 4liia nisoie. 1%96) art- giv~een in Table 3.7.
T[he data in tie first line were ohitainied for a I .5-day
initerval around 7 January 1965. and in the second linefor a period ouf 12 hours on 9 September 1965. For
'A January 1965 the value of To Ininimuin nightdime
e'xospL~eric teniperat tre) calculate-d froml thet prescent
miidels is 652.5* K. Front the satellite data T., 7720 K
for a latitude -- 34.3' and hiour angle- 10:30. The
L7I;1..'
correspo ndring Tni
min ini ui
night ti me
e xosill ric
682.0'
pr K and
u
(with
tIleg cin
1.5,
ellttd)wsfr
8 =0) To= 652.60 K,
doe
whichI
i, in excel lent ,grriient~m
witlIi lieIti-. ihret iial value.
The value- of Ti, 411 9 sel iteioliber wa., comp ut ed tei be
614' K front a density ofi 6.46 x 10 "~ kg In :1at the
lerigee, reference altitude. Front these data T, was
calculated toi lie 505.8' K and T.. = 486.8' K. For Ibis
dat, the mipdeh1 predicts To =-671.6' K and T= 812,2'0
for a latitude of -. 31.5' anid an hour anle- ppf 25.2'.
Tbis cornstitutes air aliliarntjll) large- discrepiancy.
H~owe~ver, [thc model dienisit y at 170 kin cierreseoiiding
AWMISPIIERIC MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS
IRMS Res.-,do ,k
028
O~
;)
14 0.28
inH()
Cos,~)~
t 0.
tu T"812.2
10 i~'8.08
~ in
he oserve
dci 050
I
t~it
t'usti'tt20
iiettit
w 2.5 -h(r
i ci
atei
et ) Ii iii'
sg o't
min~otia
45iiai
t'i il
le50 rge
i uale44( IId,
Ii
h(I
to
S'tl
a-it
Ihid,~
nVg e3
itvil
" pi regrt'ssio-dmd tI' i.Nph luxw
\
tn!h
9ttj&t
1%3
I\
it
f
hn
t
i iid seterm ine
off atmo'spheictltt dt tid

th e
rdvalime iriithe'i I
i t-44!tInfir tS
res~talltn f 1iuinis O.af
t't'ttI'nt'iou'
w lO'
asst'
(
nsIta''.nace
if
folo ass
tdr
in
i.
it
itngtai
ii
il
i
Hii iuteva iin
ian m twlrge
.
-eie
variai
' ls
'al the d is~

1ot16
li .8XI
hei dm -t I ntletM- t'T h i wing a
tie s U iniota
e r ihts n i
rth wit
difler.
20' rpte cii*ttesn
wt Ii blo
tis Udi' lin i w qit)
ilic
ediIN eaio!ti
Ilov4) aIur11cdi(
dcisia tto daint'sat

T 0herit t udt' p im in
i
2 insItuur ft that
sat i'llkvici wtumiperatue iilit ear
( 200 I d at
it u c't er
wi
wh6ich Ilito chraterize
n
td,
aldf iUiid 14 ii d nit) tiCv
bi tlow
ligur
2t9t'kl.
wih ltiaerge
t 4l*
Ja'lia
hsr
rtiNIi~t.i l
t-1
t'al. 0 i Owhaet li e t d muliplriegs' s~t
> iolt
tt' riigtt'luc
uin
slre
irattrwt
sliti
1,.jlu '~ i.s

1 -it11-aI,inu
nt10, ur
-861)1t
uge5
ri'siilt0
ii'
ire
ei i
iii1.
dcnsil
'ifili~'~Whe
N(t
ni
on
of
o
[lit
h
tw19o
Initiitughdatrime thian atfi en g t h anit i i it

ri 4414eritfi ig Itfa
l
jo in4tgi'i itha fta
stCh i rchinltl.e as1 (-a4 i e
$ d
t0 30 .IS12. tii ll ut' e96.
'lion' gi~
vt' ltUlit'
will)dt'natj'
0 /.0, -occuAr.n whente ilt-t'raure
2 offN
J riV
t lu x whichc atusest 114
tilt- Stiitss t ifi~ lit'
largrt'.I
isi lad'ratIter
(u
I swtv'.tlt'nii
O
i
ia
ii itrc
a l cisi uits
t
ivi! let aithtii- sptreseit'
are ml W i'r Ii %114 %t itha' tile'
010
ralii'lt'iois gealitert(i
cs uitmIthtt
r r'ti int die i nte1r. t~411! h Ics
e
1.
]2() gneiv lOn,' varth

ese wisihitefr
l
dPc6h wlt hvas
2.0. w n lral. it' 4 t and
li'n ctit' art' t'r
Nick a iciiri
65y
ititilant'd iii isatil70 iflaolu
1r almttt
i s tin
ho'a
ur fri ai
s
made
7
,itralliv i trot'ig an lsit thit'ttilt'off
rsul Its uI6.bla it'
SiitIidte with perasst'point
near 20't.'latit'd.Reer eeaflights desii
fo
fiund
f ar
ic mush scl omerte
120 km.ibu
0900)i.t'ill]( file (Sl'.e 18 ldeliruand 1it, vandtil of(M
theJ'
San'tdsr'jau's
013
grete
6 t aS 0196 iii,,Theyi
s
it' seen
19a timer w96th lanitdetwp lor at
jaltiai Iasld
her densities 3.
(of
t.
0,(aind Ar
The ttempae
15frat02
raisd( tit-EI.2qu artiti 1963et div 3(X) ES'l'. 26sNtivdt'Inii(
arflt 4) ndov
1.1 fur N:
e
t20
ni lt' a614.
ftilsat'cuve.4 is
1963,.e Itcahiutio
meil( atuelliens
inet'a sitrnt t ni
it'v ,tiltt'
costitute
va
.-'lt' iat.
f netr al'ncdomiposistiofni
120~~~~~
a~e
tf
r~
--ls
tha titlyvi)o tilt, oritsr

lull
goenuinew diurnal aiaitoi.07n
~~ ~
cair(16)w"h-
02. 2.5till
0, alid 2.1 fir N2. Montei
Ide iit'aiou t''i-viey
ise tivoriih
tiut' iii modlhaluets.
inWhrten. compared
liovi
ar
20
..
o r't sw
ndiirt( 0
hraflewi
ieN
tm
dif
tI is: (I
i-stv
ae
lflitl-iudl
tart-ist
ri
ia nitlo
lig
ea)r
oe
f
in
alril
Par
0.
4~.Ot
lik
52

10
I-4
1.0
It shouldhi e rilta! th1iii

aw ihereas thle Ivit'pijeratuart-s
deduced by Slienca tciAl. iIWb5) lend tooIn' ]low. thlose
derived byv 1!edin et ali. (1964) are higher tl1an Ilbe sup plementary models between 170 and 200 kni ind about
the sanie as !he, iodels between 130 and 170 kill.
l~randy 1964.5) has de'ducaed totat itnal tern jorat ures fromr the N:,' 39141 A band cinission dmir g
aurtoras at Chuirchtill. Althioughlicthee i, a possihilit)
j~
--.
-~~
l.0tilvda Comparison Mf n(O)jn(O,)

Nighttime
37'50' NASA --14 06 UA 28

M~ooch1963, 0300 EST
58'~44' NASA - 14 .95 UA 19
Feb 196,,.0-17 CST
0 1"
10t
FiGvin 3-12.-
20~-
10
14
2006
Altitudo (kmn)
- atitjude variation
of n)I(Or
1966
8
or nigh~tttime
mcas"Urcmenrsf.
thle rnttationatl tem peratuare may diiffa'rrt I lit tiht

kiinet ic tenipil('rat ore, ait It'al thie alt itutde he
ot ass igpied
iithat
to) dhu nivasurelm'nl
~tlia
let Iiniqate
80ilauanet
ri"l he ddele-inend by nItalls 14

of' trita opt ati an. D uring -!,.e stuady over
ee7
ilttti)
ae
hichI includedi
75
arid I cinpelt'!a1tire milasilreien it .
riaueirlswr
simutisItane'ous "IatituLde
I )ata were, Obtained ftorin aurtoras (of' intensity ranging

'oin I to stlighttly over Ill. 'Illt' obaservetd roataioiial
leniuipratur('s arvc plott t'u in Figuire 3.15. Tak ing inito
account seasonal Variations atit till 4-l1m'ts of s411111

flux ain(d inagact it' index, Oine nlttes ith' appiroximaote
fi'ito
Ilit' t til t', ini l'trt 5
5and 6, given as at fitrat ion of altit ude itt Tible 3.8.
expeted'
t'empen
it'ratuire' rang(-,
frojm 5 percent at the highest altitudt' tt .30 percent ait
U~pt;3.
-'JMEII
tilt lowest altitude for [thc N, profile and possibly higher

to
for the oilier density curves; (2) an error of' UI Ira
(%5.ri
Results are available froim six tlltrmosphere probe

flights in which the N, density was mteasured ats a
function of altitude with an omegatrain gauge. Trenperatures are deduced from the sltope,; of the N, pro-
171-224
2181
t1K)
lIs
1211
.134-W
38
160J
aSC-0(71
..-
Island at varitius times of day and year between

November 1962 and Mlarch 1965. lin geiicrai, thea
Between 80 and 120 km. agreemjent 6etwt't't thet experienet~ai data and thv models is re'asonable. althloughli
the scatter of the experientvnal data is large. P'robabhly
the s('atte.- is to be attributed primarily to tlisiurbed
atmoosphieric' ctinditions thlat exist duning aurora, hut1I
densities are- lower i !h.L

ma
alhout a fac~t~i of 2. The
paIolaug
ode'is bty
prashla's frtm in lt
four earlier flights art- shown in Figure 3.14. They are
the rotational and kinvietIictln-tratur('s.
in rmoderate agreeien(rt with the CIRA 1965 filarris
tiatan those of the moiidels.I
files.
The
measurements
werv made
at Wallops
et
.
le nip'rtattirt'
and
Priester, 1964) model temperatures. For t lit'

two most rec'ent flights tilt' agreement of the ta'mperiitur( pi ofile foir the night m eas ur'etent withI both t[lie,
I.
Hto
Some inte'restintg density arid] temperature measuremnadte by Sptenc(er et ail.
K'NCI IONSOk AiLTI UI
density.
have been
ptercent in the laboratory ealihirtation; (3) an error due to

limitations tof the theory used to relate the imeas'ireiments made under dynamic conditions to the ambient
fiments
VKI'FIiEli
RtAW.$. A.,
.-
mnay also he partly attributed to differcrnces 1petwreri

Above i4k)
kml thet Observted temnperatures ar(' definitely lower
ourdeau et al. (1 96 4) have ctompjarted exospheric
tenmperat urt's dedluced f'rom sate'llite' drag Observat ionsi
with Iihe inut ensit y aof ext re me ultrayvitolet radiaati in
mneasurt'd by 0S0-1. The' EIJV flux observ'ed during
CIR.A and U.S. Supplementary models is satisfactory,

but for the day measurement the agreentent is mnuch
better with the U.S. Supplementary model. Speneer
et al . 11965) conclude that "'tha' assa iiipt iin. I ir nividtl
atmtosphere purposes, of constant boundary tconditions
the wavelength range 170
at 120 km should be expanded io reflect, probably, a

significa'nit diurnal variation." Thei authors are' in
lines represent orly a fractiton of thit UV up to) 17.50 A

which deposits energy iii thle at inaspihere by1eit her
general agretenierit with this sialemt'nt and had previ.

arusly suggesteti tIii same conclusionr with regard to)
latitudt' arnd seasoinal variations Whrarnpiatn, 1966). It
is believed that thter purobably Is,also a diurnal vansatitn of Itropertits at 120 kiii, hlal the present taiat do
nail pro'vitde t'tnc'lusive cvideutttt as tat its naturert.
photo-dissociation or tphot-ioiinizatialrl
In Figure
3.1l6b is plaotte'd the a'xtsphecriv teniptraturt': in F~igure
3.1l6 c the 280) Mc/sec sat~ar flux; anti in Figure 3. 16d
the geaimagnetii: irndex ~A 1 )Superficially
ilere
appears tta be- good t'or't'lat ion between the IKIJ)V flux
and thet observed ('~aspthltit' temperatures. Ilaw-
the interval Martch to May 1902 iF.shownt ini Figure

.16a. I'll( plotted values relrtreserit the sumn of tltt
i utensi 'irs Of the twenty-twI
anoma prominerit lit v. it,
too 370
A. Of ctourse,
thlese,
53
Number Densities of N., 0j, and 0
210
n(O) T, 750"K
Summer
200
I
190
T.
750' K
n(N!) T.
SSummer
180
750' K
Summer
180,
-0
170
Hedin ni(0t
Htdin n(N.,)
160
II
It
et al., 1964
10Hedin
---
U.S. Standard Atmosphere
5
5
Supplements, 1966
130
T,,
120..
750' K, Summer
111
13-taue
1::I 1
II
INIIIl
t:"IIIIfil
Number Density tcm ')
elver, thIe comparison is niode for (only a short period

of time n
ntc more obiservdtattioal evidernce is
require-d before conclusioins cain be miade.
slowr'y (1905).
Nor suitabIle matlvlitv,* with perigfee
aititudes lower tivan 250 kmn were available Igir drag
analvsis tit di' t'jqtrstr-.!iittr
-f tIh( original dJef,jjy
250 KILOMETERS
models (Ja'hlid, 1961) on which the p)resent ruodels

are based.
Chectks pinthe models were provided by the yearly
Frir altitudes greater t han 250 kin the( observat ionIal

maiterial oin which the present at inisjheric mnodels are
basdifI tvinsist% entircly of densitlet! dvierinint d frorn
tit, at mospher ie drag on artifiia
he Iatelli e-s. I'l te
3.9 gives a list of the satellites t hat wtere uscd for (dnag
atnalysis. Theli orig~inal density (data up to t hr etir of
Sv Pt e inhr 119
'K hve been I)IIit
uhlihe
144 y J aeehIi a and
riveragc da;i-icr and] nighttime density pirofiles determnined front .)any artifi-iral satelljitc toy King-Hiele and
I'.! .aflishrment,
c,uIhaorulors at the Royali Airvr'aht
hutrnbhro,ugit, F, glatrid. Se-., for exitutpli-, Ki ng-H~ele
and Quirini ti k5.
3~.5 I (.~i#M AHIS()N 0i MtEL WtIiTiI DEtINSITIES
FROSM SATE.I 1.11E DR~tAG.
-11D the ho'm sphle rc arnd lower
315
DENSITY DATA FOR ALTITUDES ABOVE
54
U.S. SIANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966
-"
6.08 W.I. Midafternoon

'
(Eclipse)
1964 H ondP
250-/
Model S
-,
75 0400 hri-I//
4--
s'.
\-
I96d H andP
75 1400 hrs
Model S
/.""/
50
-' --
07 IN 1. Knaftlrnooml
.-
150
--
07".Md
--
609 WI. Night

20
L/tt
1964 H and
-.
100'_
=9f) 1400 irs
Model S
tI
6-,L06 W.I. Su
1"
I"I';U.JF; 3.14.- N, Iimli'ralur'
"I'Ak.Lt 3.9) -.
sal'.-lil'r
*.a N
ll av "8
proil.
nwdirvd "ifil im
I','ri1 .i,.
Ajip.iizi
,.itiiid
h
i Air IiiA/
l,,
il"mc
lron n'ip
I
l'l
,'1
.37.8;
Dr.e3
]
19611
I
70.3
2;,X)
270
8(x)
(0,0701
I
1Jiphrrr
3511
21X)0
42r,
515
l96)~IIAug
22501
.3721
A pr
196,3-
I.0
0.2
33,2
0.]7
Pi i,
19..-
I.0
(1.22 -4.5
Aug
11*5
50'01
.33.1
A
o.11
0.1"
N,
SI ve 1900
'1,i59q~g.
2.o
2.))
0 1
.tI'Il
2.
4j'15911)
(.-
24K)
12.2
01%Y4-76 A t
II
(I 959a II
,65
angutrd
:2.9.
:1331X
o124
1,
hw1-~ k
S-1.-,--.,1---
1%5
11159-
S'-Il
1%2
N45
N'
' "f"
Aug
196.5
* I, 19.59
D.
5
(1i.5
.
i0.
1,.;,
2.5-5.10)
I 0
1.0 2'01
0.1.
2.5
1.0
Aug ]'%5S
7M.6
,:A(X)
615
13311
1)'-
1963-
Aug 1965
-r,3A)
0 %93
r IX
(0.2
(b.1036
13
"*fxphr,'r XXIV
l,,,
I9,0
.57.1
'1)
Vauwi-ld 1
I JI958/J'2I
3962-
[th4
958
f.I XIX
"fxull
(.2
Aug )19065
fI-ld,,frer XVII
4Jallgi lPla~ 1
0.5
N65
1i%
250
I,
III
;AiirN Ill
Vaiultua,,
II,ri
l Ir'iriaiI~i<u.iI
1905i21#r2)
I1
:'
;",il;Ns
*l,h r(
( I A -84A
'i
inj n III
lldr".
Tine, Inte4rvjl
d1,-M
2Xt
lim-I ll-rn' pj
%ilh lliod('I
'r-
j
'
kil
1100
K)
l) I'OiH 1I.'1 VDIE

MINI NL Al MI
SATKI.IITI-;h lS
1000
900
800
700
1T(
600
500
400
C14)f
395
:14.2
4,10 7"41j
251)
:X58.9
lbi.,
,id
hl 1r ,r/.
,,,I-I
Wii r Ib,, dru.
0.25
1..8
Niny 1958
i
Ij)'I j
FmIf 19"1
5.01
0.I;
0.2
e'~,n
.---.
! I'iHiism"
-- ;
*Ib
55
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOJMETERS
lAtil.. .3,10. - DPNI
/+
161)
Ufii'&s VIHM.I
M MODEL!.0
X UIEV
.-
tlI~~rltIIIS~lh),.1
I),
Oi
utnte.i\~t
17tbe
1ebuar
years from0c
-5
22
No, (Inver0t
196 e
te-i
? rswt h ti2 lr'se
ulable i
ssemaipreentd
rh
withea mean revidalio if att180
the rsilualio. bretweeniv

e fetosi
m men
0
0theperge
alitue o te sassutite t4at themel). xo

fr all idua
intellithes
Fro beisilati 0.027,or daaue
ilt
6.5iaw
mea
fof - the
iondivut
residal
wouldtur
hav thebsoute
co t to e006iio
.traot1
ecn
sain
. Ast
imila
aen
alvwsityMas f
rrEpore
XIi
draiothea
,
00
00
500ore
I aeltaverage
perigee altitude
350 0-a
kin)k.ivsfo
Te1K
moeains, from NVembyears 196onto Aebugust 19658Ocoean
a
-3 p t her rentisent
rsiualt,
conv
3.60
rrtedjioni
te prtore
JICNE tmpratreverus
.1 -Rtaitnt
lttud . Cturc~t
ofreiul.irespcidulso
au
the
aslt
st) and aritmetcnan
Daoa for
+ ~
~
~
~
~
~ andan
of 7si7n pifret't if denasity).t
h
ma
eo
hensitisc
temperature
drn
hsderived from tioleda
at beow
alituds 10 km denity
~~0W
fteE
orrerIsatollitge 5an arescompareinop
variations
~ smlchrl
~~ ~ vrecedn
~ are~ reltiel
factor~
~
t~ae ~~~~~~~~wol
liuehwvr
est
iue bf3
30.127,
withslr andu geomagrcnetinparamters
vail~l~
aidyiceae echn
a0o I 12va
at'
Tt der eabseinenstvands otemperatiu alre siarall
lsth
ab he15ive-year
the10.7-6m 'ina log du(rin
in
ee
40rnki,(f10au50k.adarnx3km
0 o 0 atul
mum
inlle
~ near
2(X) orN) km.tI cosieato
t
Artsimtlard bnaytie diaram
Thelo
reglr
X
lk istihla(If t tla IWIi
t'f It
v
at200s
'ie~t3lt s4t00ai
ae witag perige lldoailtu (t' 2545days arvesaus o bd ytl
ti00n
and('v1til- rnd
m peratsi
url otieK)iar d whe
meatins, (fro til
ovaellieberie in6 and
A ugut of65 diunal
a
pereint it~ ienl
oit
Vis3.6' alcorresodnt 7-da
hls
areibulge.
versusaliuenat mode
ture
Robsra tion s wither
3 1t.5,til~E
ofe
atI
solrfuxrsdal
vlue-c
phase,aind thsea abofuthe
and~isl~l
1a.
Daafr16
A Itt y(If.7'
pita
t7itcent
I xallllt
erista -l
edensity
jtr l(tiii
ai e
ty).I~It Ilaie
i
tr
s
u 15 kit , densityd
Densatic ures ofd
timlerdiuresl denvds romiannalvriaIxileted wsheeati altitudels art'w
+d
flIlle a xlr(aded to saideinlit-e

r( -t5
f gait compaInintilpos
s t.ilt
stitu e
dat.1
w
Fits ' an
r tt
hol
i temgeid pIlatamion
diu n slvaiatioy ante
in
uvprure pa-au lese the
Thtderetiea
dereapid ~ainatil in latitud
c
t fof s urin
teli e fcive-ear
ul o-lag
r
cvesrad teprtueyeivdfo
iio
the diga.Ter
p~er
re relativenyin
ll hab dley1.Ti
tve
axleeistsa
howevart, desit
atd(F y
factor
n d f iA. io t grete lt ailtitudes,
(lvaialionls orail individad-s it, deterhingactionsif Iatl
kndt,(f 1t 0 at 500kroi
dtvaitnd a4 the
300 k-ayin. f5 terval
yo iea
r atiofnhtr
A'2
do oenitesallr 6W4 searti
10dyntuat
va ri-stifi
vaiin:
ofethe
Explomreriul
oII
btatlited when~l
Thea
oto
of theEporrIsatellite
(1rig1e
arid
1) uo
m'pv
irale
Ixe chnteioesaete
ihcm
uece
aiuvso
hirH
neinulvr
surpraitls inglytridl[
Atyr
rsialp
tpthasetati
nt
xaII'(I'l- i 1a iIhe den(ifty

It
valesof
T.
s
gve
.10.Thi
T
bl
3
~~
~~~~~
nivan~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
h
als
e'itn
t or i tha~tscan be
fPr
-- ta
l
,sadideilofo
it -
pu
solaan
tlut',1a7-ematoea
with the oseonfagnhtitindx t
storms
urbain
iert
cause
.d r~ majo
by
mageti
infsaelt
-d
eaa
.i
h
nterrcgiini
hr
h
petiod--
oclatin
lt
i
56
05-
0.51 -
0.470.43-
039
0,35-
1140
- -
11401
110I106-
"
1020
bb
oI
135
S125
a~115
S105-
'75
.$1
60
40-
;30
11
15
19
23
27
31
MOrCh
12
16
20
April
FiuRm 3.16.--Comparim.n 4f thr EIJV flux with the exosphericr
28
10
May
14
1962
tempe.rature. the 2800 M,/i..,esular flux, and the ge.'rnant.,i, iridew I k,,.
..........
... i
__...
______.
24
____
. .
..
..
._..
36200 M.
0. 400
D.
600
800
tognrithrn of Denaity Rcuced to Z
37000
Explorer 1 01958 , )
200
800
38000
200
154.12000!
600
350 k..
o
g
400
$7
T_
-
Exospheri- Temrperature
I-l"/<,o'l,__
F.
Yo .
2000
,_1
......
....
'
"
Vi j
_-
7,
--
v.
500-
'<
0
t3,urno
i
n7lrm
Flui
.....ob (Nomaizd,
"
e/
"'
~v,- ~
I
L*__
2001
Gwooragnetic Ind.,
I'
1961
1962
los
FIGURE 3.17. -- Densities and temperatures derived from the dragof ith Explorer I satellite (1958a), compared
with solar and geomagnetic
paramelers.
MiD is the abscissa in the Modified Julian Day tJD minus 2440XOO.5).
precise position measurements on photographs taken

with the Baker-Nunn cameras. Notice the 27-day
oscillations in phase with the 10.7-cm flux and the perturbations in phase with geomagnetic disturbances,
Day and night density profiles in the upper atmosphere corresponding to extreme conditions at sunspot
minimum and at a time of eyeeptionaily high solar
activity are shown in Figure 3.19.
Daytime maximum and nighttime minimum temperatures above the thermopause deduced from density
data are shown in Figure 3.20 as a function of the 10.7cm solar flux. Data are averaged over two or three
solar rotations. Op-n circles denote individual
maxima deduced from satellite drag curves. Dots
indicate temperatures reduced to the nighttime minimum at times when the curve of the semiannual
temperature variation was close to the annual average.
The temperatures in this diagram must be considered
as referied to average quiet geomagnetic conditions
(KP =2 or ap, 7).
3.5.2 DiRECT MEASUREMENTS OF DENSITY.-A
pressure gauges, mass spectrometers or acceleromelerb. Each of these instruments can provide an
instantaneous measuremeni of density, independent
of that deduced from orbital observations of a satellite.
The instrumented satellites include San Marco
(accelerometer), Snapshot (ionization gauge) and
Explorer XVII (gauges and mass spectrometers).
Figure 3.21 contains data obtained from Explorer
XVII (Newton et al., 1965) between April and June
1963 during passes over the northern hemisphere
mid-latitude minitrack _stations, and plotted without
regard for local time, geomagnetic or solar activity.
Due to orbit characteristics, the local times of the data
for altitudes above 400 km are usually between 0 and
0600 hours. The data below 400 km are more gen.
erally dietributed throughout the day. The compari.
son models in Figure 3.21 are from Harris and Prieater
(1962). The Supplementary Atmosphere model with
exospheric temperature 650K (corresponding to
T=82, KP=0) is almost identical with Harris and
Priester (S 90, 0400 hours). If K, =2 (a more typical
number of satellites have been instrumented with
value) the exospheric temperature is 7(0 0 K and the
---------------------------
-7-
--
1--
5S

M.I D
48O
37470
16I
.00 -
I'--1
-
Explorer IX
490
530
520
510
590
58C
570
560
550
540
730 km
-12.00
-
S50
logarithm of Density
Reduced to Z
-16.75
r:
_ ___
sh___leme__
17.00
1200
itInde__
Exospheric Temperature
1100-
16.7Gomgnti
I-OD-O
300
Gomgnetic index
200
___
50
4
15,
____
30
520
June
10
20
July
30
____0__
19
August
1961
29
18
September
28
is
October
Fi(;.t;Nx 3.18.- Densities and temperatures derived t rnm the drag of the Explorer IX satellite 196161). compared with the grx-smagnetic
index a,, and the 10.7-cm solar flux.
59
10"
10
0l.,
to
200
I-i t , 3. t
-.-
I a
nd l fin
ight dv
llt
400
pmitI- if] Ih
llaper litilt
600
lt.-ji-wai
density c-urve is a little higher than the Harris and

I'riester 0400 hours curve.
There is evidence in flthe data of density fluctuations
whiul do noit correlate with any known index. For
example, ai density variation occurring (on I June 1963
correlates with an increased zenith intensity of the
6300 A oxygen line. It might be that these fluctuations
reflect local perturbations with horizontal dimensions
of' the olrder (of a few thousand kilometers. Thec i. )plicationt (if these variations is that caution should
be exercised in interpreting results obtained by voinbining directly measured paramneters withi model
attllIsphletI- values.
Explorer XVII coIntained magnetic ma-s spectr(Im.
e-ters to obtain data on flthe colncentrat ions of thep major

neutiral atmiospheric coimpolnents (Reber andl Nicolet.
1965). D~ensities oIf N2. 0, and lie were obtained,
Figure 3.22 it. rcpregentative of the results and shows
helitirn nunmber densities plolttel very-us altitude for
loical t i iies bet ween 04WK and 210(0 hou11rs.
These
measuremlents wert- miade in bohit nrirtliern Ialld stouil i
800100
ll.~jpw Iiitaiullt and atl a time 4iftmetitaimiaIIk hligh -.,dr
ati%jl ).
ern hemispheres during the last two week's in May

1063. A diffusive model profile for T 8000 K ireduced in absolute value by 3) is shown for reference.
(The esllspheric temperature front tile models for the
time (if thle measurements was aplproIximately 7(X) K
aitd the theoretical curve for this temperature is in
much better agreement with the data.)
Ati unexpected result (of the ob~servatiIons was the
large variability oIf lthe absolute concentrations and
ratios (of concentrations of the (.inmIlonents measured
at the Name altitudes and local times tanld withI the
same mleasulring equipment) on1 %tuccessive days.
There is a strong sensitivity tol chlanges ill magnetic
activity. Some of' the variattons cannot he explained
entirely onl the basis of temllcrat ure chlange.- in thfe
upper atmbosphlere, but must be att ribluted to, changes
in the boiundary vonditions at ltle base of the diffusive
atinospliere. Further invi-stigatiotis are clearly reqtiired in olrdeIr to define flthe source ofIthl(5( variatiolns
amid Ilkeir renlat ion tif) the variouIls energy input to fithe
atinil sphlere.
60
I
-_
duce for construction of any atm-nspheric model, our

cannot be expected to reproduce to c'omlpletet
~models
satisfaction even idealized static conditions.
most serious oversimplifications is certainly thai

of tile invariance (except for seasonal variation) of the
boundary conditions at 120 km through all the variationa at greater altitudes, an assumption forced on us
by lack of information. By systematically changing
these boundary conditions with T., we could find
different scts of ,riapcratutm. profiles that would reproduce the observed densities with comparable acCuStein and W altei (1964) estimate that the
present state of our knowledge concerning the lower
*the
X,-1
*
.racy.
1000
00.
"Aix,
iso
50
Ihip'
too
Io
00'
2W
ii1.
w/mICltec)
One of
250
~to
3.20.-Daytime maximum and nightime miniinum temperatoires allove the thermt~pause ag a funfctioin of thc lt)..cm star
flux.
Open circles: individual maxima deduced Iroin saglctite
drag curves. Circled dots: individual minima deduced from
satellite drag curves. Dots: temperatures reduced to the
nighttime minimum at times when the curve of the semiannual
temperature variation was close to the annual average.
FIGURE
thermosphere allows such a leeway that all exospheric

temperatures could be in error by as much as 25
percent.
One of the consequences of the arbitrary isopycnic
layer at 120 km is the emergence in the models ,f
a quasi-isopycnic layer, which at times of low solar
activity lies at 1,,0 km, but rises to 200 km at times of
solar activity. In the region between 120 km and
th
second quai-isopyenic layer, the variations in
dt nsity with temperature are iniverted with respect
those above it, that is, an increase in tempezature
engenders a decrease in density. We know that this
is nlot so, at least for two types of variation. In 1957
a
and 1958, near sunspot maximum, the diag ,if Sputnik

1i (perigee height 200 to 210 km) showed lively fluetuations in phase with the decimetric solar flux, although according to the models there should not have
been any; and in 1963 and 1964 (sunspot minimum)
3.6
LIMITATIONS OF HIGH-ALTITUDE MODELS
Simple static models cannot represent to complete

satisfaction the properties of the upper atmosphere
marked
variations with geimagnetic
activity
were
observed, in phase wvth1 those in the exosphere, at

heights as low as 160 Kx..
Even if they were
The difficulties due to the arbitrary isopycnic level
perfect, static models would represent only idealized

equilibrium conditions that are never realized owing
to the perpetual presence of rapid temperature flue-
at 120 km are partially relieved by having three sets

of boutidary conditions at that altitude. This makes
it possible to represent typical seasonal variations in
tuations, sueh as the diurnal variation and variation
propertieez al 120 kim and higher altitudes.
through all its manifold variations.
The same
If the lem-
technique can he used to represent changes with time
perature variation necessary to produce a given density
of day, solar flux, and magnetic index when these
change at a given altitude is correct when the variation

is caused by changes in solar activity in the ll-year
cycle, then it cannot be correct when the same chane
in density is caused by the diurnal variation. This
variations are known.

It should also be kept in mind that the mechanisms
that cause the different types of atmospheric variation
may involve energy dissipation at different altitude
does not mean that we cannot repro~duce, and even
levels, and that this can he- another source of distortion
with good approximation, the diurnal variation in

density; we can, but to obtain the observed density
change we shall have to use a fictitious temperature
of the temperature profiles.

It must also be remembered that the relation be.
tween exospheric temperature and solar activity was
variation that may be at some variance with reality,

The
uations in Section 3.2 that relate T. to locri
solar time and it) K,, or ap must be considered in this
light; the aim was to reproduce the observed density
variations, and we cannot guarantee that the corresponding temperature variations are correct.
In addition, we must consider the fact that, owing
to the many oversimplifications one is obliged to intro-
derived from (only the descending half of one solar

cycle, which happeaed to be the most spectacular of
all cycles observed since 1749. If the relation holds
without change throughout a cycle and from one cy..le
to another, the exceptional nature of the last cycle
may prove to have been a bton, inasnmuch as it allowed
the models to cover the largest possible range of
density variation. Nevertheless, we e-nntni*u.
associated
with geomagnetic
activity.
I.
7.
A
E
H-:LPri::t0tooS9
.Y.
0400 hrl
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Altitudo (kin)
FIGURE 3.21.-Measured atmospheric density versus attitude obtained for pas. saover the northern hemisphere mid-latitude minitrack stat~ion.,
Date plotted without regard for "oatime, geomagetic or solar activity.
tile
poossibility, however Unlikely, that tile relation

between atmospheric temperature and solar activity
may not be maintained during a period of inicreasing
sunspot activity.
must not forget the possibility of' a systematic
*We
error in the density tables caused by our imiperfect
knowledge oftthe drag coefficient of sat eliteg. Atmosjtheric densitics are generally de-.ermine-d assuming
a constant value, C1, =2.2. In a recent paper on sale.drag capeffivients. Cook (1966) concluded: "Between
heights, of 140 and 400 km at tinkes of low solar activity.
or heights of 140 to 600 km at timus of high solar activity, the drag coefficient is almost independent of height,
and at present for most satellites, because of the lack
of decisive evidence, thcer is perhaps not sufficient
reason to abandon the value of 2.2, whtich has been
*widely
used in recent years for the drag coefficient,
It must he recognized, however, that ithis value is
subject to some uncertainties and may be too low,
perhaps by as muc'h as 10 percent. At heights above
40m(low -solar activit~ti or 600 kmi (high solar
]lite
0~f-- 67 ._
_446
activity) the drag coefficient
increases with height."
According to Cook, the drag coefficient C0 should

increase to an asymptotie value of 2.6 to 2.7, which
is nearly reached al 800 km at limets of low solar
activity. The relative uncertainty in Clot however,
should not increase with altitude, thle likely error is
estimated at 15 percent, while the maximum possible
error is about 30 percent.
Since a density value computed from satellite
drag in itivvesely proportional to thle assumed value (of
CG. we must count on similar uncertainties from this
cause in the im-del densities below 600 km at times
(o high solar activity. and below 400 km at times of
Itiw solar a tivity. Above these levels there i8 the
likelihood of a systemnatic error, increasing with
altitude. that will mnake the computed densities a
little too) high, on account of the assumed constancy
ofCG.
There has been much dIiscussion about lthe discrepancy b-etween the densities derived from satellite
i-imipiai-dz Ifirl-si dim output of dentsity
dreg and .
42
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, i966
I.plore' XVII
800' Model
650
795 OOM
88
800JO
61
5400
GF
00 76
OO
250
300
831 BiP
to,
876 BP
Ito
I0,
10,
Nvmber Densily (cm ')

FImuRE 3.22.- lIelium nmrrib.r drnimiien vwr,
allitudc fur l.'l
tmi.r. 1-lwen (0.0J and 21(X hIours during Niny. I|,3.
profile- fip T= NOV) K .redut'uru in ael-htrI
value by' three) is shuwuu fir refirtrui-r.
A diffusive nu-Irul
-~.. -. .
- -I.r
4~~~~~
~
--
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ABOVE 12(0 KILOMETERS

gauges ion the Ex ph ner XVII sat ellit e (Newt on et al_
I 9&t), wiltirk appear to he ahbout half the former.- It
ia the opinion of Cook (1965) that the uncertainty in lite
drag coeffici4 nt, thle primary physical parameter for
which some assumptions have ti, lie made lin tile drag
method, is too small to explain thet dime repa iicy.
A woird of caution about hydrogen ist iw'v-sary.
At timnes of h iglh and even modcraira Kolar actIivity tile
c ont ri but ion of hydrc~gen to the itital denOsit y is neg
ligi hie for alt itutdes tpi to HWX kmn. rue sit Uat. ii g
quite different at times (if low solai activity. ]n thle
model eorresponding to an exospheric, tnimperat nre
o[ 700' K, thle numbvi density Elf
of ) rolgeo overt akes
that (of loelium at 900) km.l whereas in the model for
fAMJ K thle crossover point is down to 510 kin. Hyt~togt~lj is tIII only con-titoentr for which the- densities
given iii the model rely entirely tin theory, and moreaivfer it is the ontly collstillivilil for whivch t1he total
nass in the atmos')phere should vary greatly with
exosphecric- temperature, biecautse of the effect of ftht
latter (in the eseape rate.

lit addition to Iliw uncertainties that ilbviouslN exist
itn the theory. we titlis warn the reader that l'j. (3.3),
which fixes the boundary conditions for h vdrogen at
W00 kin, was fitted to Kockarts and Nicolet's (1962.
1963) theoretical ii) diiogeni ruvethuitrat ions, which had
been computed for teniperaturcs bietween 200X) andi
750'
K.
Thus, below 7,50' K the results from Eq.
(U.3 represent anl extrapolation. At-cording to the

models, in the region above "4) kml there is an actual
increase (if density when the exospheric temperatutre
drops from 7000 to 6W0 K. Recent results fron lthe
Explorer XIX satellite (ixeehia and Slowey. 1966
indicate that thle hydrogen concentrations given Ivy
lthe models for temperatures below 700' K are too
high, so that it appears doubtful that the inversion iof
the rovariance oif density with temperature it, the
exosphere occurs in the real atmolsphere- within the
tabular range of temperatures and altitudes. A useful
rule Is iti) distrust moidel densities wiheni hydrogetn
is the major constituent. Only the mol~dels for 6000 K
and 70W~ k are affected; tile first above 5W0kmi atid the,
secolild aboe~v 80 kmi.
63
T he imuvcrt aini co ncerninog liNdriigen is one of ninny1)

are viticoumotcrd io thle e xtisphrre. Thiere are
disq,oirill-,i
sitlll. that oiur modrls of atinm'pheric
varlat ions. deri~ ed fromt satellites witl%perigee a]tit udes niosly below 5(X) kmi. cannoit he t rusted at
moultc gi catel- alt it odes. Flo e'xampnjle. Gook W"96)
finds from the drag ofl Echo II during P964 And 1W65
that a, n alt ituide of II(X0 kin there isAlilt ii evidence
for a
.I i Vaa
viiatieo. Onl tie ot tt.r hand(, the senmi
antiinl vazriat ioin, with it range of' a factor of 3 in lthe
t bal
densities, emerges as lthe onily signiieanrt fiutetuatiori

at t hat altitude. The ion dell-it), in thle F2 layer. asi
evidenced luNoliset vatiimis of the critival frequency
J;hF2, shows a large semniannual o-svillation in phas~e
withi the dvnsit variations of Ilite neu-tral at rmophere
(Radieella anti tCosii de Ratgone. 1966). T11his lend%
support to the view expressedI b King and -ohil (1965)
and by ]acchia and Slowey (1966) that there might be
a caus'al relation between ion density and neutral-gas
temPerature in thle diurnal variation.
Iowi piirtp
t I ed by electric torc-es in lthe geomagnet ic
fielld (Martyti, 1906) nInly be re~spon~vtdle for theuIM0
all see
massA transport of tile neutral atmosphere in
anl easterly direction, at altitude,; between 200 andi 3(X0
km, deduced by Kiiig-liele and Scott (1966) ron lthe
secular variations in Ilite orb ital i nviiat 10115 er sate I.
lites. 'Wind-. oif this magnit ode ale, hound ito affect
lthe
global
distribution of temperanlres
at
theie to-
spherie levels. At greater altitudes, where io4ns arte

free, to tmove' with little chiance of coillisions. we can
expec*t tilt, pentivrathiov of' ions, driven alonig niagnetie
lines of force throuigh the netutral at"mosphere, to dimtoirt the densisty (distribution comiptuted according to.
the laws of diffusion. Under these coniditions, thle
departure front hydroistat ic equ' i~oiunl can also ite
expected it) become a serious fatwitr. The altitude at
which the imean free path1 of mrintelllf particle is e-qual
to, the at iansplleric scale height is about 900 kmi when
the exosphieric temperature is 2(~0f K, but it drops
tt 500) kin for IWO'0 K and ito 350 kmn for 6000 K. At
sunspot minimiur. tiar-1rehii, exospheric conditions
plrevail at alt itudes as low as 350 to 4(X) kmn.
Ii
I
PART 4
Additional Information Relating to the Atmosphere
-i
ii
II
PART 4
Additional InFormation Relating to the Atmosphere

AlIthIough th is probilemn is not so r-sni ced-4as
4.0 I NT RODU CTION
to
have
the peqr id co verin g ()ES V% d evelopmenut

D urin Ip
of tie miiajo r contlributi ons, of' this 1111144%At ion, I he
atnnmitiilere (if' Farts 5
supplemnent ar.% tald, iesofilland 6, thle nii' d foir Nonic rqlat ed ;n st en a has- ie en
recoignizred. This need inc-ludes muathemat ical exdi ai led
pressiioms th1at cani lie used tit ajpil iximaira 1114-
a unique solo itt . the outstandring ic d nre to life ohserved is that boithI pressure avid denusity toughlIy are
exponentially decreasing functions of altitude. Equiva.
lent I, iii c logarit ii no of Imit h p ressll rr arnid dienisit y
toiighli. are lintarny deicreasing functioins of altitude.
This teVattirt' priniiaril n!l uvtired t he t wo applro,ahe ;
profi les of pressu re arid djcisitN (of tile, 1962 Standard

Supple.mrentI to 80) kinl; iozone
dlistribhution to 50 knii arid abl. t de -latiti-de reiat ii n*
shIip~s for h 'cat inrg al tlie( corirect g~eonimetir- aIt itude'Athle
at ml s In nc dat a in thle t airte. of Part 0 which are
presented only for statidard latitude.
o''iirlilt approi x imtat ionI pr i1lif m

takeni to liet-.
pri,- senit il lhere is a ge nera Iza
first souidot.
.Ihe
trhod u cii in digit al co4111ptittets for geiie rat omi of aimt
Tilt variable ft Z to be
ivg the expo nenutial fu net ionI.
rep resent ed i1 expjre ssed ajipil lx irattclv
ti AXM)kill ariid thie se 1 I'6
A.1
fi
ANALYTIC APPROXIMATIONS OF ATMOSPI':~RIC PRESSURE AND DENSITY

4,1.
4.1.
rmomimm
U.. SANDRD
]jAA + AIZ+ .4,72~
AiZ1Y
(441)
a ceriain interv~al Z, - Z Zi. In the present

(ase,, thle indclituidctm variable Z is thle geomietric
st-a-level extremke, and
mno
*ltitiide 7 J=0 is thev lovla
Z~ -2M) kill is lit- higher extreine altitude for which
te apipri~xitnat jof is atte-npteil
fi
The variable f(7)
replresents fthe presstoit-, or-t liet tienrsiti. in rat io [ii
issai~lvle.Tt
oiatcefc"isA,...
lii
192-Te
A ~o~'IlaE, 962 -Te

US STNDAR
basis for tie UI.S. Standard Atniosphere, 1962 asthe
seleet ed vtiriat ion of nmolecular-scale temperature Wiit
altitude.* The selected jiroifilte had a rtutiiltr of
corners, that is, discontinuitivs in the lapse iate or
first derivalive.
For thost' appliicat iiiis in which such]

diise''titiiuities induce comhiUtat ional or tither fiiffit-iilties, appro~xinmate smotithetd versir-ils oftin'c standard
al it ipi
were developed anid presented in Part
A., are selected tf) give a uniformly good approximation. on tire given inteirvaL~t in the sense that the great c!It fractional oir piercetntage erroir in the( variable ft1)
11.3 (if the 1962 Standard. The standard molecularscale temperature profile was approximated, in various
degrees, by tsiiyriomiai functions of geometric altitude
from 0 to 200 kmi. The polynomials of degrees eight
and ten were used to obtain approximations for the
pressure and density which were mutually consistent
with respect to the hydrostatic equation and perfect
For somne applications it is preferable to have direct,
simple approximations for the 1962 Standard pressure.
arid density, as functi ins of geometri:c altitude, even
though these may ntit be exactly compatible with
respect to the hydrostatic equation. This will be
especially true, for example, of an application in which
the density profile is the basic requirement of all the
atmospheric properties.
In what follows, lithe afoiremientioned direct apiproxiiniatioris for pressure, arid density are developed.
is siriall at high altitudes, where. thre pres,,ure, or

density, is alsoi small. In l'ahlIe 4.1 lit-e two sets of
cotefficijents poresente-d are tfill results '.1 ~suci essivcly
refining the, approixitmatioin 4.1 cloiive, wit n =11. for
the eases f(z) - /-/Po and ftZj - p/pe, the 1962
Standard pressure ratio and density rat~o, respectivel). lDiscreparicies4 between this apprpotximatioin
liht- act ual niuidtl are poresented in F-igure 4.1.
In computati'.ns with these alplroiiniatioins. it ks
reco:rimettitded thal at least ntine arid preferabily tu-n
decimal digits lie tarried. The jiervientare erroir in
each case is less than fivte perricent for tile g-onivtritaltitude interval () to 2M0 kili. The detailed variation
of thle percentage error as a function of altitude is
shown in tile curves in Figure 4 1. The pressure was
found ito lie more vasily approximtate(] within given
limits. Thle appriiximation for the pressbure has been
develoiped so that its ratio ito thle apjiioximate (density
5
"The technical basis of the selected profile is given by Charnpion
and Minznc.r (1963).
tA different interval would generally require a diftereni get of

cofi-,etiri-i-is for best results.
gas
sI)haslolapsiC.T
aw.anid
S feCFr-
67
~~~
__________
____________________
~I
~S
J
TANUr 4.1.-APPRoxiMATION OF 1962 STANDARD UPT1,Gh
DIGITAL COMPUTER TECHNIQUE
B~
Y
p
trror, %
Altitude ranrg': 0-200 km

Surface valuecs P.=1.0132SOX 10' newtons meter'
po= 1.225'0 kilograms meter-'A
,it;Aj has dimensions
Coefficlent Alj=O.
kmn 1;see Equation (4.11;:
50
P.
Error, %
40
f(Z)
pe
pe
--"-_
120
s0
Geometric Altitude (kmn)
160
2ru
FIGURE 4.1.-Errors in representing the 1962 Standard to 200 km
digital computer technique approximation.
_by
+0.IOOOOOOOOOE+O1
+O.1000000I0EE+01
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
+0.3533367370E-01
-0.747478ME E-03
+0.2121572232E-03
-0.1325255219E-04
.0.5344,159AI2E-06
-0.1522745646E-07
+ 0.1965359762E - 09
+0.3393495800E-01
-0.34335S.3S7E-02
+ 0.549746642BE --03
Standard pressure ratio or density ratio, respectively.
-0.322835B26E-04
+0.1106617734E-05
-0.2291755793E- 07
+ 0.2902146443E - 09
the logarithm In r is approximately equal to the corre-
- 0. 1723714966E - 11
- 0.22300709.3RE--
9
10
11
+ 0.8707590706E-14
- 0.2341816445E - 16
+ 0.2597772972E- 19
+0.1010575266.-13
- 0.248201t9627E -- 16
+0.2,54769715E - 19
For small errors, the (absolute) error in approximating

sponding fractional error in the (pressure or density)
ratio r itself, that is,
II
It r,-In r -In
I+
r-r,
r) _Lr,
(4.3)
where I(ra-r)/rj is much less than unity and the subscript a refers to the approximate value of r. Therefore, a uniformly good polynomial fit to In r, in the
sense of minimizing the maximum absolute value (if
yields, through tile perfect gas law, an approximation
for the molecular-scale temperature which has a fractional error of less than five percent over the altitude
interval 0 to 200 km. The approximations are much
less accurate outside this altitude interval an: should
not be used there; this is also true 3f the second solution of the approximation problem which is disvussed
in the next paragraph. With reference to Eq. (4.1),
it is noted that changing A0 or boti An and A, will
produce changes which are apitreciaile at low alticudes but tend asymptotically toward zero change at
high altitude.
the error (In r.--n r) on the interval 0 - Z --Z,, is of

interest here. lhe best polynomial in his sense can
be approximated with a truncated Chebyshev expan
th
spni
a
In r"T 20+
+ ,C,
2
ao+ 2 aC,(2x
aTix)=
(4.4)=
*-A
where
The second solution presented here utilizes the

truncated
Chebyshev
expansiont
(Goodwin,
a, =2
1961;
7T
National Bureau (If Standards, 1952) for the varialble

.(x) on the interval -1
x - 1. It the present case,
In lr(x)] cs
and (with "-n- 2x) the Csk(7)
the independent variable x is related linearly to the

geometric altitude Z by
,')) = ,
(x + 1).
=cos 6
(4.5)
can be obtained recur-
sively from
2z,
x ="T-- 1 orZ =
kOdO, x
(4.2)
C(i.<)
= 1- 2,
C,()
= C,-),(4.6)
jC,_O71
k=3, 4
As x varies from --1 to ), Z increases from 0 to Z,.

The variable f(x) in the present case is In (PIPt) or
In (plpa), the natural logarithm (base e) of the 1962
Ahernatively, the C,07)
have been tabulated by the
National Bureau of Standards (1952).
As before, tile
tThe Chebyshev expenasion of a given functionf(x) on the interval

- I %joc I is the Furier half-rang' cosine-series .xpani,," ,[f the correpsponding function 44'(6)mf ((os 0) on thf" interval 0 IC0 ' 7T,
The fondinfction
v, k
t) t.k os xn
the(x)
is
0
a a
approximations are not intended for application outi

he interval
0 7
< 7,
The first fifteen
Chebyby
itenC
Z-_i.Tefs
nera0
siet
shev serie-, expansion coefficients a- are presented in
toynoniat in x. The Ch,l.-ysm-v t-,lynm,miai, T,((t and CAir)t are
Tables 4.2 and 4.3 for the 1962 Standard for the maxi-
rrtated by dtfinition, ac.ording t,: /2I/.(2,J~)TAdfh, k =0,1,2 .mum
--
.....
..t
altiudes Z =200 km and Z,=80 km, respec-
..
..
~A.
,-
..
.= ..
...
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATING TO THE ATMOSPHERE

TABLE 4.2.-APPROKIMArsoN OF 1962 STANDARO UP To 200 KM 11Y
THLJNCATED CHKOYSHEV EXPANSION
Altitude range: 0-00 km

Surface values; Pz.*= Pa. pt.o =F,
Chebyahey series expansion coefficients, as:

Surface values: PZ..sPa, pz..=P.
Chebyshev series expansion coefficients, ak:
In-P
P,
A= 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
-0.2.415229-F+02
- It.I16843soE + 02
+ 0.18721406E+01
+0.81660876E-t00
- 0.9381111BE - 01
-0.30155735E-00
-0.77593291E-01
+ 0. 21640168E - 00
-0.34918422E-01
-0.70126799E-01
+0.3601461E-01
+$0.14951351E-01
-0.21450283E-01
- 0.12497995E -02
+ 0. 18421 M66- 0 1
n=10
I1I
12
13
14
+0.90159774E +01
+0.78204.393E+01
+0,62153101E+01
+0.61527729E+01
+ 0.45074701F+0 1
tively. Discrepancies between these approximations

and the actual model are presented in Figures 4.2
and 4.3. The two-digit number following the letter E
in each numerical expression for ak is the power of
ten by which to multiply the number preceding the
letter E. Maximum errors for the altitude interval
0 -- Z -_ Z, for different truncations (n = 10 to 14) and
errors as a function of altitude are also presented for
n = 10 and n =14 in the figures. In Table 4.2 to Table
4.15, P0 and po denote sea-level values fiom the
Standard. Eight decimal digits are recommended in
computations.
5__
cy
I"~ L
10
In
7~
IP~I
.
Error, %
~the
0<
20
+0.255320.37E+01
+0.23517296E+01
+0.19785941E+01
+0.18775970E+01
4t-0.1822270S + 01
In summary, direct, simple approximations for the

1962 Standard pressure and density (first solution)
and their logarithms (second solution) have been
presented. The first solution is oriented to the needs
for efficient dipjtal-csimpute.i operation and requires
little in the way of program and storage. The computation of the expansion coefficients in the second
solution is very straightforward and can ;)e performed
in this or similar problems with little ec.sort or skill
in numerical analysis.
4.1.2 U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS,
1966. -The approximation described in the preceding
section and consisting of a truncated Chebyshev series
expansion has been applied to the lower 80 km of 13
of the 14 Supplementary Atmospheres described in
Parts 2 and 5 to obtain analytic representations of
ted inTables
_______
___________sen_
+ 0.32S37075E + 00
+0.33326241E+00
+l-0.26o60434E 4.00
+ 0.2E0073E + OD
+0.2389.240E+00
1962 Standard up to 69 kin, analytic approximation of

the spring/fall atmosphere is not described. The
ex pansion coefficients andmaiu
erosrep-
K-
-0
- 0. 10960632E + W
- 0.55717132E +01
+ 0.991 16S&W -01
+ 0.61044847E -01
- 0. 14304157E- OD
+0. 2992d08V- 02
+0.58789604E-02
+0.20421324E-02
+ 0. 7103320&E -02
-0.10314096E~-01
+0,34101`737E-02
+O.4176432SE--02
-0.39151S59E-02
+ 0. 11227&WE- 02
- 0. 15751053FE- 02
logarithms of the pressure ratio and density ratio.
n~ 14 (dashed curve)
__
- 0. 1I38SW25E +02
-0.56837011E+01
+0.5,1)666476E-01
--0.77884294E--01
- 0. 1t004t13E - 00
+0.17572339E-01
+0.49546337E-02
+ 0. 176949D5E -02
- 0.18165298E -02
-0.26635086F-02
+0.3508543SE-02
- 0.82257517E-0G3
- 0. 103636&3E -02
+0.57"5~77E-03
- 0. 19023078E -03
Maximum error, percent for
+0.487IaM51E +01
+ 0.44642039k'+01
-, 0.27651741E+01l
+ 0.26185820E+ 0i
+ 0.21790823E + )
In
PZ-6
Ps-.
Maximum error, pe~rcraut for

n = 10
II
12
13
14
In-
In-P
In-
_.pz~u
-0.24470569#.+02
A'.
106&W IE + 02
40.2262260SE + 01
+O0.63433398 + 00
. ;,89,59E-00
.1154874kE-00
+0.90751361E-01
+ 0,18530467 - 00
-0.95325843-0I
- 0.50214309E -- 0 1
+ 0.45 10 13711E-0 1
+ 0.8897472E --02
-0.1893S899E-61
+ 0. 35690621 E -02
+0.639e9880E-02
k= 0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
OF 1962 STANDARD UIP TO W0 KM By

TRUNCATED CHEBYSHEV EXPANSION
TASLE 4.3. -APPROXIMATION
10
'
20
(.eomnetric Altitude (kin)

4.2.-Errors in representing the 1962 Standard to 200 km by
VicGuim
truncated C~hebyshev expansion.
4.
o4.16.
Discrepancies
from
the Supplementary Atmospheres are illustrated in

Figures 4.4 to 4.16. As before, the approximations
should not be applied outside the indicated altitude
range.
70
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEME5NTS, 1966
o'= 10 (solid curve)

ni= 14 (dashed curve)
Error %
20
010
30
40
0cc mnetric Altitude (kin)
FIGURE 4.3.-Error, insrepresenting the 1962 Standard to 80 km
so
60
70
80
70
so
by truncated Chebyshev expansioali
Error, %
n =10 (solid curve)
n = 14 (dashed curve)
Error. %
20
010
30
.40
Geometric Altitude (km)
Fi(;tuR 4.4.- Errarn in repiresenting the 15' N. Suppilecmentary Aimnlt-crcler
50
60
by trunciated Chbelschev expansion.
Error, %
n
n
10 (solid curve)
14 (dashed curve)
Error, %
020
30
40
50
60
Geometric Altitude (kmn)

FICuRE 4.5. -Errors in representing the 300 N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere.
70
80
'-.
....
71
PI
-----
"i
i
P
Error* 'A
n = 10 (solid curve)
-n--'~-
1)/0
Error, A
-CI
-4-4
10
L/
IL
ILL
50
40
30
20
I_________ uL
80
70
60
Geometric Altitude (km)
FiuaRE 4.6.-Errors in representing the 30* N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere.
TAHLE 4.4.-APPIIOXiMATION OF US' N. SUlPL'IEMENTARY ATMOSI'HENPE BY THtLNCATEI) cIIEBYSItEV EXPANSION
1.00653061 p.
Chrbyshrv series expansion ,oefficients, a.:
a&:
In
-0.11292681E+02
-0,.676704E+01
+ 0.45597384E- 01
- 0, 72563273E- 01
-0. 1189531BE- 00
-+0.38715330EK-01
+ 0.1ORS011lE-- 02
- 0. 72492028E - 02
+ 0.89635745E - 02
-0.68378613E,-02
-0.3374866SE-04
+0.47251073E-02
-0.36550791E-02
*+ .31158274E-03
+0.18717224EK-02
-- 0.10795064E+02
- 0.55402267E + 01
+ 0.701&5477E- 01
-+0.73327006E - O3
-0.16736365E - 00
o+
.18269096E - 01
+-0.22595998E-01
- 0.21316435E - 01
+0.1703124]E-01
- 0.13859797E- 02
--0. 1292W811E-OI
-t 0.11510155E-01
-0.52981801E-03
- 0.66618895E- 02
+ 0.57506745E- 02
-+ 0.13981993E + 01
+ 0.10743026E - 01
+ 0.787S1098F + 00
+0.80631923E+00
+ 0.68477737E + 00
k-
0
I
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MlaximumU
nrror, jecr~eot for

Maximum
n=10
II
12
13
14
In
P
70-
Pz0pzi
k= 0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ii
12
13
14
1.00764866 P1.
-,
P
km
Altihode range I-8

Surface values: Pz

I.oowmooo P
Surface values: ,
, .=p0.94:-lelm0sh.v
'ABLE 4..-APPROXIMATION or 30' N. WINTER SUPPLEMENTARY

AfrNOI'IIERE BY TRI'NCATED) CIIEBYSIIEV EXPANSION
+0.46770841E+01
+ 0.38551524E + 01
+0.38621232E+01
+ 0.32n 12YAm9.+ 01
+ 0.277160I5E + 01
n=1o
1i
12
13
14
-0 11398T712E+02
- 0, 69491]6E + 0
+0.66612249E-01
- 0.66339880E - 0 1
-- 0.10950316E- o0
+ 0.34772284k,- O1
+ 0.36534654E - 02
- O. 540.8098E - 02
+-0.42671657E-02
-0.49216313E-02
-f 0.12164620E-02
+0.242.53896E-02
- 0.19684,564 -O
+ 0.95887702E- 05
+ 0.79097901E- 03
-'0
-0, I09880S3K+02
- 0.559525421+ 01
+0.89&5"1942-Ol
+ 0.66712831E- 01
- 0.15432204E- O0
+ 0.14787448,- 01
+ 0.20988461E- 01
- 0.1,3602723E - 01
+0.13072287E--01
- 0.61097701E - 02
--O.,542.5062E - 02
+40.679218251,'- 02
-- 0. 20118331E- 03
-- 0.30992298 - 02
+0.17320223E-02
error, jierci'nl t4i

+ 0.5865549E 00
+ 0.44876909-t- 00
-f 0.25192475E+00
+ 0.2514479iE + 00
+ 0.21190023E + 00
+ 0.16619980E + 0i
+ 0.13632268 + 01
+ 0.13729185K + 01
01
+ U.10648638t "+
+ 0.9503M 48E + 00
!i
72
Pt 0.4
nP
Error. %
n - 10 (solid curve)
2-
In
Pt-t
Error, %
0
10
2U
30
40
50
60
70
80
Geometric Altitude (kim)

FwUlE 4.7.-Error, in representing the 45" N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere.
TABLE 4.6 -APPROXIMATION

Or 30' N. SUMMER SUPPLEMENTARY
ATMOSPHERE BY TRUNCATED CHEBYSHEV EXPANSION
TABLE 4.7,-APPROXIMcIloN op 45' N. WINTER SUPPLEMENTARY

ATMusPHERE BY TRUNCATED CIEDVSHEV EXPANSION

Surface values: Pz.o- 1.00024673 Po
pz..- 0,94612245 p.
Chebyshev series expansion coefficients. a&:
rl.n
in

Surface values: P-.,= 1.00468789 P.
p,.. = 1.0h20.4M2 p4
Chebyshev scries expansion coefficients, a-:
-PIn
Ps~Z-
k= 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
-0.1123610E +02
- 0.56476343E + 01
+0.30694294E-0O
-0.76259755E-0O
-- 0.12104687E - 00
+0.3246420IOE-01
+ 0.32257811E - 02
- 0.S074987E - 02
+0.6&3460SM-02
-0.60729037E- 02
+ 0. 10370307E- 02
+0.31451757E- 02
-0.31532521E-02
+0. 10123?59E- 02
+0.79967239E-03
-0.10724518E+02
-0.55094862E + 01
+0.63777917E-01
+0.71771775E-01
-0.16437107E-00
+ 0. 10906935E - 01
+ 0.20640562E - 0
-0.15827267E-01
+0.14407379E-01
- 0.27&57211 E- 02
- 0.10184736E-01
+ 0. 11202805E- 01
-0.34389555E-02
- 0.32617962E- 02
-0.42496365E - 02
Maximum error, perrnt for

n=10
11
12
13
14
+ 0.10690240E + 01
-+0.76824112E + 00
+0.4966108E"-00
0.4900401g+ 00
+ 0.42920543E + 00
In-
I.
PX-o
k= 0
-0.115549E + 02
-0.57394208E+01
+ 0.10541182E-00
-0.31041097E-01
-0.90912415E-01
+ 0.19779769E- 01
+ 0.13230478E-01
+ 0.1509G89E-03
-0.&,576137E -02
-0.,13792823E-(12
+ 0.4,C829969E -- 02
- o. 1148063E- 02
-0.40015894, - 03
+0.27888930E-03
-0.33229920E-03
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
I
12
13
14
- 0.11262047E +02
-0.56938867E+01
+ 0.10894386E- 00
-s0.74.802921E-01
-0.12099027E-00
- 0.18128609E--02
+ 0.17643137E--01
+ 0.79451649E -- 02
.+0.75301915E- 03
- 0.13910341E -01
+ 0.61671438E- 02
+ 0.2656825RE - 02
-- 0.22915218E - 02
+0.212015OE-02
- 0.24436811E - 02
Maximum error, percent for

+0.42787224E+01
+0.32592773E+01
+ 0.31749964E-+01
4+0.29780984E + 01
+0.25532901E + 01
ur
n=l0
11
12
13
+ 0.26980507E + 00
+ 0.23119020E + 00
4+0.21727996E 4+00
+0.19324141E+00
+ 0.19066200E + 0l
+0.18811271E-t 01
+ 0. 17137662.E + 0 1
+ 0.15018404.E + 01
14
+ 0.17728639E + 00
+ 0.13139173E+ 01
ii
73
Error, %
n 14 (dashed curve)
In ----0
Error, %
SI0
20
30
40
Geometric Altitude (kin)
50
60
70
FIruui 4.8.-Errors in representing the 45" N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere.
TABLE 4.8.-APPROXiMATION OF 45* N. SUMMER SUPPLEMENTARY

TAeLc
4:9. -APPRoxiMATION
OF W0e N. WINTER SUPPLEMENTARY

Altuldde range: 0-80 km

Surface values: P,- = 1.00024673 PO
9
2
p,, = 0. 730612 P0
Cihebyshev series expansion coefficients, a0 :

Surface values: P1 . .= .00024673P.
pg..= 1.12000000 p.
Chebyshev series expansion coefficients, a.:
P
P-E
P-k= 0
13
-- 0.11150426E+02
-0.55932330E+01
+0.21511737E-01
-O.8%73604E - 01
-0.11834978E-00
+0.22024347E-01
+0.26686517E-02
- 0.23176521E - 02
+ 0. 24,56559 -- 02
-0.38I9S797E-02
-+ 0.25047968E - 02
+ 0.66807698E - 03
--0. 18029.,K- 02
+ 0.829294- 03
-0.10692979E+02
-0.54516427E+01
-+ 0.78517903E- 01
+0.58060391E-01
- 0.15258813E- 00
+0.39089340E-02
+ 0.12920403E- 01
- 0.90474822E - 02
- 0.1097SUSE-01
- 0.70757392E - 02
- 0.17159607E- 02
+ 0.70322484E - 02
- 0.36113699E- 02
-o.14795569E-03
k= 0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
- 0.37180569E- 03
+ 0.54964149E- 03
14
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Maximum error. percent for

M= 10
II
12
13
14
+0.54767413E+00
+ 0.49553199E + 00
+ 0.31653329E +0O
+ 0.26599004E + 00
+0,27117863E+00
Pr.0
-- 0.11734579E+02
-0.57909640E+01
+ 0.1 565977E + 00
+ 0.43958965E - 03
-0.73909307E--01
+ 0.10612036E-0!1
+0.81347044E--02
+0.17454704E-02
- 0.70900109E- 02
- 0. 10257863E- 02
+0.36946OD3E-02
-0.5334,37J1E-03
+ 0. 16436473E - 02
- 0.12242473E- 02
-- 0.11559304E+02
-0.57942704E+O1
+ 0.14085435F + 00
+0.91568.27E-01
-0.89026834E.-01
-0.91508620E-03
+ 0.96263019E- 02
+ 0.74993495E- 02
+ 0.66805500E- 03
-0. 15687198E-01
+ 0.690991F3E- 02
-0.25275559E-02
+0.40577084E-0U2
+ 0.35777159E-02
-0.84107635E-03
-0.46L9748E - 02
Maximum error. percent for

+ 0.302918555E 401
+ 0.23566723E + 01
+0.20456657E+0
+ 0.20487174, + 01
+0.20166874E+01
n = 10
10
12
13
14
+ 0.42302819E+000
-40,381397584E + 00
+ 0.26048484A+ 00
+ 0.246492 15E + 00
+-0.20221931E+00
0.17953478E'+01
+ 0.161840+4E +01
+ 0.15816823E+01
+O.138%768E+01
+0.96897483E+00
74
PtError, %
Error, %
010
20
30
40
50
_6L0
70
80
A0
80

FIGCURR 4.90.- Enrrr
Error, %
in representing the 6W~N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere.j
NI
Er ror, %
- AL
10
20
30
40
s0
_60

FwcURL 4.10.-Errurs in representing the 6W N. Winter(od Supplementary Atmosphere.
0.4
75

I
!I
10 (solid curve)
n= 14 (doshed curve)
Error,%
7
30
0I020
40
so
70
so

FIGURE 4,12.-Errors in representing the 60' N. Winter (Warm) Supplementary Atmosphere.
'I'ARt
ATMOSPHEFI- BY TRUNCATED CIHEBYSHE'V EXI'ANSION
TAIILL 4 1.- AtP'NU.AIMA.ION OF ffl" N. WINT-A (COLD) SUPPILE

MENTARY ATMOSPHIERE BY THUNCATIU GHC.BV'SiV IXPANSION
Altiludh range: 0-80 km

Surfac'e values: P,..=0,9967'9250 P.
p,-.. 0.99591&37 IN,
Chebyslhev .-eries exponision .oeffiients, a&.:
Altitude rangp: O-W1km

Surfac'e values: P.-v - 1,00024673 P.
p.. = I].12000000 p.
Cheby'shev series expansion cefficients, aA-:
4.10.--.4PPRINIMATION Ot 6(W N. uwMrtIF svi*il INMENlt. H
In-f.
p_.
P.
e.
Inpz -"
k= 0
1
-0. 11113715E+02
-0,5555245]E+01
-- 0.10702847E +02
-0.54172088E+01
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
+ 0.14711463E-01
-0.10813282I.F- Ot)
- 0. 11288266E - 00
+O. 1388M823E - O
+ 0.45,754226E-02
4 0.153782560-02
--0.-14691148U- 02
-0.11931194E- 02
+ 0.2059671 7E- 02
- 0.20676183E- 02
+ 0.45563.14E - 03
+0.&3081"86E--03
- 0.35421627E - 03
+40.94,8757431-0l
+0.33971231E;-01
-0.143P55104,'-00
-1 0.22492754E -02
- 0.47746203P -- 02
-t 0.19455712E-02
+0.62006,716P -02
-0.74573795E-02
4 0.4969%8E - 02
-0.10657856E -02
- 0.45141.330.7- 02
+ 0.3618&5520E- 02
0.17352b70E - 02
9
10
1I
12
13
14
~axilumin error,
n=10
11
12
13
14
?-q
k=0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
-0.11~6395E+02
-0.59219413E+01
--0. 1181 144E 4- 02

-0.59543981E+01
+0.I195217801,'-00
-+0.49710290E-01
-0.78022972k,,-0l
* 0.84323914E - 02
-0.17658M1 E--01
-0.84813241 E--03
-0.14690644E-01
- 0.62825929E - 03
+ 0.72435819E- 02
-0.75193853E-03
+ 0.331587886E- 03
- 0.1,SOI 446E - 03
- 0.35626103E- 03
+ 0. 13822599E - 00
+ 0.137231691- 00
-- 0.8&530M979E - 01
- 0,80034,570E - 02
+ 0.24007255E - 01
+ 0.1622639 1E - 01
-0.85207421E - 02
-0.23385217E -- 0 1
+ 0.9226&872. - 02
+0.482664261SE-03
-t 0. 1741,397E-o2
+ 0,30251177E-02
- 0. 1,3604895E - 02
Maximum errr. percent for
percent ttor
+ 0.47194607E +l 00
+ 0.31524203E + 00
+ 0.33107898F + 00
- 0.2594669gE + 00
+ 0.24612195E+00
P.
P "p
P0-
+0.2671416]E+01
+ 0.2681 6413E + 01
+ 0.23,519516E + 01
4 0.19902498E -+ 01
+0.18568054E+01
M=10
11
12
13
14
+ 0.40051306E + 00
+0.34523572.'* 00
+ 0.32561983E + 00
+ 0.338ffi.W'-+00
+ 0.348280'2E + 00
+ 0.1.)2106E + 01
4 0.14942810E +O0
+ 0.14713630E-1 0I
+ 0.13232782/:W+01
+ 0.126602(5E + 0I
Ii
76
PX
- 0
_ -- -
Error, %
n - 10 (solid curve)
n= 14 (dashed curve)
In
'0;
Error, %
32
28
24
20
16
12
04

FiGUniE 4.13.-Errurs in representing the 75 N. Winter Supplementary Atmosphere.
or 60' N. WINTER IWARM) NUI'IMLEION

MENTARY ATMOsPHERE BY TRUNCATED CHERYSIIE EXPANV
l'A"I 4.12.-APPiROXIMATIUN
TABL. 4.13.-AI'RoXIMATION
Altitude range; 0-30 kim

1.00024673 Po
Surfa(ce value,: P,
7
6
p.p,
1.156 34 9 p
Chebhyshev ,ric expansi41ll V((ffiCi-':Is, ak:

Surface values: P,..= 1.00024673 Po
p,..= 1.12O0000p0
Chcbybhe' series expansi.n officients, Ga-:
I.
k= 0
I
2
3
4
,5
6
77
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
In
In -L--
-0.1454033E+ 02
0.56620422E + 01
+0.96319649E - 01
-0.44269729E-01
- 0.66507997E - 01
+ 0.11909655E -01
+ 0.10722589E-01
-- 02
-+
02
31679DE
- 0.Yf,28931]7E
0.Y2
-- 0.52,,790E -02
- 0.27010841F- 02
+ 0. 19167302E-02
-0.75229670E-03
+0! 7112.F80E-02
-- 0. 16415112/ - 02
- 0.2601781E- 03
PA-0
P.--
- 0. 112909V, + 02
- 0.56411071E + 0
+ 0.11306966E- 00
+ 0.32309052',E' - 01
-0.97161 1 E -01
-0.64107811E-02
+034919044E-03
+
0. 157017.51 E- 01
+0.931870lE-W2
-. 93I87(4E - 02
-0. 12750375E
k-O0
+ O.63867828E- 02
- 0.45,595561 E--02
-i 0.437766'7E-02
4 0,16522544 -,02
- 0.5711186IE-02
+ 0.5731495E + 00
+ 0.5.371646600
+ 0.37407592E + 00
-+0..VN30Q95E + 00
-0,2956142YE + 00
+0.218670510f+
402167512SE
+
4 0.21099091E
+ 0.202902,E
40. 1 5"E
.-
.--.
.-.
0.46145828E+40I
ME + 0I
-- 0.2379313
-0.43716063E + 01
- 0,221128183E 1 01
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
I1
12
13
14
-- 045720632E - 01
+ 0. 1876, SI E - 01
- 0.37170666E- 02
- 0.1 1334217E-02
+ 0.2@Wb7524E - 02
- 0,28777064 - 02
+0.18202721E-02
0.74,578723E - 03
0.7,7S7S72E - 03
03
0.582863E
.
0.
-0,111%27V
+ 0.12249412a- 02
- 0. 10232393E-02
+ 0.809005"E- 03
- 0.9,'552,54E-01
+0,2864,%270,;-001
+ 0.23819977EA- 02
- 0..O561099E -01
4 0.10428505F- 0l
-0.50128-186E--02
-0.79128043F - 03
0.18741237E- 02
o
+ 0.E4691744EJ - 03
-0.1.69l74" -03
0.13W)6624.- W
+ 0.1401,0a4,- 03
+ 0.11944472t- 02
-0. 16713684E-- 02
,rI
ir
12
13
14
4 0.48110057E + 00
+0.40020000.+O
. 0.8232563?E + 00
+ 0.65612495 -+ 0o
+ 01
+ 01
r|H
4 0.10199190E+01
+ 0.M8459402E +00
4 0.87593496E + 00
n=10
erro.
+ 0.81750139E +00
+ 0. 70591864E r+00
+ 0.534245 IE + 00
OI
40
+ 01
0
1
Mlaxiritilli
Maximum error, im'r(tIII (tir

A=10
II
12
13
14
or 75* N. WINTrH SUPLIIE'IIMENTARY
N' TRUNCAThI,'YHI"V EXPANSION

ATMHEt1SI&IL-
,,414ftlt...ia
77
''
Iogb
".
Errar, '.k
n
n
10 (solid curve)
14 (dashed curve)
v
-~ - -------Error, e,
-2ItI
16
12
20
24
28
32

FIUURE 4.14.-Errors in represenling the 76 N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere.
TA4III,414.-AIPROXIMATION or 75' N. SIMMER SUPPLEMENTARY

ATMtSPHIIERE BY TRUNCATED C(IIERYSIEV EXIPANSIOIN
TABLE 4.15.-APPROXIMATION oF 75' N. WINTER (COIL)t I)PPLEMENTARY ATMOISPHEERBY TRUNCATED CHERYSHE EXPA SIGN

values: P..r=O.9992S98I PA,
p,=
1 03265306 p'.
C(llm..hev veric's tXpallsiin
lcoefficirntlo. ua:
Altitude range: (1-30 km

Surf'ace value.: P,.
1,00024673 1P
"Surfac'
In
A'
0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
M0
11
12
13
14
In
In -P--I
-7
, P"
4 9
4j,..
I. 1 673 6 p,.
%li.b>sle
serie"
expnahin i..elth'ients. a&:
13- ,,pr..
-0.-.2?78519E+0O
-GO.3)5
73&38E-+t01
Ak 0
*--0.46979427E1+01
-0.44010058E+01
-0.2170H118E/+01
-0.29t43083F -01
+ 0.2E327983E - 01
- 0.70768897E - 02
+ 0.30061656E - 03
-0.30080657E- 02
-0.20413522E- 02
-0.31t45975E- 03
*0.86191803E- 03
-0I.3tI'f1YoI,1
-6A
-- 0.23462532E - 03
+ 0.40520052E- 03
-o.652748,261 -- i
-0.24&1'V% 4W - W
-0.20952640E-O0
-u.94215480E-01
+0.38691153E -- 01
-0,19255719E-02
-0. 13320101, - 01
-t 0.11360621E- C
-- 0.10086802,F- 02
-0.54632690E-02
-+0.20982994E - 02
+ 0. 132544500p" -02
- u.2557834E - 02
- 0.39.1."-1369E -o0
40.2338781E - P2
-- 0.6271610WE-03
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
io
11
12
13
14
- 0.24385498E+01
-0.70155064E-01
-0.1957?PSE - 0
-0. 30149&59E - 02
-0.2170730817-03
-+0.14251117E -- 02
-0.12219627E -02
, o-.Y4wrp2(tKrE - 03
+ 0.12261519f- 03
-0.30169:54.1"-03
- 0.43-1.68288 - 04
+ 0.31536786K- 03
-0.45298677E-04
- 0.19354323E- 04
-0.23125096E+ O
-0, 11547751E-00
-10.22280943E - 01
,+ 0.467&3411IE - 02
- 0. 10539889E-- 0I
+0.89370371E-02
-- 0.4061.5459E - 02
+ 0.32793775E -03
+ 0.13813689E- 02
0-.1042*q,2n3A --oW
-0.1417110817-02
-0.67675316F--04
+ 0.14122584E - 02
-0 133001601E - 02
Maxiniunl errr., hr.I enln f,r
NtaxIlUlI errlIr. I're
no10
+ 0.122792341.E + 00
A 0.14662445E 4 01
II
12
13
4
-+0.998832967- 01
4 0.7,1847?1SE - 01
+ 0.7!I96Q85IE-01
+ 0.52774628E - 01
A (-. 12943%S+E
2 4-4f.8 o - h7 - 7
0l1
+ 0.12864456E +OI
01
-40.10.624790. 4 01
+ 0.1 0238126'"+ 01
n= 10
11
1
13
14
ll fo.r
+0. 73231601E -- 01
4 0.8292421717+ 00
+ 0.69713437E -01
"+050,153939E -01
40.C13.9014OI4-01A
+ 0.4774167SE -0
"+0.690874460'."+00
-0 6955423E -+O0
0.63276717E+ 00
+ 0.49977 5.4. + 00
I
"
78
1966
1.
TF
0.1
P1p
0Error, %
to 10 (solid chive)
n 14 (clothed curve)
-N,
A~
Error, %
20
16
Geomettric Altitudso (kin)
04612
24
28
.32
FiGvas 4.15,- Errors inirepresenting the 75* N. Winter (Cold) Supplementary Atmoisphere..
-0 2t
Error,
----
.I
n =10 (solid curve)

n 14 (dashed curve)
04
16
12
-20
24
28
32j
Geometric Altitude (krm)

Flt;LiRr 4.16. -Errors in representing the 750N. Winter (Warmn) Supplementary Atmosphere.j
4.2
MID-LATITUDE OZONE MODFL TO 50

KILOMETERS
Observations from thle oiiinesonde net-work in Niorthi

America, establishted in JIanuary 190- (I-erinpu adi
Borden. 1904), havte been coimbinied witli rocktet
measurenie nt. and phon eit-te niieal eq uiub ri tim cail(-Ulat ii ns to priv ide- a NI id-latitude Ozo ne- %~Ipde-l whtichI
to .50 kin.
4.2.1 . DATA.-1TIit- Ii iwer 34-kmn -portio n of' tflie,
ozos ne model is based oni the data itlit ainv it'ri. ii th,
sy st emat ic pri gra in tif' weeklI> izoiiisoiiul ascentis
miade throughou t flit,- year , 03 at Seattle. W ashi ngtoin:
loti Ciollins, Coti radi; Mad isiint. Wisciinsin: and( Bedlt
ft urd, NI assac t usett . 'I'i ~i- (ien poroise rep resents
flit- ave rage &1meian altonual pripfuiles comiput~ted II~r
r tng
Sthest- statijons al't tr fi rst ave raging i ndi vi dual s"Uni
data over 2-kiit vertical initervdls. Appjroim~ttately
150 oimijit inde ascent-ts we-re used-i in the;rdeter mi alio.n of th it (ttan ozii.m profit-.
Tin(- mt-an antnual o zohne d ist ribu t ion Ir lii-igltis
t
5of'
by albsis
abov e 34 k ilt has beiten di-te ttintiedli
distributions~ as valvil-j
equiilibriumt
lated by~ Diitsvl (19%6). Craig 11950). 1.txvy (1964).
and biindon and I rabliakara (1962) in v-tinhi nat iiin
wvith riek~-t ineasuremettits over New Mexiuo by J1ohnm
soil (,t al. (1951) *tiJointte 1949 and over Wallojis Istiaid
Ik hlived and] Sc-ilnick ( 1964) in Miay 19601. INItst
weight was assigned lot thew ri iket mneasuire nietits iii
det-iti ing flIit- iozionte mtodel . alt ibi ugh there is tat 1 it-i
;ihoiiii-Fttniits
1'Ia ile 4.17 gi ves the- v-ertical dijst rib ut ion if oineiita
jire ssnre. idensit y. nutimbher den sity,. and( inixiiig ratio

NI i dtI to .50 kill. T'iot a
ilkthe
I ts-NItl-at itude Ozonei
i
co
sntIent . also priov ided , represen(ts the depll i
iizolt
if' o zione contained in a squta re venti tiet-U-r c-.ii Uinit ii
at st andard piressu re and t em o-ra-
flit, at i. s iert
SrIV 10013.25 tibIind 273s.15' K). Figuires 4. 17,

4. 18 4.11), and 4.20 shoiiw fit-tpartiat poriss Urt-, d- ns it),
nuinber tlt-u.t antd mtixinag rat io priofiles. respec-iti vely
4.2.2 I I11,1TATtIONS OF MOv)li.. -Alt houaght tite
,~~ions ito 34 kml were t ake-n at Ioi.
b
hst-rv
ti
siZi 'iiis4)it,
Si-altti, WashIinUgt on. toi
-atti ins e-xtei-ndinhg f'roiti
Bedfi irti NI as .ai t itset is a region ctove rintg 51' oif'
It igi t tdt. ri-stilts aitr1euiiisidt-rt-d, teitt ati vtI> as tyica~utlu
itt re
"3]'L..E 4U06.-
oF
AtI'ItIoXIMATION
75' N.
MENTAllY ATMoSI'HERE 1i%TRIUNcATIE:D
WINTER (WxARM) ntIPPLI.E-
'|'ABIE 4.17.-
79
N.I|I-[IAT I
IIIt.
OZONE. MODEII.L
YSHEv EXPANSION
Du-l
Altitude rang': 0-30 km
].AlthuI
Surfa,
value.: Pz,
].111)24073 p.,
9
p.., 1.IS56W6 P.lieIyslte
e xpansion voefhcirnt.., a:
. nx
kg m 3
n, m I t u".k*tkgt
2 4 -511.8
2.2
11.6
4.6
.5.8
8000
6006
801(
2.0
2.0
1.5
1,5
4.5
5.2
5.7
6.5
-- O+01.43t71E+01
-0.22321204E+01
-0.39124001E-01
+0.32498859E - 01
-40.611370001E-02
-0.31(060 g19E--0 1
+ U0.13643993E -- 0I1
- 0.6500923E - 02
- 0.492.59.38E - 03
4 0.37893999E -02
-- 0.107K13E6-- 02
- 0,26967059E-02
+ 0.6t.621970E - 02
4 0.12531816E-02
-0.27423631E--02
10000
12000
14000
16000
IWM00
2(0000
10016
12023
14031
16040
181051
2006,3
3.5
6.1
7.0
8.8
1.21-4
1.42
2.6
4.6
5.2
6.6
9.1
1.06-4
9.G
1,61-7
1.87
2.35
3.22
3.80
1.13+18
2.02
2.34
2.94
4.05
4.77
2
22000
24000
26000
28000
3000
32100
34000
3600
380"0
40000
22076
24096
26107
28124
30142
32162
34138
36205
38229
40253
1.46
1.38
1.24
1.00
8.0 -5
6.4
5.0
3.8
2.9
2.1
1.10
1.04
9.3 -5
7.5
0.0
4.8
3.0
2.8
2.2
3.6
3.87
3.62
3.23
2.58
2.03
1.61
1.24
9.2 -8
6.9
4.9
4.85
6.07
4.54
7.82
4.03
9.53
1.048-5
3.2.3
1.129
2.51.217
2.02
1.294
1.56
1.314
1.16
8.6 + 17 1.324
1.267
6.1
+0.18673599E+ D1
-f0.16040519E+01
-1 0.15013710E01
+ 0.14.461011E+01
-+ 0.11"178735E + 01
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
42279 1.4
44307 9.0 -6
46335 b.0
4&W3653.0
50396 2.0
1.0
6.8 -6
4.5
2.2
1.5
3,2
2.1
12
7.0 -9
4.0
4.3
2,6
ILt
9.0 +16
5.0
I61-,-
+-00.15889272E+00
+0.14936930E+00
+0.!2314335E+00
+0.89350497E-01
+0.89396691E -OI
P, nI
Mixin
403
taxiniuni error, licrent flor

n=10
II
12
13
14
Z, in
Mixing
lIe{Nute
2001
-. 0.4465"1;.78E0
-0.2265l41tEE+01
-- 0.77951595E -- 02
+0,19291746E-01
---0.70020744E-02
2-02
+ 0.23696890
4 0. 580344I E -02
--0.21835677E1- 02
+ 0. 11009927E - 02
.+0.2204447F/- 03
-0.76817562-f3k,-03
-I 0.16950855E-03
4-0.44253781E -03
-0.35313824E-03
-0.10111955E- 04
k= 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
It)
It
12
13
14
II, 1'
Nunberu
2000v0
4000
i'gg0
1,
In
ir.nure
-5
S.0
6.0
5.4 -'8 6.7 -t 17
-8
7.0
1.0 -7
2.2
5.2
8.2
1.42 -6
2.67
4.31
1.124
9.52 -6
7.62
5.81
4.00
TOTAl. O)ZONE=347 maim-i'm mUi-tanlmosltler,'-c,,nhrnnu-ter-). STI'

off inid-latitude conditions around the nor!hern hernisphere. Also, the representativeness of the ozone
model based on Ile 1963 data was checked by (ompari-
son with available 1964 observations. Since fullyprocessed 1964 data were incomplete, 8-month averages were co'mpared. Thb
diffcrencc in avv-age
p!
density was only I X 10-i kg .mi- or 0.3 percent at
20 km and 2.1 X 10 1 kg ni- tar 11 percent at 14 kin.
Tile relatively large difference at 14 km probahly
results from thie inter-annual change in the mean
position of the tropospheric wind maximum and the
associated change in irollopause height.
4.2.3 VARIABILITY. --. Standard deviations of ozone
density about the model arte presenhted in 'Fable 4.18
for 2-km intervals between Ihe surface and 30 kill.
They are based on 244 ozontesonde network observalions
taken
during 1963
and
1964.
-0..47 cm, S1"'

.&,n,'w
densil
i,, if 4 iimon
,,81taincd Ityll
. nitU l31g Ilie at,,vv valus
IPf7,ln
ratio in arills il pant
,
2. V e
NOTE: 1. ValuLf
skewed rather than normal, particularly in tle lower

stratosphere.
The existence of ionger-ptiod fluctualions also
has been investigated. Angell and Korshover (1964),
TAei.i. 4.38.--SIANI)ARD I)
Al.x11105l
A11011
AIl.dP,
H. Mn
oH%.NlxIkIF
07.I451
Shiud1
S:1. p y rn =1
MI
it, M
3.0 -8
4000
2.3
1in"00
the level of
maximum variability lies near 12 kmi, witli minimum
6000
2.4
2"1110
7.8
8000
4.7
22000
6 5
variations near 4 kmn and 30 kill or higher. All values.

however, must he ,orasidered as first estinatles tue'
I10WO
9.8
1.26-7
1.18
24000
2601)0
28411
49
44
4.4
4.0
these data
that
to the limited uuniumer o, obse'rvations currenlly avail

able.
Also, Iite distributiion o
/tone seein, Ito be
12000
3400O
16000
1.t13
DIJNSIlIt
MI0I.i.
2010
synoptiu.-scale variatilins.
apparent frian
per milliun.
l.) vilumne mafl Itwoblaineid I) niutiliIlying Ith alwi"e

valu,-.,o ozotne mixing ralili hy 0,603 x 10'.
Consequently,
iIe tonomtuted rms values inicluide seasonal as well as

It is
Pilma.Ifdr'ny)
W1010
9.8-8
U.S. STANDARD) ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966
so
50F5400
40r
10
OzL
Pesr(10 mb)
Fi(,uSE 4.18. -Tentative mean annual mnid-latitude ozone density.
detet mination (of a furiction of Z which permits the
~~~ar2~7I2~pe2fec
tiirn,
:d
were found at all latitudes.

'ihe amplitude in
mid-atitdesavergesroughly .5 matm-cm. Trhese
and synoptic-scale variability irt the stratosphere,

4.3
GEOPOTENTIAL-GEOMETRIC
tein
grn'dbatin
of tEse m4.7)
hod: thusverys tm
mosphere, 1962) for specified values of Z. The extreme

differences in the values (Af11 a for a given value ofZ
compared with the 'uncertainties of the atmoispheiric
ALTITUDE
~LTINSof
properties tabulated in this dlocument for the sanic
4.1. INTRODtUCTION. - This scttonl p~resents a

geopiotential table which leads to the geomnetric al-
these sophisticated methods (I ,ist, 1963;

ime
and Ripley, 1956) be employed in) the (-alculation of
geopotential for use with atmosphet h- properties inl
tit ude 4f equal geeopi
tho-se tables.
ttt
tudes in I 5-d !gr%-v inc
riial surfaces at variouis lait

9
bent s from 0 to 90 dlegrees.
Geopoteittial H6 of a unit uxta~ss at a given latitude

relative to hie re-ferenc- eqwoptenti al at the carthI's
surface Z,1 at the same latitude, v-aries wtth geomectric
altitude Z and with the altit ude-de-pcndent ac-(elerathin of' gravity &Vl) for that lat ittude in accordance
with the following integral equat io n;
J~gb(Z)dl
(7
(4.7)
Approac-hes iii considerable though varying s-ophtishave been employed in recent years in thun
tication1
'I he mo~re eompnic~hate d and moruie sophplt
t icat ed oif' thle se
referenced n tihoils. t hat is,
ite
,ields -a value of Ho at 700) kmi which differs by less

than 0,007 percent fromtt that comintji Ie(l fi ~r these
Supplementary Atmospheres for the same latitude.
Analytical relationships for 114 as a function 4,f Z,
and for Z6 as a function of H, hot i stemmiing from E41.
(4.7). are arrived at Ity re placing pa( 1 ) withI a spiciializC(J form of the iflverse-sqluarl- law prior to thle, integration of Eqj. (4.7). TIn'l resulting relalion.bips are:
H*Z
F4(Z/
H#
(4.8)
_
G
ADDI~ICINAL INFORMLATION RELATING TO THE ATMOSPHERE
40-4
24
32
A0
48
4
6
8
Ozone Mixing Ratio (10
Ozone Number Density (10"M :
~FIGURP. 4.19.-Tentative
tO
12
14
kg kg '
mean annual rtid-latitude ozone number

density.
FIGURE 4.20.-Tentative mean annual mid.Iatitutde ozone

mixing ratio.
and
49
(49
7,f 60)(,#
Zr4H)-
Hhr
eopolentials have been calculated for eight latiItudes listed in Table 4.19, which also shows the related
values of ro and &~employed in the calculations.
TABtLE 4.19. -VALUES
OF r# AN13,g, EMPLOYE~D IN TFIE CALCULATION
Hd,(Z)F-Hi=geopo~entia! at latitude 0 in geopotentialOF{EPhNILAVAOULTIUE

meters (mn')as a function
Faltitude
if' geometric-
of gravity at latitude oO, (m sec-2)
ritthe effective earth's radius for latitude

0,
________
Z
__
Z~tH) aZ#=geonictric altitude at latitude 0 in geometric meters (mn)as a function of geo45'32'33"
potenti al H,
0.
G='9.80665 mn2 sec 2 (in')-' which value
defne on sandrdgeootn.15,
implicitly deie n tnadgooe-30'
tial meter
45'
60
gothev sea-level value of the acceleration
75'
9'
o9
__
__
9.8066M
6,356,766
9.78W3
6,334,98t
6,3.37,938 9.7M81
6,345,653
9.79324
6.3.56,360
9.806t6
6,367,103
9.81911
0,374,972
9.8286
6,377,862
9.3
(fit)
For any latitude (A.the value of r6 is generally not equal

ito [t(e earth's radius for that latitude-, but rather is a
(quanitity calculated to meet certain boundary condilions (L~ist. l9'k Minzner and Ripley, 1956, Appendix
elaliontships of Eqs. (4.8) and (4.9)
M), such tl-' of validity over an extended range
retain a hi,
of altitudes at Lill latitudes in thv geopotential table.
The values of p6 and 14 applicable to latitudes 00,

150, 30', 45-, 60-; 75', and 90' as used in the geopotetitial Calculations of this document were taken fromt
Table 107 and Table 49, respecetively, (ifthe Smith.
sionian Tables (List, 1963). No values of go and ro
are given in the Smithsonian Tables, however, for the
reference latitiude, R ~45'32'33".
82
.j.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966
The reference latitude is not an arbitrary value for

which the appropriate valuc of &~must be found but,
rather, R is the latitude associated with the so-called
standard acceleration of gravity equal to 9.80665
m sec2 ats designated in all U.S. Standard Atmospheres published after 1922. If the latitude variation
of the sea-level value of the acceleration of gravity is
assumed to follow the Lamrhnirt equation (List, 1963),
that is,
g# =9.806160(l- 0.0026373 cos 24
+ 0. 0000059 cos' 240)
(4.10)
the value of 0 which satisfies this equation for &a

-9.80665 m sec-2 is found to be 0=45o32'33'=R.
The value of ro for this latitude was computed in the
manner described for the computation of values in
Smithsonian Table 49 (List, 1963), or as previously
discussed by Minzner and Ripley (1956). The use
of this particular pair of values of &~and r4 its Eq.
(4.8) yields values of MY as a function of Z. The corresponding values of Z and H for latitude R are hereafter referred to as Zt, and He and serve as the argument
pair in the geopotential tables of this section. With
the same values of &~and rs, Eq. (4.9) yields values
of ZI(as
Sets of values of Z4 as a functiomn of the second memher of the argument pair could be calculated for each
latitude by means (of Eq. (4.9) and the appropriate
values of &~ and r,5 . A considerable reduction iii
the number of columns of pirint is obtained, however,
by listing values of the departure of Z6 from Z84 , in
the form of Z,5 -ZN, as a function of the argument pair
for each of the required latitudes.
A comparison of the values of geometric altitude as
a function of H in the US. Standurd Atmosphere, 1962
with values (if Z as computed by E~q.t(4.9) for thesame
values (if H=JI5 at the reference latitude R, shows
that these two sets of values of Z depart slowly fromt
each other in accordance with somne function of increasing values of H, The analYtical expression for
computing the 1962 Standard values of Z as a function of H (or vice versa) has not been published, but
Minzner (1966) has shown that the unrounded 1962I
Standard values of Z as a function of H are very closely
approximated by an empirical function Z, which is
defined by the following pair of equations:
RHA
rf+(Hj(4.11)
ras
H +f(H)J
a function of HR, or as a function of the second
member of the argument pair, ZR and Hit.
34
22
CC
60.
*2-v
*00
Latitude q' (degrees)
____________________
Geomtri
Z (k'n)FIGURE
Alitue
FIGUREt4.21. -Altitude difference (.4 - Zj) assa function of
reference altitude Z5t for each of seven latitudes,
.....
......
M-----
4.22.-Altitude difference (Z#- ZP) as a function of latitude

for each of five equal-geopotential surfaces equivalent at the
800.
reference latitude to the geometric altitudes 200, 400, 600O,
and 1000 km.
adt
Pl)
,4' + B'H + C'H2 + D'H. + E'H1
(4.12)
where
X 10-2 t'
B' 0.2161710 x 10-7 nim'n'
C' -0.1807561 x 10- 10 m'/(m') 2
D'-0.9153012x 10 -s m6
inen' 3
E' 0.2006785 x 10- ,'/(m') 4
.4'-0.2579651
Since the 1962 Standard like the earlier Standards

used 9.80665 m sec-2 as the sea-level value of the
acceleration of gravity, this 1962 Standard may be
associated with the reference latitude 4532'33", at
least at sea level. Consequently, a comparison of
Z,(H) with Zy(H) in the form (if (Z--Zq) gives an overall indication of the uncertainties introduced into the
HIto Z relationship by using the simplified expressions
83
of Eqs. 4.8) and (4.9) rather than the complicated

method used in the 1962 Standard.
4.3.3 DESCRIPTION
OF'
THE
GEOPOTENTIAL
TABLE. -Tile basic Lormal of Table 4.20 is such as to
provide one set of values ofZ# -Za as a function of the
argument pair, Z5 and HA, for each of seven latitudes.
The argument pair occupies columns I and 2 while
tile successive sets of values of Za -Z?, corresponding
respectively to each of the seven successive latitudes,
occupy the columns 3 through 9. Column 10 contains
the set of values of Z.-ZR.
The particular format of the table is dictated by the
large number of entries in the column of Z5 as compared with the small number of values of latitude.
Actually. the table will probably find its greatest usefulness in translating atmospheres computed for the
reference latitude to other latitudes. From this point
of view, latitude is -he argument or independent variable and the tabk is found to provide differences in
geometric altitudes for 256 equal geopotential surfaces
as a function of latitude.
this usage.
The title of the table reflects
Altitude Difnrern es Z#-Zftof Equal-GeopotentialSurfaces Hit as a

Function of Latitude 0, whene Reference Latitude R = 45*32 '33'
84
TABLE 4.20.-Geometric
zo-Z
Geometric
"-a
Ahftude
iS
30
# (Des)z-
60
90
75
0.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
250.
500.
750.
1000.
1250.
1500.
1750.
2000,
2250.
249.9
49999
749.9
999.8
1249.7
1499.6
1749.5
1999.3
2249.2
0.7
1.3
2.0
2.7
3.4
4.0
4&7
5.4
691
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.3
2.9
3.5
4.1
4.7
5.3
0*3
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
-0.3
-0.6
-1.0
-1.3
-1.6
-1.9
-2.2
-2o5
-2#9
-0.6
-1.1
-1.7
-2.2
-2.8
-3.4
-3.9
-4.5
-5.0
-0.6
-1.3
-1.9
-2.6
-3.2
-3.9
-4.5
-5.2
-5.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2500.
2750.
30000
3250.
3500.
3750.
2499.0
2748.8
2998.5
3248.3
3498.0
3747.7
6.7
7.4
8.1
8,7
9.4
10.1
5.8
6.4
7.0
7.6
8.2
8*8
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.5
4.8
5.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
-3@2
-3.5
-3e8
-4.1
-4.4
-4.8
-5.6
-6.1
-6.7
-7.3
-7.8
-8.4
-6.5
-7.1
-7.8
-8.4
-9.1
-9.7
0.0
000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4000.
4250,
3997.4
4247.1
10.8
11.4
9.4
9.9
5.5
5.8
0.2
0.2
-5.1
-5.4
-8.9
-9.5
-10.4
-11.0
0.0
0.0
4500a
4750.
4496.8
4746e4
12.1
12.8
10.5
11.1
6.2
6,5
0.2
0.2
-5*7
-6.0
-10.1
-10.6
-11.7
-12.3
0.0
0.0
5000.
5250.
4996.0
5245.6
13,5
14.1
11.7
12.3
6.9
7.2
0.3
0.3
-6.4
-6.7
-11.2
-11.7
-13.0
-13.6
0.0
0.0
5500.
5750.
6000.
6250.
6500.
6750.
7000.
5495.2
5744.8
5994.3
6243.8
6493o3
6742.8
699293
14.8
15.5
16.2
16.8
17.5
18,2
18.9
12.9
13.5
14.0
14.6
15.2
15.8
16.4
7.5
7.9
8.2
8.6
8.9
9.3
9.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
-7.0
-7.3
-7.6
-7.9
-8.3
-8.6
-8.9
-12.3
-12.9
-13.4
-14.0
-1415
-15.1
-157
-14.3
-14.9
-15.6
-16,2
-16.9
-17e5
-18.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7250.
7241.7
19.5
17.0
10.0
0.4
-9.2
-16.2
-18.8
0.0
7500.
7491.1
20.2
17.6
10.3
0.4
-9.5
-16.8
-19.4
0.0
7750.
8000.
7740.5
7989.9
20.9
21.6
18.1
18.7
10.6
11.0
0.4
0.4
-9.9
-10.2
-17.4
-1719
-20.1
-20.8
0.0
0.0
8250.
8239.3
22.2
19.3
11.3
0.4
-10.5
-18.5
-21.4
0.0
8500.
8488.6
22.9
19.9
11.7
0.4
-10.8
-19.0
-22,1
0.0
8750.
8737.9
23.6
20.5
0,4
-11.1
-19.6
-2207
0.0
9000.
9250,
9500.
9750.
8987*2
9236,5
9485.8
9735.0
24.3
24.9
25.6
26.3
21.1
21.7
22.3
22.8
12.0
.2.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-11.5
-11.8
-12.1
-12,4
-20.2
-20,'
-21.3
-21,8
-23o4
-24.0
-24,7
-25.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1297
13.1
1394
0.0
I;
___
__
_ _
_____
_._
__
't1
--
TABLE
Altitd
Altim)d
4.20.-Continued
o tenti
Hitre')
Z..)
Latitude # (Dea)
IS
30
45
Z,-Z
"
60
75
90
10000.
9984.2
27.0
23.4
13.7
0.5
-12.7
-22.4
-26.0
0.0
10250.
10233.4
27.7
24.0
14.1
0.5
-13.1
-23.0
-26.6
0.0
10500.
10482.6
28.3
24o6
14.4
0.5
-13.4
-23.5
-27.3
0.0
10750.
10731.8
29.0
25.2
14.8
0.5
-13.7
-24.1
-27.9
0.0
11000.
10980.9
29.7
25.8
15.1
0.6
-14.0
-24.7
-28.6
0.0
11500.
11479.2
31.0
27.0
15.8
0.6
-14.7
-25.8
-29.9
0.0
12000.
11977.3
32.4
28.1
16.5
0.6
-15.3
-26.9
-31.2
0.0
12500.
13000.
13500.
14000.
14500.
12475.4
12973.4
13471.3
13969.2
14467.0
33.8
35.1
36.5
37.8
39.2
29.3
30.5
31.7
3268
3490
17.2
17.9
18.6
19.3
20.0
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
-15.9
-16.6
-17.2
-17.9
-18.5
-28.0
-29e2
-30.3
-31.4
-32.5
-32.5
-33.8
-35.1
-36.4
-37.7
0.0
0.0
0*0
0.0
0.0
15000.
1550016000.
16500.
17000.
17500.
18000,
18500o
19000.
19500a
14964.6
15462,2
15959.8
16457.2
16954.6
17451.9
17949.1
18446.3
18943.3
19440.3
4095
41.9
4303
44.6
46.0
47.3
48.7
50.1
51a4
52,8
3592
36.4
37.6
38.7
39.9
41.1
42.3
4395
44.7
45.8
20.7
21.3
22.0
22.7
23.4
24.1
24.8
25.5
26.2
26a9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
-19.1
-19.8
-20.4
-21.1
-21.7
-22.3
-23.0
-23m6
-24.3
-24.9
-33.7
-34.8
-35.9
-37.1
-38.2
-39.3
-40.5
-41e6
-42.7
-43.9
-39.0
-40.3
-41.6
-42.9
-44.2
-4595
-46.9
-48.2
-49.5
-50.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
200009
19937.2
54.1
47.0
27.6
1.0
20500.
21000.
21500.
220006
22500.
23000.
23500.
20434.1
20930.8
21427.5
21924.1
22420.6
22917.0
23413.4
5505
56.9
58B2
59.6
61.0
62.3
63.7
48.2
49.4
5096
51.8
53,0
54.1
55.3
2803
29.0
29.7
30.4
31.1
31.8
32.5
1.0
1.1
101
1&1
101
1.2
1.2
-25.6
-26.2
-26.8
-27.5
-28.1
-28.8
-29.4
-30.1
-45.0
-46.1
-47.3
-48.4
-49o5
-5007
-51.8
-52.9
-52.1
-53.4
-54.7
-56.0
-57.3
-58,7
-60.0
-61.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0f
0.0
0.0
0.0
24000.
23909.7
65.1
56.5
33.1
1.2
-30.7
-54.1
-62.6
0.0
24500.
24405.9
66.4
57.7
33-8
1.2
-31.4
-55.2
-63.9
0.0
25000.
24902.0
67.8
58.9
34.5
1.3
-32.0
-5693
-65.2
0.0
25500.
260009
25398.1
2589490
69.2
70.5
60.1
61.3
35.2
35.9
1.3
1.3
-32o7
-33.3
-57.5
-58.6
-66.6
-67.9
0.0
0.0
26500.
27000e
27500.
28000.
28500.
26389.9
26885.8
27381.5
27877.2
28372.7
71.9
73*3
7497
76.0
77,4
62.5
63.6
64.8
6690
6792
36.6
37.3
38,0
38.7
39.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1-4
1.4
-33.9
-34.6
-35.2
-35.9
-36.5
-59.7
-60.9
-62.0
-63.2
-64.3
-69.2
-70.5
-71t8
-73.1
-74.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
29000.
28868.3
78.8
68.4
40.1
1.5
-3792
-65.4
-75.8
0.0
29500.
29363.7
80.1
69*6
40.8
1.5
-37.8
-66.6
-77.1
0.0
M1.
...
W..
.....
A f,
6'
TAULE
4.20.- Continued
Z.,.- Z.(m)
Latitude * (Detl
Goo
Goomeolia
ntial
Altitude
Z.
I______
_______
_________
4S
S30
60
75
%90
30000.
30500.
31000,
31500.
32000.
33000*
29859.0
3035403
30849.5
31344.6
31839.7
32829.5
81.5
82.9
8403
85.6
87.0
89.8
70.8
72.0
73.2
74.4
75.6
78.0
41.5
42.2
42e9
43.6
44.3
45.7
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
-38.5
-39.1
-39.8
-40s4
-41.1
-42.4
-6701
-68.9
-70.0
-71.1
-72.3
-74.6
-78.4
-79.7
-81.1
-82.4
-83.7
-86.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
34000.
35000*
36000.
37000.
38000.
39000.
33819.1
34808*3
35797*2
36785.8
37774.1
38762.1
92,5
95.3
98.0
100.8
103.5
106.3
80*3
82.7
85.1
87.5
89.9
92.3
47.1
48.5
49.9
51,3
52.7
54.2
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
2,0
-43.7
-45.0
-46.3
-47.6
-48.9
-50.2
-76.9
-79.1
-81.4
-83.7
-86.0
-88.3
-89.0
-91.7
-94.3
-97.0
-99e6
-102.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40000.
41000s
42000.
43000.
44000.
45000.
46000.
47000.
48000.
49000.
39749,8
40737.2
41724.3
42711.0
43697.5
44683.6
45669*5
46655.0
47640.2
48625.1
109.1
111.8
114.6
117e4
120.1
122.9
125.7
128.5
131.3
134.0
9497
97.1
99.5
101.9
104.3
106.8
109.2
111.6
114.0
116.4
55.6
57,0
58.4
59,8
61,2
62.6
64.0
65.4
66.9
68.3
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
-51.5
-52.8
-54.1
-55.4
-56.7
-58.0
-59.3
-60.6
-62.0
-63.3
-90.6
-92,9
-95.2
-97.5
-99.8
-102.1
-104.4
-106.7
-109.0
-111.3
-104.9
-10796
-110.3
-112.9
-115.6
-118.3
-120.9
-123.6
-126.3
-129.,0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
50000.
51000.
52000.
53000.
54000*
55000.
5600057000.
58000.
59000*
49609.7
50594.0
51578.0
52561.7
53545.1
54528.2
55510.9
56493.4
57475.5
58457*4
136.8
139.6
142.4
145.2
148,0
150.8
153.6
156,4
159.2
162,0
118.8
121.2
123.7
126.1
128.5
130.9
133-4
135.8
138.2
140.7
69.7
71.1
72.5
74*0
75.4
76.8
78.2
79.7
81.1
82.5
2.5
2.6
2-6
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.9
2*9
3.0
3.0
-64.6
-65.9
-67.2
-68.5
-69.8
-71.2
-72.5
-73.8
-75.1
-76.4
-116.7
-116.0
-118.3
-120.6
-122.9
-125.2
-127.6
-129.9
-132.2
-134.5
-131.6
-134.3
-137.0
-139.7
-142.4
-145.0
-147.7
-150.4
-153.1
-155.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
60000.
61000.
62000.
63000.
64000.
65000.
66000.
67000.
68000.
69000.
59438.9
60420.2
61401-1
62381*7
63362*0
64342.0
65321*7
66301.1
67280.2
68259.0
164.8
167.6
170.4
173.2
176.0
178.8
181.6
184.4
187.3
190.1
143.1
145.5
148.0
150.4
152.8
1S5.3
157.7
160.2
162.6
165.1
83.9
85s4
86.8
88.2
89-7
91.1
92.5
93.9
95.4
96.8
3.1
3,1
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3e4
3.4
3*5
3.5
-77.8
-79.1
-80.4
-81.7
-83.1
-84.4
-85.7
-87.1
-88.4
-89.7
-136.9
-139.2
-141.5
-143.9
-146.2
-148.5
-150.9
-153.2
-155.5
-157.9
-158.5
-161.2
-163.9
-166.6
-169.3
-172.0
-174.7
-177.4
-180.1
-182.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
47
B
17
TArn 3
4.20.- Continued
Z - Z i m)
L.atitude # (Dell)
(.4..netrir
Altitude
Geol,lential
0
-
is
30
45
-I-
75
-
70000.
710009
72000.
73000.
74000.
69237.5
70215.7
71193.6
72171.2
73148.4
192.9
195.7
198.6
201.4
204.2
167.5
170.0
172.4
174.9
177.4
98.3
99.7
101.1
102.6
104.0
3.6
3.6
3.7
3-7
3.8
-91.0
-92e4
-93.7
-95.0
-96.4
-160.2
-162.6
-164.9
-167.3
-169.6
-185.6
-188.3
-191.0
-193.7
-196.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
75000.
76000.
77000.
78000.
79000.
74125.4
75102.0
76078.4
77054.5
78030.2
207.0
209.9
212.7
215.6
218.4
179.8
182.3
184.7
187.2
189.7
105.5
106.9
108.4
109.8
111.2
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.1
-97.#
-99.1
-100.4
-101.7
-103.1
-172.0
-174.3
-176.7
-179.0
-181.4
-199.2
-201.9
-204.6
-207.4
-210.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
80000.
81000.
82000.
83000.
84000.
85000.
86000.
87000.
88000.
89000.
79005.7
79980.8
80955.7
81930.2
82904.4
83878.4
84852.0
85825.3
86798.4
87771.1
221.2
22461
226.9
229.8
232.6
235.5
238.3
241.2
244.0
246.9
192.1
194.6
197.1
199.5
202.0
204.5
207.0
209.5
211.9
214.4
112.7
114.1
115.6
117.0
118.5
119.9
121o4
122.9
124.3
125.8
4.1
4.2
4-2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.6
-104.4
-105.8
-107.1
-108.5
-109.8
-111.1
-112.5
-)13.8
-115o2
-116.5
-183.8
-186.1
-188.5
-190.9
-193.2
-195.6
-198.0
-200.3
-202.7
-205.1
-212.8
-215.6
-218.3
-221.0
-223-8
-226.5
-229.3
-232.0
-234.8
-237.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
90000.
92000.
94000.
96000.
98000*
88743.5
90687.4
92630.2
94571.7
96512.1
249.8
255.5
261.2
267.0
272.7
216.9
221.9
226.9
231.9
236.9
127.2
130.1
133.1
1,36.0
138.9
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.0
5.1
-117.9
-120s6
-123.3
-126.0
-128.7
-207.4
-212.2
-217.0
-221.7
-226.5
-240.3
-245.8
-251.3
-256.8
-262.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
100000.
102000.
104000.
106000.
108000.
110000.
112000.
114000.
116000.
118000.
98451.2
100389.1
102325.9
104261.4
106195.7
108128.8
110060.8
111991,.5
113921.1
115849.5
278.5
28403
290.0
295.8
301.6
307.4
313.2
319.0
324.8
330.7
241.8
246.9
251.9
256.9
261.9
267.0
272.0
277.1
282.1
28792
141.8
144.8
147.7
150.7
153.6
156.6
159.5
162.5
165.5
168.4
5.2
5.3
5.4
5-5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
-131.4
-134.2
-136.9
-139.6
-142.3
-145.1
-147.8
-150.6
-153.3
-156.1
-231.3
-236.1
-240.9
-245.7
-250.5
-255.3
-260.1
-265.0
-269.8
-274.6
-267.9
-273.4
-279.0
-284.5
-290.1
-295.7
-301.3
-30(,8
-312.5
-318.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
120000.
125000.
130000.
135000.
140000.
145000.
150000.
155000.
160000.
165000.
117776.6
122589.3
127394.6
132192.6
136983.1
141766.2
146542.0
151310.5
156071.6
160825.5
336.5
351.1
365.8
380.5
395.3
410.1
425.0
439.9
454.9
469.9
292.2
304.9
317.7
330.5
343.3
356.2
369.1
382.0
395.0
408.1
171.4
178.9
186.3
193.8
201.3
208.9
216.5
224.1
231.7
239.3
6.3
6.5
6.8
7.1
7o3
7.6
7.9
8-2
8.5
8.7
-158.8
-165.7
-172.6
-179.6
-186.6
-193.5
-200.6
-207.6
-214.6
-221.7
-279.5
-291.6
-303.8
-316.0
-328.3
-340.6
-352.9
-365.3
-377.7
-390.2
-323.7
-337.7
-351.9
-366.0
-380.2
-394.4
-408.7
-423.1
-437.5
-451.9
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
--
1t
I
TABLE 4 20. - Continued

(eviuetrw
,'.oential
Z.Z.(M)
Latthude
0 j(eg)
Altitude
t,-Z
Lawree
Zgkm)
is
4S
170.
175.
180.
185.
190.
195.
165572.0
170311.3
175043.4
179768*2
184485.8
189196.2
484.9
500.1
515.2
530.4
545.7
561.0
42191
434*3
447.4
460.6
473.9
487.2
247.0
254.7
262.4
270.2
277.9
285.7
990
9.3
9.6
9.9
10.2
10.4
-228.9
-236.0
-243.1
-250.3
-257.5
-264.7
-402.7
-415.2
-427.8
-440.4
-453.1
-465.8
-466.4
-480.9
-495.5
-510.1
-524.7
-539.5
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1-3
1.4
200.
205.
210.
215*
220.
225a
230.
235.
240.
193899.4
198595.4
203284.3
207966.1
212640.7
217308s2
22196897
226622.1
231268.4
576.3
591o7
607.2
622.7
638.2
653.8
669.5
685.1
700.9
500.5
513.9
527.3
540.8
554.3
567.8
581.4
595.0
608*7
293.6
301.4
309.3
317.2
325.1
333.0
3410
349,0
357.0
10.7
11.0
11.3
11.6
11-9
12.1
12.5
12.7
13.0
-271.9
-279.2
-286.5
-293.8
-301.1
-308.5
-315.9
-323.3
-330.7
-478.5
-491.3
-504.2
-517.0
-529.9
-542.9
-555.8
-568.9
-58199
-554.2
-569.0
-583.9
-598.7
-61397
-628.7
-643.7
-658.8
-673.9
1.5
1.6
].7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2o1
2.*
293
245.
235907.7
716.7
622.4
365.0
13-3
-338.1
-595.0
-689.1
2.4
250.
255.
260.
240539*9
245165.2
249783.5
732.5
748.4
764.3
636.1
650.0
663.8
373.1
381.2
389.3
13.6
13.9
14.2
-345.6
-353.1
-360.6
-608.2
-621.3
-634.6
-704.3
-719.5
-734.9
2.6
2.7
2.8
265.
254394-8
780.3
677.6
691*6
405,6
397.4
14.5
-368.2
-375o7
-661*1
-647.8
-750.2
-765*6
301
275o 263596*5
280. 268187.0
2859 272770.5
812.4
828.5
844.7
705*5
719o5
733.6
413.8
422.0
430.2
15.1
15.4
15.7
-383.3
-390.9
-398.5
-674.5
-687.9
-701.2
-781.1
-796.6
-812.1
3.3
3.5
396
290.
277347.2
860.9
747.7
438*5
16.C
-406.2
-714.7
-827.7
3.8
295.
281917.0
877.2
761.8
446.8
16.3
-413.8
-728.2
-843.3
4.0
300. 286479.9
310. 295585.2
320o 304663.2
330a 313714.0
340o 322737.9
350. 331734.8
893.5
926*3
959.3
992.5
1025.9
1059.4
776. 0
804*4
83o.1
864@9
890.9
920.0
455.1
471-8
488.6
505.5
522.5
539.6
16.6
17.2
17.8
18.4
19.1
19.7
-421.5
-437.0
-452.6
-468.2
-483.9
-499.7
-741.7
-768*9
-796.3
-823.8
-859.0
-890.5
-922.2
-954.1
4.1
4.5
4-9
5.3
-851.5
-879.3
-986,1
-1018.3
5.7
6.2
270o
360s
258999*1
796o3
14*8
3-0
340704.9
1093.2
94993
556.7
20.3
-515.7
-907.3
-1050.8
6.7
370. 349648*4
380a 358565.3
390. 367455.8
1127.1
1161,3
1195.6
978.8
1008.5
1038.2
574.0
591.4
608.9
20-9
21.6
22.2
-531.6
-- 547.7
-564*0
-935.5
-963.8
-992.3
-1083.4
-1116.1
-1149.1
7.2
7.7
8.3
400.
410.
420.
430.
440.
450.
460a
470.
376320.0
385158.0
393969e9
402755.7
411515.8
420250.1
428958.9
437642.0
1230.1
1264o9
1299.8
1334.9
1370.2
140597
1441.4
1477.2
1068.2
1098o4
1128.7
1159.2
1189.9
1220.7
1251.7
1282.8
626-4
644.1
661-9
679.8
697o8
715.8
734.0
752.3
22.8
23.5
24.2
24.8
25.5
26.1
26.8
27.4
-580.2
-596.6
-613.0
-629.6
-646.2
-663.0
-679.7
-696.7
-1020.9
-1049o7
-1078.6
-1107o8
-1137.0
-1166.4
-1196.0
-1225.8
-1182.3
-1215a6
-1249.1
-1282.9
-1316.7
-1350.8
-1385.0
-1419.5
8.9
9.5
10.1
10.8
11.4
12.2
12.9
13.7
480.
490o
446299.8
454932.3
1513.3
1549.6
1314.2
1345-7
770.6
789.1
28.1
2898
-713.7
-730.8
-1255.7
-1285.7
-1454.1
-1488.9
14*5
15.3
__
"-
TABLF
(;o,,mneIri.
Altitude
Z,(kmi%
4.20. -Continued
ZO-Z.(m)
La udr # iDgz.-z
Gwprtca)
0
500*
510.
520.
5309
540.
550.
560.
570.
580.
590.
463539.6
472121.8
480679.1
489211&6
497719.2
506202.3
514660.8
523095.0
531504.7
539890.3
1586.1
1622.7
1659o6
1696.7
1733.9
1771.3
1809.0
1846.8
1884.8
1923.0
1377e4
1409e2
1441.2
1473.4
1505.7
1538.2
1570.9
1603.7
1636.7
1669.9
807.7
826.3
845.1
864.0
882.9
902.0
921.1
940.4
959.7
979.2
600.
610.
620.
630.
640.
650c
660.
670.
680.
690.
548251.8
556589.3
564902.8
573192.6
581458.6
589701.1
597920.1
606115.7
614288.0
622437.0
1961.4
2000.1
2038.8
2077.8
211790
2156.3
2195@9
2235.7
2275.7
2315.8
1703.2
1736.8
1770.5
1804.3
1838.4
1872.5
1906.9
'941.4
1976.1
2011.0
700.
710.
720a
730.
740.
750.
760.
770.
780.
790.
630563.0
638666.1
646746.2
654803.4
662838.0
670850.0
678839.5
686806.5
694751.3
702673.8
2356.2
2396.7
2437.5
2478*4
2519.5
2560.8
2602.4
2644.0
2685.9
2728.0
SOC.
820.
840.
860.
88C.
900.
920.
940.
960.
980.
710574.1
726308.7
741955.9
757516.4
772990.8
788380.0
803684.5
818905.2
834042.7
849097.6
864070.7
1000.
|.r,
6
7S
-747.9
-765-2
-782.6
-800o0
-817.6
-835.2
-853.0
-870.8
-888.7
-906.7
-1316.0
-1346.4
-1376.9
-1407.6
-1438.5
-1469.5
-1500.7
-1532.0
-1563.5
-1595.2
-1523.9
-1559.2
-1594.5
-1630.1
-1665o8
-1701.7
-1737.8
-1774.1
-1810.6
-1847.3
16.2
17.1
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.1
23.2
24.3
25.5
99807
1018.4
1038.1
1058.0
1077.9
1097.9
1118.1
1138.3
1158.7
1179.1
36.4 -924.8
37e2
-942.9
37*8 -961.3
38.6 -979.6
39.3 -998.0
40.0 -1016.6
40.8 -1035.2
41.5 -1054.0
42.3 -1072.8
4390 -1091.7
-1627.0
-1658.9
-1691.1
-1723.4
-1755.8
-1788.5
-1821.3
-1854.2
-1887.3
-1920.6
-1884.1
-1921.1
-1958s4
-1995.7
-2033.3
-2071.1
-2109.1
-2147.2
-2185.5
-2224.0
26.7
28.0
29.3
30.6
32.0
33.4
34.8
36.3
37.8
39.4
2046.0
2081.2
2116.6
2152.1
2187-8
2223.7
2259.8
2296.0
2332.3
2368.9
1199.7
1220.3
1241.1
1261.8
1282.8
1303.8
1325.0
1346.2
1367.5
1388.9
43-7
44o5
45.3
46-0
46.8
47.6
48.4
49.1
49.9
50.7
-1110.7
-1129.8
-1148.9
-1168o2
-1187.6
-1207.0
-1226.5
-1246.2
-1265.9
-1285.7
-1954.0
-1987.5
-2021.2
-2055.2
-2089.2
-2123.4
-215797
-2192.3
-2227.0
-2261.8
-2262.7
-2301.6
-2340.6
-2379.9
-2419.3
-2458.9
-2498.6
-2538.7
-2578.8
-2619.2
41.0
2770.3
2855.5
2941.3
3028.1
3115.6
3203.9
3292.9
3382.7
3473.3
3564.7
2405c6
2479.6
2554.1
2(29.4
2705.4
2782.0
2859.3
2937.3
3015.9
3095.3
1410.4
1453.8
1497o5
1541t,5
1586.1
1631.1
1676.3
1727.1
1768.1
1814.7
51.4
53.0
54.6
56.2
57.8
59.5
61.1
62-8
64.5
66.2
-1305.7
-1345.7
--1386.2
-1427.0
-1468.2
-1509.7
-1551.6
-1593.8
-1636.5
-1679.4
-2296.9
-236713
-2438.5
-2510.2
-2582.6
-2655.6
-2729.3
-2803.6
-2878.6
-2954.1
-2659.7
-2741.3
-2823.7
-2906.7
-2990.6
-3075e1
-3160.5
-3246.4
-3333.3
-3420.7
365607
3175.2
1861.5
67.8 -1722.8
-3030.4
-3509.0
Z9e5
30.1
30.8
31.5
32.2
32.9
33.6
34.3
35.0
35.7
it
BLA'NK PAGE
IT
M,1
ANiIt.F,
J,.
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0
J. Atmi.
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via
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n. I.:
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n O~.L . nl~.a
e~t
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Falling Sphere Measure.

iin, f Aim islileric Density. Temttpiraturie and I'rvs5uri tlo
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iloetes
Btwen 1W aid
an
,'. NEPER,
CHADRA
%;m.
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IIIADY
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AI
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7th I nternat~onal Space Sciecuc Sy o-posiulo. Vicuina, Maio. I 966.
KOCxKxmTS, G., &ad NicotuT, M.: Le problime so~ronomique de
I'h6;ium et de llrydrog.ne neutres. Ann. Geoph)si., viol. 111,1962,
p. 269.
KOCKARTS, G., and NICOLEA, M.: U.hi~iuni et l'hrydrog.ne irtirnaique
au cours d'un minimum d'actjvitt solaire. Ann. Geophys., vol. 19,
1963, p. 370.
1,AIIFY. 3. F_, BtysoNo, R. A.and WAHL, E. W!.: Atlas of F'ive-day
Normal Ses-lesel Pressure Chiart- for Northern Hernistdrere.
Scientific Rep. Nor. 7. Crontract AF19t6041-992, Uniiv. Wisconsin
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L~ovy, C.: Radiative Equilibrium of the Mesosphere. I. Atm, Scj.,
the Irriernnotonur Sirrnwosium on Stratosph)ere andl Ileso.spherr.

Circulation,Free Univ., Berlin, August 1962.
1'AETZOLLD. H. K., atid ZSCH6R1NEH. H.: Tlie Structure of the, Uipper
Atmosphere and its V',-iaioni Alter Satrllite (Jl.rsrvdtion,..
Space Res. 11, North Ho
r
' P'ub. Co. tAmvtierdami). 19012.
p. "!5H
PEARSON. 1'. H4.0.; liv'
,heric P'ararmeters as Mea,~ured l Iy
Four Falling Sphere EI~y
it., at W4,inerira. August-Noveinrer
1964
Auwtaljaim Vlsprrn, Research Es.tabrlishmnint, Tech. Note
Pad. 99, April 1CZ.5
PEIARSON, I'. H. 0.: Basic Atnuonphreic I'ararneters as Measured hyt
Four Falling Spherre lEvtirinrent s at Wo, micra. l)--'emtbrr 1964March 1965. Austr-lijar
Weapons Research Estalulshrinent,
Tech, Note load 109. Novembier, 1965.
PETERSON, J. W., HANSEN, W. H.. MCWArranS. K. D., and
BONFANTI, G.: Falling Sphere Measurements Over Kwajalein.
J. Geoplrys. Res., Vol. 70, 1965, p. 4477.
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D~ernsity Variatiomns in the U~ppcc .4tmrsphiere. Naiur-. vrl., 188,
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vrrl. 21. 1964, p. 238.

Iwoov. MI. I..: Iskusstvennyv Sputnil.i Zemli, Acrad. Srii. II%%R
Vol. ,I 1958, p. 9. Traosiaiid ir,: Deltrior.iatlrio rif Atmiosphieric
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Lgsc, R. 3.. ed.: Smriths~onian Aieleorologjcrai Tables, Sixth Revised
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Mr:CLIArN. E. P'.: .1 Cointributiori to tire Climatrolorgy irf tfire Arctic
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NMattOV. Ms. Y.: Their Density of the lUpprir Atmiisoplrerr.
Anni.
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MARIIYN. D.. F.: Reactions of 1`24.Iyer Ionizatjiin oin thre Neutral
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Symisositimni Vienna, May, 19i6,
NIINZNEH, R. A.. (.IIAMPION. K. S. W.. and P'uNtt, H. 1,,: '1he AHiDE
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Atrursphmeri.. Diensty friim Ohi..crvationti orhSatellite 1958 Elxislrn.
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196..
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2.)4
40%0t
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93
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in the Lo-wer Ionoliphere
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P'roceedin~gs of Conference on
aA Meas~uredl by Neutral Tra'rne.
n Siodirs of the Lower
Louid-&tusd Radio Waote i'ritiw ito.e
JonopesjAre. Ottawva. 1966.
PART 5
Tables of Properties of Supplementary Atmospheres to 120 Kilometers
- .
'I
T.44
A4 ''.
-':
*1
Table 5.1
Sea level to 120 km
TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, DENSITY, SOUND SPEED, COEFFICIENT
OF VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Metric Units
- . . ..
.j
...-.......-
93
TADA &I.
W5 N. Annual
GEOPOTENTIAL ALTIMUDE. METRIC UNITS

Akitunde
TeIlPe~tuII
Sound
ipeed
Denisity
PtIw'
Coefficient
Thermal
of viscosity
conductivity
k
,mml
T.I
8..C
1-T
P.ml
0
250
0
251
302.$9
300.91
29.44
2174
14.44
14.39
1.0|15 4 3
9.6132 5
54)0
7110
1040
12S0
15406
1150
501
12
1002
1253
I04
1755
499.24
291.S
295.9
294.25
292.61,
290.96
26.09
a4.42
22.74
21.10
MI.A
11.63
14.34
L4.Z 9
14014.23
14.21
14.20
9.573
9.305
9.039
.1741
.529
4.263
p.Mbm'
-- I
m C
kk&m
1.000
1.001
1.003
1.004
1.0,0
1.001
1.009
1.010
1.161 . 0
140
1.115
1.069
1.064
1.040
1.015
V.917 - I
0.952
0.955
0.955
0.996
0.957
0.956
0.960
0,961
3401
347,1
344.6
345.6
344.6
343.9
342.9
342.0
1.:58 1.650
1.642
1.431
1.421
I1.19
1.11
1.803
klm-cm
6.322 6.2v1
6.260
4.2z9
4.196
6,L61
6. 137
6.106
2000
200S
269.34
16.19
14.19
B.043
1.01Z
9.663
0.963
341.0
4.195
6.015
2500
2206
281.72
14.51
14.19
1.109
1.033
1.16t
0.963
390.0
1.703
6.04S
32o
511
3753
U01
$50)
2907
a?.?,3
.1201
51621541
24
008 19
0209
243.71
ASI0
2110.62
4.59
U. 0
-7.111
9.40
154.6
14.724
3 14.43
15.5s
IS*42
7.4160
7.153
7.141
6.429
*,122
1.015
1.007
1.019
1.040
9.177
.
6.832
86.50
1.543
0.959
0.960
0.963
0.963
340.1
339.0
36.60
332.0
1.161
1.169
1.771
1.762
4751)
04"I)
6151)
4041)
471U
3621
4012
2613
7504
74115
269.09
270.32
275.4.3
Z13.95
955.24
1.91
1.2X
. 51
0.20
-01.90
14.49
14.21
1.13
14S.05
14.27
&.1Sa
64.30
6.130
5.943
5.160
1.024
1.026
1.028
1.029
1.031
.1341
T.954
7.140
7.557
7.3,0
0.965
0.910
0.911
0.993
0.975
324.9
333.4
322.4
3J1.8
320.
1.645
1.736
1.124
1.030
I.62
5.882
5.839
5.411
5.456
5.4 2
501)
12510
5000
62511
7506
1170
6502
5762
a10.54
261.63
265.11
265.42
-2.69
-21.A9
-o.039
-27.66
14.19
14.090
14.?2
13.64
5.06L
3.601
5.238
3.062
1.033
1.05
1.037
1.039
7.183 7.0037
5.231
66518
0.996
0.98
0.990
0.982
319.1
318.1
317.1
326.6
1.103 - 5
1.695
1.600
1.618
5.719 5.381
5.654
5.621
4001)
6020
26J.71
0.5914
1.061
6.498
0.983
14.b
1.669
5.260
625)
6211
2362.02
39
1.003
4.704
6.324
0.941
313.b
1.660
5.21$
900)
6251
9034
6
:113
60.32
541.76
-12.13
-14.52
14.42
14.36
3.*16
3.452
1.046
1.086
4.158
.5997
0.981
0.989
312.6
321.1
1.652
1.641
5.214
5.190
wo0o
915
7026
9765
a40.94
235.2%
-16.21
-3.590
13.69
1.2
4.305
24.9166
1.079
1.013
.8430
S4.36
0.010
0.902
321.6
32093
1.545
1.636
S.128
5.025
5,000
10710
00)
11020
1036
1291
10129
1240
2S3.16
215.04
231.46
230.49
-19.59
-6.119
-42.94
-24.6b
13.16
13.09
13.02
13.35
4.026
3.8974
3.7,4
3.638
1.073
1.07
1.056
1.060
4.316 5.380
.324
3.720
0.994
0.996
0.0990
L.000
319.2
31a.3
317. 1
306.0
1.h10 1.01
1.600
1.491
850)
6531
24&r.81
7.67
-29.4
-1
-26.34
13.916
1 1..09
36
13.91
L.0aa
+ 2
* 2
1-.062
J.614
0.966
4.339
L*00a
4.960
335.9
.114.9
6.6ofs
65.63
5.960
5.956
I.1S4
1."13
-26.02
-49.11
13.85
4.65
3.194
2.112
1.064
1.093
3.02*
3.690
1.004
1.060
31.l
1.76.
3-8
290.606 156S
4.622
5.9
925)
9125
219.96
-53.09
13.3
3.964
1.069
3.509
1.006
311.3
1.440
S.167
9517
$134
210.08
139.20
-53.07
-359.9
13.68
-3.40
1.054
219.1
1.091
L.093
2.906
4.306
1.010
L.012
310.6
2092.
1.547
1.539
5.128
5.093
10039
10491
10542
10193
114562
LIS64
1701
1209
236.92
2J$,04
230.36
9319.6
30.00
936.65
123.30
219.95
-36.43
-34.11
-39.19
-41.3?
-630.5
-16.00
-194.0
-14.20
13.57
13..1
13.46
-1640
13.50
1.0
6.-5
3-.0
1.093
1.068
1.060
1.070
1.060
1*01 9
1.093
1.095
2.51 .0064
3.946
2.91
1.610
30S.2
3.295
3.091
1.014
L.016
L1.56
1.1020
1.016
1.041
1.060
1.1.
3029.4
306.3
306.6
303.
302.0
30L.8
291.6
297.3
1.5630 1.366
1.512
1.9.03
1.69*
1.36
1.318
1.440
5.062 - 6
4.029
4.996
4.962
4.929
4.662
4.26"
4.301
4.b61
.6o00
13057
216.10
-56.55
-1505
1.106
1.092
1.909
1.095
264.0
1.42L
19000
19~02
203*15
-10.0
-13.0
1,6/0
1.094
1.128
1.19
2691,1
1.403
13900
12000
25900
1M0
14064
01107
12041
15911F
209.90
206151
209.25
199.45
-63.25
-66.60
-69.9.
-131.30
-6./5
-10910
-13.6S
4.025
I.469
1.306
1.093
1.039
1.0104
2.$51 9.396
2.308
1.127
1.019
1.46
W# 1.90.4 1.
1.366
266.5
1.360
269.
ZC63.4
1.J28
11000
16078
192.10
-16.60
-0.50
4.7100
1.001
1.951
1-110
291.0
1.309
4.*Z1
-1500
A1000
16542
11026
013.01
15.15,
-40.00
-58.00
-25.00
-32.50
1.400
9.01Z
1.060
1 1.00
I7.10
6.47
,
1.06
1.01b
292d.b
2410.0
IZ.2
1.301
4.184
4.431
21200
14000
2&o00
24000
24500
-16.t0
1.200
1.078
1.168
2.091
4.5193
5
4.45P25 6
4.07
4.389
4.321
26330
191415
-16.00
-19.50
83.62
1.002
L.495
1.015
2941.
1.419
4.266
2134
115963
19Y.15
201615
-14.00
-2.00
-L7.S0
-15.10
7.763
?.1ab
1.03b
1.000
1.451
.0LI
L.12
1,001
262.9
2d9.3
1.324
1.331
0.307
.36t7
19106
2405
25156
0.10
20443
20319.
220.65
221.75
222.65
-10.00
-5.50
-13.10
-11.O0
6.5.0
2.075
1.022
1.010
1.649
1.026
1.090
1.002
295.1
297.6
1.346 1.354
11
4.382 4.429
21119
225.05
0.10
-0.10
-6.580
52.3
.710
0.3
99
1.000
1.001
1.005
7.10O2
1.020
292.
L.3
1.369
1.450
1.391
4.140
4.166
4.0S3
213.15
-51.40
-50.30
-62.00
296.5
1.34.9
.19.3
,0.4
21624
3.693
1.016
als00
2zoo0
21-00
21179
22636
226.15
216.25
-47.00
-56.90
-2.50
-3.90
1.650
3.701
1.003
1.002
.6497
2;.97
1.019
L.015
a0.0
2302.2
1.413
1.19
4.631
4.654
260000
263000
261146
26190
223.95
2216.5
-49.2:00
-144.0
13
-1.70
.5
3.52m
24000
24b00
25000
is-500
26000
24148
246S3
25158
Z5663
2e6164
-91.40
-%2,D0
-51.40
-90.30
-49.20
-1,10
-- 0.50
0-10
0.?0
1,30
a.9j
0
2.111
2.510
2.324
Z,153
2000
25500
21000
27000
27500
27179
27#115
219.55
aa0.65
22L.7%
222.45
IdJ.95
3225.03
226.15
212.25
46000
26190
d0690
228.31
dail .49,+
165004
2661
-*0,00
-5.00
4.345
.0 1.0
1.0
1.03.9 23
00.1
.9
.4
.426
296.9
0.
1.90
1.995
1.001
3.099
0.99Z
300.7
-47.03
-45.90
2.50
3.10
1,850
1.715
1.001
1.002
2.649
2.630
0.990
0.99V
A01.5
302.2
-443.0
-**3,70
4.30
1.592
1,1#11
1.005
2.430
0.966
303.9
1.405
.370
4.649
4,00
3194)
3,313
3,$49
L*OOS
*2.2,3
1.005
1.002
0.999
g.9 "I
0.,"It
197.0
297,m
290,5
,%9.,3
300.0
0. V06
303. t
4.696
.0
1.463
.6
-46.10
1.000
1.000
0.999
L,000
L.000
1.491
.720
4.?42
4.764
4.106
4.008
#,830
4.$52
4.874
4.196
4.918
~.
[I
4.5Z,391
100
1.4383
1.444
1.,4+V
1.455
1,461
1.,67
L.-,73
k.419
5.260
2'4.63
223.30
2.854 3
17.41
2.644
20508
21,06
2.'79
6.462
9.765
S.392 - 6
5.359
5.326
4.293
71156
90310
1000
102!0
10510
14010
Ilol0
0i00m
120)0
12000
SV15
75)0
120)
"G300
9750
'-----
TA8LE 5J.1
l5 N. Annual
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE. METRIC UNITS
Ahthude
Z,m
In
0
25O
t00
Temperaltur
m,
T,*K
(,C
Pressure
T--T
P. mh
Density
r kIas
spe
c,
j102.bv
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1.1413
299.1
a
.494
36.4
29,#
1.1139
:.030
5.31S
5.267
1.031
1.029
1.054
9.009
7.954
3..025
3.013
2.90)
.2.69
1.620
1.4?01
2.297
21901
8906414"
3..)
97708
IM.I
99779
I W.!
101644
1 0.'.'i
104vi00
110000
112000
11*000
114000
-1.90
1.239
-1.00
-0.50
-0.00
01.90
1.00
10.90
20.00
2.5.0
3.00
3.50
-2.00
-3.50
-3.00
-3.50
-3.57
94000
96000
96000
100030
10-0000
-2.00
nvtduciivity
pk mI
P, rub
29o00
-20.60
Therpnal
oefiiet
of Oseak.oily
_________
L.8249
1.60L
.5120
5.644
S.&35
5.493
5.558
54.192
4.132
4.78
4.991
-6
1.0271.4.062
1.02317.022
1.023
1.051
1.021
5.219
1.021
4.0489
1.022
3.600
.024
3.29053
1.026
52.10
1.029
2.390
1.032
2.806
1.0200
1.036
1.0.20
1.019
1.016
1.023
1,013
1.019
3.013
1.013
303.13
292.0
249.0
297.1
284.7
282.2
289.1
2671.2
274.4
d272.
&.49a4
1.439
1.37
1.43 5i
1.341
1.316
1.396
1.370
1.337
1.237
4.9422
4.852
490
41.49
14.39.
14.28.1
1.54.1400
4.1429
4.070
3.994
1.024
1.7914
L.0326
1.10
1.029
1.040
.M24
.061
1.03416.91)
1.03i
1.**)
1.013
L.013
1.016
& .049
1.034
11052
26F9.47
246.z
264.6
266.4
2469.8
240.4
1.298
.24
1.196
1.236
1.2L&
L. 196
3.925*4.19.92
3.070
3.499mI
3.4925
3.052
1.02813
1.033
260;.3
1.196
1.029,
266.8
1.194
3.&52
1.033
1.02V
246.8.
271.3
1.196
1.)19
3.852-4
3.971
1.019
1.008
01993
0.992
2 74. 2
271.2
240.3
232.9
1.23
1.274
1.901
1.324
4.060
4.142
4.229
4.307
0.945
0.909
0.462
0.46Z
0.7.
a
0.424
0.794
0.774
292.9
302.95
311.9h
321.0
4L
29.6
391.9
172.6
392.3
1.404
1.482
1.598
3.032
1.704
1.444
2.054
2.215
.501
1.0049.I 5
4-.
1.001
3.741
1.002
6.01a
-0
310134
1.0
4094
-4
1.045
1.026
5.5018.549
0.904
0.969
0.924
0.904
1.143
0.860
0.649
0.655
0.430
0.445
0.844
Q.693
0.36"
2.409 1.711
L.203
6.637 6.312
4.377
3.166
2.346
7.797
5.341
3.7115
7
6
266.8
266.8
------
-33.052-4
1.106
1.196
3.852
3.4$2
-.
10.597
4.844
5.107
9.446
9.721
6.424
7.101
7.754
TABLE &I.-ConliAd
101
15' N. Annual
GEOMETRIC ALITrUDE. METRIC UNrI_
_______
H. jm,
T,1-
______
C C
___________
29000
29300
.30000
g.wo.
31000
31300
32000
33000
34000
20801
29293
2187 9
30283
4
j1oly
31271
31165
32153
13140
230.11
2.j.20
1. .29
233.3?
23,4.40
235.33
230.03
2)8.00
=40.90
-41.04
-41.93
-40.8.
-39.78
-3*.&e
-37.60
-3.52
-J*.33
-J2.17
4.39
.10
3.1
.71
6.90
7.53
8.14t
7.83
7.23
1.41,
1.313
1.221
1 .135
1.0.0
V.830
9.132
1.941
6.900
J$000
34#121
24*13L
-30.00
0.0o
4.003
30000
J1000
J8000
33000
35713
30700
3:6,0
30,11
245.32
247.*9
149:.6
21.0)
-27.83
-23.00
-23.49
-21 .2
4.04
5.44
4.:4
4.,4
3.229
4.90L
3.983
3.*42
40000
19031
23.1.9V
-19.10
3.04
41000
4:000
630 0
44000
40042
41020
4,f11
43545
!16.1
238.33
00.4o
202.0.
-10.99
-- 14.2
-12.:6
-10.49
3.03
2. 4
1.03
1.23
43000()
441.59
204.02
-8.33
0.006
1.394
4800
49000
49000
,1000
52000
3.3O00
34000
53000
45362
40343
4?520
48493
49493
50471
314s1
2043Y
53419
!4400
.o6.99
209.1S
210.15
210.1s
2O.15
)70.15
209.24
217.27
2N.3.3
d&3.33
-0.16
-4.00
-3.00
-3.00
-3.00
-3.00
-3.91
-3.86
-7.84
-9.80
0.06
-- Q. "
-0.3%
-0.
0
-0.30
-0.30
-1.41
-2.23
-2.23
-2-24
1.405
1.239
1.094
9.633
8.33
1.S39
0.036
3.616
3.1L0
4.504
53000
57000
58000
5338C
5*330
J7340
261.39
259.43
237.47
-11.76
-13.2
-13.6b
-2.24
-2.23
-2.23
4.017
3.b32
3.103
59000
38320
233.31
-17.04
-2.Z3
-2.o1
-4.13
"6.000
47000
00000
01000
_________speed
P.m
rob
T-Tm
Sto
1
2.134 1.917
1.045
8.600
1.049
I.0S3
1.050
1.0S9
7.425 6.419
5.537
4.817
3.046
1.002
2.67L
.44
2.0.9
1.811
1.004
1.03S
1.067
1.000
1.009
2.097
-I
we
-
-gle
3
4.931 4.910
4.97#
4,o96
5,017
3.039
5.060
5.103
5.1"0
304.1
304.8
303.3
5
.0O.2
J0 V.0
307.?T
308.4
309.0
311.2
L.495 1.500
1.1
1:.$1
A.511
1.W24
1.!29
1."1
1.352
1.016
312.6
1.5614
1.023
1.029
1.035
1.041
314.0
313.4
310.1
L.5135
1.315
1.38"6
.9l7
1.009
4.101
1.046
319.5
1.620
5.400
3.633
1.051
1.033
1.059
1.063
320.*
322.2
J23.0
324.9
1.63L
1.642
1.03
1.06*
12
1.007
320.2
1.013
1.069
1.072
1.012
1.072
1.072
1.072
1.076
1.070
1.071
1.071
321.6
J28.9
329.S
329.S
329.5
329.5
320.9
327.1
346.3
32b.3
1,085
1.096
1.701
1.701
1.701
1.701
1.h97
L.667
1.017
1.667
S.
.1
5.,03
S.r12
5.712
3.712
3.712i
5.694
!.651
3.601
5.30k
1.076
1.013
1.074
324.1
322.9
321.7
1.637
1.647
1.637
.344
3,300
30.4a0
I.6
h0.v
1.69
1.4,5
1.341
1.1513
91-
-. 3
3.141
2.753
2.401
310.8
S
3.zl
!.310
*.31pu
2. 124#
1.004
1.014b
320.4
1.62?
1.063
1.067
3.114
2.341
2.091
310.9
310.8
1.615
1.397
*--2. :.
l-,"
1.Qb0
2.383
1.000
314.06
L.550
S.249
1.031
1.033
1.033
2.20
2.019
1.780
1.016
1.072
1.068
31d.4
300.0
1.302
1.5344
1.326
5.182
5.1135
5.047
1.032
1.030
1.049
1.049
1.048
1.0*4
1.049
1.049
1.030
1.032
1.566
1.335
1.206
1.055
9.210
8.024
6.917
6.052
5.238
4.523
1.0,r
1.001
1.030
1.055
1.032
1.050
L.04d
1.046
1.44
L.043
303.7
303.3
30.L2
298.9
2V6.0
294.3
291.V
289.0
287.2
204.8
1.508
1.46V
1.471
1.453
h.434
W*1.
1.396
1.317
1.58
1.339
1.054
1.031
L.060
1.06+
3.895 3.347
2.860
2.431
1.043
1.043
1.043
L.043
202.4
279.9
277.3
273.0
1.320
1.300
1.280
1. 21
1.000
2.072
o3000
04000
05000
62233
64190
242.03
243.40
2$3.98
-30.32
-3J.75
-37.17
-4.30
-3.80
-3.30
1.594
1.387
1.206
06000
c7000
611000
69000
70000
7L000
72000
73000
74000
75000
60168
b0l4S
07121
08098
09074
10050
11Z0
72001
1297'
73930
232.50
229.14
27.!5*
?22.31
210.09
215.47
21*.00
200.03
205."3
201.82
-40.59
-44.01
-41.43
-50.84
-54.20
-57.60
-01.09
-04.50
-67.92
-1.33
-2.100
-2.30
-1.00
-1.31
-0.01
-0.31
0.10
0.00
1.18
1.61
1.043
9.041
7.s12
6.731
3.7b1
&.963
4.247
3.025
3.086
2.620
71000
17000
78000
7V000
743
73099
7d72
77040
190.92
1V 303
191.060
100.19
-74.74
-78. 1S
-81.55
-A4. 9
2.17
2.66
3.17
3.60
2.219
1.413
1.377
1.324
00000
10019
1",.7,
-88.1it
4.13
1.108
81000
82000
03000
84000
85000
79792
80704
41136
dZO
83680
L1'. J7
177.4,
1r1.11
17*.11
171.
-Y1.71
-5.
2
-91..,
-96. nS
-4...
0.72
-2.7u
-3.59
S
-3.55
-3.50
V.230
7.678
.366
5.276
4.376
80000
87000
d8000
81601
03022
#4093
17]?.,
17F.
17.
-4.1r
-> .10
-9.11
-3.57
-3.59
- 3.0u
3.629
3.009
2.49S
89000
90000
92000
079,303
&8523
9P0472
11
171,
-910.31
-go. 2
i1
1
2
2.069
.110
114.034
'26i
.0
413
lie..
.21
-87.11
-64.9
-19.Y
-9.60
-32.60
-16,03
-19.32
8r,72
5.163
4.067
2.891
--
3.287
2.917
1.073
1.079
310.2
.383A
3.31.
5-
4.980
4.912
4.64#
4.773
4.707
4.638
4.569
4.500
4.431
4.361
4
4.292
4.222
4.12
4.0d1
3.85
3.852
3.832
1. 045
272.3
1.24#1
*.0IL
1.714
1.503
1.232
1.038
U..06 -
1.000
1.007
1.089
1.083
1.084
270.0
261.4
260.8
266.8
206.8
1.221
1.200
1.196
1.190
1.196
3.940
3.070
3.052
3.932
3.032
1.039
L.054
1.031
1.130
3.917
4.907
1.078
1.075
1.072
260.8
260.0
200.1
1.196 1.196
1.196
1.047
1.044
1
4.010
3.315
2:290
1.060.
L.065
1:071k
200.8
200.8
209.0
1.19
L.196
1.213
3.852
3.052
1.914
1.020
1.003
0.9#3
0.901
1.330
1.069
7.391
'>.S0
1.006
1.060
L.0%9
1.035
Z11.0
271.8
277.6
280.4
1.230
1.239
1.201
1.303
3.994
4.014
'.154
4.234
0.930
0.912
0.896
0.080
0.879
2.b00
2.49
1.707
1.215
0.010
1.031
0.983
0.946
0.918
0.807
;,34.7
283.3
30.0
311.6
.120.4
1.3)0 1.407
12.402
[*306
1.627
102000
104000
100000
108000
110000
100151
102003
10401
105913
107072
191.42
?'.2'
'1.112
?1
7 4
241.
-1V.24
-67.11
-5.21
-4.1F
-31.61
-dS.7%
-"3.2u
-k0.60
-18.07
-15.93b
2.070
1.$03
1.116
8.429
6.4#
112000
109198
25 ,?5
-110.9)
-,e2.60
3.0340
0.073
6.309
O.,oL0
328.9
1.6097
5.0V4
114000
116000
111125
113030
7'..!
)).4
1'.4
4*.6r
-10.9o
2.81
3.992
3.252
0.069
0.816
4.591
J3.42
0.063
0.821
348.9
309.1
1.0"0
2.025
6.32Y
6.984
1180011
11)513
347.117
74.7!
16.54
2.704
0.609
t.513
0.107
480.2
2.101
1.o10
L.
*....
..-....
d,.
6-
2.088
3.430
1.071
1.068
1.0064
1.001
51.14
5.354 b.1.3
4.199
-1
0.996
0.9%.
0.994
0,09
0."4
0.994
0.994
1.001
1.009
1.831
1.067
1.060
1.065
246.Z5
?F
01256
'9b'-,21
,.6O
84347
IA.
90203
11.li
98217 19.1'
Thermial
counductivity
1.833 1.604
1.411
1.106
1.101
9.722 8.613
7.059
6.003
0.038
02000
94+000
96000
98000
100000
Coeffiient
of viscosity
1.070
1.070
1.070
1 L.070
1.070
1.070
1.070
1.069
1.068
1.064
233.10
149.68
01213
kP_..C.'
p. kg m-
1.016
1.0106
1 .O0
W.
1.024
1.027
1.Oy
1.035
1.040
59299
00210
-20.05
-23.47
Sound
Density
Pressure
Temperatugm
Altitude
4.329 4.609
i.000
3.139
3.428
102
TABLE 5.1.- Coa6imxd

30* N. Januar'
GEOPL)TENTIAL ALTITUDE, METRIC
H, m'
Z. m
T. 'K
8. "C
1.1:
14.:5
13.73
1t.91
12:.09
T- T.
P, rnb
P,
-P
p, ki m
1.233
1,400
1.168
1.137
1:009
1.009
1.010
1l.011
1.011
1.77s
'.171
g9o2
55.V98
W37.1
.J1.6
3351b
1.163
1.759
1.751
S.951
5.935
5.100
1.012
9.457 -
0.966
334.5
1.742 -
1.013
9.226
0.989
7.560
7.133
6. 5
8.40
6.34
6.29
6.14
6.20
6.20
6.16
7.107
6.d59
6.677
6.470
6.266
6.071
6.079
5.692
-11.34
6.16
5.510
-12.90
6.15
5.332
1.021
7.140
0.997
5.160
4.991
4.828
4.668
4.513
4.362
4.216
1.021
1.022
1.023
1.024
1.025
1.026
1.027
8.9S3
6.769
6.569
6.413
6.240
6.070
5.905
0."1
0.998
0.999
0.99V
1.000
1.001
1.002
275.10
273.42
271.14
170.07
266.39
266.70
260.70
163.46
5000
SOL1
261.61
f 2
1.014
1.014
1.015
1.016
1.017
1.018
1.016
1.019
+ 2
6:060
6.045
6.029
6.014
36.1
3!3,.6
6.51
3006
32S6
3S07
3757
4006
4209
4209
4760
0.919
0.98"
0.956
6.51
2155
J000
3250
3500
3750
4000
450
2000
4750
k.cal
g~(
e m
0.995
0 993
1.95
0.27
-1.41
-3.08
-4.16
-6.00
-8.00
-9.69
2a504
2750
1.021
9.931 9.692
3.64
2500
9.064
.196
6.262
6.035
7.794
'u
1.107
1.07: ?
5.33
2 64.40
252.71
261.58
260.17
kg m
Therml*
condu,
tivity
1.191
1*17
1.7l3
1.719
78.45
12 2
1503
2.003
2254
of vi--hit
4:0.5
.30. 0
330.5
339.1
216.79
12 50
1750
2000
2250
CWri6n!
Ppd
1.00.
1.001
1,001
0.198
11.2 5
9.58
.71
7.02
-86.5U
z8o.7O
268.66
266.06
285.24
3
2
i:006
1.006
1.00.
1.006
1.02100 .
9.91z
9.621
9.J39
0
aso
So1
7L
1002
Sound
C.
m Rev
0.31
1.15
1.66
2.19
3.S9
4.311
b.93
6.11
6.65
0
250
500
IS0
1000
5250
Deunnsity
P" sgure
Temperature
Altitude
INITS
1.020
9.000
8.778
6.59
8.345
8.135
7.925
7.Y25
7.526
7.331 -
5262
260.17
5500
5750
6000
6250
6500
6750
7000
5512
5763
6014
6265
6SL6
6766
7017
2560.53
256.08
255.24
253.61
Z51.98
250.34
246.71
-14.62
-16.27
-17.i1
-19.54
-21.11
-22.61
-a,.44
0.33
6.11
6.09
6.08
6.08
6.07
6.06
7250
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241.08
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6.06
4.073
1.027
5.742
1500
7750
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8500
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9000
7519
2170
8021
6272
6523
5714
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245.45
243.82
242.18
240.58
238.93
231.30
231.67
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6.05
6.04
6.03
6.03
6.03
6.03
6.02
3.93*
3.799
3.668
3.540
3.416
3.296
3.179
1.026
1.029
1.030
1.031
1.032
1.033
1.034
5.083 5.*26
5.276
5.127
4.981
4.839
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9250
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232.42
210.79
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6.02
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13000
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10030
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1.352
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8.937
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19000
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21000
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20595
21c09
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22107
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205.62
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208.15
209.40
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211.90
213.15
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6.391
5.603
5.418
4.992
4.602
4.245
3.911
3.616
3.340
3.065
24000
24500
25000
25500
26000
26500
27000
27500
28000
26100
24124
24o29
21133
25638
26143
26648
21153
21655
28163
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217.15
216.15
219.1S
220.15
221.15
222.15
221.13
224.15
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1.933
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331.5
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326.4
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1.709
1.701
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324.4
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322.3
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320.3
319.2
318.2
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1.643
1.634
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306.6
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1.567
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1.541
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5.234
5.202
5.170
5.138
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306.7
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1.012
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1.031
1.047
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303.5
302.4
301.3
300.2
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296.9
294.7
293.6
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1.472
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1.295
1.184
1.068
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1.075
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288.5
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5.649
5.649
5.616
5.531
5
5.045
5.016
5
1.91
1,2 Q
L.,*20
1.43*
1.439
1.445
1.450
L.455
L.46L
1.t66
1 1..72
5.5$3
5.322
.490
5.204
5.426
5.391
3.360
5.331
036
4.204
4.916
4.884
4.851
4.519
4.534
4.612
4.5 8
4.40.
+4602
4.4t4?
-
-5
4.49
4.423
4.097
4.41L
4.444
4.417
4.392
4.386
4.386
4.0#10
-,.435 4.460
4.405
*. SL
4.536
4.4L
4M586
4.607
L.394
9.
L4 . '!1
293.2 '1.40?
.293.q
1.412
294.6
1.41.8
29".2
295.9
296.6
Z97.*3
Z97.9
2986
299.3
299.9
300.,
301,2
0.627
*.647
-
4.667
4.601
4.70?
4.127
4.746
4.766
4.71,
4.S06
4.624,
4.045
:1.
104
TABLE &1.-CovftdRlw.
30 N. January
GEOPOTENTIAL ALTITUDE, METRIC UNITS
~nu
AltiudeTemersu
uemperturP
R, m,
Z. i
T, Ix
4, *C
29000
29500
29173
29679
227.11
226.1S
-46.00
-45.00
1.50
2.00
1.321
1.226
30000
30164
229.15
-44.00
2.50
1.136
30500
$1000
31500
30469
31195
10
230.15
zj1.t5
232.15
-4j.00
-42.00
-41.00
3.00
3.S0
4.00
1.0$6
9.507
V.L0
32000
32O6
433.15
-40.00
33000
34000
3SO00
30210
34230
?15.5S
ZJ7o95
-31.60
-35.20
4.10
3.70
38000
41000
460000
39000
40000
14000
52000
0
30255
2.2275
24,5
3929
40309
4-324
ZS34
2#9.95
252.35
254.7b
2t?.15
-- 0.40
-I ,00
-25.60
-23.20
-20.00
-?8.40
-16.00
2.90
0ITZ"
2.50
2.10
L.70
L.30
0.90
0.50
4.16
4
3.607
3..44
,.744
1,398
!.099
52000
54000
43353
4368
35243
240i.35
-12.60
k&
P, nb
T-T.?
3.30
* 1
Sound
speed
I~nmiy
we-'
m C
kg 11-
see
Ii -ca
k.,am
0.970
0.970
2.027 L.872
0:96"
0.961
302.1
302.8a
1.419 ,454
0.971
1.730
0.960
303.5
1.419
4.912
0.972
0.973
0.974
1.599
1.478
1.367
0.959
0,95a
0.937
304.L
300
305.4
1,195
1.500
L.506
4.932
4.952
1.072
.463
0.975
1.265
0.951
)06.1
1oSI1
4.991
T.3L7
6.3.1
0.976
0.940
1.002
9.273 -
0.961
0.965
307-1
309.2
1.SZ,
1.536
5.039
5.086
0.984
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.969
0.989
0.990
6.840 2.688
227.55
5.016
l,382
3.1.8
3.280
2.863
0.912
0.976
0.979
0.981
0.9864
0.989
0.988
312.3
321.9
345.5
3L6.9
3L8.5
320.0
321.5
1.561
1.573
1.566
1.6199
1.611
L.624
1.636
+ 0
5.491
0.98?
+ 0
P.W
Thermral
conuductivity
Coefiient
of
vitosit y
7.958
0.96Y
3 t0. 8
L.Si
5: L--
S.1dl 5.226
5.27554
5.322
5.368
5.1#93
5.962
259.55
261.95
-13.400
-L1.20
0.10
.-0.30
A.639
1 619
0.90
0.990
7.16
2.145
0.998
0.99L
323.0
326.S
1.668
1.660
55000
264.1S
-8.
-00
353.
1 .3
0.990
1.867
0.9.2
324.9
1.672
66000
266.TS
-b.40
-&.to
1.246
0.949
46400 1.627
0.993
327.1
1.646
269.15
-4.00
-3.50
-33.50
-1.50
-046.
-1.50
-. 5.0
-3.50
-3.50
1.096
9.657
0
8.506
7.492
6.596
5.534
1.310
0.969
0.958
0.907
0.907
0.986
0.965
0.983
1.019
1.250
L.108
9.697
2.461
7.916
6.974
0.990
0.9"
0.993
0.992
0.990
0.998
0.996
328.9
32809
320.0
317.0
328.9
321.0
326.0
1.696
1.696
1.696
L.696
1.696
1.656
1.616
5.693
5.693
5.694
5.693
5.o93
5.650
5.616
0.981
0.960
5.934
5.248
0.993
0.993
320.2
327.0
1.366
1.656
5.577
5.519
50000
380001
59000
50000
S1000
62000
33000
1#
+ 0
-
5.301
-
5.607 -
269.15
269.15
2469.95
243.85
264.15
564000
65000
54539
65555
263.15
261.41
-10.00
-38.00
-3.00
-2.10
1.490
3.9910
S6000
61000
56577
51096
239.15
258.15
-41.00
-14.00
-3.20
-3.30
8.656
3.024
0.9/8
0.96
1.626 1.135
0.9"3
0.959
322.1
321.5
9
1.646 1.106
.636
56000
59000
68616
59636
255.15
252.15
--1.00
-50.00
-3.50
-1.50
2.650
2.316
0.915
0.953
3.618
3.180
0.985
0.926
320.2
329.8
1.626
1.615
5.423
5.374
14000
61000
62000
60656
61671
62697
210.05
216.95
213.85
-23.10
-26.20
-29.30
-2.60
-5.70
-4.80
2.022
1.763
3.534
0.970
0.968
0.965
2.418
2.466
5.191
0.989
0.990
0.946
3L7.0
312.0
6
313.0
1.399
1.18
1.567
.3271
S.263
13000
64.00
67320
4i17
240.75
206.65
-32.40
-66.59
-3.90
6.00
2.32
2.155
0.968
0.961
1.927
1.693
67000
0.918
0.973
329,0
309.0
1.538
1.635
5.]14
5.040
63160
21b.53
-j9.o
"-6.10
9.990
.010.960
3.58,
0.960
807.0
1.341
4.309
66000
64186
61000
76000
69000
60000
TCO0
72000
60831
69681
70819
71903
00,.43
1909
1za.35
2219.23
222.15
219.05
215.95
-2.70
-75.60
-47.90
-6L.00
-$4/.10
-57.20
-1.80
6.10
0.60
1.50
2.40
1.30
.
1.629
1.403
6.397
51.9L
4.703
.019
0.963
0.949
0.955
0.952
0.949
0.94?
301.0
302.9
300.9
297.2
276.2
29116
1.502 1.315
1.6d6
1.427
1.276
1.418
4.358
4.276
4.834
4.772
4.710
4.610
73000
74000
75000
72927
73452
76927
76002
112.15
20W.75
206.65
20315
-60.30
-6.360
-66.50
-69,60
4.20
0.40
10.O
6.90
3.4127
2.916
2.474
2.095
0.946
0.995
01.00
0.06
292.5
290.3
281.2
2786.0
1.261
1.383
1.366
1.2189
4.585
4.512
4.549
4.19
76000
71000
IA23
3
200.,05
1 91.35
-12.70
-75.10
.0U
6,00
1.969
1.490
019.6
0.1.03
283.8
28.6
1.331 1.1,3
89000
90000
9200
92000
80103
91421
93463
94316
L91..4
17.?1
141.1"
21e. 7
-72,0
-. 5.43
-89..134
-42.+
130.0
103.1
10.17
-M2.Db
0.9504
0.904
0.964
1.110
277.2
272.2
217.2
291.2
1.298
1.76
1.278
1.237
4.142
4.814
4.1'2d
4.A11
860000
964000
89361
916245
1941...
1l9.
-42.12
-dZ."l
1.048
1.33
277.2.
2911.8
1 . 110
1.278
4.120
#.l72
85000
9627#
iI.,?
1.016
271.2
1.270
860000
81000
10742
A 332
1.026
1.037
273-2
1
277,2
1.1
1.278
81000
10000
10000
$3000
-4.00
-2.00
-26.00
-6.00
-8.00
0.984
0.998
0.900
0.959
0.960
0.962
3.299 1.135
9.893
.
8.610
1.5?9
61,36
0.965
5.609
3a-2
0.963
4
0.973 4.181
3.585
0.975
5
10.4h
kO,4
6.130
5.121
1.012
;,03
1.910
2.396
1.367
1.104
9.3433
19.60
10.4.5
L2501
4.241
1.0009
1.065
3.23
8.81
-H2.
I0.i..
3.506
1.025
6.535
1.2p7.
1'41.^4
-4.)
-H2.11
9.37
1O+?w
2.016
Z.508
1.06
1.097
45
*.57L
89361
1#1.,j
-62.12
10.3A
2.098
41.09
3.823
L.048
3
271.2
1.52,
90391
194.44
-7d.71
19.07
1.727
1.322
3.L45
1.04
209.7
1.263
5.2L44
9522
127.72
-754,3
139.1
1.017
1.137
2.196
0
1.06
232.2
1.318
4.616
13.714
13.2m
7.$63
5.524
I .L95
1.225
1.2+S
8.r8L
L.tI0
I.L35
292.0
290.4
1.397
1.431,
4,.571,
4.712
.6.31
4.991
4421I
4 |. 09
95546
971610
210.,,
2 1 ,.)4
-f,2.65
-F7. 1
99616
10174222
ez I.-?
7I.,jT
-5
.
-1 ".1)
908000
11002
102000
1034111
241.47
1111000
IL4an0
L05800
10795L
1LQ023
112096
ik*LIL
114000
116241
116000
11832$
Z.,
321.,
24,
256-4
266.44
276.?,'
291.?5
0.
05151
2?7,2
4.L.;2
1.278
4.162
5
.19
6.064
3.018
1.406
1,284
6
1240
4 S10
1.162
1.204
301.9
306.1
1.463
1.511,
13.04.
L.032
1.365
1.292
1.059
333.0
1.146
-1.11
9.1
2.246?
1.309
3.228 -
1.226
313.6
1.62
3
5.227
1.419
5.602
1.404
361.4
1.962
6.134
4.256
1.421
4.336
1.422
370.6
2.0)9
7.0141
-! 6.+1.
_16.51
-6.71
I.n1
16. 11
3 1.11)
48.,3
092.,
*9.7
9.71
30,01)
0.9m
-3o3e,
-?.Si
-11.4
1.72&
L,330
1.036
8,k5O
6.486
1.335
1.360
1.305
L,+04
1.414
2.347
1.730
1.292
9.761 7.3.16
1.247
1.260
I.ZSV
1.392
L.)8
34
J20.9
328.0
335.0
341-9
J1.
1,631
1.689
1. 1"
L.6102
1.863
6i
4.9142
4.142
-6.4
63-8
9.37
4.333 - 6
4.2701
1.09
13.37
1.021
4.202
1
1.057
1.747
1.0329
5.500 -
3.074 2.630
91000
100<300
1011000
0.986
0.992
94.900
96000
1040000
106000
5.508
5.556
6161
62602
63520
4949
4.872 4.892
4.1429
S
S.219
S.440
5.666
5,86e
6.104
6.-21
S...
..1
--
105
Tam 5.1.-Con gued

3fl' N. Janwwq
T
GEOMETRIC AI.TrTUDJD
Altitude
Z, m
Pressum
Temperature
F, -
H, m'
METRIC UNrI_
1t
P,
T--T.
8,C
Sound
speed
Denziy
p, ka mm
m
C
-
Eiwe,
Coefiieni
of iwmity
kr m-
Thermal
conductivity
.eek-al m-
29000
26629
22o.51
1.29
1.356
# I 0.916
2.083 - 2
I I
0.970
301.9
1.411 -
4.065
#
- 6
29500
30000
30600
3100v
31,00
32000
13000
34000
35000
29323
29818
30313
3080T
31302
31196
321" 4
33173
34160
221.80 |-4.35
228.79
-44.36
229.??
-43.38
230.76
-42.39
231.75
-41.40
232.74
-40.41
235.03
-38.12
137.40
-35.75
239.71
-33.38
1.18
2.28
2.77
3.26
3.76
4.15
4.06
3.66
3.26
1.259
1.169
1.086
1.009
9.380
8.725
7.550
6.544
5.68a
0.916
0.917
0.917
0.9?9
0.980
0.981
0.984
0.986
0.989
1.9 5
1.780
1.6+6
1.523
1.410
1.306
1.119
9.603 8.254
0.968
0.961
0.966
0.965
0.964
0.963
0.96?
0.971
0.915
302.6
303.2
303.9
304.5
105.2
305.8
307.3
300.9
310.4
1.4#2
1.488
1.493
1.498
1.503
1.509
1.521
1.533
1.546
4.885
4.905
4.924
4.944
4.964
4.9#3
5.029
5.075
5.122
36000
31000
38000
39000
40000
35748
16735
31722
38709
39695
242.14
244.51
246.88
249.25|
251.62
-31.01
-28.64#
-26.27
-23.90
-21.S3
2.86
2.46
2.06
1.67
1.27
4.939
4.300
3.748
3.212
2.860
0.991
0.9Q3
0.994
0.996
0.996
7.105 6.126
5.289
4.573
3.960
0.919
0.982
0.985
0.988
0.991
311.9
313.5
315.0
316.5
318.0
1.558 1.571
1.583
1.595
1.607
41000
" 2000
40681
253.98
-19.L7
O.8
2.503
0.997
3.434
0.994
319.5
1.620
5.400
43000
44000
45000
41667
42652
43631
44622
256.35
258.71
261.08
263.4"
-16.80
-14.44
-12.07
-9.71
0.41
0.01
-0.32
-0.72
2.194
1.925
1.69L
1.408
0.997
0.997
0.99a
0.998
2.981
2.592
2.257
1.967
0.9"5
0.997
0.999
1.001
321.0
322.4
323.9
325.4
1.632
1.644
A.656
1.668
5.446
5.492
3.538
5.583
46000
47000
44000
45606
46591
1#ID7
485058
265.61.
268.17
269.15
69.1e I
-7.34
-4.98
-4.00
-4 .00
-L.12
-1.52
-1.50
-1.50
1.310
1.155
1.019
8.991
0.998
0.99F
0.996
0.996
1.711
1.500
1.319
1.165
1.002
1,003
1.002
1.001
32&.8
328.3
318.9
328.9
1.679
1.691
1.696
1.696
00
1000
52000
541
30524
51507
269.15
269.15
268.14
-4.00
-4.00
-5.01
-1.50
-1.50
-2.51
7.941
7.010
6.187
0.995
0.995
0.994
1.028
9.013 8.038
1.001
1.000
1.004
328.9
328.9
328.3
1.696
1.496
L.691
5.693
5.693
5.603
53000
54000
.2489
53411
266.11
264.21
-6.98
-8.94
50ooo
54453
262.24
554#34 260.28
5o000
0rooo 50415
258.32
-46.34
* 0
. 0
e 0
3
3
9.169 5.215
5.22
5.306
S.354
5.629
5.614
5.693
5.693
-5
-3.36
-3.35
5.4657
4.808
0.993
0.992
7.142
6.340
1.005
1.004
327.1
325.8
1."81
1.671
5.636
5.390
-3.35
4.233
0.990
5.623
1.003
324.6
1.662
5.560
-12.876
-14.83
-3.35
-3.34
3.123
3.272
0.989
0.987
4.983 - 4
4.4L2
1.001
1.000
323.4
322.2
1.652 - 5
1.642
5.522 - 6
5.484
51396
58377
59361
60337
250.36
254.40
252.04
249.01
-16.79
-18.75
-21.11
-24.14
-3.3*
-J.34
-3.73
-4.80
2.812
J.519
2.207
1.931
0.986
0.984
0.983
0.981
3.903
3.450
3.051
2.102
0.999
0.991
0.991
1.000
3Z1.0
319.7
318.3
316.3
1.632
1.22
1.610
1.594
5.146
S.4086
5.362
5.303
,2000
61316
82296
245.97
242.93
-27./1
-30.22
-5.08
-4.19
1.681
1.411
0.979
0.976
Z.389
2.110
0.998
0.993
314.4
312.4
1.578
1.562
5.244
5.1864
65000
63214
64253
2J9.90
2J6.81
-33.25
-36.28
-3.30
-2.42
1.281
.L113
0.974
0.972
1.860
1.637
0.987
0.983
310.5
304.5
1.547
1.531
5.125
5.065
66000
07000
68000
69000
65231
66zo9
67181
68164
233.83
230.80
227.17
224.74
-39.32
-42.35
-45.38
-4a8.41
-1.53
-0.65
0.24
1.13
9.659
6.365
7.23L
6.239
0.912
0.9?1
0.971
0.912
1.439 1.263
1.106
9.671 -
0.918
0.914
0.910
0.967
306A.
3C4.6
302.5
300.5
L.514
1.498
1.482
1.466
70000
69142
221.?1
-51.4-4
2.01
5.372
0.973
8.411
0.964
298.5
1.449
4.763
72000
1J000
74000
75000
11095
12071
13047
14023
21s.6/
e12.63
z09.60
Z06.58
-67.49
-60.52
-63.55
-86.57
3.78
4.6b
5.55
6.43
3.959
3.388
2.893
2.465
0.917
0.981
0.985
0.990
6.394
5.551
4.800
4.157
0.960
O.9S9
0.959
0.959
294.4
292.3
290.2
288.1
1.416
1.399
1.581
1.346
4.642
4.561
16000
11000
78000
19000
80000
74998
75913
7694d
71922
78896
203.56
200.53.|
191.51
194.49
1,1.', I
-69.5io
-12.62
-15.64
-18.66
-d . b
7.32
8.19
9.08
9.96
1 0.8
2.095
1.771
1.503
1.268
1.068
0.996
1.003
1.010
1.0.0
1.029
3.586 3.087
2.651
2.212
1.942
0.960
0.962
0.964
0.96?
0.972
loo.0
283.9
291.7
2V9.6
217.4
1.349 1.332
1.314
1.Z91
1,20
81000
62000
8j000
84000
d8)000
79810
8U843
d186
82789
83162
111.1,
L 1.)
1
1,1.1
I .I1"
141 . ,
-o2.|
-'0.?*13
-'2.-c:' . "
-2.'t1
10.99
10.41
10.4b
10.4.
10.43
8.970
7.530
6.334
5.323
4.#74
1.041
1.051
1.062
1.073
1.085
1.635
1.374
1.154
4.102 8.154
0.984
0. "4
1.004
1.015
1.02
277.2
211.2
277.2
911.2
277.2
1.278
1.271
1.278
L.218
1.218
d"600
81000
88000
.9000
90000
d8134
85106
86678
81649
886z0
o0561
1,1 11
l11.6
III.1.
1,01.'1
1 27.1
-. 2."o
-42.)o
-h2.11
-3i.
-1 .1r.
10.4,e
10.4A
10.39
10.30
12.5.
3.760
3.L61
2.651
2.233
1.079
1.096
1.107
1.119
L.130
1.143
6.855 5.160
4.842
4.070
3.386
-73.i?
-1,.
2
-.t
I..
32.9.
15.34
13.27
1.341
9.613
7.066
1'.111
1.200
1.229
d.335
1.630
1.152
217.2
271.2
277.2
271.2
218.7
283.6
1.278 1.218
1.278
1.218
1.290
1 44r',
5.
).
211.12
r IIi
i.
1.036
1.047
1.051
L.068
1.068
L.092
1.117
1.14)
280.4
293.0
1.329
L.360
1.405
-'u1
61.72
12.141
12.!1
-S.209
3.076
5,159
1.239
#.231
5.942
1.168
1.195
297.7
.301.
1 .443
1.479
1.316
4.322 -
1.237
N07.0
1.51
1.340
1.344
1.318
1.#12
1.130
1.,4,9
3.133
J.305
1.718
1.296
9.887 1.50,
.25
1.d71
1.296
1.3L
3.302
1
1413
$1*4.3
321.3
38d.2
335.0
341.6
351.0
1.577
1.634
1.691
1.146
1.800
1.,77
5.240
1t.457
5.67,
5.804
6.094
6.39,
11000
912000
94000
V6000
98000
10000o0
102000
210.68
10118
92501
94440
90378
931+4
0q7249
Z.42
.
-10.91
68000
59000
60000
61000
.3000
64-000
2.89
-814.41
-'.i.'.
102183
10416
106C41
b
101978
109901
135
. 7. 027.4
25t..1
2..6.32
?21.71,
ZYO.j
116000
113762
44.46'
31.1L
118000
*1s681
310.i
'5.04
.9',
-. I
e
-?.1~
-1d.2
I
-6.dz
2.,r1
16. it
104000
106000
1081000
110000
112000
114000
o
4.61?
2.910
0.975
296.5
0.962
7.355
6
6
-7
5.005
4.915
4.884
4.424
4.519
4.458
4.397 - 6
4.335
4.213
4.211
4.149
4.142
4.142
4.1.2
4.142
4.14m
4.142 4-142
6.1.2
#.12
4.187
6.3Z6
4i1.7310
4.814
-3
5.020
-8.
S',
5.359
1.441
5.760
1.433
360.3
A.953
6.691
-12.4%.
4.3144
1.4444
b.S09
1.449
369.3
.1.027
4.993
S.
..
..
..
4.465
4.602
2.210
1.6V9
1.322
1.039
8.239
6.606
4.703
1.433
8.7u
6.8,1
9.0.s
9.33
-0.04
-8.51
. ..
106
TABLE &I .- Cnuas d

30 N. July
_EOPOTrENTIAL ALW-T!I"E, METRIC UNITS
STeound
Altitude,
rn'
Temperatire
TK
2..
s,*C
A34
D~en.:ti'
___'re0.ure
T-T,,
I:3
6-0
P
p-
P, mb
.035
25.0
Soo
?S0
LOW0
12510
ISKI
1150
2SO
501
751
1002
12S2
1502
115A
302:33
300.06
291.43
295.90
2".01
292.$b
291.05
29. to
26.93
21668
22.43
20.92
19.41
0.,90
15.4
IS.10
1.*56
13.93
14.04
14.L6
1111-7
9.854
9oS/j
9.30d
9.0,#
8.786
9.534
4.238
JOco
2250
2003
20 54
289.54
J88.08
16.39
14.93
14.39
14.06
2530
2504
275$
1006
3256
350'
3
51,
400 6
22569
509
3000
246.63
L3.,8
2150
3000
3250
3V40
3150
40 0 0
42Z
2500
3050
245.0
283.k2
Z2o2.2
240.77
279 2
277 . a 2
?76.40
28.1 3
283.526
12. 02
J9.57
9.09
?.62
6,
S
4. 6
1.93
13.48
0.45
2750
5250
3500
3750
6000
47250
6250
6500
5011
3262
3512
5763
6010
726a
626!
6516
274.13
282.71
209.29
279.8"
266.7.
2573.56
2"7.61
267.-90
67S0
MOO
67"
26L.13
F0I1095.36
5000
7520
0511
7670
5500
5250
675 Q
$600
6250
8021
6 276
9766
8601
6774
'9000
6500
43
-00
1m-c
-Olk~* 1
C.
0.946
36" 9
1.002
1.003
A.005
1.006
1.008
1.009
1.011
1.135
1.112
1.089
1.066
&.04L
I.OL6
9.990 -
8.00"
7.81S
1.012
1.014
9.603
9.44
14,73
7.5"
lOL6
I
9.218 -
14.90
15.0/
15.112
15.31
15.52
L5. 6 7
14.68
1.4.7.
165.8
7.3#1
7,.113
6.911
6.7.4
6.51.2
6 .3
25
7.13
5.946
S.Y63
1.017
1.019
1.021
1.022
1.020
1 .026
1.021
1.010
1.032
8.Y92
8.771
8.555
83.33
8.1)5
7 .9 3 1
7.730
9.533
7.340
-1 .OZ
-9.40
-3.62
-5.28
-6.
0.41
-8.28
-10.28
16.48
16.29
16.09
17.09
5.67
.
16.56
15.18
17.06
S.586
5-.13
.244
5.080
61.920
5.160
0.163
5.613
1.031 7
1.016
1.038
i.021
1.043
1.032
1.04S
1.030
-12.02
-|3.)10
16.85
16.I1
4,1.65
ILI 2t
L-0%G
I1IC 2
27i.9 1
250.01
-1.02
-19.44
16.41
16.96
4.0.6 )
35.10
1.034
1.059
7.506 5.366
262.21
2670.51
261.13
2606.4
26.98
-20.8
-5.28
-12.01
-26.41
-8.48
16.12
1S.09
16.85
15.82
17.15
3.714
5.065
4,4165
3,31
3,416
1.C3,2
1.061
1.080
1.064
1.070
6.78
6.072
5.3057
6.946
4.812
9025
24.2
-27.93
15.5?
3.295
1.072
4.t81
1.004
9527
e8l.90
-31.2,
17.00
3.613
1.047
4.z2a
0.009
10060
7O2SO
1000
I0750
0 ,130
768
10532
17783
2).
236.'#2
55.6
2.4
-3.-97
-36.17
-17.39
-19.11
157103
16.90
16..76
16.263
2.3 i
2.760
4.660
2.566
1.0*2
1 085
1.051
1.090
4.t#5
0
4.054
3.951
3.838
1.09 4
;.086
1.0.9
1.022
11000
82500
85O00
51250
13000
19000
6L021
537
12039
L574
19025
13547
231.17
250.51
244.
24U68
21.22
243.46.
-2.00
-42..0
-- 49.00
16.10
15.00
7150
15.01
0.50
53.00
2.531
Z.296
2.129
I.412
1.829
3.164
1.093
1.064
1.101
1.-07
1.104
1.104
3.22
5.082
3.309
34.12
4.925
2.756
155000
1500
1000c
10500
10500
07oOU
11000
11500
16200
13000
14000
145OO
9)5427
1765
15050
10519
10532
16508
1/061
11757
12076
10560
14050
19503
e41.
-13.4G
209.95
-33.21
.1 15.130.00
-34.
23.42
-70.00
20.15
-38.09
232.91
-4.90
201.-1
-600
227,:
-66.50
20.5
-65.50
20.5
-64.00
10.15
-63.40
206.65
-66.30
.50
10.1.00
-13..0
-13.50
-I4.76
-12.63
14.50
-10.00
-9.00
-0.00
-6.90
-10.00
13554
1.132
40C
1550
d
11000
16500
U,000
22100
194500
1jQ00
1j500
2QgO,0
15
20C91
216."
2
1555
0359'
.10
110.
413.15
21656
204.5
2217
f 06.315
2106|
e07.53
1955210,!I.
15
23175
20.,IS
1650
20.6
2059')
d13.5
-70.20
-70.10
-0.012
-18.00
-61.50
-V656.0
-62.390
-56.00
-6.300
-60.100
2LC93
-12 -49.G
S0.')0
2400,0
24120
5,100
063o9
26200
28000
21000
25100o
27500
216607
.5d163
21603
45*635
2'611
2.411.5
20.15
2 14.15
I525
-26.93
-29. 5
X.216
L.ll6
1.064
9.417
I.966
1.91
7.352
6.75&
6.247
-4.70
-1.10
-3.50
-3.00
-11.30
-9.00
-0.00
-1.50
-8.00
-4.b1
5.612
5.217
-. 110
.70
5..$16
+ 2
p,I
speed
.L
1.107
1.009
2.3171.094
1
L.0
E.082
1.07
A 1.093
1.067
1.063
1.04
*
1.0.
.2
1.055
9.4ds
3.91
8.933
3..67
7.352
1.?31
kc
1.0668
1.651
1.846
..636
i,823
L.O10
1.891
1.603
m-_
6.359
3#.l1
3.0.1
0.96)
J39.4
1.762
0.964
0.965
0.96,
0.966
0.967
0 . 961
0.963
0.960
0.971
335.5
3.47.1
336.6
J35.9
335 .0
3 3 4 .1
333.3
332.4
337.6
1.I15
1.764
1,;61
1.754
1..16
1 . 73 9
1.732
1.725
1.ls8
. 15. 6.966
6.343
6.601
6.933
7.340.
6.217
6.133
0.96 1
0.972
0.973
0.974
0.975
0.907
n.911
0.970
330.5
3Z9.8
339.0
323.0
323.1
321.7
326.1
325.0
1.711 5
1.04
1.697
1.690
1.73
1.618
L.674
1.675
5.957
5.804
0.982
0.984t
23.39
3z2,a
|.656
L.647
0.:89
0.972
320.6
319.5
1.619 1.600
0.994
0.996
0.92
0.999
L.O00
3L240
311.3
323.9
326.2
316.0
1.b91
1.602
1.6567
1.593
I.S64
!.63j
5.333
51.
53
5.298
5.267
131.9
1.57/1
5.2
32L.0
1.656
5 160
302.8
308.2
307.1
305.9
1.637
1.628
1.629
1.20o
5.5
091
5.056
5.4021
4 90167
1.0294
L.045
1.06.
1.003
1.102
1.100
301.8
3107.
300.1
231.0
231.9
312.0
8
1-.00
1.081
1.563
L.1.44
1.74.
1.405
4.95.
4.882
4.812
4.242
4.6:2
l.1)
I
1.1
3
1.151
L.016
1.160
1.019
1.022$
1.10L
1.04O
1.303
1.101
I 1.0'
1.151
90.6
1
31802
3850.4
8.2
.185.1
305.
23.5.j
60.0
217.5
289.6
90.3
295.2
1.386 1.366
1.376
1.3'6
1.346
1.9.353
1.39
1.481
1.444
1.424
1.383 1.36
604.S59
4.389
5.305
4.01n
4.41L
4.43.5
4.458
4.742
4.600
4.'20 4.545
1.01
1.07)
1.060
1.063
1.051
11054
1.041
1.060
1.101
1.071.
285L.9
2691
28.1
J
296.0
29-.1
895.8
29.1.
28v.0
2896.6
292.0
1.396
1 402
.3408
1.313
1.119
1.437
1.%1,6
1.630
.13!7
1.402
1.076
291.91.9
2.516 -1
2.413
2.258
2.076
1.909
1.76.8
1.298
1.563
1.3.01
1.228
2.625 2.032
V.411
a.696
1.905
7.31.7
6.749
6.10
1.063
1.714
.2o8
8.6941
1.0452
J1490
1.145 -
1,38
#
0,0d
6
.150
5.7.93
5.695
5.668
5..681
5.1777
5.683
S.503
5.53V
5.504
5.436
5.40L
4.561
4.5"9
4.81
4.641
4.432
4.672
4-154
4.692
4.570
4.179
-
4.67d
-300
2.430
1.045
J.19)
1.040
1".4$
5.408
4.192
-2.500
0.520
-.
00
1.00
3.00
5.168
1.664
.934
.40
1.794
1.0476
1.0rj49
k.04
1.050
t.046
6.79
.4.14
2.979
34,G9
6.209
1.03Y
1.0423
1.0$3
15J,04
.01t
200.8
,Ioi.5
294.0
29.5
290.4
1.419
1.-184
1.473
1.45?t
1.3d1
4.632
4.772
4.d6z
4.
91
4.072
3498
.03
3001
146.
3.~8
103?
3008
1.oo
~-4.205.05
.04
5.991
S.t,70
!19.24
5.g14
3.B
86
5 .61
0
5.083
6.8014
5.17o
-50.00
'5.1
4.106 -4.00
e90.34
6.079
6,
6.16z
43 2.4)
26.0
1.0.1
.796
Lo7A9
-6.0
~60(
.50
2~
2650
.00
2645
-6
6.316
6.276
6,234
6.192
6.L64
6,136
6.101|
Q.962
0.9b3
1.042
1.OL
1.052
1.00
1.027
1.0636
1.055
1.067
A
1.060
1.0451
1.045
3 4k. 6
347.3
346,0
14,4.
343.B
31#2.9
342.O
conjuetivity
OA
-6 3.40T
25.15
-48.00
124..15.15
15
-91.500
-45.00
223.1A5
50. 00
17.15
-46.00U
0.94.9
0.953
0.956
0.959
0.95V
0.960
0.961
Thermal
Coeffici nt
'If vicoulty
4.'22
.- 1
.53
107
TABLE S.1.-Coauwd
3f N. July
GEOMETRIC ALTrITDE. METRIC UNITS
Alitiude
Temperture
T, -K
Z,m
S2750
,C
TrT.
P, ab
"'1
1Drnply)
'
pg.'
PkgM-P.
speed
C.
of viscosity
3~~n
m we ksmse-
condutivity
kherm'
k
k-cm-
250
0
500
250
499
S0O,50
302.34
300.09
29.19
31.43
26.94
16.43
15.61
15.19
9.854
1.01350 * 3
2
9.579
1.000
1.00a
1.003
1.135
1,159 * 0
1.112
0.949
0.946
0.953
349.9
344.6
341.3
1.808 1,.11
1.8466
750
,000
1250
1500
750
2000
2250
149
998
1248
1498
1141
1991
2246
297.84
295.59
294.08
292.51
291.06
219.56
288.10
24.69
22. V#
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9.046
8.786
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1.365
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6.936
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338.5
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90391
90000
93422
92000
93403
94000
93346
94000
Y1610
90000
99"76
100000
101742
-11.00
speedI
P, A
290,00
~2O2
~'
r.
__
Sound
Deait'
-540
-32.20
-3e.00
6'V.0
t*oo
102000
104000
106000
L010000
110000
130900
114000
1,16000
I4
,..
112.t"
2~
i72.'. -1':. V)'
172.44' -1"'.71
17'.)'. -123.31
1 7'..
5r
Yd
I 7.5
-v,'1
t'i.,2
-4-. 3
10". It,
-6-417'
31.2
1''
11.4.1' . -
101611
2
105000
2..
101951
".31,3
510023
/7...
1120(96
114371
1"11624?1/'.'
11023
3'.j
r.23
-A.*
Rl
P3
-8.20
-A.23
-Q.10
-10.01
-11.p1
-13.90
-16. 10
-19.30
-1?9.dl
4.173
3.422
2.807
1_103
1.889
L.550
1.M7
8.662
5.952
1b.1I30
2.89Z
2,043
1.'
.4k69
.08:
*...'
.. '
-3.
1,....
'
"-1
5.1.2
*7
-05.
-'4.51
40.i.
.157
6.298
-.
3414
.Ar;
4.5720
3.8721
3.1Lk5
2.62?
22.3SV
2.1320
_____
.
1.095
2
1.092
1.09.-
1.000
1.006,
1.004
-1.062
1.0801
1.079
1.053
1.044
1.015
1.5.25
1.2511
1.021
1:035
L.026
L1
.016
3.007
0.999l
0.990
0.980j
0.960
0.930
0.916
0.094b
0.5359
8:42; 6.909
5.668 %.610
3.414
3.129
2.535
1.619
1.124
7.598
5.169
3.511'
Z..?.1
1.063
-4
t
-
0.449
0.e.30
0.854
10.831
0.041
0.8,.7
0.860
10.877
L.622
1.139
6.184 &.002
4.213
3.1&$1
1.384
____-____
~ .A
0.900
0.861
0.6415
0.011
0.031
U.404
0.759
,2.162
244~.1
5
3105.8
i16.1F
55
-6
.558-6
5.220
5.145
5.0.0
4.995
4.WQ7
4.1144
,.760
4,692
4.615
4.!I39
4.461
6.)84
-S
t
*
-3376-
376
3.736
3.756
3.4,01
3.907
..006
I4.105
14.2
14..02
.41
.- b r
4.645
1.508
1.69t
Ail1.z
'.6d2
J31.4
1 .766
A3.6.11 1.924
315.2
2-C. IS
t92.61 2,219
4.982
5.330
3.640
S.961
6.504
1.166
7.770
TABLE 5.1-Con'isawd
109
3O' N. July
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE. MErRIC UNITS
Altitude
Density
Pressure
Temperature
-__________
Zm
11, m ,
T, K*
r-F r
.,
20219
239.61
29*73
230.60
9"681
231.79
3031
212.71
30L0d133.16
31302
234.15
31795
2JS.74
3Z764
239.03
331713
240.40
34760
242.177
-43.3%
-42.35
-91.36
-40. 3'
-39..09
-'.*0
-1. 41
-35.12
-32.15
-30.38
4.29
9.78
5.26
5.11
9.26
*.196
7.9
7.06
"..6
.26
1.410
1.366
1.270
1.11
1.099
1.02
9.513
.249
7T.13
0.229
36000
37000
36000
39000
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
45000
3574i
39135
3J72M
31709
39695
40601
41661
4265Z
43637
44622
24$.14
141.51
249.95
252.23
254.62
256.98
.59.35
261,71
264.08
266.44
-26.01
-25.64
-23.27
-20.90
-16.53
-1b.11
-13.60
-11.
-9.01
-6.11
5.66
5.46
b.06
4.67
4.27
3.81
3.41
3.01
2.66
2.26
$.429
4.131
4.131
3.912
3.162
2.172
2.+31
2.1311
1.681
L.651
f 0
44000
'$7000
268.80
271.17
272.15
272.15
272.15
272.L5
211.14
209.17
267.21
265.24
-1.35
-1.96
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-2.01
-3.
-7.91
1.60
1.48
1.30
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.49
-0.36
-. 35
-0.)3
1.461
1.z90
1.140
1.006
6.909
7.614
6.959
6.146
5.424
4.152
* 0
50000
p1000
51000
53000
4000
5000
45606
46591
47515
4a550
49541
50524
51507
!.sd9
534 71
5445.4
56000
51000
56000
59000
60000
91000
62000
63000
54000
65000
5 434s
56410
51396
50377
59357
60331
61316
62295)
93274
6423i
Z6$.28
261.32
2SV.36
257.10
254.1V
25.07
24Y,35
245.3
.
239.91
234. 19
-v.61
-11.63
-83.19
-15.75
-18.36
-22.06
-Z5.10
-29.5
-33.24
-39.96
-0.35
-0.4
-0.34
-0.34
-0.96
-2.14
-13.70
-3.50
-3.30
4.212
3.70?
3.759
2.863
2.$12
2.201
1.924
1.679
1.442
1.271
56000
67000
68000
69000
10000
11000
12000
WOO
14000
75000
65231
66209
6717
66164
69i14
70116
71045
12071
13047
1401.
1.12.41
22V.15
223.04
221.32
21Y.61
213.90
110.19
.06.48
20?.17
199.06
-40.6
-44.8
-48.11
-31.63
.5554
-59.25
-62.96
-60.61
-10.36
-14.0,9
.. ,oO
-2.49
-2.29
-2.09
-1,09
-1.69
-1.49
-1.29
-1.09
76000
?4565
195.$6
75913
191.65
76904
181.09
?772
II W.
166896 j H",1
7 o,
1970
Pid
10346
L1.,12
?161
I
14M,9 17,:..-0
43163
1 ,e'.
-71.79
-61.50
-8.20
66-90
-0.56
--0.69
-0.48
'.026
"l.3
0-.J
-3.5.i
7.53
-8.l.4
-. 1/
-. 8,1b
71000
10600
79000
6000
61000
02000
0U00
84000
65000
65000
87000
16000
M9o00
v90o0
91000
94000
96000
96000
4600000
102o0o
1040000
106500
IiOo1o
11000w
182000
184000
8,60.0
160(10
Z7-.,1.a
64134
65195
096t6 l
N1649
518421
90351
6
9201
944400
09047
95314
H".lll?.l
/.*.
Il/.41
1Pj."'.
i./I
~.~-'
*.,.'-
1..,
0024
Q0
I ..
I0216j
Z.-..
10642
.
106041 J) .,
,,
1 10796
?,I.P'.-
109901
11,3
1
11 557
.7.
,'- . 41-7.!,
.Fi
,'1
I.,Jj
8.
;).
"'+
1,'
Iv,1
1).,1
r'''1
1.0OS
1.091
1.095
1.096
1.101
1.104
1.106
1.101
1.110
1.111
7.709 6.656
0.759
6.960
4.j26
3.1!6
3.268
2.146
2.462
2.167
1.113
1.114
A..15
1.116
1 1.111
1.110
1.118
1.11v
1. 19
1.119
I.94
1.650
1.400
1.290
1.140
1.00
8.942 1.955
7.011
6.290
1.116
1.119
1.116
1.119
1.119
I.IL6
1.LLo
1.113
1.112
1,110
5.573 4.942
4.378
3.615
3.,33
3.054
2.110
2.40
2.123
1.274
1.102
9.3l;
6.226
1.061
6.083
5.212
4.453
3.194
3.224
2.131
1
2
2.306
1.942
1.629
1
1.13%
9.423
7.192
6.42,?
5.01
4.313
- 2
-#v..
-1
-16
-t,
It"-
1.951
I0.,A
I.421
1.065
6.104
6.176
10.53
4.931
3955
-2
-e4.9
-,10. '
-ls.I1
".10,1v
".2b
'
-1n.13
2'.
1..'
14,.
o,?l
1Q.97
# I
2.229 2.062
1.909
.,166
1.63?
1.517
1.40"
3.607
2.915
2.05
Z.035
1.61
1.142
7.l17
5.406
1.99v
2.137
3,160
1.10Z
Coeffiiet
Thermal
of Viscosity
conducti.ihy
-I
1.058
1.059
1.061
1.063
1.065
1.060
1.0?0
1.015
1.080
1.064
-8.01
-1.1b
1('
"'.17)
-0.20
2
107),1
-8,21
7
-j.2..'
-111n91
-12.6b
-14.90
,.
- -17.4b
'78
-19.9y
Sound
speed
M
P. kgm
P, mb
29000
29500
30000
30500
31000
J310O
32000
33000
34000
35000
"D6000
49000
* 0
3
3
1.039
1.037
1.031
1.031
1.037
1.037
1.037
1.004
1.050
1.05
303.9
310.6
312.#
1.493 1.491
1.504
1.509
1.514
1.519
1.525
1.531
1.549
1.592
1.069
1.068
1.013
1.076
1.083
1.067
A.091
1.095
1.099
1.102
313.9
315.4
316.9
*10.4
.l19.9
3M1.4
322.*
324.3
325.6
321.2
1.514 1.66
1.599
1.611
1.623
1.635
1.647
1.699
1.671
1.961
1.105
1.10h
1.108
1.109
1.110
1.111
1.116
1.120
1.120
1.120
J2.17
330.1
330.?
.130.1
330.7
3.30.7
330.1
328.9
327.1
326.3
1.694 1.106
A.711
1.711
1.711
1.711
1.706
1.6,96
1.957
1.71
1.120
1.120
1.120
1.120
1.123
1.130
1.133
1.130
1.127
1.123
325.3
1.667 324.1 I1.6s?
322.6
1.647
321.6
1.631
320.0
1.624
31.76
1.605
315.3
L.$52
312.9
1*.69
$10.5
1.541
306.L
1.527
1.10L
I.101
1.105
1.103
1.102
1.101
1.099
1.099
1.097
1.091
1.6S1 - 4
1.451
L.273
1.813
9.79 -5
6.488
7.360
6.402
S.539
4.779
L.122
1.120
1.117
1.115
1.113
1.110
1.108
1.106
1.104
1.102
J05.7
303.2
3OO.?
2111.
293.7
Z93.2
290.6
25.1
126.5
262.6
1.096
1.096
1.09V
1:093
1ai.?
1,095
1.093
1.067
1.o6
1.069
1.060
4.113 - 5
1.101
1.100
1.090
1.097
1.046
1.111
1.134
1.18
1.119
1.110
1.101
1.201
1.056
&.9j9 -3
3.529
3-070
2.16
2.100
1.086
1.366
1.2'9
1.070
d.628 -
1.051
7.2U2
1.043
6.001
1.034
4.956
1,025
4.069
1.016
J.374
0.991
2.236
;40.916
1.16
0-9005
8. 0,0
1.05
4.4902
0.5i6
0.865
0.55
0.651
j.)V2 2.zov
I.568
1.130
f.R1A 69.061
4.366
3.Li9
2.468
S.228 -
3.214
3.320
S.367
5.413
5.4%6
5.104
5.550
5.595
5.641
5.686 - 6
5.731
5.150
5.50
5.750
5.150
5.731
5.693
5.65!1
5.6,168
I.9
A *.904
4.630
4.156
4.461
4.606
4.531
4.456
4.381
4.303
260.2
21.5
2141.1
272.:1
269.4
266.6
201.8
26j.3
2j.3.
2.3
1.3
1.28i
IZ59
1.736
1.21
1.194
1.172
A.166
1.168
1.166
4.279
4.153$
4.016
0000
3.1923
3.464
3.769
3.7n6
3.156
3.1"6
26j.3
Z63.3
?bj.3
26$.)
26J.1
Z06..
2v.0
1.166 1.186
1.114
1.16d
1.196
I.L90
lzLe
0.943
I 3.1
216.5
279.9
1.245
1.21)
1.299
0.911
0.5i6
0.880
0.654
0,3
0.415
0.525
0,63
0.799
364.2
295.3
306.4
316.9
.2F.J
T.
3:1.9
350.7
- 17f.7
J3*0.1
1.305 1,4I'5
1.513
1.".9
1.601
10162
1,912
L.O0
2.1y7
4.964
5.001
3.023
5.043
5.065
5.135
5.81
1.50" - 5
1.467
1.461
1R.441
1.4Q1
1.406
1.386
1.36$
1.144
1.323
12 Wd
4.925 - 9
4.940
4.964
1.081
1,013
1.064
1.056
1 .Q9
0.910
309.3
,)
..
5 5.560 .5.41
5.504
5.446
5.416
5.3#4
1.271
5.198
5.123
5.031
L.091
0.V32
0.51
0.961
0.672
O.*u6
304.0
305.2
305.9
A06.5
307.1
301.I
-+6
3.715 3.756
3.756
1.156
J.756
3).a%
,;.-1",2
4.026
4.124
4.220
5
4.345 4.61
5.001
3.j37
5.03h
S."46
9.533
1.11.
1.060
'
110
TAtz &M.-Caakied
4,5 N. January
GEOFOTENIAL ALITUFDE, METRIC UNrr_
Aksde
H,u
Temnperat urs
Z' U
r,-
t.C
Presue
T,-. ,
Density
, k
-0:..
-15:56
1:01600
A 1:0l
5s
0
50
1000
1250
1500
10
2001
2251
271.69
-1.46
-:.31
-3.21
-4.11
-5.01
-1.94
-6.65
-7.12
-6.62
-14.93
-14.10
-13.36
-12.65
-11.92
-11.19
-LO0#46
-9.72
-6.99
9.66
"
9.'60
9.262
5.971
9.691
&..20
.154
7.696
1.646
2101
271
263.61
26
1.403
2150
262.714
-10.41
-7.53
7.166
3000
350
3100
37a0
4000
4250
4500
3008
3212
1502
3172
4003
42513
4010
261.6%
260.3)
2S6.61
251.29
255.11
24.26
212.15
4750
-11.30
-12.62
-14.34
-15.66
-17.36
-16.09
-20.40
-6.60
-6.69
-6.59
-*6.4
-6.36
-6.26
-6.15
47154
211.21
-21.90
3000
5120
5100
510
1004
5294
5501
5175
249.74
2468.23
246.72
245,21
-a3.43
-24.92
-26.43
-Z7.94
250
S
300
710
0
1000
1250
1500
1710
2000
"22%0
2500
270.60
269.9
269.00
260.11
247.21
266.32
265.43
264.13
-9.51
: 301 #
1.003
1.001
1.000
0.996
0.991
0.996
0.995
0.993
0.992
a.265
1.230
1.19%
1.162
1.129
1.098
1.067
1.036
1.007
0.991
4.082 -
0.990
9.502
6.93?
6.713
6.496
6.215
0.019
%.619
5.604
0.969
0.966
0.967
0.986
0.98
0.986
-6.03
5.494
-1.91
-5.60
-5.66
-5.57
S.310
5.131
4.957
4.768
-.
a 2
Am
.0
Sound
Coefficient
Thermal
speed
of viscosity
conductivity
C.
m sc-
kgsm-
kec.n
ee-'(*K)-
ec
1.71:
1.709
1.704
l.724
L.700
1.695
1.691
1.617
1.962
1.616
1.673
5:759 -
1.01*
1.04
L.050
1.045
1.041
1.031
1.034
1.030
1.026
330.4
329.9
329.3
021.8
326.2
327.7
321.1
326.6
326.1
1.022
325.5
1.669 -
1.019
A24.9
1.664
5.570
9.229
6.964
8.744
6.509
4.260
11.054
7.834
1.011
1.014
1.013
1.012
1.011
1.010
1.009
324.4
323.1
322.5
321.6
320.6
319.7
319.1
0.984
1. 640
L.612
1.644
L.636
1.629
1.621
1.613
P.618
1.00?
5.152
9.5z3
9.494
5.464
5.435
1.40.
5.3?6
43a1.
1.606
5.34r
0.963
0.952
0.961
0.961
1.404 1.201
7.000
6.602
1 3.006
1.005
1.004
1.003
316.0
315.4
314.9
311.9
1.590 1.590
1.58a
1.174
51., 1
1.101
S.690
9.613
S.656
5.633
5.62L
5.604
5
5.581 - 6
5.318 -8 6
5.256
5.Z59
5.2.9
6000
6006
243.70
-29.45
-5.41
4.624
0.960
6.609
1.002
312.9
1.566
5.199
6250
6500
6710
626
6507
6151
242.19
240.69
239.19
-30.96
-32.44
-33.96
-5.33
-5.21
-5.09
1*.64
4.309
4.LSO
0.979
0,979
0.978
6.421
6.236
6.0%6
1.001
1.000
0.99V
312.0
jL1.0
J10.0
1.519
1.551
1.43
5.170
5.140
5.111
7000
7250
7008
231.66
-35.47
-4.97
4.012
9.9711
5.810
0.997
30%.1
1.535
5.081
1258
236.16
-316.97
-4.65
3.870
0.916
5.106
0.996
306.1
1.527
5.01
7100
M1e0
6000
4250
6500
by10
"
234.67
233.17
231.66
230.16
220.646
227.16
225.66
224.16
222.66
223.16
-38.46
-39.96
-41.49
-42.99
-44.49
-45.99
-41.49
-46.19
-50.49
-51.99
-4.73
-4.61
-4.49
-4.36
-4.24
-4.11
-3.99
-3.67
-3.74
-1.62
3.732
3.596
3.466
3.342
3.220
3.102
2.967
2.676
2.760
2.663
+ 2
9250
9100
M0
7109
7159
4010
626a
111
47"
9013
9265
9114
974S
0.976
0.975
0.974
0.974
0.973
0.972
0.972
0.911
0.970
0.970
5.51#0 - 1
5.376
5.215
1.019
4.906
4.757
4.611
4.469
".330
4.195
0.995
0.994
0.993
0.992
0.991
0.990
0.989
0.968
0.917
0.966
307.1
A06.1
305.3
304.1
3103.1
30P2.3
301.1
300.1
299.1
296.1
1.19 - 5
1.511
1.503
1.495
1.487
1.479
1.471
.1463
1.454
1.446
,021 - 60
4.991
4.9"6
4.932
4.902
4.072
4.6.42
4.812
4.132
4.;$
10000
1020
10500
10016
10267
10"3
219.65
2L9.53
219.40
-53.50
-53.62
-53.75
-3.10
-2.00
-0.50
2.562
2.464
2.3/0
* 2
0.969
(.969
0.969
4.063 3.911
3.763
0.955
0.917
0.971
Z'?..
20.7.0
29..9
1.)08 - 1
.437
1.-31
4.722 - 6
4.720
4.717
10070
10168
219.26
-53.67
1.00
2.280
0.968
3.622
0.964
29t.9
1.435
4.71L5
11000
11S00
12000
11039
11521
12023
219.35
26.90
219.65
-14.00
-34.25
-34.50
2.10
2.25
2.00
2.190
2.026
1.876
0.969
0.969
0.910
12500
125".
3.405
3.228
2.989
0.956
0.960
0.962
216.40
-14.73
1.15
296.6
296.S
296.4
1.435
1.434
1.033
1.735
0.911
4.712
4.707
4.702
2.767
0.963
29b..'
1.4313
4.69I
13000
13500
13172"
13529
216.11
211.90
-51.00
-51.21
1.50
1.2
1.604
1.#03
0.912
0.972
2.562
2.311
0.965
0.966
296.1
295.9
1.430
1.428
4.692
4.401
14000
14033
211.65
14933
"9000
14500
15000
11500
-351.0
1.00
217.40
-55.715
1.371
0.973
0.15
2.195 -
0.966
295.7
4.269
1.427
0.913
2.032
0.969
295.6
1.426
4.671
11031
217.15
-56.00
O.bO
1.112
0.973
1.460
0.911
291.4
L.424
115)3
216.90
-36.25
0.973
1140
0.972
295.2
1.423
1.000
i.04-
236.65
-15.30
-0.00
1.001
0.973
1.610
0.9f3
295.1
1.422
o.612
4.661
4.662
16300
17000
5
17 1do
11000
10300
16143
216.40
-16.13
-0.25
9.252
0.973
1.469
0.914
294.9
1.420
4.651
11046
2i6.31
-57.00
-0.10
8.549
0.973
1.376
0.911
294.1
J.419
4.652
11548
18051
11414
215.90
211.61
935.40
-57.25
-57.10
-517.75
-0.75
-1.00
-3.21
7.899
1.298
6.712
0.973
0.972
0.972
1.271
1.179
1.090
0.916
0.971
0.976
294.6
294.4
294.2
1.4L7
1.416
1.415
4.647
4.642
'.637
19000
19051
J1.15
-53.00
-1.50
6.22s
0.972
1.006 - 1
0.910
294.0
1.413 - 1
4.631 - 6
19100
W
20500
19160
20063
20514
231.19
915.15
215.15
-58.00
-58.00
-16.00
-1.10
-1.50
-2.00
5.152
S.313
4.906
0.971
0.970
0.970
9.314 - 1
6.603
7.947
0.979
0.977
0.979
29490
294.0
294.0
1.413
1.413
1.413
4.631
4.631
4.631
21000
210:'0
215.15
-51..0
-2.10
0.969
7.340
0.960
2904.0
25.135
215.35
1031
-3.00
-3.s0
-.4.00
4.167
3.660
3.173
-4.50
3.300
0.968
0.967
0.966
1.413
4.631
21113
22076
22'1li1
-51.00
-36.00
-56.00
b.S33
2i300
22006
22100
j3000
6.760
6.263
5.76i
0.962
0.963
.t91#
294.0
294.0
294.0
1.413
1.413
1.413
4.631
4.631
4.631
ZJ.10
i31is
215.5
-15.00
-3.00
3.045
0.962
4.935
0.965
294.0
1.413
4.631
24000
24091
215.11
-36.00
-5.50
Z.6L1
0.961
4.519 - 2
0.965
294.0
1.413 - 5
4.631 -
24100
24595
235.11
-1.00
-6.00
2-600
0.939
*.a1l
0.965
294.0
1.413
4.631
2500A1
21500
26000
26100
27000
21100
26000
26500
25099
21603
26101
26611
21115
2a619
as1"4
2.1420
215.11
211.15
215.15
211.11
215.15
215.11
lis.03
214.1)l
-16.00
-80.00
-51.00
-50.00
-38.00
-17.50
-37.20
-56.60
-6.50
-7.00
-1.00
-5.00
-6.30
-0.*0
-6.70
2.402
2.219
2.049
1.693
1.746
1.619
1.492
0.957
0.934
0.912
0.949
0.941
0.943
0.941
3.849
3.$92
3.319
3.065
2.431
2.610
2.401
0.905
0.965
0.985
0.965
0.964
0.90l
O.979
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.3
2V4.6
4.631
4.631
4.631
4.631
4.63i
4.640
4.640
-.6.0
1.)19
0.930
2.220
0.916
1.413
1.43
1.413
1.433
1.413
1.416
1.436
294,.9 1.20
Z30 4
25.11
-16.00
0.1
11.061
1
0.964
* 1
5.343
0.934
294.0
3.413
4.662
4.631
4.616
'V
Uzu
SI.-CoamI.
11
Is
TrnI 5.1.--Coel
45WN. Jaiuary
GEOMIETRIC ALTIlJDE. METRIC UNITS
_______
H, m
Z,.
TK
t,C*.
______
__________sp.eed
C.
.
Ftab
T-TP.
;t
F"
-I
S0
Sound
Density
Pressuie
Temperature
Altiiude
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
250
500
M
1000
1250
1500
1150
1999
2249
972.S9
271.70
270.80
269.90
269.00
268.11
267.21
266.32
265.4.
264.54
-0.56
-1.45
-2.35
-3.25
-4.15
-,04
-S.94
-6.83
-7.72
-8.61
-15.6
-*4.83
-14.10
-13.18
-12.60
-11.92
-11.19
-10.46
-9.72
-8.99
25uO
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
2499
2749
2999
3246
349a
J748
3997
4241
4491
4746
263.64
262.73
261.86
260.34
256.82
257.31
255.79
254.28
252.77
251.27
-9.51
-10.0
-11.29
-12.81
-14.33
-15.84
-17.36
-18.67
-20.38
-21.68
5000
1230
5100
?I1O
8000
6250
6500
6710
7000
7250
4996
'S40
5495
5745
599
244
6491
6743
6992
1242
249.76
246.2S
240.75
245..2
243.73
242.23
240.73
239.23
237.73
236.23
7500
7150
6000
8250
8500
8730
9000
9250
9500
9150
1491
7741
7990
0239
8489
8738
8967
9237
9486
9735
10000
10250
10500
10150
11000
i1500
12000
12500
130L0
13500
Thermal
contductivity
1.01100 * A
9."5
+ 2
9.560
9.262
0.974
0.693
4.#Z0
.1)
7.697
1.647
1.005
1.003
i.Ooi
1.000
0.998
0.997
0.996
3.994
0.993
0.992
1.301 4 0
1.265
1.230
1.196
1.12
1.130
1.099
1.067
1.0$6
1.007
1.062
L.058
1.04
1.05
1.045
-. 041
L.038
1.034
L.029
1.026
331.0
330.4
329.9
J29.3
328.8
320.2
327.7
327.2
325.6
326.1
1.711 1.709
1.?04
1.700
1.695
1.691
1.617
1.682
L.678
1,613
-8.26
-Z.53
-6.80
-4.69
-4.59
-0.48
-*.36
-6.26
-6.15
-6.03
7.404
7.14?
6.936
6.7?IS
6.498
6.24?
6.081
5.681
5.686
S.497
+ 2
0.991
0.990
0.969
0.989
V1968
0.987
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.984
9.763 9.503
9.230
1.985
8.746
8.511
8.202
8.057
1.037
7.g22
1.022
1.01V
10AS
1.014
1.013
1.012
1.011
1.010
1.009
1.001
323.5
324.9
324.4
323.5
322.5
321.6
320.6
319.7
318.7
317. 8
1.669 -5
1.64
1.660
1.652
1.644
1.637
1.629
1.621
1.61L
1.606
-23.39
-24.90
-26. 40
-27.91
-29.42
-39.92
-32.42
-33.92
-35.42
-36.92
-5.92
-5.50
-5.69
-S.57
-5.45
-5.33
-5.21
-.. C
-4.97
-4.85
5.313
5.104
4.963
4.791
4.621
4.468
4.313
4.162
4.016
3.874
0.983
0.98Z
0.95
0.981
0.980
0.979
0.9?6
0.978
0.977
0.976
7.411 7.205
7.003
6.806
6.614
4.142.
6.241
6.061
5.805
5.714
1.006
1.005
1.004
1.003
1.0.2
1.001
1.000
0.109
0.9"S
0.996
316.8
315.9
314.9
313.9
313.0
312.0
311.0
310.1
309.1
308.1
1.598 I.90
1.562
1.574
1.9*7
1.559
1.551
1.543
1.535
1.527
234.73
233.22
231.72
230.23
225.73
227.23
25..14
224.24
222.?4
221.24
-38.42
-39.63
-41.43
-42.92
-44.42
-45.92
-41.41
-48.91
-50.41
-31.91
-4.73
-4'61
-.
4.9
-4.37
-4.24
-4.12
-4.00
-3.81
-3.75
-J.63
3.737
3.603
3.473
3.348
3.226
3.107
2.993
2.881
2.774
2.669
0.976
0.975
0.974
0.974
0.973
0.972
0.972
0.971
0.971
0.970
5.546 5.382
5.222
S.065
4.913
4.164
4.618
*.471
4.338
4.203
0."5
0.994
0."3
0."2
0."1
0.*90
0.989
0.988
0.987
0.9st.
301.1
306.1
305.2
304.2
303.2
302.2
301.2
300.2
299.2
298.2
9984
10233
10483
10732
10%81
11479
11977
12475
12973
13471
219.75
219.54
219.41
219.Z9
219.16
218.91
218.66
218.41
218.16
217.91
-53.40
-53.61
-53.14
-53.86
-53.99
-34.24
-54.149
-34.74
-S4.99
-55.24
-3.50
-2.10
-0.60
0.89
i.39
2.26
2.01
1.76
1.51
1.26
2.561
2.413
2.371
2.286
2.199
2.035
1.882
1.741
1.611
1.490
+ 2
0.969
0.969
0.968
0.969
0.969
0.970
0.910
0.0911
0.912
0.972
4.011 -1 1
3.920
3.773
3.632
3.496
3.230
2.999
2.176
2.512
2.362
0.911
0.978
0.971
0.96
0.-58
0.90
0.96Z
0,9~
0.~4
0.966
14000
14500
1500O
15100
16000
16300
17000
17100
18000
18600
13969
14461
1496.5
15462
1596
16437
16955
17452
17949
10446
217.67
217.42
11.11
216.92
216.67
216.42
216.17
215.92
215.68
215.43
-55.48
-55.73
-55.v8
-56.23
-56.40
-56.73
-56.96
-57.23
-57.47
-51.72
1.02
0.77
0.52
0.27
0.02
-0.23
-0.48
-0.73
-0.97
-1.22
1.378
1
1.274
1.176
1.090
1.008
9.315
8.611
7.960
7.357
6.800
0.972
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.97Z
2.205 2.042
1.890
1.750
1.62)
1.499
1.386
1.284
1.198
1.100
19000
19300
20000
20500
21000
21500
22000
22500
23000
23500
1804j
19440
19937
20434
20931
21428
21924
22421
22917
23413
215.16
215.15
215.11
2135.15
215.15
215.15
215.15
215., .1
211,15
215.15
-51.97
-56.00
-538.00
-35.0W
-58.00
-54.00
-6.00
-58.00
-58.00
-53.00
-1.41
-1.50
-1.50
-1.93
-2.43
-2.93
-3.
-3.92
-4.42
-4.91
6.264
5.407
5.367
4.960
4.5$3
4.236
3.915
3.618
3.344
1.090
+ 1
0.972
0.971
0.911
0.970
0.969
0,968
0.967
0.960
0.964
0.013
24000
24500
25000
25500
26000
16500
27000
27500
28000
28500
23910
24406
24902
25398
25594
26390
26486
27382
2787Y
2637)
213.13
215.15
215.15
215.15
215.15
215.15
215. 1
215.46
21M.81
210.25
-58.00
-58.00
-56.00
-50.00
-56.00
-58.00
-58.00
-57.69
-37.30
-5b6.
--5.41
-5.91
-6.40
-6.90
-7.39
-1.89
-8.39
-8.58
-3.66
-. 177
2.56
2.640
2.440
2.255
2.064
L.926
1.710
1.646
1.521
1.407
+ I
0.961
0.959
0.957
0.955
0.0953
0.950
0.947
0.944
0.941
0.936
25.
500
750
gs a(Kec
5
5.759 - 6
5.741
3.124
5.707
5.690
5.673
5.656
5.638
5.621
5.604
5.587 5.570
C.23
3.524
5.494
5.463
5.435
5.406
5.317
.3647
5.318 5.289
5.259
5.230
5.200
5.171
50141
5.111
5.082
5.052
L.519 -5
1.511
1.503
1.495
1.487
1.479
1.471
1.463
1.155
1.441
5.023 4.993
4.963
4.933
4.904
4.514
4.114
4.814
4.784
4.754
297.2
297.0
296.9
296.9
Z96.3
296.6
296.4
296.3
296.1
295.9
1.439 - 5
1.437
1.437
1.436
t.433
1.434
1.433
1,431
1.430
1.429
4.724 - 6
4.720
4.71
4.715
4.712
4.707
4.702
4.697
4.692
4.681
0.96S
0.970
0.970
0.972
0.973
0.974
0.9g5
0.976
0.977
0.971
295.8
2"5.6
295.4
295.3
295.1
296.9
294,7
294.6
294.4
294.2
1.427 t.4,41
1.424
1.423
L.422
1.420
1.419
1.410
1.416
1.415
4.652 - 6
4.617
4.612
4.667
4.662
b.657
4.6S2
4.647
4.642
4.637
1,011 - 1
9.403 - 2
8.690
8.030
7.421
6.t59
6.318
538.3
S.414
5.004
0.917
0.91a
0,911
th,919
0.98C
0.931
0.983
0.98.
0.984
0.965
294.1
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
2-t.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
1.414 1.413
1.413
1.413
1.%13
1.413
1.493
1.413
1.415
1.413
*.632 - 6
4.631
4.631
4.63L
4.431
4.631
4.631
4.631
4.631
4.631
4.624 4,274
3.950
3.6531
3.37%
3119
2.883
4.661
2.455
2.266
0.985
0.985
0.966
0.983
0.985
0.9"S
0.984
O.992
0.919
0.916
294.0
2"4.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.3
294.5
2a.8
1.413 1.413
1.413
1.413
1.41)
I.411
1.413
1.4t1
1.417
1.419
4.611
4.651
4.63t
4.631
6.631
4.631
4.031
4.6,13
4.6,N6
--------.
----
F-
m
sm-*)
P.IsM1
oefiient
of viscosity
-t--, --
.,..-~-.-';-'-~-".-''~"'-.
4.654
s4
112
TABLE
.A,-Comnamd
45' N. January
GEOPOTENTIAL ALTITUDE, METRIC UNITS
.Ahitude
Teamprature
pressure
~ntivy
,
V.
29000
29500
30000
3050
31000
31110
c-ductivity
Pp,.
kp
see-
0.973
0.910
0.963
0.96t
O.96
0.960
295.1
295.4
295.1
290.0
296.2
2g6.5J
L.#.22 L.#24
1.427
1.429
1.431
1.411
?.962
0.917
1.266
0.V57
29o.8
1.435
4.712
6.ez0
5.$.54
.036
0.912
0.906,
0.901
1.069
9.050 7.660
0.949
0.142
0.935
29d.9
300.1
303.0
1.452
i.469
1.486
4.114
4.636.
4.696
0.496
0.892
0.888
0.864
0.880
0.81
6.S31 - 3
5.566
4.754
4.068
3.489
2.991
0.92b
0.922
0.916
0.-91
0.906
0.901
305.0
307.1
309.1
311.1
H13.1
315.1
1."
1.519
1.135
1.552
1.686
1.564
0.814
0.811
0.868
2.580
2.225
1.922
0.696
0.692
0.bed
311.I
J19.0
321.0
1.600
1.616
L.632
0.6a4
322.9
1.647
L0.81324.8
L.663
-54.00
-9.50
-50.90
-41.60
-4*.70
-9.20
-6.90
-4.60
-5S. 44
- 4.0
-13$,60
-55.20
-54.60
-'-".40
32000
214
3
219.15
33000
340010
35000
.33112
34163
35194
22.25
2Z5.35
226.#S
34000
31000
38600
39000
40000
1000
3620S
31217
38229
39241
40253
43.204
231.51
234.65
231.75
2410.85
243.95
241.05
-11.60 -8.30
-38.50
-8.00
-35.40
-7.10
-32.30
-7.40
-29.20
--. to
-26.10
-..80
4.341
3.149
3.244
2.813
2.443
2.126
42000
43000
44.000
42279
43293
4630?
250.15
253.25
256.35
-23.00
-19.90
-16.80
-&.50
-6.20
-5.90
1.853
1.617
1.41S
45000
4532A
259.45
-13.70
-5.60
1.239
46000
46335
262.55
-10.60
-5.30
1.061
47000
47350
265.65
-7.50
-5.00
9.55L
# 1
* 0
0.866
1.664
0.6O83
1.442
0.861
1.2,3
265.65
-7.50
-5.00
8.399
0.819
1.101
49000
50000
51000
49386
50396
51413
265.65
265.65
261.65
-7.50
-7.50
-7.50
-- 5.00
-5.00
-1.0(1
7."5
6.494
5.710
Q0.57
0.865
0.653
9.685
8.516
i.489
53000
-9.50
-5.00
6.565
-9.50
|40365
Thermal
of vcsity
2.046 - 2
1.689
1.7113
1.09
1.*65
1.3/1
L.274
1.116
1.089
1.00?
9.308
6.006
214.75
217.15
aI1.%5
217.95
214.55
210.?S
46000
Co rffient
"wed
0.935
0.932
0.929
0.926
0.923
0.920
-6.90
--9.00
-9.10
-9.20
-9.30
-9.40
2913J
29638
30142
30641
i1ll"
31651
Sound
u
4.66 4.612
4.060
4.688
4.696
4.704
5.506
-
5.566
0.071
326.7
1.679
5.626
0.75
326.7
1.679
5.626
0.8713
0.871
0.609
36.7
J26.7
326.7
1.679
1.679
1.679
5.626
5.626
5.626
53469
263.65
4.421
0.894
0.b61
326.5
1.679
5.562
53469
263.65
-5.00
4.021
0.8"
,
8.t
0.865
3-1326.5
1.69
5.526
54463
261.65
-11.50
-5.00
3.01S
0.841
5.159
0.863
324.3
L.659
5.549
55000
55480
259.65
-13.50
-5.00
3.399
0.845
4.560
0.86L
3z3.0
1.648
5.510
56000
57000
56496
51516
241.65
255.65
-15.50
-17.50
56000
59000
58534
59553
i53.65
29L.65
-19.50
-21.50
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
2.978
2.607
2.280
1.99t
0.843
0.541
0.636a
0.3
4.0213.553
3.131
.157
0.859
0.657
0.b5!;
0.851
321.8
320.5
319.3
31b.0
1.638
1.129
1.f18
1.608
60000
61000
62000
63000
60572
61591
62611
63631
249.65
217.65
245.65
243.65
-23.50
-25.50
-27.50
-29.50
-5.00
-5.00
-3.00
-1.00
1.73
1.515
1.339
1.147#
0.63
0.832
0.830
0.829
2.25
2.131
1.870
1.640
0.51
0.846
0.840
0.8j2
.6.7
315.5
31".2
31: 9
1.597
1.587
1.57T
1.566
5.31.6
5.277
5.238
5.1 6
64000
64651
241.65
-- 31.50
1.00
9.962
0.629
1.436
0.825
311.o
1.556
5.159
65000
6567Z
239.55
-33.60
2.90
8.643
0.030
1.257
66000
66692
237.45
-35.70
4.80
7.-90
C.432
67000
66000
67714
68135
235.35
233.25
-MO70
-39.90
6.70
8,60
6.4682
5.603
0.435
0:39
1.099 9.595 -
69000
70000
71000
72000
69751
70779
71$02
72025
231.15
229.05
226.95
224.6b
-42.00
-44.10
-4t.20
-44.30
10.50
12.40
1,.30
16.20
0.
-09.40
-%2.50
-54.60
18.10
4.636
4.59
3.589
3.085
20.00
21.90
2.210
1.9643
7300
222.75
220.65
216.55
2d
44
.6851
(.859
0.86b
2.648
74000
15000
73646
14872
75096
71000
76920
216.45
-56.70
23.80
1.061
77000
7T000
77944
78966
214.35
212.25
-58.80
-6u. w
25.70
2r.80
1.417
1.20?
19000
60000
79994
61020
210.:5
21.0C4
-43.00
-o,.11
29.50
?1.39
1.OZ
6.710
61000
62046
2n(.42
-tf.ij
25.27
7.395
12000
83000
84000
95000
83072
84096
85125
86L52
20i.ol
'0,L.69
139.54
19Y.51
- tb-3A
-11.4'.
- 1.I
-74.5d
23.16
21.09
18.95
18.92
6.259
5.289
4-461
3.754
86000
61000
68000
69000
90000
47180
86207
3-+.5'
191.5'.
-73.O
T37,6
18-90
18.89
3.168
2.610
69235
!9".5!
-13.b3
18.87
2.250
90264
91293
1o.,4a
.2.
-13. 'W
-3.141
18.02
14.73
92000
93301
ef4.40
-6,d.5
94000
96000
95411
91411
jIC3J-b).,-4
21 j.4 I
L4
96000
100000
99333
10159m
J11.644
22i.di
-:,>|
-5L.)4
102000
L04000
103663
|105730
0.880
0.69Z
0.907
310.3
1.545
0.615
308.9
L.534
0.811
0.609
307.!
J06.2
1.523
1.511
5.035
4.993
0. 06
0.805
0.605
O.dO6
JO.8
303.4
302.0
300.6
1.500
1.069
1.476
1.466
4.951
4.910
4.668
4.826
0.00D
0.811
0.816
299.2
291.6
295.4
1.455
1.44#
1.4)2
4.264
4.742
4.700
3.584
3.097
1.040
1.409
1.397
4.615
4.573
1.102
1.460
0.651
0.862
2JO.6
261.2
1.386
1.314
4.30
4.488
1.25L
0.912
287.7
1.162
4.445
1.064
1.006
1.107
1.127
).070
9.33A - 6
T.784
6.560
0.94.2
0.972
1.001
1.020
246.2
264.7
263.3
Z63.3
1.350
L.338
L.327
1.327
4.403
*.360
4.317
.311
1.147
1.164
5.528 - 6
4.659
1.038
1.057
206J.
26J.3
1,32?
L.327
1.389
3.926
1.076
263.3
1.327
1.896
1.598
1.211
1.230
3.)06
2.188
1.100
1.131
283.1
283.3
1.527
1.27
4.317
4.311?
13.79
1.140
1.Z63
1.935
1.171
287.a
1.358
4431
12.60U
10.71
8.210
5.9o3
)..209
L.241
291.?
2v94.9
1.390
1.421
4.545
4.656
8.93
4.I1
4.366
3.222
1.2i1
1.317
298.7
302.6
.4#51
1.41L
4.?70
4.882
1.332
L.348
309.6
JL6.6
1.540
I,594 - 5
5.098
5.311 - 6
L.362
1.377
1.43
o445
323.5
330.2
J346.8
341.9
1.652
L.101
1.761
1.852
5.525
5.734
5.942
6.291
1.323
1.356
9.596
1.)49
1.371
6.850
4.930
1.186
1.409
3.509 2.536
1.420
1-0)6
1.#46
1.448
1.656
1.379
1.036
1.680
-41.394
-1
4.658
4.31T
231.14
240.42
-4Z.0
1
-32.J3
3.5h
3.06
?.W03
A.616
243'.56
15d.9.
2b6.14
264.95
-. 2j.41
-4?,?
-.
01I
11 . 1
2.7-%
2,48
-7.10
-9.62
1.359
1.014
8.393
6.640
114000
116062
301.12
Z8.5?7
-12.06
5.329
1.447
11.196
1.453
3OSS.7
1.940
6.6#51
313.4.
45.31
-16.26
4.331
1.445
4.449
1.459
369.1
2.025
6.986
-4
.........................................
.................
4:317 4.317
107796
1098667
1&1937
1.1009
I10156
1.421
L06000
104000
11t0000
112000
L16000
293.5
292.1
0.989
1.015
5.18
5 1.016 -
294.9
2."03
L.962
0.d22
2.673 -
0.030
0.850
0.943
0.965
5.471 - 6
5.433
5.394
5.)5
0.La
1.289
6.340
S.09
4.7dO
*.L42
0.924
5
S
6.366
5.126
5.)66
5.446
52000
4.96c 5.021
5.082
5.163
;.204
5.Z65
54000
"
TABLE S.I.-Conmesid13
450 N. January
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, METRIC UNrTS
Ahitud
Z, la
29000
29500
30000
Temperalure
T, K
Pressure
4,"C
T-T,
-56.51
-511
-)L 6
-8.81
a7:|,q
-907
P, ab
p
11
216.64
217:0
1OO
31000
.1500
32000
33000
2L8.23
216483
219.0
221.72
-54.92
-S1.43
-9.25
7.001
0.924
0.921
0-918
0.912
34000
33000
33819
34808
224.79
227.86
48.3 6
-45.29
-8.95
-8.66
6.01
5.183
0.90
0.902
9.32
7.92+
36000
31000
38000
39000
40000
41000
42000
4#3000
-44000
40000
3197
38786
31174
38762
39750
40737
41724
4271t
43698
44684
2o30.92
233.99
237.05
240.11
243.L1
246.24
249.30
252.35
Z55.41
258.47
-42.23
-39.16
-36.10
-33.0'
-29.98
-26.91
-23.85
-20.80
-17.74
-14.68
-8.36
-8.06
-1.77
-7.47
-1.18
-68.58
-6.58
-6.29
-5.99
-5.69
4.413
3.868
3.351
2,909
2.5.0
2.204
1.924
1.642
1.473
1.292
+ 0
0.897
0.893
0.889
0.8805
0.881
0.8?8
0.874
0 871
0.869
0.668
4 6000
417000
48000
490".^
50000
5LO00
52000
45639
4o85
47640
d625
49610
50594
51518
261.53
264.5.
265.65
265.65
265.65
265.65
265.65
-11.62
-8.57
-1.50
-1.50
-1.50
-1.50
-1.50
-5.40
-5.10
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
1.135
9.985
8.796
7.750
6.828
6.016
5.301
* 0
1
53000
512562
284k.53
-6.82
-5.00
54000
55000
53545
54526
262.56
260.59
-- 10.59
-12.56
--. 00
-5.00
5*000
57000
55511
56493
25b.63
256.66
-14..2
-16.49
-5.00
-5.00
3.177
2.189
58000
59000
60000
61000
62000
63000
64000
57416
58457
59439
60420
61401
62382
63362
254.70
252.73
250.77
248.83
248.85
24,.89
242.93
-18.45
-20.42
-22.38
-24.34
-26.30
-26.26
-30.22
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
-5.00
-4.20
--. 24
-0.28
2.446
2.143
L.876
-.640
1.433
1.250
1.090
b50oc
64342
240.93
-32.22
1.65
9.491
88000
81000
68000
89000
70000
65322
6690l
68280
682%9
69236
238.67
Z36.82
234.76
232.11
t30.::
-34.28
-36.33
-38.39
-40.44
-42.50
3.51
5.37
T.23
9.09
10.95
8.255
7.172
6.223
5.394
4.669
)OS00
L.64
L.301
1:203
L 11|3
03
-9.27
-9:11
p-
P.ka m-1
211883
29364
295
035
30850
31145
31840
32830
,019390
-O.32
"
Sound
.peed
Density
0.936
0.933
3.0
2.092
0.927
1.6 1
1.521
L:405
0.914
0.91L
0.969
Is)
6.748 5.159
4.925
4.221
3.625
3.119
2.888
2.322
2.009
1.141
0.864
0.862
0.860
0.8568
0.856
0.054
0.052
1.812 1.315
1.15+
1.016
8.954 7.80
6.952
4.873
n.a50
4.111
3.616
0.848
0.864
0.044
0.8"2
4.280 3.786
0.839
0.830
0.835
0.433
0.831
0.829
0.829
2
2
m*-'
.422
295.3
29
2
* 0
Thermal
conducuivity
0.9466
0.963
0.961
0.958
0.951
9.529
::8
Cocifcient
of vis;osity
4.662 *.670
4.61h.
2&
142
1.430
42
4.686
298.k
294
298.1
t:435
298.5
1.449
4.709
0.94J
0.936
300.
302.0
1.466
1.483
0.930
0.924
0.918
0.912
0.907
0.902
0.698
0.893
0.889
0.886
304.6
306.8
3064.
310.8
112.8
34.8
316.5
318.5
320.4
322.3
1.499
1.515
1.532
1.548
1.584
1.580
1.595
l.811
1.27
1.642
0.882
0.879
0.816
0.84
O.P2Z
0.0
0.68
324.2
328.1
326.1
328.7
328.1
328.7
32
1.658 1.673
1.6?9
1.679
1.679
1.:69
1.679
8.151
0.5ib
328.0
L.613
5.804
5.455
4.834
0.86*
0.862
3214.
323.8
1.661
1.653
5..566
5.528
(A."0
0.858
322.4
321.2
1.643
1.633
3.346
2.954
2.606
2.291
2.022
1.779
1.563
0.685b3
0.854
0.52
0.850
0.848
0.837
0.a30
19.9
31b.7
317.5
318.2
3X5.0
313.7
312,5
1.623
1.613
1.603
1.593
1.583
1.573
1.562
0.829
1.372
0.824
31.2
1.552
0.830
0.833
0.836
0.840
0.846
1.20t 1.055
9.235 8.075
7.052
0.88
0.814
0.810
0.801
0.806
309.8
308.5
0 1.2
305.8
304.5
1.541
1.530
1.519
1.S08
1.498
1.100
4
5
62.
4.693
4.701
4,784
4.825
4.886
A .94,
5.003
5.048
5.129
5.189
3.249
5.309
5.369
5.428
5.481
5.546 5.605
5.626
5.626
5.862
5.626
526
9.490
5.452
8
6
5.414
5.376
5.336
5.299
5.261
S.22,1
5.184
*1
5.145
-
5.104
5.064
5.023
4.983
4.942
11000
7021.
22d.
-44.55
12.1
.031
0..53
6.152
0.60
303.1
1.47
4.901
72000
73000
14000
75000
73194
72171
73148
74125
226.54
224.49
222.44
220.39
-4661
-48.66
-50.7610
-52.76
14.81
18.52
3:.8:
3.008
0.861
0.670
2.226
0.694
0.80S
0.806
0,608
0.812
301.7
300.4
20.24
5.360
4."44
4.04
3.S19
291.8
1.415
1.464
1.453
1.442
4.860
4.819
4.778
4.737
76000
17000
780011
790fl0
80',00
81O00
82000
83000
84000
85000
75102
76078
77054
78030
79006
79981
80956
88930
62904
83878
218.34
216.29
214.2m
212.19
1
22.10
23.95
2!.81
27.66
09.4y
7.43
25.38
e3.3u
?1.24
19.19
1.912
1.640
1.405
1.Z01
1.026
8.749
7.450
6.333
5.375
4.5S5
01909
0.926
0.944
0.966
0.989
1.00S
1.039
1.082
1.084
1.104
3.031
2.642
2.284
1.973
1.701
1.4#5
1.260
1.08L
9.212 1.938
2..)1
10 1.40 1.u
b
11.
-54.6L
-56.68
-568.91
-80.96
-.
)l
-e..
7f
1'..1
-,4.21
-7 1.1,
-t1.
1
0.817
0.821
0.831
0.840
0.851
0.881
0.911
0.940
0.970
0.998
29.2
294.8
293.4
292.0
2.70.8
284.2
287.8
288.3
284.9
263.4
1.431
1.420
A.408
1.391
3.86
1.374
1.363
1.351
1.340
1.328
4.694 * 6
4.654
4.613
4.512
4.530
4.489
4.447
4.406
4.364
4.322
88000
87000
88000
.9000
90000
92000
114000
8485
85825
86798
817731
b8173
90667
926309
1,j.,
1.
1"..*
1 'v.iI
1...l
e I."
..
-7..
-1*.1
-73..,
-7..'.
-7'..i
-.. 7.1.
18.99
i.n?
18.9u
18-89
18.88
.ib86
19.9
13.3!
3.858
3.264
2.764
2.3A0
1.986
1421
1.027
1.124
1.144
1.164
1.184
1.205
1.241
1.273
4.e78 5.696
4.822
4.083
3.451
2.456
1.728
1.017
1.035
1.053
1.072
1.091
1.1
L.1805
283.3
283.3
263.3
283.5
283.3
284
288.
1.327 1.327
1.327
1.327
1.327
1.337
1.368
04572
9685
1
9451
!.Ij1
!4..,
21 .,
12.05
10.2'
,85
7.4H&
5.501
4.014
1.302
1.329
1.354
1.228
8.I98 6.355
1.7i1
1.249
1.218
29a.2
29S.9
299.8
1.398
1.424
1.458
3.97
5- 7
.qh
2.7_,
2,51
-7.20
-9,8
9
-311.95
-1.13
3.040
2.29#
1.753
1.354
1.07
8:331
6.646
S.374
4.397
1.374
1.A90
1.407
1.422
1.4)7
1.446
1.441
1.447
1.441%
4.609 3.325
2.433
1.804
1.354
1.02,
7.689
5.861
.5X7
i.319
1.334
1.349
1.364
1.317
1.435
1.445
1.453
1.*5&
303.9
10.8
31.5
324.2
33C.6
337.1
31.9
358.3
168.4
1.493
1,549
1.604
1.650
1.111
1.174
1.851
1.936
2.019
96000
98000
100000
10200c
10400,
108000
108000
110000
112000
314000
118000
118000
100389
102326
104261
106196
10802v
110061
111991
113921
11IL849
.
..
2,.*,].
25).5d
2 I.51
61. .'
e..d
I:. 0
1. 1.,
-,2.
-,. il
-3',.
--
'
'
-4.
-2.. .,2
1.o
1.,
e. t.7
-1 3.0.
-5.0,
1.13
Z1.1
4-'..5
4.311 4.313
4.317
4.311
4.317
4.3M.
4.461
4.$71
4.688
4.795
-
4.924 5.354
5.341
*.545
5.748
5.153
6.29S
6.631
6.961
TAC &M.-COeun,,d
114
45 N. July
GEOPOTENIIAL ALITrUDE. METRIC UNMr_
Toapem~ug
Uft
Hm'
T.,K
,.
0
.C
r-T.,
M3.01
21.60
20.13
1
l2.
1'.:"
|i 6.15
*
14.a&
13.04
1U.44
6.07
4.i*1
.14
9.:
9149
9.S 6
10.21
De~nsity
Presas
,___T__P__en_
Pub
1.01350 * 3
9.64
* 2
2.569
.*2
, ,. =,-a-' P,
Sound
Cuefficlent
speed
of
cornductivity
oft,-$=
ka
5
J40.6
339.9
339.1
336.2
1.6.8 1.6.2
1.618
1.604
1.604
1.98
.1.3
1.792
1.786
1.780
1.71
6.204 6.L.0
6.151
6.109
6.1
6.068
6.063
6.039
6.016
5.9b6
0.9T3
0.912
0.972
0.971
0.91
0.910
0.910
0.9/0
0.910
0.910
345.0
34t.3
343.5
342.1
35,2.
1.006
1.009
1.192 * 0
1.163
1.135
1.080
8.01
1.03
1 026
1,001
9.756 - 1
9.1522
1.000
1.001
1.002
1.O04
1.9
.00
1.005
L,006
Thermal
wiwouity
2000
2250
94.
I.s8
291.:"
291 4
29L2.41
106.90
167
a0w
a
2,1.43
050
*0
1 2".19
2251L 264.59
2100
*150
300
3*10
3100
J750
4000
4*50
4500
4110
2501
*181
3001
3a52
LIM*
31*
4003
4"3
450
4714
262.96
261.36
2*".78
21d.22
2*1.6
t1S.11
213.55
212.02
210.49
*68.96
9.63
8.23
6.83
5.01
3.51
1.98
0.40
-1.13
-2.86
-4.1v
11.08
11.11
11.13
11.20
11.26
11.33
I1.40
1.109
13.1
11.08
1.548
1,.3*3
1.103
6.089
8.680
6.411
6.216
6.085
5.496
1.11
+ 2
1.011
1.01*
1.013
1.014
1.016
1.011
I1019
1.020
1.021
1.023
9.292 9.006
68.64
8.626
6.41
6.202
1.99S
7.193
7.594
7.399
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914
0.14
0.910
0.916
0.917
0.978
0.978
337.2
.368.3
335.3
3J4.4
333.4
332.1
J31.6
330.6
329.7
328.8
1.784 1.751
1.749
1.741
1.733
1.126
1.116
1.?10
1.703
1.695
.9s6 -46
5.925
5.895
5.666
5.836
5.806
1.771
.1.44
1.718
5.689
5000
5250
9113
5150
**6
9050
111
1004
7216
11.78
11.01
11.96
12.06
12.15
2.14
12.13
12.32
12.10
12.09
S.533
5.359
5.169
S.024
4.683
4.706
4.553
4.404
a.69
4.119
1.024
1.026
1.AZY
1.029
1.031
1.032
1.034
1.036
1.037
1.039
7.208 1.021
68.36
6.658
6.463
6.313
6.147
5.984
5.625
5.668
0.979
0.!k0
0.961
0.982
0.983
0.98b
0.985
0.987
0.99d
0.989
321.8
326.9
J25.9
325.0
314.1
323.0
322.0
321.0
320.0
31a.'
1.686 1.660
1.672
1.365
1.657
1."9
1.640
1.632
1.624
1.615
8100
81
S
7000
7210
-5.)
-7.26
-6.79
-10.32
-abl,5
-13.49
-15.U2
-16.7:,
-18.40
-20.03
.250
267.43
265.69
264.36
262.63
8
iSV."6
258.03
256.39
?84.1I
2*3.12
+ 2
"80
5004
5254
50
1155
4,60
5.660 - 8
5.630
5.601
5.571
5.542
5.50I
5.419
5.447
5.415
5.383
7500
7509
1159
6010
61
50
6511
8762
9013
92t3
9514
2S1.48
*49.85
,150
246.21
2*4.50
244.95
243.32
241.68
240.06
238.43
2386.80
-2.867
-23.J0
-24.94
-268$?
-*8.20
-29.63
-31.46
-33.09
-34.72
-3&.35
12.08
12.07
12.06
L12O0
12.05
12.05
12.04
12.04
12.03
12.03
3.982
3.684
3.116
3.592
3.470
3.350
3.234
3.122
3.0'2
2.906
1.041
1.043
1.044
1.046
1.043
1.050
1.02
1.054
1.056
1.038
3.51s 5.136
5.219
5.075
4.934
4.7a1
4.662
4.530
4.401
4.215
0.991
0.9*
0.996
0.991
0."97
0.990
1.000
1. 14
1.003
1.607 1.598
1.590
1.51
1.573
1.564
1.556
1.547
1.539
1.53U
5.352 5.320
5.28,
.256
5.224
S.192
5.160
5.L28
5.096
s.Ob4
o
250
Sao
700
LOC
1900
Ar50
250
50
100
7500
6.161
N.$06
13.8 8.2s1
#.0*3
11.04
L .104
7.779
1*001
1.00.
317.9
3A.9
315.8
314.
$1
313.8
3127
311.7
31,.b
309.5
308.5
10000
10210
10500
10150
11000
11800
1*000
.250C
13000
13%00
10018
10261
10517
10786
11019
11521
32023
12525
13021
13529
235.17
233.S4
231.91
230.26
228.65
228.40
222.13
218.90
215.65
215.65
-31.98
-39.61
-41.24
-42.86
-4. "0
-47.75
-51.00
-54.25
-51.50
-513.0
U2.02
12.02
12.01
12.01
12.00
8.75
5.so
2.25
-1.00
-1.00
2.803
2.702
2.605
2.10
2.419
2.243
2.078
1.924
1.778
1.683
* 2
1.060
1.062
1.065
1.066
1.069
1.012
1.075
1.017
1.011
1.076
4.151 4.031
3.913
3.798
3.885
3.467
3.259
3.061
2.67k
2.854
1.006
1.00'
1.009
1.011
1.013
1.031
1.049
1.066
1.082
1.001
307.4
306.4
301.3
304.2
303.1
301.0
296.8
296.6
294.4
294.4
1.522 1.513
1350#
1.-96
1.487
1.469
1.452
L.434
1.416
1.416
5.031 4.999
4.967
4.934
4.902
4.837
.1172
4.707
4.642
4.682
1400
10500
15000
215.65
215.65
215.65
213.68
215.65
215.83
21!.65
218.23
218.63
211.45
-57.50
-37.50
-57.50
-57.50
-57.50
-57.50
-37.50
-56.90
-5.30
-55.70
-1.00
-1.00
-L.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-0.40
0.20
0.8O
h.58
1.402
1.295
1.191
1.105
IO.2
9.435
8.115
8.086
7.447
* 2
1.076
L.016
1.016
1.015
1.074
1.074
1.014
1.074
1.013
1.071
2.452 2.265
2.092
1.4ji
1.786
1.650
L.524
1.404
1.294
1.193
1.081
1.081
1.080
1.080
1.080
1.079
1.079
L.075
1.072
1.070
294.4
29,.4
294.4
294.4
294.4
294.4
294.4
294.6
293.2
295.6
1.416 1.438
1.416
1.416
1.416
1.416
1.416
1.419
1.423
1.428
4.642 4.642
4.642
4.642
4.682
#."a2
4.682
4.654
4.666
4.618
38000
18300
11000
17100
18000
18300
16031
14533
L5035
.0 S
18040
1854s
17046
17546
16051
16514
19000
19500
20000
20300
21000
21,00
22000
22100
2AGO0
2$500
19051
1958
20083
2056
23010
21813
22018
22540
13044
235d?
Z38.05
218.85
219.25
219.85
220.45
*21.05
2L.65
222.25
222.85
223.45
-51.10
-34.50
-53.90
)-3.3
-52.10
-32.
)
-13.50
-!0.90
-- 59.30
-49.10
1.40
2.00
2.60
2.10
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
1.20
3.30
6.885
6.367
5.689
5.446
5.0"
4.6e6
4,320
4.000
3.104
3.431
11
1.074
1.015
1.0;6
1.077
1.018
1.019
1.080
1.081
1.082
1.083
1.100 1.014
9.357 86.33
7.961
1.354
6.789
6.269
5.790
$.349
L.067
1.065
1.061
1.063
1.064
L.063
1.068
1.066
1.0-7
1.068
296.0
298.4
296.8
297.2
297.6
298.1
298.5
298.9
299.3
29v.7
1.429 1.433
1.436
1.439
1.442
1.446
1.449
1.452
1.435
1.459
4.690 4.102
4.714
4.726
4.738
4.750
4.762
4.774
4.746
0.790
2400t
24500
2000
250
26000
28500
27000
21500
46000
20300
24091
24595
23099
23803
26107
211
27115
1719
25124
26828
224.03
224.8
d25.235
225.65
22&.45
221.05
221.65
224.10
229.75
I30.60
-49.30
-48.50
-47.90
-47.30
-46.10
-46.10
-45.50
-44.14
-13.40
-42.js
3.10
3.50
3.80
3.10
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.55
3.10
3.65
3.319
2.946
2.131
2.53
2.341
2.711
2.019
1.874
1.139
1.05.
1.065
1.066
1-.06
1.0809
1.090
1.092
1.093
1.094
1.097
1.098
4.943 4.566
4.223
3.905
3.831
3.340
3090
2.654
2.bJ1
2.431
1.086
1.069
1.070
1.071
1.01?
L.071
1.01t
1.017
11012
L.011
300.1
300.3
300.9
301.3
30137
302.L
302.1
30.2
303.9
304.8
1.462 1.465
1.468
1.412
1.475
1.418
1.48
1.487
1.493
1.498
4.810 - 6
4.822
4.8)4
4.646
4.656
4.810
4.8682
4.903
4.924
4.943
0000
6500
6150
9000
9250
9500
9150
98
_____
' .
. ...
115
TABLU S..- ConaiW

45" N. July
GEOMETRIC M.TITDF, METRIC UNITS
Pressure
De
Tempertu
Altitude
_tue__mprt__resur
Sound
speed
ni_ y
Coeffieient
Tenmal
of viscosity
eonductiviy
P
Zm
H, m'
T. -K
1, *C
m--T
P mb
p. ka -- 1
296.22
23.07
.01
1:.01350 + I
1.000
I.192
00
730
1000
1250
1SOO
1130
So0
730
1000
12S0
1500
1SO
293.66
292.4L
291.14
289.91
268.67
287.43
20.33
19.26
11.9"
16.?6
19.S2
14.28
8.18
9.13
9.49
9.88
10.21
10.65
9.565
9.290
9.022
6.161
8.506
8.236
1.002
1.003
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.00?
1.135
1.101
1.060
1.05
1.0a1
1.001
2000
1999
286.20
13.05
11.04
6.0kb
1.006
9. r57 -
2250
249
284.39
11.44
11.06
7.779
1.009
95.21
2300
2750
.3000
3250
3500
3750
2499
2749
2991
324d
3490
3744
282.99
281.39
279.79
276.23
276.66
273.12
9.64
6.24
6.64
5.06
3.53
1.91
11.06
11.11
11.13
11.20
L1.26
1L.33
7. "9
7.324
7.103
6.89L
6.662
6.4T9
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.015
1.016
1.0L1
9.293 9.061
8.846
6.628
8,413
0.203
4000
4250
3997
4247
273.57
272.04
0.42
-1.11
t1.40
11.49
6.260
6&.G7
1.019
1.020
43500
4497
270.51
11.39
14130
-2.64
5.899
1.021
4746
266.98
-4.17
1L.68
3.L 5
1.023
5000
5350
4996
5246
26?.43
26S.92
-5.70
-7.23
11.717
11.61
.516
5.362
2a 1.024
1.026
5500
5695
264.39
-8.76
11.96
5.192
1.021
3750
6000
6250
S74S
3994
6244
262.86
261.33
259.10
-10.29
-11.82
-13.45
12.05
12.13
12.14
5.027
4.866
4.109
4500
6493
258.07
-13.08
12.13
6750
7000
7230
0143
6992
7249
254.44
234.61
233.L1
-16.71
-10.34
-19.96
L2.12
12.11
12.09
60C0
)50
8500
8130
9000
925O
9500
9730
7491
7741
7990
6239
8489
8116
9981
9237
9486
9735
231.354
249.9L
248.28
24.6.6S
245.03
243.40
2.1.77
240.1i
218.52
;,3..90
-at.6i
-23.24*
-24.87
-2h6.0
-28.12
-29.73
-31.36
-33.00
-A. .63
-36.25
12.06
12.01
12.06
12.06
12.05
12.05
12.04
12.04
12.03
12.03
3.966
3.853
3.724
3.598
3.47S
3.356
3.240
3.128
3.016
2.912
10000
10230
9984
10233
235.27
23.65
-37.88
-39.50
12.02
12.02
2.809
2.109
O103
10483
232.02
-41.13
12.01
2.612
10750
11000
11500
12000
10732
230.40
-42.75
12.01
10981
228.77
-44.38
12.00
11479
11971
225.53
222.30
-41.62
-30.63
8.86
5.65
1200
13000
13500
12475
12973
13471
219.06
215.82
2S1&5
-54.09
-51.33
-51.50
14000
14300
13969
&1461
213.65
I15.63
13000
15500
14903
15462
2.5.63
213.63
16000
16500
17000
15960
16431
16933
175G0
10000
16300
k-caI m-
* 0
0.9$3
345.0
1.526 - S
6.204 -
0.97,
0.972
0.971
0.970
0.970
0.970
343.3
142.8
142.1
3e1.3
340.6
339.9
1.616
1.810
1.804
1.96
1.192
1.766
6.157
6,133
6,109
6.0416
6.063
6.040
04.69
339.1
1.780
6.016
0.970
336.2
1.772
$.906
0.971
0.V72
0.973
0.974
0.974
0.975
331.2
336.3
335.3
334.4
333.5
332.3
1.164 L.157
1.749
1.741
1.733
1.726
S
3.956
5.996
S.695
3.666
5.636
5.601
7.991
7.795
0.976
0.977
33L1.6
330.6
L.718
L. ILL
$.71M
.746
.5S96
0.978
3237
1.703
$.119
7.402
0.978
326.6
1.695
0.979
0.940
127.8
326.9
1.688 1.680
6.641
0.981
326.0
1.672
3.601
1.029
1.031
1.032
6.6*2
6.481
6.317
0.962
0.963
0.964
323.0
324.1
323.1
1.663
1.637
1.649
3.32
5.5,1
3.51L
4.531
1.034
6.151
0.985
322.0
1.640
3.419
4.408
4.264
1.L23
1.036
1.037
1.039
5.989
5.630
5.674
0.967
0.966
0.989
321.0
320.0
319.0
1.632
1.624
1.615
5.448
3.416
S.384
* 2
1.041
1.043
1.044
1.046
1.046
1.030
1.052
1.054
1.036
1.05b
5.321 3.371
5.225
5.061
4.941
4.803
4.669
4.537
4.406
4.282
0.991
0. "a
0.994
0.9"5
0.917
0.994
0.999
1.001
1.003
1.004
311.9
316.9
313.9
314.0
313.6
312.8
311.7
310.7
309.6
300.6
1.607 1.399
1. 90
1.382
1.573
L.565
1.536
1.346
1.539
1.53L
+ 2
1.060
1.062
4.139 4.039
1.006
L.001
101.3
306.4
1.064
3.921
1.009
303.4
2.317
1.067
3.606
1.011
2.426
1.069
3.693
L.012
2.250
2.086
1.073
1.073
3.476
3.269
1.030
1.046
2.41
-0.83
-1.00
1.9)1
1.166
1.650
1.077
1.077
1.076
3.071
2.862
2.666
-31.30
-31.S0
-1.00
-1.00
1.352
1.409
1.076
1.076
2.464
2.277
-57.30
-31.50
-1.00
-1.00
1.303
1.?04
1.076
1.075
2.104
1.94S
215.63
215.63
21S.65
-51.50
-31.S0
-51.50
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.113
1.026
9.303
1.073
1.074
1.074
11432
216.1L9
-56.96
-.0.46
8.184
17149
216.79
-36.36
0.14
6.121
10446
217.39
-53.76
0.74
7.510
19000
19300
20000
20500
16943
19440
217.96
218.5a
-S5.11
-54. 57
1.33
1.93
6.946
6.427
19937
219.17
-33.98
2.32
5.947
20434
219.77
-33.38
2.69
3.304
21000
21,500
22000
Z25090
20931
2142B
21924
211421
220.3T
220.9
221.36
2?2.1S
-52.78
-52.19
-31.9
-161.0 P
2.79
2.8i
2.916
3.00
S.096
4.119
4.370
4.049
z2000
22911
222.13
-30.40
3.16
3.752
23500
21413
223.35
-49.60
3.Z
3.4#7
24000
24500
23910
d4406
223.94
224. 4
-49.21
-46.61
3.16
3.48
3.223
2.986
1.064
1.086
5.014
4.636
25000
24902
245.13
-48.02
3.56
2.111
1.061
25500
Z6000
25398
25894
273.13
226.32
-41.42
-46.83
3.o8
3.78
Z.S3I
2.38S
26500
26390
224.92
-46.23
3.88
2.213
21000
27300
2000
2850U
26841
21382
21877
221.51
228.45
22Y.49
230.53
-45.44
-44.70
-43.66
-42.6i
3.98
4.42
4.96
5.!1
2.054
1.907
1.171
1.645
7500
7.'
2373
11
5.669
1.522 1.314
5
3.033
5.001
1.303
4.969
304.3
1.496
4.931
303.2
1.4*7
4.904
301.1
296.9
1.410
L.452
4.840
4.W75
1.063
1.061
1.081
296.7
294.!
Z94.4
1.435
1.417
1.416
4.710
4.645
4.642
1.081
1.001
296.4
294.4
1.416
1.416
L.060
1.060
2V4.4
294.4
L.416
1.416
4.62
4.642
11797
1.661
t.535
1.019
1.079
1.079
2V9.4
294.4
294.4
1.416
1.416
1.416
4.642
4.642
4.64 2
1.074
1.413
L.016
294.8
1.619
4.632
1.074
1.30S
1.073
295.2
1.422
4.665
1.074
1.204
1.070
295.6
1.426
1.074
1.075
1 1.061
1.065
296.0
296.4
1.429 1.432
1.063
296.6
1.433
4.712
1.077
1.110 1.024
9.453 8.725
1.063
297.2
1.439
4.724
1.076
1.079
1.080
1.061
6.036
7.460
6.872
6.3419
1.064
1.065
1.065
1.0*6
297.6
296.0
296.4
298.8
1.44Z
1.445
1.4,4
1.45Z
4.736
4.748
4.760
6.712
1.062
5.#67
1.067
299.2
1.455
4.784
1.063
5.423
1.067
299.6
1.458
1.068
1.049
300.0
JO3.4
1.461
1.o65
4.266
1.010
300.8
1. 45
4.832
1.068
1.090
3.967
3.671
1.011
1.012
J01.2
301.6
1.411
1.471
4.644
4.856
1.091
3.198
1.071
302.0
1.107
4.667
1.093
1.094
1.096
1.096
5.145
2.906
2.669
2."81
1.014
1.013
1.012
302.4
303.0
301.7
1.011
304.4
&.441
1.486
1.491
1.491
4.179
4.896
4.919
4.939
5.660 5.631
5.353 3.321I
1.269
5.25?
S.225
3.194
5.162
S.130
5.098
5.066
1.076
7.211 1.024
&
4.642
4.642
4.677
5
4.689
4.700
4.196
3
4.80',
4..2U
7]
116
TABLE &1.--Continwed
45* N. July
GEOPOTENIIAL AL1Th'DUM MEITRIC UNITS
A
fttitude
Temperature
Prsure
Density
Sound
a Tee
Coefficient
Thermal
of ilsuosity
c.ndutivity
!k
P,~~~
/p
T.Z
29000
2V500
30000
30.00
31000
31500
32009
33000
34000
35000
20131
29618
30142
30647
31152
31057
3Z162
31172
3418j
35194
231.85
231.90
235.95
235.00
236.05
211.10
230.15
240.65
243.*1
b45.65
-4,.jo
-40.2$
-39.20
-34.15
-J7.10
-36.05
-35.00
-32.50
-30.00
-2O.50
6.20
6.15
7.30
8.40
8.95
9.50
9.20
8.90
1.60
1::00
1.594
1.295
1.204
1.L20
I.042
9.691
8.40?
7.300
0,348
36000
37000
38000
39000
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
45000
36205
J7211
3U229
39241
40253
41266
42279
43293
44307
45321
248.15
250.65
253,15
2S5.65
258.15
260.65
263.15
265.65
268.15
270.65
-25.00
-22.50
-20.00
-11.50
-15.00
-12.50
-10.00
-7.50
-5.00
-2.50
8.30
8.00
7.70
7.*0
7.10
6.00
6.50
4.20
5.90
5.60
5.52/
1
4.820
4.208
3.680
3.221
2.82,
2.479
2.L78
1.916
1.688
46000
47000
48000
49000
50oo0
51000
52000
53000
54000
S5000
46335
47350
48365
49301
S0396
51413
52429
P3446
54063
55480
273.15
215.65
215.65
273.65
215.60
2l5.65
275.65
273.15
270.&S
26. IS
-0.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.S0
2.50
-0.00
-2.50
-5.00
5.30
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
1.489
1.315
1.161
1.026
9.0614
8.007
7.014
6.2.6
5.508
4.85Z
56000
57000
58000
59000
60000
61000
62000
63000
64000
65000
56498
57516
68534
59553
60572
61591
62611
63631
04651
656U2
265.65
153.15
250.*5
246.15
241.65
27.15
-7.50
-10.00
-1i.,0
-15.00
-17.50
-20.00
-22.50
-27.00
-31.50
-J6.00
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2.00
1.50
4.269
3.752
3.293
2.880
2.527
2.210
1.929
1.681
1.00
0.50
1.462
1.267
66000
61000
68000
66692
67714
6dV35
232.65
220.15
223.65
-40.50
-45.00
_4Y.50
-0.00
-0.50
-1.00
1.096
9V4.1
69000
10000
1100c
72000
73000
74000
75000
69157
7C779
71802
72825
73848
14072
75896
219.15
214.05
210.15
205.65
20.L5
196.65
192.15
-54.00
-"8.S0
-63.00
-67.50
-72.00
-76.50
-81.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-3.00
-3.50
-4.00
-"*50
6.960
5.946
5.062
4.295
3.631
W*.58
.:.it5
76000
77000
18000
79000
80000
76920
71944
78909
181.65
183.15
110.65
174.15
-85.50
-00.00
-94.50
-99.00
-...
-o,,..
,.
-5.00
-5.50
-6.00
-6.50
-11.t
81000
02046
62000
83000
04000
1o.
0307)
840,00
85125
1,.
-1)9..
-1J.-5
-1O.,
_1%..l
8.125
1.143
-15.S4
-19.5.
-1".;56
6.607
5-072
4.368
$Sofia
80158
1oc.1C
1.123
1.103
1.084
-1-001
-25.57
3.552
L.065
7.4*93
86000
07000
80000
89000
90000
8M110
80207
89235
90264
91293
1o.0
7
1o3,.
1o3..
lo..4
1.7.,..
-1)1.0
-..
* 1
l-d.11
-1,0.11
"
.,eo
-IS, . .9
-1S.5q
-10.61
-16.01
-16,56
2.608
2.349
1.910
1.553
1.265
1.046
1.0217
1.009
0.992
0.974
6.093 4.954
4,020
3.276
2.61d
92000
93351
lfi.o..
-V.Z
-1f.75
0.495
-4
94000
0.941
95411
1.693
178...
-N..
-17.17
5.186
0.912
1.113
96000
91472
1 o...1. -do-Go~ -1-4.27
3.994
0.888
7.41l9 -
88000
10000
V935
101598a
L.3.
1 .. J,
-lo.1
-/d.,6
-19.31
-12.10
2.791
1.974
0.663
0.840
$.014
3.432
10o000
104,000
106000
100000
*10000
103663
105730
117798
109867
111937
/11.2.
-i..O
-:.
U
-L1.00
.. ,
-16.3U
-Q.24
-2.1
s.q1
PISS
1.425
1.05?
8.021
6.o08
4.887
0.823
0.817
0.S0
0.830
0.842
2.26) 1.545
1.066
7.028 5067
112000
114000
116000
114009
116082
118156b
..
Z..j
30.*
*..G4
J1.Od
51.14
d.41
().fb
16.73
23A90
3.920
3.206
2.665
0.85
0.871
0.409
4.202
3.148
2.414
H,m
"1
1viv4
203.15
160.65
25u.1s
255.o>
61020
1,c*11
1c,.Iu
lbO.Q
e1.li
Z.4.do
2.3. 3b
'/17.1,
t,'C
T-
-,O
:WI
1.85
P.wb
8.l12
2.143
1.782
1,475
.216
9.965
p,FI,k
-1Ao
1:100
h102
L.105
1.108
1.111
1.114
1.117
1.124
1.130
1.13*
2:254 2.004
1.929
L.765
L.63
1.531
1.418
1.211
1.014
9.002 -
1.141
1.146
1.52
1.156
1.161
1.165
1.169
1.113
1.176
L.100
7.F60 6.699
5.191
5.01,
0.34?
3.774
3.281
2.850
2.490
2.173
a 0
1.163
1.1d5
1.188
1.191
1.194
1.196
1.199
1.202
1.204
1.206
1.099 1.661
1.468
1.291
1.145
1.012
8.940 7.966
7.090
6.304
1.208
1.210
1.211
1.212
1.213
1.213
1.214
1.216
5.599 4.961
#.401
3.695
3.444
3.041
2.681
2.300
L1.16
1.217
2.107
1.60?
1.217
1.217
1.2L6
1.64l 1..43
1.265
1.210
1.214
1.212
1.209
1.206
1.202
1.198
1.106
9.649
8.392
7.276
6.286
1.411
4 650
1.9A
1.180
1.179
1.111
1.160
3.970
3.390
2.871
2.432
2.046
* 0
I
2
mp
a-,Cc-
kgm-.,Ce,
k-clm-'
1.01
1.071
1.071
1.071
1.071
1.01'
1.Li
1.001
1.08
1.096
305.2
305.9
306.6
301.j
30d.0
300.1I
309.4
311.0
312.6
314.2
1.103
1.110
1.11?
1.123
1.129
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.151
1.155
J15.d
1.590
317.4
1.602
319.0
1.615
i20.5
4.624
322.1
1.611
321.6
1.654
32,.2
1.666
326.7
1.079
32d.3
1.691
329.
1I.704
1.159
1.163
1.167
1.169
1.112
1.174
1.11F
1.182
1.186
1.190
331.3
3j3.8
jJ2.8
332.0
332.8
332.8
332.8
331.3
329.8
320.3
1.116
1.728
1.728
;.r28
1t128
1.728
1.728
1.716
1.704
1.691
1.194
1.195
1.202
1.205
1.208
1.211
1.205
1.208
320.7
325.2
323.6
322.1
20.5
JL9.0
J11.4
314.
1.679
1.666
1.654
1.641
1.62H
1.615
1.602
1.579
1.211
1.214
311.56
308.1
.556
1.532
1.217
1.219
1.221
305r0
302.8
299.8
1JO0S 1.4084
10,60
1.223
1.225
1.226
1.227
1.221
1.226
1.225
296.8
293.7
290.6
267.5
204.3
201.1
211.9
1.435
1.411
1.386
1.360
1.335
1.309
1.284
1.224
1,22
i.2ta.
1.215
1. 36
274.6
211.3
161.9
264.5
261.1
1.251
1.231
1.Z04
1.118
1.150
1.114
1.250
257.6
1.121
3.6001
1.394
1.113
9.215 -
1.220
1.201
1.185
257.6
.27.6
21"."
1.12)
1.123
1.123
3.601
3.601
3.001
1:504 1.510
1.515
1.S.1
1.526
1.5n2
1.537
1.5.0
1.564
1.577
4.966
4.986
5.007
5A.0O
5.049
5,06
S.090
5.139
5.189
5.230
5.231
5.335
b.384
5.433
5.481
5.515
5.577
5.626
5.674
5.121
5.169
5.a17
5.811
5.017
5.011
5.e17
5.#17
5.769
5.721
S.674
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5.626
5.5177
5.529
5.481
S.433
5.3d4
5.335
S.947
5.159
5.070
3
4.V80
4.892
4.802
4.070
3.v13
3.884
3.790
3.696
1.16S
d.57.6
1.123
1.144
1.124
1.104
1.089
1.067
257.6
251.6
251.6
211.6
260.1
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1.123
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1.143
1.027
205.0
1.181
3.8021
0.992
769.8
1.219
3.9J3
0.959
8741.5
L.251
6.068
0.931
0.917
219.2
283.8
1.294
1.331
4.200
4.3j1
0.859
0.021
0.196
0.781
0. 799
296.9
309.5
323.6
333.2
344.5
1.436
1.538
1.636
1.11
1.823
0.791
0.709
0.792
361.4
371.6
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1.962
2.094
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4,112
4.621
4.530
4.439
4.347
4.255
4.163
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3.601
3.601
3.c01
3.601
3.601
3.609
4.716
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1o.761
117
TA83, 5I.L-Contimed
45' N. July
GEOMETIC ALTITUDE. METRIC UJNITS
Density
1're..ure
___________ ___________
Ternpeuwure
Attitude
_______
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29000
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2:8868
29364
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35797
36166
31114
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4.7640
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231.57
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257. 52
259.99
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-8.22
-5.16
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41.46
8.06
7.11
7.417
7.01
6.66l
6.56A
6.29
5.99
5.69
b.684
14.963
4.339
3.199
1. 330
2.923
2.569
2.261
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1.552
1.312
1.214
1.01S
v.513
6.420
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6.591
5.833
5.102
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3.5,21
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2.721
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1.69
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6.874
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3.13
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6.2382
633o2
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266.07
264.41
261.96
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3.24
2.15
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0.79
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66000
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200,48
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196.69
101.30
182.90
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5.001
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6.536
1.1146
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5.01S4
5.131
5.180
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1.133
1.39
1.144
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315.5
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320.2i
321 . 7
323J.2i
324.8
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5.226
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1.600
5.325
1.612
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1.638
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1.663
1.6715
1 .607
5.3?1
5.421
5.469
5.517
5.564
5.612
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329.3
1.100
S.706
1.158
1. 163
1.65
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1.171
1. 171
1.176
1.160
1 194
1.1oki
330.8
332.3
332.6
332.d
332.6a
332.6
362.8
332.0
330.5
329.0
1.712
1.124
1.728
L. 12a
1.126
1.128
1.124
1.121
1.709
3.691
S.753 5.800
5.811
5.81?
5.811
5.811
5.411
5.190
1.201
3.934
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1.685
1.209
5.218
1.196
1.210
1.212
1.213
1.2L3
1.Z14
1.204
1.2L6
1.d16
4.690
4.163
1.200
1.203
1.207
1.209
1.208
1.206
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1.20
321.5
326.0
324. 5
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319.9
418.3
316.3
313.5
360.6
307.6
304.9
332.0
299.0
2906.0
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6.524
1.506
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1.453
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3.306
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3.606
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6.105
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1.101
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5.398
3.640
2.1019
1.044
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0.596
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1.195
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0. V606
55
01
a I Q2 0
j 6000
1k 1
,a
- 1.:
-60 . 1 0
000
A)
5b
SY
-.
woo
0 :99,
4;
10 j A
-. )0:
-3y
toy
i 1000
to
40.
V1
9 th)(, U
1:16L
-jo
VY
0:9
'a *1
d
5,
".
5.
V
39.e.
?,.Oli
zboi C,
5),
- $):
c 1
O.
15
151
V40 i
"""
r UO
v 9:5
0,990
.2 .0 5v
-16.
PbOi
41 OUU
le 6 000
2 :6".
d?
-42 . 61
. u.
. 0
LUle
diouu
19
11
-,
*Z::
16000
000
II
0 9405
AlL
11
I . e:
IG f) I
1 to&
1101
fl,
WIt
002
OF
V v II
:01LO
0
U000
It
*1
1..".
'y
b
2.
!,Ouu
6000
11000
900
11
its
1.1091
9.01.0
lml
JL
P, 11.It
J.
213
198
5.2.-Cmainowed
.TABtI:
750 N. Januern iWarm)
EoOTFNTEN.
__________
it, fl,
bloooo
f,ft
T, *H
80U14
k.oh.
5
71-
T
-,3.15
.d
P, ill.
6.66
7.o!?
OJCI 1 14 46837
961000
#6000
19000 1
:j1:I
S155j
k:.:f;
9 -;I50
"16
91j02
4,10.
1,1AATTUtIL ENGL1Sti UNITS
HgR
-
P-
.3
666
.942
6~i-
:0d92:
-10
.9
2.14a8T-.
v.V
0.92Z9
it v: -
9P9 4
8: 9
-.
18 &
9.891
6
-6
5A
3.265
*94i
LY1?O4
0 W3II
992L0[91904
3 6'
:45
. 11'ft
1b.#139181
jdd
0:2
1.678
0.9253
032
VOOO
LO.9
90:6
13:4
411116
-%.03
L
0.9
9
1553
0.25
Y7.
1.01
5
3.31)
.1.1
O.26
V9.
t.06
.3I
91too
10.V,
W99
15..
.49
"-4#.
0.51
JY
.85LO
.02
.07
OP
VIQD
I O-57
91 j 14.311
0k,1164. - 0.50 1481
60
0. 2c. 998.
IO
.0
1.05
.31
9306
-.
16.1
23
-13.5
0.52
13.8
0.926
000.
L.06
.32
9$00
LI11
3.33I
91.0
11.39
Q0
9,21
4045
#16
93
-,Q0.93
MI~ab
.92
101.0
.01
VIou
b.7,1.9
16
..094
127
09d
Lo.
.1.4
96UQ_
ba5
4.91.4
368
K09611L
_0Z9LO.
.~.4
_6!2
I.-Oo 1221
9,13111
35,6
kL9.0
-0.2 0957
1.11
0.9,e
L03.9
.0111
.35
199
TARlY, 5.2. -Continad
7T5 N, ianuar. (Wamm)

GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE. ENGLSH UNITS
Pre.Rure
Temperature
Altitude
I,
-T.,
p, Ib!
P, in. Hg
_t
s |)d
pNIBTU
l sr.
of vi.wosity
Ib.Aft 'Per-
Tf, "
000060
81000
2000
83000
84000
85000
86000
$7000
P6000
69000
79874
80868
81863
all5
,-5
41151L
84845
85840
86834
a82l7
88821
406.48
'06.16
40.037.J
10 F.|16
40b. $41
409.40
410.21
411.03
4.11.85
412.67
-53.19
-52.91
-b2.64
-51.91
-51.09
-50.27
-49.18
-46.64
-41.*8
-#7.00
8.79
8.52
.2,5
8.43
8. 71
3.99
9.26
9.53
9.60
to0.08
7.702
7.351
7.021
6.713
6.4.4
6.L24
,.8G5
5.59t.
5.348
b.11-
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.933
0.934
0.935
0.936
0.931
0.938
0.939
2.512 2.398
2.289
2.18z
2.01L
1.98"
1.892
1.805
1.12L
1.6,?Z
0.911
0.912
(1.914
0.914
0.914
0.914
0.915
0.915
0.916
0.916
965.4
986.1
989.0
989.9
990.9
991.9
992.9
993.9
994.9
995.9
9.606
9.894
9.899
9.9L4
9.931
9. 94T
9.963
9.980
9.996
1.001 -
90000
91000
92000
93000
94000
93000
96000
91000
981000
89505
90809
91802
92196
93789
94b12
95115
96760
V1 6 1
413.49
404.30
415.12
415.9,94
416.76
$07.51
418.33
419.21
40.01
-46.18
-45.31
-44.35
-43.73
-42.91
-42.10
-41.28
-40.46
-3J9.
10.35
10.62
10.90
11.11
11.45
11.72
11.99
12.27
12.54
4.486
4.67
4.466
4.271
4.084
3.906
3.735
J.573
3.418
0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944
0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
1.567
1.4#95
1.426
1.361
1.299
1.240
1.184
1.130
1.079
0.916
0.916
0.917
0.917
0.91
0.918
0.919
0.919
0.920
996.8
99Y.4
998.8
999.8
1O000.8
1001.8
OOZ. 7
1003.7
1004.7
k001 1.005
1.006
1.008
1.009
L.011
1.013
1.014
1.016
Ii
Thermal
conductivity
Coefficieni
Sund
t,
"
Auy
5
5
ft (H
3.256 3.258
3.260
5.266
3.972
.278
3.Z84
3.290
3.296
3.302
3.306
3.314
S.320
3.326
3.332
3.33O
3.345
3.351
3.351
*1
200
Altitude
Hfl,
Temperatur
Z, ft
7I IN
1, *
TUnixI 52. -Cominued

75" N. Jui.
(;EOPJTENlIAL ALTrTUDE ENGUSH UNITS
irrour
DenStiy
T -T..
p--
P, in.Pfi
p,
ppbf
3f
02.06
____
o,f
Cb.I
I fT
fleev
Ib ft
Thermal
vom.osly
'ondur~isvily
BTU; It
it
Ir
-V
-: 18.
2.990
0.999
1.819
1.032
109.l4b
1.112
40.89
-14.54
2.I80
0.998
7.620
1.027
10968.
1.169
3.9*0
199e
294
39,2
499.06
497. 5
496.06
39.39
31.8V
".,39
-1.468
-1.0.4
-.
3#4
1.*77
2.072
2.o73
0.991
0.998
0.996
7.369
7.118
6.878
1.022
1.00?
1.012
1093.1
1093.5
1091.8
1.161
1.164
1.161
J.929
3.910
3.908
5000
6000
4990
5918
494.37
+03.07
34.90
33.40
-8,47
-4.20
d.47?
2.3185
1.008
1.003
1090.2
1088.6
1.158
1.15*
3.a9?
3.8B1
411.0
49(.1,
'.4,.
31.93
30.4
27.21
-2,.1
0.01
0.10
2aZ94
9000
4987
7985
8984
0.995
0.995
6.640
6.412
7000
2.12?
0.994
0.995
0.994
8.191
5.977
5.790
0.999
094
0.99*
108).9
10:,
853
1081.8
1.15)
1.150
1.144
3.876
3.8b4
3.143
0O000
11000
12000
3000
14000
9982
10981
1980
12879
13978
#53.27
479.*1
41.95
412.z9
486.41
0.94
14917
0.2?
0.17
0.07
-0.02
-0.07
2.046
9
1.968
8.g94
1.892
1.819
1.74,
1000
23.80
L9,94
18.48
I2.8?
9.00
0.994
0.995
0.994
5.613
5.I40
5.211
5.108
4.9I4
1.138
1.131
1.124
L.1.?
1.100
3.39
1.679
L077.7
1013J.6
1009.5
106N.4
1061.3
48.06
-0.11
0.994
0.9
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
4.788
0.995
105?.2
1.103
3.86
18000
I1000
18000
19000
15976
1876
17975
18975
4"1.46
4517.85
45b.24
410.83
1.79
-1.82
-5-43
-9.04
-0.15
-0.20
-0.24
-0.28
1.613
1.51#
L1486
1.420
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.994
4.633
4.462
4.336
4.193
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
1053.1
1041.9
1044.8
1040.1
1.096
1.090
1.0o3
1.076
3.660
3.63t
3.607
3.581
M0000
21000
19974
20974
447.03
443.43
-12.84
-16.22
-0.31
-0.33
1.367
1.311
0.990
0.995
4.0t
3.919
0.995
0.995
:03..5
1032.3
1.069
t.012
22000
21974*
.87
-19.80
-0.34
1.256
0.994
3.1/8
0.995
1028.1
1.055
3.303
2#000
2*000
2!00-i
28000
27000
229:4
23974
2497
2397q
28974
432.71
%Z29.12
4Z5.54
421.97
-23.38
138.29
-28.90
-30.-.!
-34.13
-31.70
-0.36
-0.38
-0.39
-0.41
-0.41
1.204
1.153
L.104
1.058
1.011
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
3.856
3.532
3.410
3.291
3.17S
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.99b
1024.0
1019.1
1015.j
1011.3
1001.0
1.048
1.041
1.034
1.027
L.020
3.476
3.450
3.424
3.397
3.371
d8000
Z7915
418.40
41.83
-0.42
-0.42
9.887
9.242
2891
-04.11
-4".8
29000
0.994
0.994
3.0&3
2.953
0.995
0.995
1002.7
998.5
1.013
1.006
3.345
3.318
30000
31000
2O000
33000
2997a
30977
31977
J2918
411.26
401.88
407.-4
408.09
-48.41
-51.9%
-s2.13
-31.58
-0.43
-0.43
2.9v
7.10
8.832
6.*36
8.037
7.495
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.995
2.817 2.743
2.621
2.500
0.995
0.995
0.987
0.977
994.1
989.8
989.6
990.3
9.984 9.913
9.9LO
9.921
34000
35000
31979
34980
4086.3
409.18
-11.04
-50.49
11.21
13.31
7.330
7.02L
0.996
0.997
2.384
2.27S
0.968
0.960
vv9.0
9VI.8
9.932
9.943
3.272
3.276
58000
31000
38000
39000
35981
36983
379d4
J898.
409.72
410.27
410.81
411.31
-49.95
-49.40
-44.
5
-48.30
19.43
20.30
200.85
21.40
0.706
6.407
.121
5.848
0.999
1.002
1.004
1.006
2.170
2.070
1.97!
1.48b
0.952
0.952
0.951
0.954
992.3
993.0
993.6
994.$
9.94
9.165
9.976
9.987
3.280
3.284
3.288
3.292
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
43000
39987
40989
41990
42W99
43994
44996
411.92
41'2.4
413.01
413.35
414.11
L44.27
-47.1,
-47.21
-468.0
-4i.11
-45.58
-43.4O
21.91
22.49
23.04
23.59
24.14
d4.30
S*.88
1.339
5.L02
4.876
4.660
4.454
1.009
1.012
1.014
1.011
1.020
L.023
1.794
1. n
1.638
1.563
1.492
i.425
0.955
0.957
0.958
0.959
0.961
0.961
Y9*.9
995.4
998.3
996.9
997.6
V997.
9.998 1.001 1.002

1.00M
1.004
1.004
f400
47000
43998
47000
414.27
414.21
-435.0
-45.40
24.30
24.30
1.086
1.028
1.302
0.985
0.9688
997.8
97.8
48003
411b27
4.257
4.069
44000
24.30
3.314
3.3L4
3.889
1.031
1.004
1.004
-45.40
1.244
"4000
0.971
997.8
1.004
3.314
49003.
414.27
-43.40O
a4.30
3.717
1.034
1.189
0.913
9097.8
1.004#
$0000
51000
52000
54000
51010
32013
414.27
414.21
-14.27
-45.40
-4s.40
-45.40
24.30
24.30
24.30
3.532
3.395
3.245
1.03)
1.040
1.043
1.137 1.086
1.038
0.917
0.919
0.982
997.8
997.8
997.8
1.004
1.004
1.004
53000
34000
55000
!100%)
31000
586000
39000
jol01
54019
55022
s05
57028
58031
590J4
414.27
41.2
414.27
b*4142
414.27
4L4.27
414.27
-45.40
-45.,0
-45.40
-45.40
-43.40
-4.4*0
-45.40
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24..30
3.101
2.964
2.833
2.708
2.508
2.413
2.364
1.048
1.049
1.052
1.055
1.058
1.01
1.064
9.924 9.485
9.066
8.685
8.281
7.91
7.5685
0.983
0.987
0.990
0.993
0.996
0.999
l.0L
997.8
W97.8
997.8
997.8
9V7.8
997.8
997.8
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
80000
b4O00
82000
3000
84000
83000
88000
800C38
104#1
2C
63049
6.053
6C057
8O801
414.21
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.27
-4540
-43.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
"
-45.40
-05.40
24.30
24.3(1
24.30
24.30
4.30
24.30
24.09
2.2:9
2.180
2.0&4
1.973
1.8865
1.802
1.722
1.067
1.070
1.073
1.078
1.079
1.082
1.085
7.230
6.930
6.605
6.312
6.033
5.766
5.$11
1.004
1.001
1.010
1.013
1.018
1.019
L.022
997.8
997.8
991.8
997.8
997.8
997.8
997.8
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
0100O
81083
4&4.21
-43.40
23J.341
1.846
1.088
5.267
1.028
997.8
1.004
04000
69%00
3.314
b8096
89073
414.27
414.21
-45.40
-3.40
22.99
22...4
1.573
1.04
1.091
1.094
5.034
4.812
1.030
1.035
997.8
997.8
1.004
1.004
3.314
3.314
10000
71000
71000
7JU00
74000
70070
11082
72081
73C92
74098
414.21
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.27
-453.0
-45.40
-45.40
-40.40
-43.40
21.40
21.35
20.80
20.23
19.70
.*4J7
1.374
1.313
1.15s
1.199
1.097
1.100
1.102
1.103
1.107
4.&99 4.395
4.201
4.015
3.838
1.039
1.043
1.041
1.01L
1.0M
997.8
997.8
997.8
997.8
997.8
1.004 1.004
1.004
L.004
1.004
72000
70000
71000
?duO0
1Oc0
15101
76106
77111
78118
7V9122
414.27
4L4J7
414.27
414.88
415.32
-45.40
-43.40
-45.40
-44.81
-441
19.15
18.40
18.06
18.10
184.21
1.148
1.098
1.047
1.001
9.566
1.110
1.112
1.114
1.117
1.119
3.66i
3.306
3.351
3.198
3.052
L.019
1.062
1.088
1.08
1.070
997.8
997.8
997.8
998.5
999.3
1.004
1.004
L.004
1.006
1.001
1000
_-
Co'llicnr
alwed
2000
3000
4000
1000
Sound
42:.
300.54
s98
2.210
* 0
1.362
3.950
6
5
3.817
3.791
3.764
3.738
.712
"--
3.S
3.529
3.292 3.265
3.24b
3.268
3.997
3.301
J*305
3.309
3.?LJ
3.31.4
3.314
-
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.313
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.31k
3.J14
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.318
3.323
'K
i_____
__.._._...._____
--
---------------------------------------I
TABUX 5.2.-Comauuamd2
75' N. Jbly
(GEOMEThIC AITUDE. ENGI.Wl UNITS
Altiude'l'e
l~rqurrP,urr
Z, flt
!.ft
000
T.13
t.
R "F
Tr
,,
r nity
P,
i " . HB
P , iPo..
-P - -_
ft
e.d
C .
of VI.__C-olity
IIIA AI.
ronductivity
fb
, kE
'
02.0
42.39
-L.61
2.990
0.949
7.6Z1
i
-
1 .5
109:.'
2000
1100,
300.
4V9. 01
. .000
39 .3
1.88
-12 . '.
-10.42
2 .174
2,871
0. 999 7
0.99
7.142,4
?.y1
1 .0?2 2
1.011
100993'.a,1.
1,O
?93.$
1.14.-
3.929
3.91u
4900
00
496.04
8
38.36
-6.30
2.172
0 . 99
68.74
1.0
1091.6
1*1*1
3-"06
1000
!I"0
100
7013
o0S
901d
491.16
190. 13
468.6a
35.91
9.295
$0:46
21.11
-M.14
-0:02
0.29
a Iola
2.12
0.9V4
0 994
0.994
8.1 6
5,r4
S.7?
0.996
%,;,
0.9:3
1046.9
1065.3
1061.7
1.153
1.150
1.14
3.768
3.66
3.62
10000
UL00O
12000
1.000
14000
15000
08000
11000
16000
19000
1L016
11019
12020
13021
14021
15UZJ
16024
17024
1902b
I9025
463. al
419.54
415.66
47221
468.59
464.98
461.31
45.78,
454.15
450.34
23.a 4
19.67
10.2*
11.14
6.92
5.3L
1.10
-1.91
-_.52
-9.1j
0.9,
0.06
-0.02
-0.13
-0.-1
-0.Q23
-0.26
-0.33
-0.-38
-0.43
0.994
0.993
0.090
0."92a
0.993
'
0.993
9 993
0.993
0.992
b.810 I.3
1.21
.102
4.941
4.763
1.819
4.479
4.3J3
4.190
-j.993
.993
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.990
0.94
0Q994
0.993
0.994
1071.8
1073.5
1069.4
10,3
i08h.
10?7.1
1099 .0
1046.6
104*.7
Pl040.,
20000
e1000
22000
zj010
24000
44.9"
443.36
%39.10
438.19
4S2.61
4.29.0j
425.45
421.66
.18.1l
It1.14
-1 .1..
-18.3 1
-19.49
-2).4#
-21.0
- 30, .
-34.Z2
-37.79
-41.36
-44.93
*.0.47
-0.
0
-0.52
-0. 54
-0.17
-0.19
0.993
0.992
O.99Z
0.992
0.9.2
0.992
0.99Z
0.ov9
;.991
0.491
4.051
3.915
3.783
3.14
3.429
3.401
3.286
3.317
3.060
2.951l
0.994
0.991
0.993
0.193
0.49J
0.993
0.991
0.99;
0.993
0.993
1036.4
1032.2
102*.0
1023.
1(U19.6
1,15..4
i" 1.2
29000
210)00
1026
dOeb
2,02b
e4OZD
2702
d6026
21028
26021
2902 5
30000
31000
2000
3JO00
M0oo0
35000
36000
3'-100
30,)0
39000
301224
31023
320..
3302;.
3402
350?.0
36019
J7017
3601
39015
411.1?
407.80
401.55
406.10
408:6.
409.19I
409.73
410.26
41O.6&
411.38
0.99L
0.991
0.991
0.991
0.992
0.994
0.991
0.996
1.000
1-002
2.Is
2. 741
a.816
2.497
1.: 32
2.272
d.866
2.086
1.9?4
h.663
2i 0.992
0.94
0.974
0.9*1
0.957
0.949
0.941
0.949
0.950
994.0
V96. 1
989.1
990.3
991.0
9V1.0
992.3
993.0
993.6
994.3
9.983 9.911
9.910
V.921
9.932
9.943
9.954
9.965
9.98
9.957
4.0000
41000
4#2000
83000
b4O00
4t.000
416000
4
+8000
51.000
40013
41011
42010
43006
44006
43004
46002
410070
000
47997
10990
1.001
0.007
1.010
1.012
1.01S
1.016
1.021
1.023
1.026
1.023
1.791
1.71S
1.637
1.12
1.191
1.42.
1,_12
1.302
1.244
1.h90
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954
0.950
0.919
0.961
0.98f
0.98.
0.96
995.0
995.6
a96.3
996.9
997.6
997.6
997.8
997.8
997.6
'91.6
9.995 1.001 1.002

1.003
1.04
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.074
1.0094
bOO00
50000
"
!.2000
53UO0
54000
55000
58000
57000
56000
39000
1.032
L0.03.6
1.037
1.040
1.043
1.046
1.049
1.052
1.051
1.057
1.197 1.131
1.039
9.931 9.493
9.074
8.614
8.202
7.926
7.177
0.971
0.971
0.978
0.979
0.992
0.984
0.987
0.990
0.992
0.995
997.6
991.6
997.6
997.8
9917.
991.6
991.6
9917.
091.6
99.
1.0041.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.00.1,
1.060
1.003
1.066"
1.089
1.071
1.074
1.017
1.080
1.063
1.065
7.2t4
.923
4.616
*.328
8.041
S.181
5.526
5.203
5.010
4.682
0.998
1.000
1.003
1.00*
1.009
I.011
1.014
1.016
1.022
1.027
997.6
997.6
997.6
991.6
9V9.6
997.6
997.6
997.6
997.6
697.6
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
.004
1.004
1.00,
1.004
1.004
1.004
.8*1S
4.412
4.217
4.032
3.151
3.861
3.32Z
3.j*7l
3.215
3.069
1.030
1.03"
1.038
1.042
1.044
1.049
1.0S3
1.017
1.019
1.061
997.8
997.6
997.6
997.6
997.6
$97.1
991.6
997.8
995.4
999.2
1.004
1.008b
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.004
1.005
1.007
-5
i.04b
t
1.91
1.691
1.811
1.14
1.8714991
1.11
lS
i.26
.. Z24
-0.81
1.366
1.J09
1.255
1.202
1.152
1.103
1.055*
-0.63
-0.64
-0.66
9.6!8
9.23L
-6.*50
-52.01
-52.12
-$5.S7
-11. 03
-5n.48
-49.,)4
-49.39
-46.4
-46.29
-0.67
4.61
2.62
6.92
1 1.02
is.12
19.22
20.31
20.8 "
21.41
8.622
8.427
8.049
7.681
7.343
7.T:4
6.101
.402
8.116
5,844
+ 0
411.92
412.47
413.t2
413.17
414.11
414.d1
414.27
414.21
414.21
414.21
-47.75
-41.a0
-4.865
-48.10
-4.S5
-45.40
-4z.0
-45.40
-41.40
-45.40
21.95
22.50
23.05
23.80
24.14
24.30
4.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
5.$84 4
5.337
1.100
8.74
4.89
4.453
4.2517
4.069
3.669
).ILI
69992
0990
51967
12964
53981
5%9V7
55975
b5991
51969
58966
414.21
114.21
21
-14. 21
414.27
410.?7
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.21
-4S.40
-45.40
-4-%,*0
-414.0
-85.0O
-45.40
-45.40
-- S.40
-45.40
-45.40
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
3.71A
3.39
3.241
3.104
2.967
2.603
Z.L1
2.91
2.017
2*368
60000
1)1000
82000
83000
84000
*500
48000
47000
86000
89000
59962
0095V
61955
82951
63948
64944
68940
68938
67931
86921
414.27
44.27
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.21
414.27
414:27
414.27
-45.40
-45."0
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.30
28.30
28.02
23.8"
23.11
22.57
2.263
2.164
2.06
1.977
1.690
1.601
1.72?
1.511
1.$76
1.509
* 0
70000
71000
12000
73000
74000
75000
78000
11000
76000
17000
89923
10916
71914
72909
13904
14699
75894
78669
77854
76619
414.2?
414.27
414.27
414.27
414.21
414. 27
414.27
414.27
41*.79
415.44
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-45.40
-85.40
-45.40
-45.40
-4.40
-4"41.6
-*4.23
22.02
21.46
20.93
20.39
19.84
19.30
L6.78
16.21
1G.16
18.29
1.442
1.379
1.316
1.280
1.204
1.151
1.101
1.052
1.006
9.81
+ 0
1000
26000
27000
28000
1.010
1.O05
1.090
1.094
1.096
1.096
1.101
1.103
1.105
1.101
I 1.1*0
~------
__________ -- --.
I 0.992
-------.
1008.9
1002.8
996.3
1IA?
1.137
1.131
1.1U4
1.110
1.110
1.L03
1.09%
1.049
1.063
1.01*
1.069
1.082
1.05
1.0412
1.041
1.034
1.021
1.020
1.013
1-005
J-9%
3
0
3.818
3.790
3.7?0
3.%;
3*111
i.85
3.*SS
3.633
3.0?
3.1a1
3 5.$,#
3.9Z8
S.$.02
3.476
3.449
3.423
3.397
3.370
3.344
3.3LI
3.29. 3.268
3.244,
3.268
3.272
3.276
3.260
3.284
3.268
3.292
6
S
3.291
).S01
3.0s
1.300
3.313
3.314
3.3.4
3.314
3.314
3.314
-'
3.314
.313.314
3.31b
3.3L4
3.314
3.314
3.318
3.314
3.314
1.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.3L4
3.*14
3.314
3.314 3.514
3.314
3.314
3.314
3.314
5.3*4
3.314
3.31
S.)23
-*~---
202
TABLlE
I-Cmi-mi-d
W'5
N. July
(_EOP(rENInAL ALTMlD.M, ENGLUSH UNITS

Attitude
rhn.it)
I
H.ft'
Zft
T.,R
.00,0
41000
62000
83000
4*Oc:
64000
80127
01131
SlIM
W1"4
141150
1s411
418.16
4.947
417.50
415.15
87000
86000
*og0
441*T
84174
M91o0
90000
91000
92000
9.jO8
V4000
9W0OO
9*000
91000
98000
9010*
91193
W2199
9.208
94213
91219
V6228
97233
91240
"00O0
"161
'.F
Pressure
I
Teml.ratur
T-T,,
P. in. ng
~P._
7.
1
l
1.I14
1.126
1.128
1:.11
419.41
-43.40
-42.83
-42.17
-41.53
-40.80
-4.2*
18.32
18.43
18.54
1$.e1
Is.16
18.16*
9.i**
8.14
&.3M8
7.991
7.601
.1.13
.307
6.960l
L.1316
410.19
4Q1.45
42.10
-38.86
-36.2a
-31.1?
19.09
19.20
19.31
8.643
6.392
6.114
1.138
L.14O
1.143
4"g.71
421.42
141 4.01
4204. 14b
421.40
428.01
428.71
421.31
428.03
-3b.91
-38.25
-31.39
-34.93
-34.,1
-33b.62
-31. 98
-32.30
-1.64*
19.42
19.53
19.43
19.14
19.1s
19.96
20.01
20.18
20.29
.0849
5.19*
S.54
5.122
4.901
4.690
4.468
4.296
4.112
:l.:4
42+0,1J
-39.
S4
18.91
~~1____ ~._
._
*-
1 1.145
1.148
L. 10o
1.153
1.1,5
1.151
1.1*0
1.163
1.165
Imcd
Thermal
C.
TtUA
P.d
9ivtIf
2.9.1 2.180
2.654
2.533
2.419
2.4309
G.Ou
0oo.1I
1900.9
1001.7
1002.4
L003.2
1003.0
l 14*.,
1.008 1.010
1.011
I.OU1
1.011
1.01s
1.016
3
3.328
3.333
3.338
3.343
3.346
3.345
J,.35T1
Z,.205*
:
1.014
1.01
1.076
1.080
1.080
t 0L. 0
2.10
2.011
1.920
1.06
L.089
1.090
1001.6
1006.4
1001.2
1.011
I.OL
1.020
3.362
3.3467
3-472
1.021 - 5
1.023
1.024
1.021
1.021
1.020
1.029
1.030
1.032
3.311 3.382
3.381
J.391
3.396
3.401
3.4#06
3.411
3.416
1.834 1.152
1.613
1.599
1.521
1.419
1.394
1.332
1.213
ft. r-
1.092
100.0
0.1
1.0"9- 1,0
1.0,o7 1009.1
1.099 1010.3
1.101
1011.1
1.103
101.V
1.106
1012.1
.1.108 1O13.4
1.110 1014.z
S-. .
lh-i-A
p. lbft
- .-
I (:
u"
n.l
" ..
.oeTlw.,
livity
ofviacopit) t-.ndut
.-
-------.--
lbft I+se
____J_
--
TAttLL 5.2.- Cotainud

75' N. July
GE.;oWfHlC ALI.TUDE. ENC.ISH UNITS
AltiudeThmrraurrPrr~ur
Zit
tf.t
wO0D0
81000
82000
a 000
79674
008.6
Oio1:
842037
841000
83000
80000
ulOCO
80000
VGZ'0
91000
9.1000
93000
914-00
93000U
Vc.000
97000
98000
T, R
.10.10
t.F
T
-,
I~~it
P,
in.Ng
1.416.72
836
84645
41V. 37
83840t
1.?0. it?
8083
420.06
8bl18? 4:21.33
862
SOUL0
*21 .9v
-4b3.5.1
-4.2
-4.0
016
-40.95
-40.10
-J9.65
-38.1)9.
-36.34
-31 .. 60
18.40
1.1
802
18.713
10:.64
18.953
19.07
19.18
19.29
1. 40
9.19?
794
6410
8.01#3
1:692
..336
7.036
"9815
90809
91602d
92190
93789
94,182
V5775
90?0
9 1701
-.41.03
-3O.A7
-ss.72
-35.07
4.4
-33.1#
-33.1.
*24
-3101
19.5L
L9.62
19.73
19.84
.9.9!,
Z0.00
210. 17
20.20
20.39
5.091
'.04J
5.401L
5.169
4. 9 It
*.735
4.333
4.340
4.15s
41.73
411.41
418.0.
422.44
423.30
4d3. 95
4,24k.
0
425.2.
423.91
426.57
42I.C7.
22
4#27. 81
___
f
I
Dnk
1rs~ue
Alttud
Tenl~aiu
F-
0.3
.442
6. 163
-1
P.Ib ft t
Sound
pred
.P"
C.
Ihrrmal1
Cufiin
..f ciu~,.uuty
conduc'tivity
a1Tf
1.112
1.1
1.110
1.LIS
1.120
1.12Z3
1.125
1.12
1.130
1 .1)2
2.930
.9
2.01
2.550
2.43S
2.326
2.22L
2.1:2
2.02
1 .930
1.062
1:064
1.066
1.068
1.010
1.07:
1.974
1.01:
1.01
1 .080
1000.0
1000.8
t00o.
1002.3
1003.1
1003.9
1004.7
1005.3
1000.3
1 007.0
1.004 1.009
1.011
1.014
1.013
1.015
1.016
1:011
1.019
1.0gig
3.126
;3.32
3.3 1
5.011.
3.147
3.352
3.J57
3.36t
3.346
3.311
1.114
1.136
1.139
A.14'#1
1.L143
1.140
1.146
1. 150
1.133
1.950 1.707
L.659
1.014
L.542
1.4#1*
1.409
1."4?
1.207
1.082
1.094
L.086
1.011?
1.090
1.092
1.0941
1.090
1.098
1007.6
1008.0
1009.4
1010.1
1010.9
1011.1
1011. 5
1013.3
1014.0
1.021
1.022
1024
1.023
1.C2,
1.026
1.029
1.030
1.031
.370 3.301
3.346
3.190
S.395
3.600
3.40%
3.410
3.415
2'
..
.1
BLANKPAGE
ix
___________
--.
-' -
-"
Table 5.3
Sea level to 30 km
GEOPOTENTIAL ALTITUDE IN METERS AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE
IN MILLIBARS
2.14-IR
1),7 - I
GE4WOENT1At
(p
10
57*
JI
to
UI,
11
ad.
19"
I'll.
a0
3054 *4*Oi
4829.
1s
iy67*
*74
.4
03
*41
1*67*
*5:!
1
Use*5
317s5
13l
1.1
J9673
--
30 N.
W
J"
J
jJ"A
*9
30014
30)00
al$
7079
nasa
2964%
49vok
3430
10916
i*900
lIt
Roses
M009s
Z4509
*633*
lease
*5*5*0
360)1
J54*
U
4 64
147
J&l~
*53
M OO0
J,.
10813
*71*
at*?$
J*s)
b
*7043
41*08
1)
4
A
*7*9ao
*701)0
*41041
It41.4
31391
*119
It45
41069
Soots
*15410
ag"
Jos55
It16*
2.#59
3))5l
11
nela
D.
.:a
2646101
*19
5
It
ASD
a
I
&UP0 10114
%J2*7
4b*
34*1
4*154
AS109
J154ft
2$"v**
43
al
.143*
*0411`
5544.
11*3)1
15062
'31"A
*31
a*31941
244b000
a*0
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BLANK PAGE-
MPI
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---
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--.----
Ii
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Table 5.4
Sea level to 100,000 ft
GEOPOTENTIAL ALTITUDE IN FEET AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE
IN MILL!EARS
S.. .I
212
Toim
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5.4
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IN MILIBARH~S
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PART 6
Ta6les of Properties of Supplementary Atmospheres above 120 Kilometers
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CORRIGENDA
for
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE, 1962

1. Page 5, Table 1.2.1
Change Metric value of R * to 8.31432 X 103 joUleS (*K)-I (kg-mol) I

Change English value of R* to 1545.31 ft lbf (OR)- ' (lb-mol) or 49719.0 lb flt2 seev-2 (*R)- ' (Ib-mol) 1
2. Page 9, Right-hand column, line 16:

Change -1948" to read "1947"
3. Page 10, Table 1.2.8
Change dimension of Ma1 from **(dimensionless)" to "kg (kg-mol)-I" and "lb) (lls-mol)
'
4, Page 13, Figure 1.3.5, abscissa label:

Change "Mean free path, kin" to read "Mean free path, mn."
5. p~age 16, Table 1.4(c), Z =170, 190, 230 kmn.
Change "26.40, 24.70, 1103.4, 1205.4, 1322.3
respectively.
to read "26.45, 24.69, 1105.5, 1205.5, 1321.7,"
6. Page 28, Table 11.3(b). integrals:

Change "1lig, (Z-284.01768)" in lint' 9 and "log,. (Z-216.23225)" in line 14 to read "log,
(284.01768- Z), log. (216.23225 -Z),' respectively.
NOTE: Pages 80 th~rough &S and I&! thrcugh 189. -For molecular weight ab,,vr 90 kmi minoro(gvjllatiInI will somnetimes
be n,,,ed whivii cause' certain value. wohesligh-tly gre'ater than a pcrece'ding value at a lower altitude. These thisc'repaniirc' result fr(om the piarticular analitic ium-riion utilized tn fit p~redetermined defining pointA and are not
int";ationaL, Se'veral (if thle figures. on pags II it. I., showosc'illatjont, %hijch do not appear i n it,' tabu latrd values.

Variations From Standard Atmosphere

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Variations From Standard Atmosphere

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U.S.

Pfepared under sponsorship of

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

U.S. STANDARD A'i MOSPHERE SUPPLEMENTS, 1966

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION

MODELS ABOVE 12M KILOMETERS .......................................................

MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS ......................................................

DERIVED QUANTITIES ................................................................................

SPEED OF SOUND ............................................................................

PART 2-ATMOSPHERIC MODELS UP TO 120 KILOMETERS ............................

120 KILOMETERS ....................................................

DIURNAL VARIATIONS Of DENSITY TO 90 KILOMETERS .....................................

BELOW so KILOMETERS ..................................................................

BETWEEN DD AND 120 KILOMETERS ....................................................

PART 3-ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ABOVE 120 KILOMETERS ...............................

DEFININC PROPERTIES ....................................................................

MOLECULAR-SCALE TEMPERATURE ......................................................

PERFECT GAS LAW ..........................................................................

SPRING/FALL MODELS ......................................................................

SUMMER AND WINTER MODELS ..........................................................

SYSTEMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE 2t KILOMETERS ............

SEMIANNUAL VARIATION ..................................................................

COMPUTATION OF EXOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE .............................................

EXPERIM ENTAL DATA

DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF DENSITY .................................................

UIMITATIONS OF HiH-ALTITUDE MODELS.

PART 4-ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATING TO THE ATMOSPHERE .........

DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOPOTENTIAL TABLE ........................................

PART 5-TABLES OF PROPERTIES OF SUPPLEMENTARY ATMOSPHERES TO

Ternperaturr-altitude ('ro-as section for January arid July.............................1

Tentative mean annual mid-latitude ozone pressure ...........................................

N. Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ................

Ihe 600 N. Winter Suppleotentary Atmosphere ....................

Summer Supplementary Atmosphere ..................

A cceleration values ......................................................................................

Approximation of 750 N. Winter Supplcmcntary Atmosphere ................................

of latitude 0, where reference latitude R =4532'33" ........................................

120 km to 1000 km-summer models. Temperature, pressure, density, scale

Metric units ..........................

Symbols and Abbreviations

area, also empirical parameter

British thermal unit

degrees, in thermodynamic Celsius scale

gradient of molecular-scale temperature with geopotenilial altitude

Local Standard Time

meter; also exponent

molecular (or atomic) mass of individual atmospheric constituent

an exponent associated with temperature profiles in thermosphere

temperature in absolute thermodynamic scale

right ascension of satellite perigee

Environmental Science Services Administration. Department "f Commerce

IFederal Aviation Agency

(Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA

Langley Research Center, NASA

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Harvard College Observatory

some of the majo r ciontiihiti!ors in both Irelparalory W'orking (Croupsl

Cochairmen, U.S. Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere

Basis of the Tables

Basis of the TablIes

years. In fact, when COESA first started to update

h-owever, due to the different thermal regimes found

-otming into the inventory from a new sensor, thle

Such data, in conjunction with the very much improved

30-kmn radiosoinde data, would permit construction