1.

I wake up at 7 every day

Present Simple

Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

1. Present Simple is the tense that refers to: repeated actions, preferences,general
truths and scheduled events.

2. Present Simple requires the first form of the verb. (Verbs have three forms. You will learn
about them in the following lessons.)

When do I use Present Simple?

Present Simple is used for repeated actions, preferences, general truths and scheduled events.

repeated actions daily routine: I wake up at 7 every day.

repeated actions habits: I usually swim at the weekend.

likes and dislikes: I like horror movies.

general truths: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

generalizations: People talk too much.

scheduled events: The plane takes off at 9.

How do I recognize Present Simple?

Present Simple is often marked by explicit or implicit adverbs or time expressions that indicate
frequency.

always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never (ad
verbs of frequency)

every day = daily, every week = weekly, every month = monthly, every year = yearly

once a day, twice a week, three times a month, four times a year

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night

on Mondays, on Thursdays, on Saturdays etc.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Read the sentences in the next table. They are at Present Simple. Then read the following section
How

do

form

Present

Simple?

to

understand

how

Present

Simple

works

in

the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms.

Affirmative
1st person
Singular
2nd person
Singular

Interrogative

I wake up at 7 every day. Do I wake up at 7 every day?

You like apples.

Do you like apples?

Negative

I do not wake up at
7 every day.

You do not like apples.

He does not
He plays football on

Does he play football on

play football on

3 person

Tuesdays.

Tuesdays?

Tuesdays.

Singular

She travels in summer.

Does she travel in summer?

She does not travel in

It takes off at 9.

Does it take off at 9?

summer.

rd

It does not take off at 9.

1st person

We pay our bills monthly.

Do we pay our bills monthly?

You eat twice a day.

Do you eat twice a day?

3rd person

They usually ski in

Do they usually ski in

Plural

December.

December?

Plural
2nd person
Plural

We do not pay our

bills monthly.
You do not eat twice a
day.
They do
not usually ski in
December.

How do I form Present Simple?

Affirmative
Subject

Verb

(...)

e.g.: I (subject) wake up (verb) at 7 every day.

1st person, sg. I read daily.

1st person, sg. I often watch TV.

3rd person, sg. He reads daily.

3rd person, sg. He often watches TV.

Remember that:

For the 1st person (sg. and pl.), the 2nd person (sg. and pl.) and the 3 rdperson pl., the verb has
the same form. Only the 3rd person sg. functions differently.

The verb is used in its first form, e.g.: I read. The first form is the infinitive form without to. At
the 3rd person sg., we add an s at the end of the verb, e.g.: He reads.

Some verbs take an es (instead of an s) at the end for the 3rd person sg.,e.g.:He
watches TV.

The verbs to be and to have behave differently: a) See how to use the verb to be; b) The
verb to have has an irregular form for the 3rd person sg. He hasan apple.

Interrogative
Do

Does

Subject

Verb

(...)

e.g.: Do I (subject) wake up (verb) at 7 every day?

1st person, sg. Do I read daily?

1st person, sg. Do I often watch TV?

3rd person, sg. Does he read daily?

3rd person, sg. Does he

often watch TV?

Remember that:

In interrogative sentences, we use the auxiliary verbs do or does.

We use do for the 1st and 2nd persons (sg. and pl.) and for the 3 rd person pl..We use does for
the 3rd person sg..

In interrogative sentences, we do NOT add s or es at the end of the verb for the 3 rd person
sg..

The short answer for a Present Simple question is:

o Affirmative: Yes, I do (for I, you, we, you, they) or Yes, he does(for he, she, it)
o Negative: No, I don't = No, I do not (for I, you, we, you, they) orNo, he doesn't = No,
he does not (for he, she, it)

Negative
Subject

Do

Not

Does

Not

Verb

(...)

e.g.: I (subject) do not wake up (verb) at 7 every day.

1st person, sg. I do not read daily.

3rd person, sg. He does not
read daily.

1st person, sg. I do not watch TV often.

3rd person, sg. He does not watch TV often.

Remember that:

In negative sentences, we use the auxiliary verbs do or does and the adverbnot.

We use do not for the 1st and 2nd persons (sg. and pl.) and for the 3 rd person pl.. We
use does not for the 3rd person sg..

In negative sentences, we do NOT add s or es at the end of the verb for the 3rd person sg..

The short form of do not is don't. The short form of does not is doesn't. e.g.:I don't like
horror movies. He doesn't like action movies.

Adverb placement

Place adverbs after the subject and the verb. e.g.: I walk every day. Do I walkevery day? I
don't walk every day.

With adverbs of frequency, things are a bit more complicated. It's best to learn their
placement through practice. Listen to the audio tutorial in this lesson.

Surprise!

The first form of the verb is also called the present simple form. We also refer to it as to
the infinitive form.

Seldom is the more formal equivalent of rarely.

We use phrasal verbs (verbs with more than one element) in the 3 rd person sg. like this:
He wakes up at
It takes off at 9.

6.

2. Clara watched TV yesterday

Past Simple
Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

1. Past Simple is the tense that refers to actions completed in the past.
2. Past Simple requires the second form of the verb.
3. Verbs may be regular or irregular. This is reflected in their second form.

When do I use Past Simple?

Past Simple is used for actions that started and finished in the past.

one action in the past: I watched TV yesterday.

a series of actions in the past: I woke up, then I had breakfast and read the newspaper.

historical facts: The Second World War started in 1939.

generalizations in the past: People watched less TV 10 years ago.

How do I recognize Past Simple?

Past Simple is often marked by explicit or implicit adverbs or time expressions.

yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday

last evening, last week, last month, last September, last summer, last year

one week ago, two months ago, three years ago

specific dates or months (if they are in the past): on the 1st of March, in May

implicit reference (it is obvious that we are referring to the past): As a teenager, he played
video games a lot.

Regular and irregular verbs

English verbs may be regular or irregular. This is linked to their second form.For Past Simple, we
need the second form of the verb, which is formed like this:

Regular verbs have regular second forms. They take an -ed at the end of the first
form. e.g.: (to) watch - watched

Irregular verbs have irregular second forms. These can only be learned by heart or by
practice. e.g.: (to)

drink

drank

See the first list of irregular verbs - these are used more frequently. When you are ready,
see the second list of irregular verbs.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Regular verb: to watch

Affirmative

Singular

Plural

1st person

I watched TV yesterday.

We watched TV yesterday.

2nd person

You watched TV yesterday.

You watched TV yesterday.

3rd person

He watched TV yesterday.

They watched TV yesterday.

She watched TV yesterday.

It watched the birds yesterday.

Interrogative

Singular

Plural

1st person

Did I watch TV yesterday?

Did we watch TV yesterday?

2nd person

Did you watch TV yesterday?

Did you watch TV yesterday?

Did he watch TV yesterday?

rd

3 person

Did she watch TV yesterday?

Did they watch TV yesterday?

Did it watch the birds yesterday?

Negative

Singular

Plural

1st person

I did not watch TV yesterday.

We did not watch TV yesterday.

2nd person

You did not watch TV yesterday.

You did not watch TV yesterday.

3rd person

He did not watch TV yesterday.

They did not watch TV yesterday.

She did not watch TV yesterday.

It did not watch the birds yesterday.

Irregular verb: to drink

Affirmative

Singular

Plural

1st person

I drank whiskey yesterday.

We drank whiskey yesterday.

2nd person

You drank whiskey yesterday.

You drank whiskey yesterday.

He drank whiskey yesterday.

rd

3 person

She drank whiskey yesterday.

They drank whiskey yesterday.

It drank milk yesterday.

Interrogative

Singular

Plural

1st person

Did I drink whiskey yesterday?

Did we drink whiskey yesterday?

2nd person

Did you drink whiskey yesterday?

Did you drink whiskey yesterday?

3rd person

Did he drink whiskey yesterday?

Did they drink whiskey yesterday?

Did she drink whiskey yesterday?

Did it drink milk yesterday?

Negative

Singular

Plural

1st person

I did not drink whiskey yesterday.

We did not drink whiskey yesterday.

2nd person

You did not drink whiskey yesterday.

You did not drink whiskey yesterday.

He did not drink whiskey yesterday.

rd

3 person

She did not drink whiskey yesterday.

They did not drink whiskey yesterday.

It did not drink milk yesterday.

How do I form Past Simple?

Affirmative
Subject

Verb

II

(...)

e.g.: I (subject) watched (verb) TV yesterday.

1st person, sg. I watched TV yesterday.

1st person, sg. I drank whiskey yesterday.

3rd person, sg. She watched TV yesterday.

3rd person, sg. She drank whiskey yesterday.

Remember that:

At Past Simple, the verb remains unchanged for all persons, singular and plural (including
the 3rd person sg.).

Interrogative

Did

Subject

Verb

(...)

e.g.: Did I (subject) watch (verb) TV yesterday?

1st person, sg. Did I drink whiskey

1st person, sg. Did I watch TV yesterday?

yesterday?

rd

3 person, sg. Did she watch TV yesterday?

3rd person, sg. Did she drink whiskey

yesterday?

Remember that:

In interrogative sentences, the auxiliary did contains the past form of the verb structure. The
main verb (to watch or to drink) is used in its FIRST form.

The auxiliary did is the same for all persons, singular and plural.

The short answer for a Past Simple question is:

o Affirmative: Yes, I did (for all persons Yes, I did; Yes, you did; Yes, he did etc.)
o Negative: No, I didn't = No, I did not (for all persons No, I didn't; No, you didn't;
No, he didn't etc.)

Negative
Subject

Did

Not

Verb

(...)

e.g.: I (subject) did not watch (verb) TV yesterday.

1st person, sg. I did not watch TV yesterday.

1st person, sg. I did not drink whiskey yes

3rd person, sg. She did not watch TV yesterday.

3rd person, sg. She did not drink whiskey

Remember that:

In negative sentences, the auxiliary did contains the past form of the verb structure. The
main verb (to watch or to drink) is used in its FIRST form.

The short form of did not is didn't. e.g.: I didn't watch TV.

Surprise!

The second form of the verb is also called the past simple form.

Past Simple is only used for finished actions. If an action started in the past, but is not
finished at present, we do not use Past Simple.

5.

Was

&

Had

&

Did

~ Focus on verbs ~
Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

Was, had, did are the second (past simple) forms of the verbs to be, to have,to do. These verbs
also function as auxiliary verbs, to build other verb structures. Therefore, it is very important to know
them well.
See below how to use these three verbs to be, to have and to do at Present Simple and Past
Simple, in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences.

To be Was / Were

Affirmative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person

I am at school.

I was at school.

You are at school.

You were at school.

He is at school.

He was at school.

She is at school.

She was at school.

It is in the yard.

It was in the yard.

1st person Plural

We are at school.

We were at school.

2nd person Plural

You are at school.

You were at school.

3rd person Plural

They are at school.

They were at school.

Interrogative

Present Simple

Past Simple

Am I at school?

Was I at school?

Singular

2nd person
Singular

3rd person
Singular

1st person
Singular

2nd person

Are you at school?

Were you at school?

Is he at school?

Was he at school?

Is she at school?

Was she at school?

Is it in the yard?

Was it in the yard?

1st person Plural

Are we at school?

Were we at school?

2nd person Plural

Are you at school?

Were you at school?

3rd person Plural

Are they at school?

Were they at school?

Negative

Present Simple

Past Simple

I am not at school.

I was not at school.

You are not at school.

You were not at school.

Singular

3rd person
Singular

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

He is not at school.

He was not at school.

She is not at school.

She was not at school.

It is not in the yard.

It was not in the yard.

1st person Plural

We are not at school.

We were not at school.

2nd person Plural

You are not at school.

You were not at school.

3rd person Plural

They are not at school.

They were not at school.

Present Simple

Past Simple

I have a course.

I had a course.

You have a course.

You had a course.

3rd person

He has a course.

He had a course.

Singular

She has a course.

She had a course.

3rd person
Singular

To have Had

Affirmative

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

It has a bone.

It had a bone.

1st person Plural

We have a course.

We had a course.

2nd person Plural

You have a course.

You had a course.

3rd person Plural

They have a course.

They had a course.

Interrogative

Present Simple

Past Simple

Do I have a course?

Did I have a course?

Do you have a course?

Did you have a course?

Does he have a course?

Did he have a course?

Does she have a course?

Did she have a course?

Does it have a bone?

Did it have a bone?

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

3rd person
Singular

1st person Plural

Do we have a course?

Did we have a course?

2nd person Plural

Do you have a course?

Did you have a course?

3rd person Plural

Do they have a course?

Did they have a course?

Negative

Present Simple

Past Simple

I do not have a course.

I did not have a course.

You do not have a course.

You did not have a course.

He does not have a course.

He did not have a course.

She does not have a course.

She did not have a course.

It does not have a bone.

It did not have a bone.

We do not have a course.

We did not have a course.

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

3rd person
Singular

1st person Plural

2nd person Plural

You do not have a course.

You did not have a course.

3rd person Plural

They do not have a course.

They did not have a course.

Present Simple

Past Simple

I do exercises.

I did exercises.

You do exercises.

You did exercises.

He does exercises.

He did exercises.

She does exercises.

She did exercises.

It does tricks.

It did tricks.

1st person Plural

We do exercises.

We did exercises.

2nd person Plural

You do exercises.

You did exercises.

To do Did

Affirmative

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

3rd person
Singular

3rd person Plural

They do exercises.

They did exercises.

Interrogative

Present Simple

Past Simple

Do I do exercises?

Did I do exercises?

Do you do exercises?

Did you do exercises?

Does he do exercises?

Did he do exercises?

Does she do exercises?

Did she do exercises?

Does it do tricks?

Did it do tricks?

1st person Plural

Do we do exercises?

Did we do exercises?

2nd person Plural

Do you do exercises?

Did you do exercises?

3rd person Plural

Do they do exercises?

Did they do exercises?

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

3rd person
Singular

Negative

Present Simple

Past Simple

I do not do exercises.

I did not do exercises.

You do not do exercises.

You did not do exercises.

He does not do exercises.

He did not do exercises.

She does not do exercises.

She did not do exercises.

It does not do tricks.

It did not do tricks.

1st person Plural

We do not do exercises.

We did not do exercises.

2nd person Plural

You do not do exercises.

You did not do exercises.

3rd person Plural

They do not do exercises.

They did not do exercises.

1st person
Singular

2nd person
Singular

3rd person
Singular

7. Right now, Ruby is swimming

Present Continuous

Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

Present Continuous
We form Present Continuous like this: To Be

+ [Verb + ING]

We use the verb to be at the correct person/number: am, are, is

We add the termination -ing to the main verb, e.g.: walking, swimming, taking photos

Note that: Present Continuous is also called Present Progressive because it refers to actions that are in
progress.

When do I use Present Continuous?

We use Present Continuous in the following situations:
1. When

the

action

is

happening right

now.

e.g.: I am reading a book on the beach.

2. When

the

action

is

happening at

present,

even

if

it

takes

more

time.

e.g.: He is studying to become a doctor.

3. When

we

refer

to plans

for

the

close

future.

e.g.: Clara is meeting Ruby tomorrow. (Read more)

4. When

we

refer

to

a repetitive and,

most

often,

annoying action.

e.g.: He is always arriving late.

In this lesson, we focus on the first use case when the action is happeningright now.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Read the table below to see how we form Present Continuous in the affirmative, interrogative and
negative.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

1st person

I am sunbathing on the

Am I sunbathing on the

I am not sunbathing on

Singular

beach.

beach?

the beach.

2nd person

You are drinking a

Singular

cocktail.

Are you drinking a cocktail?

3 person
Singular

cocktail.
He is not getting on the

He is getting on the
rd

You are not drinking a

plane.

Is he getting on the plane?

She is getting off the

Is she getting off the plane?

plane.

Is it running in the sand?

It is running in the sand.

plane.
She is not getting off the
plane.
It is not running in the
sand.

1st person

We are leaving on a

Are we leaving on a business We are not leaving on a

Plural

business trip.

trip?

business trip.

2nd person

You are returning from

Are you returning from

You are not

Plural

holiday.

holiday?

returning from holiday.

3rd person

They are swimming in

Are they swimming in the

They are not

Plural

the ocean.

ocean?

swimming in the ocean.

How do I recognize Present Continuous?

There are several adverbs of time that help us understand that the action is taking place right now
and that we should expect to find Present Continuous in the sentence:

now, e.g.: A: What are you doing now? B: I am packing for the holiday.

right now, e.g.: They are getting on the plane right now.

in this (very) moment, at the moment, e.g.: The plane is taking off in this very moment.

at present, e.g.: At present, he is living with his friends, until he finds his own place.

Surprise!
1. We can use contractions:

I'm sunbathing; I'm not sunbathing

You're drinking; You're not drinking / You aren't drinking

He's getting on; He's not getting on / He isn't getting on

We're leaving; We're not leaving / We aren't leaving etc.

2.

For

some

verbs,

the

last

letter

e.g.:getting, travelling (Br.), swimming. Listen

is

to

doubled

the audio

in

tutorial in

the
this

continuous

form,

lesson

more

information.

8.What was he doing when you took

that photo?
Past Continuous
Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

Past Continuous
We form Past Continuous like this: Was/Were

+ [Verb + ING]

The verb to be is in the past: was or were, depending on the person/number.

for

We add the termination -ing to the main verb.

Note that: Past Continuous is also called Past Progressive because it refers to actions that were, at a
certain moment in the past, in progress.

When do I use Past Continuous?

We use Past Continuous when we refer to interrupted actions in the past.
e.g.: He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.
He

was

talking

to

Jeremy the

interrupted

action

(Past

Continuous)

when I took that photo. the action that causes the interruption (Past Simple)
Use cases:

a past action interrupted by another past action:

He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

a past action interrupted by a specific time:

They were watching a movie yesterday at 10 p.m.

parallel actions in the past:

The girls were preparing the meat while the boys were chopping sticks for the fire.

to describe the atmosphere in the past:

When I arrived at Ruby's place, Ruby was playing with the cats, Clara was making a cake
and Brian and Jeremy were discussing politics.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Read the table below to see how we form Past Continuous in the affirmative, interrogative and
negative.

1st person
Singular

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I was eating pizza.

Was I eating pizza?

I was not eating pizza.

2nd person

You were listening to

Singular

music.

Were you listening to music?

You were not listening to

music.
He was not talking to

He was talking to Clara

3 person

She was talking to

Singular

Jeremy.

rd

The dog was sleeping.

Clara.

Was he talking to Clara?

Was she talking to Jeremy?

She was not talking to

Jeremy.

Was the dog sleeping?

The dog was not

sleeping.

1st person

We were washing the

Plural

dishes.

2nd person

You were cleaning the

Plural

room.

3rd person

They were surfing the

Were they surfing the

They were not

Plural

Internet.

Internet?

surfing the Internet.

Were we washing the dishes?

We were not washing the

Were you cleaning the room?

dishes.
You were not
cleaning the room.

When & While

The conjunctions when and while are used very often in sentences that contain verbs in the Past
Continuous.
When is

followed

by

Past

Simple.

He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

While is

followed

by

Past

The girls were preparing the meat while the boys were chopping sticks for the fire.

Surprise!
We can use contractions only in negative Past Continuous sentences:

Continuous.

I/He/She/It wasn't sleeping yesterday evening at 10 o'clock.

You/We/You/They weren't sleeping yesterday evening at 10 o'clock.

* In Romanian, Past Continuous is translated using imperfectul.

11. I will drive you home. It is going to rain.

Future Simple
Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

Future Simple
Future Simple can be formed in two ways:

Future with Will: Yes, I will drive you home.

'Be Going to' Future: It is going to rain.

Both refer to the future, but they are used in specific situations.

How do I use Future Simple?

We use Future with Will for:

instant decisions: A: Coffee or tea? B: I will have tea.

voluntary actions: I will send you an email when I receive new information.

promises: (I promise) I will call you when I arrive.

offers to help: A: The weather is bad. B: I will drive you home.

requests for help: A: Will you drive me home?

predictions: The fortune teller said: "You will mary a rich man." / Twenty years from now,
I will have wrinkles.
(In this case, the prediction is made with a high level of certainty, usually for a more distant
future.)

We use 'Be Going to' Future for:

plans: I am going to spend the summer in California.

intentions: I am going to clean the house this weekend.

predictions: Look

at

the

sky!

It is

going

to rain.

(In this case, the prediction is made based on a concrete situation / an observable fact in the
present.)
Note: According to other sources, Future with Will and 'Be Going to' Future can be used
interchangeably for making predictions.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Will is a modal verb. Its conjugation is very simple.
I will have tea. Will I have tea? I will

not

(won't) have tea.

He will call us when he arrives. Will he call us when he arrives? He will not (won't) call us when
he

arrives.

We will drive you home. Will we drive you home? We will not (won't) drive you home.
Note: will not = won't

'Be Going to' Future is formed like this: to

be + going to + main verb

The verb to be is used at the correct person/number, i.e. am, are or is.

Going to never changes.

The main verb is always in the infinitive.

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

1st person

I am going to spend the

Am I going to spend the

I am not going to spend the

Singular

summer here.

summer here?

summer here.

2nd person
Singular

You are not going

You are going to spend (...) Are you going to spend (...)?

to spend (...)
He is not going

3rd person
Singular

He is going to spend (...)

Is he going to spend (...)?

to spend (...)

She is going to spend (...)

Is she going to spend (...)?

She is not going

It is going to rain.

Is it going to rain?

to spend (...)
It is not going to rain.

1st person
Plural
2nd person
Plural

We are not going

We are going to spend (...) Are we going to spend (...)?

to spend (...)
You are not going

You are going to spend (...) Are you going to spend (...)?

to spend (...)

3rd person

They are going

Are they going

They are not going

Plural

to spend (...)

to spend (...)?

to spend (...)

We can use contractions:

I

am

You

going

are

to

going

to

I'm going

to

You're going

to

He is going to He's going to etc.

I
You

am
are

not
not

going

going
to

to

You're not

I'm not
going

He is not going to He's not going to / He isn't going to etc.

In colloquial speech, going to can be replaced with gonna:

I am going to buy a new umbrella. I'm gonna buy a new umbrella.

to

going

to

You aren't going

to

13. The show has just started

Present Perfect Simple

Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

How do I form Present Perfect?

(to) have + the 3rd form of the main verb
e.g.:

I have just eaten lunch.

e.g.: He has lived here for 10 years.

Note: We need to use the correct conjugation of the auxiliary verb (to) have:have or has, according
to the person/number.

When do I use Present Perfect?

We use Present Perfect for:

recent

actions that

have

an

impact

on

the

present

situation:

completed

soon:

this

case.)

I have just eaten lunch. (So I am not hungry.)

uncompleted
(The

actions that

negative

should

form

is

be
used

in

He has not finished his homework yet.

changes over

time:

She has cut her hair (since the last time I saw her).

actions/situations

that

started

in

the

past

He has lived here for 10 years. (He still lives here.)

and

continue

in

the

present:

life

experience:

I have

been to

Japan.

I have seen this movie three times (up to now / so far).

Adverbs & Prepositions

Adverbs and prepositions that are often used with Present Perfect:

just: I have just eaten lunch.

already: I have already eaten lunch.

yet: I have not eaten lunch yet.

never / ever: I have never been to Canada. / I have not ever been to Canada.

so far / up to now: I have been to Canada two times so far / up to now.

recently: I have been to Canada recently.

for & since: These two prepositions are used for actions/situations that started in the past and
continue

in

the

present.

For indicates the period between the starting point and the present: He has lived here for 10
years.
Since indicates the starting point: He has lived here since 2002.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

1st person
Singular

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I have eaten lunch.

Have I eaten lunch?

I have not eaten lunch.

2nd person

You have heard this song

Have you heard this song

You have not heard this

Singular

before.

before?

song before.

He has finished his

Has he finished his

3rd person

homework.

homework?

Singular

She has cut her hair.

Has she cut her hair?

The concert has started.

Has the concert started?

1st person

We have lived here for

Have we lived here for two

We have not lived here

Plural

two years.

years?

for two years.

2nd person

You have been to Italy

Plural

two times.

3rd person
Plural

Have you been to Italy?

They have grown a lot.

Have they grown a lot?

14. Ruby had left when Brian arrived

Past Perfect Simple

Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

How do I form Past Perfect?

had + the 3rd form of the main verb
e.g.: Ruby had left when Brian arrived.
Note: The auxiliary verb had never changes.

When do I use Past Perfect?

He has not finished his

homework.
She has not cut her hair.
The concert has not
started.

You have not been to

Italy.
They have not grown a
lot.

We use Past Perfect:

to

refer

to an

action

that

Ruby had
1.

happened

before

another

left when
Ruby

had

action

in

the

Brian
left

(before

past:
arrived.

Brian

arrived).

2. Brian arrived (at a moment in the past, after Ruby had left).

to form the Third Conditional, which we will learn at level Advanced.

Conjunctions
There are three conjunctions that often help us recognize Past Perfect: when,before and after.
Ruby had

left when Brian

arrived.

or
Brian

arrived when Ruby had

Ruby had

left.

left before Brian

arrived.

Brian arrived after Ruby had left.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Affirmative
1st person I had studied French before I
Singular

2nd person
Singular

moved to France.
You had read that book
before she gave it to you as a
present.

Interrogative

Negative

Had I studied French before I

I had not studied French

moved to France?

before I moved to France.

Had you read that book before

she gave it to you as a present?

You had not read that

book before she gave it to
you as a present.

3rd person Mary called the plumber after Had George fixed the sink before George had not fixed the
Singular

George had fixed the sink.

Mary called the plumber?

sink before Mary called

Jeremy arrived home after

Had Clara finished cooking dinner

the plumber.

Clara had finishedcooking

before Jeremy arrived?

Clara had not

dinner.

Had it stopped raining when we

finished cooking dinner

when Jeremy arrived.

It had stopped raining when

left?

we left.

It had not
stopped raining when we
left.

1st person

We had never been to that

Had we ever been to that

Plural

restaurant before last night.

restaurant before last night?

2nd person
Plural

3rd person
Plural

You had had that TV for ten Had you had that TV for ten years
years before it broke down.

before it broke down?

They had found a different

Had they found a different hotel

hotel when the receptionist

when the receptionist finally called

finally called them.

them?

We had not ever been to

that restaurant before last
night.
You had not had that TV
for ten years before it
broke down.
They had not found a
different hotel when the
receptionist finally called
them.

Listen to the audio tutorial in this lesson to find out how we use contractions with the Past Perfect
tense.
* In Romanian, Past Perfect is translated using maimultcaperfectul.

12. Eat - Ate - Eaten

Third Form of Irregular Verbs

Pune cursorulpe text pentru a vedeatraducerea.

The 3rd form of verbs in English

The 3rd form of verbs in English is also called the Past Participle form.

We use the 3rd verb form to build perfect tenses and other structures.

3rd form

The

of regular

verbs equals

to

2nd form.

their

e.g.: (to) watch - watched - watched

The

3rd form

of irregular

verbs can

only

be

learnt

by

heart

or

by

practice.

The table below contains the three forms of the most frequently used 80 irregular verbs in
English.

The 3rd form of irregular verbs

First Form
Present Simple
Form

Second
Form
Past Simple
Form

Third Form
Past Participle
Form

Translation

(to) be

was / were

been

(a) fi

(to) become

became

become

(a) deveni

(to) begin

began

begun

(a) ncepe

(to) bite

bit

bit / bitten

(a) muca

(to) break

broke

broken

(a) rupe

(to) bring

brought

brought

(a) aduce

(to) build

built

built

(a) construi

(to) buy

bought

bought

(a) cumpra

(to) choose

chose

chosen

(a) alege

(to) come

came

come

(a) veni

(to) cost

cost

cost

(a) costa

(to) cut

cut

cut

(a) tia

(to) do

did

done

(a) face

(to) draw

drew

drawn

(a) desena

dreamed /

dreamed /

dreamt

dreamt

(to) drink

drank

drunk

(a) bea

(to) drive

drove

driven

(a) conduce (maina)

(to) eat

ate

eaten

(a) mnca

(to) fall

fell

fallen

(a) cdea

(to) feed

fed

fed

(a) hrni

(to) dream

(a) visa

(to) feel

felt

felt

(a) simi

(to) fight

fought

fought

(a) lupta

(to) find

found

found

(a) gsi

(to) fly

flew

flown

(a) zbura

(to) forget

forgot

forgotten

(a) uita

(to) forgive

forgave

forgiven

(a) ierta

(to) freeze

froze

frozen

(a) nghea

(to) get

got

got / gotten

(a) obine

(to) give

gave

given

(a) da

(to) go

went

gone

(a) se duce

(to) grow

grew

grown

(a) crete

(to) have

had

had

(a) avea

(to) hear

heard

heard

(a) auzi

(to) hide

hid

hidden

(a) (se) ascunde

(to) hit

hit

hit

(a) lovi

(to) hold

held

held

(a) ine (nbrae)

(to) hurt

hurt

hurt

(a) rni

(to) keep

kept

kept

(a) pstra

(to) know

knew

known

(a) ti

(to) lay

laid

laid

(a) pune, (a) aterne

(to) lead

led

led

(a) conduce (pecineva)

(to) learn

learned / learnt

learned / learnt

(a) nva

(to) leave

left

left

(a) pleca

(to) lend

lent

lent

(a) mprumuta (cuiva)

(to) let

let

let

(a) lsa

(to) light

lit

lit

(a) aprinde

(to) lose

lost

lost

(a) pierde

(to) make

made

made

(a) face

(to) mean

meant

meant

(to) meet

met

met

(a) (se) ntlni

(to) pay

paid

paid

(a) plti

(to) put

put

put

(a) pune

(to) quit

quit

quit

(a) renuna

(a) nsemna, (a)

vreaszic

(to) ride

rode

ridden

(a) merge cu

(to) ring

rang

rung

(a) suna

(to) rise

rose

risen

(a) rsri, (a) (se) ridica

(to) read

read

read

(a) citi

(to) run

ran

run

(a) alerga

(to) say

said

said

(a) spune

(to) see

saw

seen

(a) vedea

(to) sell

sold

sold

(a) vinde

(to) set

set

set

(a) seta, (a) aranja

(to) shoot

shot

shot

(a) mpuca

(to) sing

sang

sung

(a) cnta

(to) sit

sat

sat

(a) stajos

(to) sleep

slept

slept

(a) dormi

(to) speak

spoke

spoken

(a) vorbi

(to) spend

spent

spent

(a) cheltui

(to) stand

stood

stood

(a) stanpicioare

(to) steal

stole

stolen

(a) fura

(to) swim

swam

swum

(a) nota

(to) take

took

taken

(a) lua

(to) teach

taught

taught

(a) preda

(to) tell

told

told

(a) spune

(to) think

thought

thought

(a) (se) gndi

(to) throw

threw

thrown

(a) arunca

(to) wake up

woke up

woken up

(a) (se) trezi

(to) wear

wore

worn

(a) purta

(to) win

won

won

(a) ctiga

(to) write

wrote

written

(a) scrie

arau dallas buyers club, the wolf of wall street, schindler's list, goodfellas, raging bull, lawrence of arabia, the elephant
man, rush, the imitation game, into the wild, the theory of everything, big eyes, a beautiful mind, 12 years a slave,
catch me if you can, captain phillips, the social network, donnie brasco, 127 hours, blow,