I

CMBUkTI 10

kargarebtug

CONCRETE WORKS

kargarebtug nig ebtugsrsEdk rYmmanbNalMnaMsmasPaBdUcxageRkam

- eRtomsMPareGayebtug/
- kMNt;smasPaBfak;ebtug (Concrete Class) sMrab;RbePTnimYy eTAtam RbePTebtug/
- dwkCBanebtug BIkEnglaydl;kEngcak;/
- cak;ebtugdl;cUlBum</ cak;Rkal nig bgab;/
- EfTaMebtug/
- edaHBum<.
bNakargarTaMgb:unanxagelI RtUv)anGnuvt kgmYyrykalya:gxI. mYykgcMeNamlMnaM xagelI
kargareRtom minl/ b dMeNIrGnuvtkargarebtugminl nwgbNaleGayman\TiBl dl;KuNPaBebtug.
1> kargareRtomsMPar
sMPareRtomsMrab;kargarebtugrYmman sIum:g;t_ (Cement) / xSac; (Find Coarse) / f (Coarse
Aggregate) nig Twk (Water).
sIum:g;t_ KWCasmasPaBsMParmYysMxan;kgebtug. vaRtUv)anplitkgeragcRk. karkMNt;KuNPaB/
brimaNebtug nig fak; rbs;sIum:g;t_ (Grade of Cement). )anGnuvtkgeragcRk.
kargareRtomcMeBaHsIum:g;t_ RKan;EtCakarkMNt;brimaNsMrab; karlay.
xSac; eRbIedIm,Ilayebtug RtUvEtCaxSac;elOgsat/ laysarFatuepSgtictYcbMput.
ebICaxSac;minsatRtUvlagvaeGaysat muneBllayebtug. TMhMrbs;feRbIkgebtug GaRsyeTAtam
fak;ebtug (Concrete Class) tMrUvkar nig kMras;rbs;eRKOgbgM.

f eRbIkgebtugmaneRcInRbePT dUcCaf 1x2, 2x4, 4x6 >>>. feRbIedIm,Ilayebtug RtUvEtCafsat/

fcas;/ dac;xatminRtUveRbIfxI b fdut minFanakMritrwgmaMeGayebtug. kgkargarebtug
enAbNatMbn;xH/ eKkGaceRbIRkYs (Gravel) sMrab;layebtug. RtUvykRkYsman
TMhMRbhak;RbEhlKa niyayeTAKWRKb;RKYsb:unKa/ minRtUveRbIRkYs minsat/ RkYspuy/
RkYslayFatuepSgeRcIn.
eBllayebtugeRbIRkYs
edIm,Icak;ebtug
eRKOgbgMsMNg;RbqaMgTwkBi)akFanasuvtiPaBNas;.
TwkeRbIedIm,IlayebtugRtUvEtCaTwksat/ minRtUveRbITwkminsat.
2> kMNt;smasPaBfak;ebtug
kgsMNg;eBlGnuvtKMeragsMNg;mYy/ GkKNna )aneRCIserIs fak;ebtugeGaybNa
eRKOgbgMrbs;xn. BI fak;rbs;eRKOgbgM/ Gksagsg;GackMNt;)anKuNPaBeGaybNa
RbePTebtug. fak;ebtug KWCasmasPaB sMPartamsmamaRt (Proportion, Ratio)
mYyktaplitplebtugNamYyenaH GacCa mYymaDebtug/ GacCa mYysklay ebtug.
smamaRtenHGaRsykMritFn; rbs;ebtug/ lkNebtugdUcCa PaBrav b sMrut (Slump)
ragbMBg;rbs;ebtug. edIm,IRsavRCaveRCACagenH smasPaBfak;ebtugrbs; sMParedayELkmYy ]>
sIum:g;t_/ xSac;/ f GacBieRKaHksasMParsMNg;. eK)andwgGMBIkarkMNt;fak;ebtug
edIm,ImanRbePTebtugKNnatamsMParmanenAkardan KWBi)akNas;. dUcenH/ kgkarsagsg;
enAkardan enAkardan b enAeragcRk eKRKan;Et ykcitTukdak; dl;smasPaBfak; kMrit
ebtugtambTdan b karKNnasMPar. dUcCa RbePTebtugKNna (B ) smasPaB kMritebtug
sMrab;mYyEm:RtKUbebtug KW sIum:g;t_ (P 300) - 350 kg, f (1x2) 0.8 m, xSac; - 0.43 m,
Twksatlayebtug RKb;kMritxab;. eBlbrimaNtictam bTBiesaFnkgkargarCak;Esg sagsg;/
kGaceRbI maDedIm,IkMNt; Rbhak;RbEhlsmasPaBkMritebtug dUcCa !@# sIum:g;t_mYy/ xSac;BIr/
fbI/ CamYybrimaNTwkRKb;RKan; eRbIedIm,Ilayebtug ehIynwgTTYl)anRbePT ebtugRbmaN (200
kg/cm)
.
cMeBaHsMNg;
manbrimaNebtugeRcIn
RtUvkMNt;tam
karENnaMrbs;bTdanKNnaRbePTebtug.
200

3> bNasMNUmBrcMeBaHebtug
- ebtugRtUvlayeGaysBV/ FanasmasPaBRKb;RKan; tamkMritebtug.
- eBlevlalayebtug/ dwkCBanRtUvxIbMput. mannyfaryeBlbBab;TaMgRsug bNalMnaMenH
RtUvtUcCagryeBlcgsm<n rbs;sIum:gt_ RbmaN @ ema:g. GUsbnayryeBlenH
nwgman\TiBldl;KuNPaBebtug. kgkarNIenaH cg;man KuNPaBebtugdUcKNna
KWmuneBlcak;ebtugcUklaymgeTot nig bEnmbrimaN ebtugmYy RbmaN !% - @0
nbrimaNsIum:g;t_ tamkMritebtug.
- cMeBaHeRKOgbgMsMNg;nimYy/ sMNUmBrsMrut nig ryeBcaM)ac;edIm,Ibgab;epSgKa.
cMeBaHebtugmanbrimaNFM min b mansrsEdktic/ sMrut rbs;ebtugBI (2-4 cm)/
ryeBlbgab;RbmaN (15-25s) . cMeBaHssr/ Fwm/ kMralxN sMrut KW (4 -6 cm)/ nig
ryeBlbgab;BI (12-15s). cMeBaHeRKOgbgMebtugmansrsEdkeRcIn sMrutrbs;ebtug (6-8 cm)/
ryeBlbgab; (10-12s).
- kgeragcRk/ kgeragCag/ TIlancak;ebtugRsab; bNaeRKOgbgMebtug stCag enAkardan.
BIeRBaHbNaTIkEngenaH
meFa)aysagsg;/
Bum<FanasuvtiPaBCag.
GnuBaateRbIRbePTbgab;eCIgGRgun kgkarbgab;.
- eRbI)ayGrebtugstmanKuNsm,tieRcInCag
eRbI)ayGrebtugrav
)ayGrebtugst
mansMrutTabCag)ayGrebtugrav. bNaKuNsm,tiEdlmanenaHKW
brimaNeRbIsIm:t_GacticCag.
ryeBlkkelOn eRBaHbrimaNTwkeRbIticCag.
kMlaMgetagrvagebtug nig srsekIneLIg.
edaHBum)anqab;/ bnyryeBlsagsg;.
3

kMritebtugekInCag eFobCamYynig kareRbIebtugrav. b:uEnebtugstRtUveRbIbgab;

ma:sIuneTIbFanaKuNPaBebtug.
4> bNaviFIsaRslayebtug
enAbNaRbeTsrIkcMerIn edIm,IlayebtugRKan;EteRbImYyviFIsaRslayebtugeday ma:sIun.
kglkxNRbeTseyIg/ eKGnuvtlayebtugtamBIr viFIsaRs viFIsaRslay edayBlkm nig
viFIsaRslayedayynkm. eTaHbICalayedayBlkmkI b layeday ynkmkI
kbMeBj)antMrUvkardUcxageRkam
- eBllayebtug/ )ayGrebtugRtUvcUklayeGayesIsac;.
- layebtugRtUveGayRKb;smasPaB/ RtUvsmamaRtkMritebtug.
- ryeBllayebtugRtUvtUc kgeyeBlNamYykMNt;.
KYrGnuvtEt layedayviFIsaRsBlkm kgkrNIbrimaNebtugtic/ enATIEngdac; Rsyal/
minGacykma:sIunlayebtug)an. eBlbrimaNebtugeRcIn/ ryeBlGnuvt kargaryUr
enaHRtUvdak;ma:sIunlayebtug/ BIeRBaHlayedayynkm manKuNsm,ti eRcInCaglayedayBlkm/
BiessKWlkNesIsac; nig kMritFn;rbs;ebtug.
1> viFIsaRslayebtugedayBlkm
1>1> kargareRtom
muneBllayebtug RtUveRtomTIFasMrab;layebtug manTMhMGb,rma (3x3m).
TIFaRtUverobcMeGayesI/ minlicTwk. TIFaGacRkaleday \d/ b RkalEdkbnH.
TIFalayRtUvmandMbUlkarBarePg/ kMedA. bNasMPar xSac;/ f/ sIum:g;t_/ TwkTaMgGs;
eRtomCMuvijTIFa.
1>2> lMnaMlayebtugedayBlkm

bNasmasPaBkMritebtug RtUvfwgc,as;las;. enAkardan xSac;/ f/ val;edayktamaD

Fug/ lIRt >>>>/ sIum:gt_CaRbePTsMParmantMl/ Rk/ f RtUvval;eday (kg) b
KNnaCa)av. dMbUgeK cak;xSac;/ layxSac; nig sIum:gt_mux/ eRkayeBlsIum:g;t_esIsac;
Rbjab;dak;fcUl. eBleGayfcUl sIum:g;t_xSac; dak;pglaypg rhUtdl;esIsac;/
eRbIEb:l/ cb cUk KWeGay TwkbrimaNbnic. eRkaymkeGaybrimaNTwkEdlenAsl;
cak;cUl bnicmg cUleTAsmasPaBebtug nig layesIsac;. ryeBllayebtug
edayBlkm minelIs (15 -20 min).
2> layedayynkm
eBlbrimaNebtugeRcIn/
sMNUmBrKuNPaBebtugx<s;
enaHeKRtUvlayedayynkm.
bNaRbePTma:sIunlayebtugeRbIR)as;kgkargarsMNg;GacEbgEckdUcxageRKam
tamviFIsaRslay enaHKWmanRbePTma:sIunlayFak;esrI nig RbePTma:sIunlay minFak;esrI.
EpkelImUldanbMerIras;kargar EbgEckecjCa
- RbePTma:sIunlaytamxYb
- mas:Iunlaybnak; \tQb;
tamrcnasm<nrbs;Fuglay GacEbgEckdUcxageRkam
- Fuglaycak;epg RbePTRtLb;
- FuglaykMNt; efr/ nwg/ mannyfaeBllayebtugrYc FugminGacepg )an
edIm,Icak;ebtugecj/
EdlebtugRtUvykecjtamRckecj.
eBldak;
sMParcUlkRtUvdak;tamRckcUlxagelI.
tam lkNbeckeTs enaHKWma:sIunlayebtugGacEckCa

- RbePTma:sIunlayebtugclt enHCaRbePTma:sIunlayebtug mankg;ruj b

dak;enAnigbeFa)aydwkCBan/ edIm,IlayebtugGaRsyenAtMbn;Gnuvt rbs;kardan/
bxageRkAkardan.
- RbePTma:sIunlayebtugefr RbePTenHmanTMhMFM/ Etgdak;mYykEngkg kardan b kg
shRKas b eragcRkplitebtug.
srubmkvij/ bNaRbePTma:sIunlayebtugGacEckCabIRbePT rUbPaB !0> ! KW
- ma:sIunlayepg FugRtLb;)an
- ma:sIunlayQr
- ma:sIunlayepktamrebobragGkS
rUbPaB !0>! bNaRbePT
ma:sIunlayebtug
a) ma:sIunlayebtug
RkLab;cMehog
b) ma:sIunlayQr
ebtugRss;
c) ma:sIunlaybnbnab;.
bNama:sIundMeNIrkartamvIFIFak;esrI b minFak;esrI. RbePTnimYymanlkN
BiessedayELk/ GaRsytamtMrUvkar nig lkxN EdleyIgeRCIserIsRbePT
ma:sIunsmRsb.

maDrbs;Fugma:sIunlay RbePT dUcrUbPaB 10.1a CaFmta 100-250l. RbePT dUcrUbPaB

10.1b
manmaDFMCag/ Etgdak;enAeraglayebtug/ RbePT dUcrUbPaB 10.1c
Etgdak;eragcRkplitebtugcak;Rsab;/ eBlbrimaNebtugRtUvkareRcIn/ maD 450 - 4500l.
lMnaMlayebtugdUcxageRkam
mundMbUg eGayma:sIunrt;minmanbnk;mYyCMu. ebIlayebtug dMbUgRtUvdak;Twk
bniceGayesImsMbk/ cak;xSac;f nig Twk cUl layesI/ eRkaymkeGaysIum:g;t_ cUl
layeGayrhUtdl;)an.
cMeBaHma:sIunenAkardan/ smasPaBkMritebtug RtUv)anKNnatammaDma:sIun lay.
sIum:g;t_KNnaeday kg b eday)av/ kgbNaeragcRk enaHkarfwgKW edaysVyRbvtiTaMgGs;.
ryeBllayebtugGaRsyedaymaDrbs;ma:sIun/ PaBrav nig PaBFn;rbs;ebtug.
xageRkamenHeyIgBinitelI]TahrN_ bgajGMBIryeBllayebtug kgtarag !0>!.
tambTBiesaFn_ layebtugedayma:sIun eGayeXIjfa edIm,IeGayma:sIunlay ebtugmYy
bMeBj)ansMNUmBrbTdancaM)ac;/
FmtaeGaylaybgVilRbmaN
@0
CMu.
ebIcMnYnCMubgVilticCag enaHebtugminesIsac;/ ebIbgVileRcInCagenaH PaBFn; nig
plitPaBrbs;ma:sIunnwgfycuH.
eBllayebtugenAkardanRtUvykcitTukdak;/
ebIeRbIxSac;esIm
KWRtUvykbrimaN
xSac;ekIneLIg. ebIsMeNImrbs;xSac;ekIn # enaHbrimaNxSac;RtUvykekIneLIg @% - #0/
nig brimaNTwkbnycuH.
tarag !0>!
ryeBllay KitCa vinaTI

maDFuglay (l)
V

)ayGrst

)ayGrrav

ebtugRsay
7

I
<425

60

45

180

1200

120

90

240

2400

150

120

edIm,IeRCIserIsma:sIunlaysmRsbeGaybNakardan/
eyIgRtUvkarkMNt;)an
smPaBlayebtugrbs;ma:sIun.
elImUldansmPaBrbs;ma:sIun/
GacKNna)an
cMnYnma:sIunEdlRtUveRbIR)as;.
smPaBrbs;ma:sIunlay P RtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn !0>!
P=

kgenaH

V .n.k1
.k 2 , m/h
1000

(10.1)

maDrbs;ma:sIun/ maDrbs;ma:sIuneBlNa kRtUvmanEt &%

maDFrNImaRtrbs;m:suIn.
n - cMnYnelIklaykgmYyema:g.
k - emKuNrbs;smasPaBebtug/ yk 0/^&-0/&@/
k - emKuNeRbIR)as;ma:sIuntamryeBl/ yk 0/(-0/(%.
enAkardansMNg;/ FmtaeKdak;bNaRbePTma:sIunlayebtug tamkMritynkm TMenIb
dwkCBansmasPaBebtug. RbePTTImYy sMPardak;cUlma:sIunlay edayBlkm rUbPaB
!0>@. RbePTTIBIr RKb;smasPaBTaMGGs; RtUv)andwkCBanedayynkm.
eRkayeBlkMNt;RKb;lkNsmasPaB/ kMrit ebtug dak;cUledayExSBan/
eGaycUlma:sIunlay rUbPaB !0>#. eBltMrUvkar pt;pg;ebtugeRcIn/ Fmta 9m/h b !%00
tons/month / KWRtUvbegItsanIy_lay ebtugkgeragcRk b eragCag.
V -

rUbPaB !0># ma:sIunlayebtug/ dak;sMParedayynkm

!> Fadak;sMPar/ @-Eb:scUk/ #> dUyGKIsnI/ $> CILav/ %> Fugdak;sMPar.
enAsanIy_lay b eragcRkebtug RbePTtUc/ maDFuglayBI 450 1000 liters/
smPaBRbcaMqaM < 40000 m .
enAsanIy_lay b eragcRkebtug RbePTkNal / maDFuglay 4000 liters/ smPaBRbcaMqaM
40000 - 120000 m .
enAsanIy_lay b eragcRkebtug RbePTFM / maDFuglayFMCag 4000 liters/
smPaBRbcaMqaMelIs 120000 m .
KuNRbeyaCn_ rbs; sanIy_lay b eragcRkebtug KW
- snSMsMc)an !0 - !% vtFatuedIm.
- KuNPaBebtugx<s;.
- ynkmTMenIb dUcenH smPaBblkmx<s;/ eRbIGs;lTPaBeRKOgcRk brikar.
- eTskmkmkr/ buKlik nig brikareRKOgcRk.
9

5> dwkCBanebtug
eRkayeBllayrYcral;/ ebtugRtUvdwkCBandl;kEngcak;Pam.
kargareRCIserIsmeFa)aydwkCBanBIkEnglaydl;kEncak;/ RtUvEpktamlkNrbs; sMNg;/
brimaNebtugRtUvkarsrub nig brimaNebtugRtUvkarRbcaMf.
eRkABIenH/ kRtUvykcitTukdak;dl;cMgay/ RbEvgpv nig sanPaBPUmisaRskEng cak;ebtug.
eTaHCalkxN nig meFa)ayGIVkeday eBldwkCBanebtugRtUvbMeBj )ansMNUmBrxageRkam
- eBldwkCBanebtug minRtUveFIVeGayeTIsETgpv.
- meFa)aydwkCBanRtUvbiTCit/ mineFIVeGayhUrTwksIum:g;t_.
- dac;xateCosvagkarEckfak;ebtug kglMnaMdwkCBan.
- ryeBldwkCBanRtUvkan;EtxIkan;Etl eRBaHryeBldwkCBannigeFIVeGayfy KuNPaBebtug
. lbMputryeBldwkCBan minRtUveGayelIsBIrema:g.
dwkCBanebtugGacEckCaBIrRbePT
- dwkCBanenArycMgayqay dwkCBanBIeRkAmkkgkardan
- dwkCBanenArycMgayCit kgkardan
1> dwkCBanenArycMgayFM
eBldwkCBanebtugBIkEnglaydl;kEngcak; RbmaNFMCag 500 m enaHeKeRbI
meFa)aydwkCBanedayrfyn.
rfyndwkCBaneRcInRbePT
edIm,IdwkCBanebtug/
eRbIeRcInbMputenAEtCaRbePTrfyncak;edaysVyRbvti. sBVfenH eBldwkCBan ebtug
eKenAeRbIR)as;rfyn manma:sIunlayedIm,IdwkCBanebtug. dwkCBanebtug dl; TIkEngcak;ebtug/
Gaccak;ebtugedaypal;elIeRKOgbgMebtug. b cak;CaKMnr enAkEngNamYenaH
eRkaymkkmkrnwgCBanebtug eTATItaMgcak;.
10

2> dwkCBanebtugenArycMgayxI dwkCBankgEdnkMNt;kardan

meFa)aydwkCBanenHGacEckCa
- dwkCBantamTisepk/
- dwkCBantamTisQr.
a) dwkCBantamTisepk
GaceRbIR)as;)aneRcInRbePTmeFa)aydwkCBanepSgKa/
kareRCIserIsmYykgcMeNamRbePTmeFa)ay GaRsynigbrimaNebtug. meFa)ay
dwkCBanebtugtamTisepkmYycMnYn KW
- dwkCBanedayreTHrujkg;mYy (Wheelbarrow) EtgeRbIcMeBaHcMgaytUcCag b esI 70 m /
pvesI/ minRkeLkRkLk/ CMralGtibrma !@.
- dwkCBanedayRtIcRkyan reTHkg;bI RbePTmeFa)ayenH eRbIedIm,I dwkCBanebtug
enAbNakardantUc/ TinplmanBIrdgeFobCamYyCBantam reTHrujkg;mYy.
maDrbs;reTHKW 120 200 liters . cMgaydwkCBaneday RtIcRkyanEkc KW
70 m
sMrab;pvbeNaHGasn.
100 m
sMrab;pvkat;TTwg manCMral %.
150 m
sMrab;pvkat;TTwg manCMral !.
reTHrujkg;mYy nig RtIcRkyan dwkCBanebtug GacCBaneLIgx<s;/ edayrYmpSM CamYynig
eRkn/ dgeyag/ dgsc >>>.
(Wagon)
dwkCBanebtugtampvEdk.
- dwkCBanedayreTHkg;bYn
eBlbrimaNebtugeRcIn/
sagsg;kgryeBlEvg/
eKGaceFIVbNapvEdk
edIm,IdwkCBanebtug. bNaFugreTH manmaD 0,5 0,7 m/ GacbMlas;TIelI RbEvgpvBI
50 - 200m. bNareTHebtugenH Gacrujedayd/ b edayGKIsnI.
11

I
b)

dwkCBanebtugtamTisQr GaceRbIR)as;meFa)ayxageRkamenH
- dwkCBanedaydgeyagsMPar (Material Hoist) eRkABIelIkbNareTHruj kg;mYy nig
RtIcRkyaneLIgx<s;/
ma:sIuneyagsMPar
eRbIedIm,IdwkCBanebtug
eLIgCan;nimYyrbs;sMNg; cak;edaypal; eTAkgbNameFa)aydwkCBan b
cak;CaKMnrelIkMralxN edIm,IkmkrCBandl;TIkEngcak;.
rUbPaB !0>$ bgajGMBIDIya:RkamdwkCBanebtugeLIgx<s;.
Fugebtug

rUbPaB !0>$ dwkCBanebtugeLIgx<s;

- dwkCBanebtugeLIgx<s;edayma:sIunsc
(Construction
Derrick)
ebtugRtUv)andak;kgFug/ b kgreTHkg;rujmYy/ RtIcRkyan/ edayma:sIunsc
elIkeLIgdl;TIkEngcak;. eRbIbNaRbePTma:sIunscenH GacdwkCBanebtug eLIgx<s; 1520 m.
- dwkCBanebtugeLIgx<s;edayeRkn CamYyFugdak;ebtug cakedaypal;elI eRKOgbgM.
enHCameFa)aydwkCBanebtugeLIgx<s; nig cak;Pamya:gl/ bny)ankMlaMgCBan/
bnyeBlxI/ Blkm/ lTplsagsg;x<s;.
rUbPaB !0>% bgajGMBIbMerIbMras;rbs;meFa)aydwkCBanenH
enA rUbPaB 10.5a/ bNaFugdak;ebtug kMBugenAsanPaBcak;ebtug.
12

enA rUbPaB 10.5b/ bNaFugdak;ebtug RtUv)anbMBak;edaybMBg;ekAsU

edIm,Icak;ebtugedaypal; cUleRKOgbgMesIg dUcCaCBaaMgpH.
enA rUbPaB 10.5a/ bNaFugdak;ebtugkMBugcak;ebtugcUlFwm/ kMralxN.
bNaFugdak;sMParGaceRbIedIm,ICBanebtug
cMgayBIrbIKILEm:Rt.
eKGacBUn
ebtugcUlFug/ dak;cUlmeFa)aydwkCBan dUcCarfyn. eBldwkCBandl;
kEngcak;ebtug eRbIeRknelIkeLIgTIkEngcak;cUleRKOgbgM.

rUbPaB !0>% Fugdak;ebtug

CBanedayeRkn.
- dwkCBanebtugedayExSBan rUbPaB !0>^eBlbrimaNebtugtMrUvkarFM/ dwkCBan nig
cak;Pam/ eKeRbIR)as;ExSBandwkCBan nig cak;edaypal;cUl eRKOgbgM.
bBaaEdlxVHxatKWdwkCBanebtugedayExSBanKWKngpvminqay/ tMrUveGayebtugRCay/
minsiteBk.
ebtug

13

rUbPaB !0>^ dwkCBanebtugedayExSBan

!- RsTab;ebtugelIpExSBan/ @- ExSBan/ #- bMBg;remol/ $- sIueLA
sMNUmBrcMeBaH ExSBaneBldwkCBanebtug KWRtUvEttwg/ cMgayrvagkUnkg;vij minelIs 1.1
m. ebIExSBanmintwg/ eBlebtugRbemolelIExSBan nwg RtUvjr RkLk nig
bgr)atuPUtEckfak;/ CMralrbs;ExSBanminRtUvelIs 1.2m/s.
eBlcak;ebtug RtUvcak;tamsIueLA edIm,IebtugRtUv)ansiteLIgvij/ eCosvag
rgnUvkrNIEckfak; eBldwkCBan.
dwkCBanebtugedayma:sIunbUmebtug
eRbIma:sIunbUmebtugCBanebtugRss; cak;edaypal;eTAelI bNameFa)ay dwkCBan dUcCa
reTHEkc/ rfyn >>>. ebIenAcMgayCit enaHkargardwkCBan ebtug edayma:sIunbUm
cak;edaypal;cUlbNaeRKOgbgMsMNg;EdlRtUccak;.
BImun dwkCBanedayma:sIunbUm KWRbrPTma:sIunsgt;xl;/ smPaBrbs;ma:suIn bUm RbmaN
40 m/h rUbPaB !0>&. brikarenH sKsajNas; nig Fn;/ eRbIR)as;minTUlMTUlay
BIeRBaHminsnSMsMc.
sIuETnsgt;xl;
xl;
ma:sIunsgt;
ebtug ebtug
rUbPaB !0>& DIya:Rkamma:sIunbUmebtugedayxl;sgt;
14

!-ma:sIunsgt;xl;/ @-bMBg;naMxl;/ #-sIuETndak;xl;/ $-va:nnaMxl;/

%-va:nnaMxl;/ ^-Fuglayebtug/ &-bMBg;/ *-sIueLA/ (-ebtug
\LvenH eKplitma:sIunmUbebtug hRtUlIk CMnYseGayma:sIunsgt;xl; rUbPaB !0>
*.

rUbPaB !0>* ma:sIunbUmebtughRtUlIk

ebtuglayenAFugrbs;ma:sIunbUmhRtUlIk/ RtUv)annaMcuHRbehagrbs; ma:sIun.
edayRbBnva:n biT nig ebIk eRbI bIssg hRtUlIk Rcanebtug dl;kEngRtUvcak;/ b
cak;cUlmeFa)aydwkCBan. eRbIRbePTma:sIunb:Um bIsghRtUlIkenH Gac CBan nig
200-300
m
mYyevn.
smasPaBsMParebtugtic/
cak;)an
kMritebtugRtUvRtwmRtUvtambTdan sMrutrbs; ebtugBI 5 - 8 cm. eBleRbI)as;
ma:sIunRtUveFIVkargar\tQb; minRtUvQb;elIs @ em:ag. eBleRbIR)as;cb;RtUveRbITwk
lagbMBg;nigbrikar eGaysat. ma:sIunGacbMlas;TIepk BI 50 - 200 m.
bcb,n enAbNaRbeTsman]sSahkmsagsg;rIkcMerIn/ RbePTma:sIunTaMg BIxagedIm
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;minTUlMTUlay/ b:uEneKeRbIR)as;rYmpSMma:sIun edIm,IbMerIkardwkCBan nig
cak;ebtug rUbPaB>!0>(.
15

RTbMBg;

bMBg;ekAsU

bMBg;naMebtug ebtug

sabkgar

ma:sIunb:Umebtug rfyndwkebtug
FugTTYl

bnHekAsU
m:UTr
m:UTr

rUbPaB !0>( rYmpSMma:sIunlay/ dwkCBan/ b:Um/ cak;ebtug

a) DIya:RkamlMnaM]sSahkmrbs;bnSM/
b) DIya:RkameFIVkargarebs;FuglayelIrfyn.
bnSMma:sIunenHrYmman ma:sIunlayebtugmYyenAkardan/ rfynBIr b eRcInCag
dwkFuglayebtug ykebtugstenAshRKas b sanIy_lay ebtug.
dUcenHeKRKan;EtyksMParstenAkEngNamYyenaH/
eRkaymk
dwkCBanmkCitma:sIunb:Um. elIkMNat;pv eGayFuglayebtugeFIVskmPaB/ dl;kEng
cak;edaypal;cUlma:sIunb:Um. ma:sIunb:Um b:Umdl;kEngcak;. ma:sIunb:Um Gacclt nig
cak;ebtugelIkMNat; RbmaN 20 -60 m/ nig CBaneLIgelI bNakMralebtug
edIm,Icak;ebtug. kMritkMBs;EdlGacb:UmeLIg BI 20 40 m.
ma:sIunRcanebtugtambMBg;ekAsU. plitPaBrbs;ma:sIunb:Um 40 70 m/h.
16

6> cak;ebtug
1> tMrUvkarmYycMnYn RtUvcgcaMeBlcak;ebtug
muneBlcak;ebtugRtUvRtYtBinit/
Bum</ srsEdk/ RbBnkMralkargar)anbMeBj
tMrUvkarbeckeTs b enA. ebIbNabTdanTaMgGs; )anbMeBj)antamsMNUmBr KW
sresrcUlkMNt;ehtu/ r)aykarN_.
RtUveFIVeGaysatBum</ srsEdk ebITukyUrfnigRtUvRbLak;/ sMGatsMram/ EksMrYlkMhussg/
ebIman.
RtUveRsacTwkBum< edIm,IBum<minbItTwksIum:g;t_ ebIeRbIBum<eQI.
eBlcak;ebtugelIRsTab;)ayGrstEdl)ancak;mun
RtUveFIVeGaysatpmux ebtug/
eRsacTwksIum:g;t_cUl/ rYceTIbcak;ebtugfIcUl.
RtUvmanEpnkar pt;pg;ebtugRKb;RKan;/ edIm,Icak;ebtug\tQb;kgmYyevn/ mYyelIk.
2> bNaeKalkarN_ nig viFIsaRscak;ebtug
eKalkarN_TI !>
eBlcak;ebtugbNaeRKOgbgMsMNg;/ eKmankMNt;kMBs;cak;ebtug
minGnuBateGayelIs 2.5 m. eRBaHedIm,Icak;ebtug Fak;edayesrI enAkMritkMBs; x<s;eBk/
ebtugEdlFak;nigRtUvEckfak;. edayehtufa TMgn;sMParxusKa/ el,nFak;xusKa/
RKab;FMFak;mun/ RKab;tUcFak;eRkay.
edIm,IFanaeKalkarN_enH/ eBlcak;ebtugmankMBs;FMCag 2.5 m eKeRbIR)as;bNa
viFIsaRsxageRkam
eRbIbMBg; Heliotrope rUbPaB !0>!0.
eRbITrepg cak;ebtugRKwH.

eRbIRbehagmanRsab; ssr
17

eRbIbMBg; Heliotrope karbegItrYmman kMNat;ekaNeRcIndak;cUlKa. )ayGrebtug cak;tambMBg;

Heliotrope / dUcenH beBatcUlKa dUcenHebtughak;dUcCalay eLIgvij. bMBg; Heliotrope Tn;/
Gacclt)an/ gayRsYl eBlcak;ebtug bNaeRKOgbgM manpFM dUcCaRKwH/ ssr.

cakebtugssr

rUbPaB !0>!0> cak;ebtugtambBg; Heliotrope

a) cak;ebtugRKwH/ a) cak;ebtugssr
!> Bum<RKwH/ @> )ayGrebtug/ #> bMBg; Heliotrope $> kMralkargar/ %> rfyncak;)ayGr/ ^>
Bum<ssr/ &> Fugdak)ayGredIm,Icak;/ *> Bum<kMralxN.
edIm,Icak;ebtug tamviFIenH eKGaceRbIma:sIunb:Umebtug rUbPaB !0>!!.
18

rUbPaB !0>!! cak;ebtugRKwH edayma:sIunb:Um

!> RKwH/ @> ma:siunb:Um)ayGr/ #> rfyndwkma:sIumlayebtug.
fenH/ eBlcak;ebtugbNaGKarCan;x<s; eK)aneRbIma:sIunb:Umebtug
ma:sIunCBanebtugburaN rUbPaB !0>!@.

CMnYseGay

rUbPaB !0>!@> ma:sIunb:UmebtugsMrab;sagsg;GKarCan;x<s;.

!> ]bkrN_RTrbMBg;Tn;/ @> dgelIkbMBg;/ #> ma:sIunb:Umebtug/ $> Fugdak;ebtug/ %>
rfyndwkma:sIunlay.

19

eKalkarN_TI @>
eBlcak;ebtugbNaeRKOgbgMsMNg; RtUvcak;BIelIcuH. bNa
meFa)aysagsg;dUcCa Fug/ reTH/ >> bNameFa)aysagsg;ynkm/ dUcCa
Fugdak;ebtugsMrab;eRkn/ ma:sIunb:Um/ ExSBan/ kRtUvcak;BIx<s;cuHmkeRkam. RbBnkMralkargar
kRtUvx<s;Cag pmuxebtugrbs;bNaeKOgbgMRtUvcak;.
viFIsaRsenH dak;ecjedIm,IFanakMlaMgBlkmx<s;. eBlcak;ebtug minRtUvdak;bNa
meFa)aysagsg;elI srsEdk nig Bum<.
viFIsaRscak;ebtug edaybNaFugdak;ebtugniymeRbI edayeRkn/ dwkCBaneLIg
qgtambNaCMhan cak;ebtugcUlFug/ scFugeLIgTItaMgcak;/ kmkrdak;FugcUl mat;Bum< nig
ebIqk cak;ebtugcUlBum< rUbPaB !0>!#.

rUbPaB !0>!#> cak;ebtugedayFugdak;ebtug edayeRkndwkCBan

!> Fugdak;ebtug/ @> kMralkargar> #> Bum</ $> eRkn
eKalkarN_TI #> eBlcak;ebtug RtUvcak;BIqaymkCit eRbobeFobTItaMgTTYlebtug.
viFIsaRsenHsMedAFana eBlcak;ebtugmin edIrCan;elIeRKOgbgMebtugEdleTIbcak;.
20

eKalkarN_TI $> eBlcak;ebtug/ bNamaDFM/ bNaeRKOgbgMmankMras;Rkas;/ KWRtUvcak;ebtug

CaeRcInRsTab;. kMras; nig prbs;RsTab;nimYy kMNt;EpkelI kaM\TiBl nig
plitPaBrbs;]bkrN_bgab;EdleRbIR)as;.
Ca]TahrN_ CamYybgab;edayBlkm/ kMras;rbs;mYyRsTab;KW 10-15 cm . bgab;buk
kMras;RsTab;ebtugRtUvtUcCag 5 -10 cm eFobCamYyRbEvgrbs;Fwm. bgab;bnH
kMras;RsTab;ebtugcak;BI 25 -30 cm.
srsQb;kgdMeNIrkarsagsg;ebtug
kgsagsg;ebtug/ mYykgcMeNaysMNUmBrsMxan;KW RtUvsagsg;\tQb;. b:uEnminEmnEblNa
kRtUvbnbnab;minQb;)an.
lkxNedIm,Icab;ebtugminQb;
KWRkalRsTab;ebtugeRkayelIRsTab;munminTan;cgsm<n/
eBlbgab;TaMgBIrRsTab;
nwgbBalCamYyKa.
eyIgGackMNt;
)ankMras;
rbs;RsTab;Rkalebtug
edIm,IebtugsMerc)anlkxNenaHKW rUbmn !0> @
Q

kgenaH

F .h
(t 0 t1 ).K

(m)

(10.2)

brimaNebtugRtUvkaredIm,Icak;ebtugminQb; m elIk/
F prbs;RsTab;ebtugRkalkgBum< m/
t ryeBlcab;epImkkrbs;sIum:g;t_ h/
t ryeBldwkCBanebtugmYyelIk h/
K emKuNdwkCBanebtugminesI (K=0.8 0.9) .
ryeBlrvagkarcak;ebtugBIrelIk (t t ) minGnuBatelIs 2.5 h.
Q

21

edIm,IGnuvtcak;)aneRKOgbgMmYyminQb; eKGacGnuvtcak;ebtug tamDIyaRkam enArUbPaB

!0>!$. rUbPaB a TamTa Q Gtibrma eFobCamYyrUb c/ TamTa Q Gb,brma
b:uEnminGnuvt)aneBleRbIbgab;rMjr.

rUbPaB !0> !$ DIyaRkamRkalebtugcak;minQb;

eBledaymanehtuplbeckeTs-eRKOgbgM
minGnuBaat
cak;bnbnab;/
b
edayehtuplRKb;RKgerobcM minRKb;lkxNerobcMcak;minQb; eKRtUvcak;ebtugman ExSQb;.
mannyfa cak;RsTab;eRkay eBlRsTab;mun)ankkrwg. ryeBlQb; rbs;RsTab;TaMgBIr
man\TiBldl;KuNPaBeRKOgbgMRtg;kEngQb;/ ryeBlQb; EdllbMputKW RbmaNBI @0 - @$
ema:g.
TItaMgrbs;ExSQb;
RtUvdak;enAkEngEdl
mankMlaMgkat;TTwgtUc/
enAkEngEdlmanmuxkat;ERbRbYl/ EdnkMNt;rvageRKOgbgM epk nig Qr.
cMeBaHssr/ eRKag/ Fwm/ TItaMgExSQb;dak;dUcrUbPaB !0>!%.
22

cak;RtUv
cak;minRtUv

rUbPaB !0>!%> erobcMExSQb;eBlcak;eRKagtamTisQr.

a) Tiscak;ebtug/ b) TItaMgExSQb;rvagRKwH/ ssr/ c) TItaMgExSQb;rvagkMralxN nig Fwm.
TItaMgExSQb;kMralxN nig Fwm
eBlTiscak;ebtugRsbCamYyFwmem b EkgCamYyFwmrg enaHTItaMgdak;ExSQb;
sitenAkgkMNat; !$ - #$> L rUbPaB !0> !^ a .
eBlTiscak;ebtugRsbCamYyFwmrg b EkgCamYyFwmem enaHTItaMgdak;ExSQb;
sitenAkgkMNat; !# - @#> L rUbPaB !0> !^ b .
sub

rUbPaB !0> !^> erobcMExSQb;eBlcak;ebtugkMralxN.

TItaMgExSQb;cak;ebtugsMbk nig F

23

eBlcak;ebtug sMbk nig F enaHmindak;ExSQb;/ ehIyRtUvcak;ebtugbnbnab;/

qHKaBITaMgBIxagcUleTAkNal dUcrUbPaB !0>!& . ebIRbelaHFM (1 > 15 20m)
enaHcak;manExSQb; dUcrUbPaB !0>!&.

rUbPaB !0>!&> TisnigExSQb;eBlcak;ebtug sMbk nig F.

eBlcak;ebtugsMNg;mYycMnYnrt;Evg dUcpvrfyn/ enaHExSQb;erobcMeTA ExScenaH
sItuNPaBrbs;eRKOgbgMenaH.
ExSQb;dak;Rtg;esI/
EkgCamYyGkSrbs;eRKOgbgM.
eBlcak;manExSQb;RtUvman
viFIsaRsedaHRsayya:gNa
eGayebtugrvagRsTab;TaMgBIrxaMsIuy:agmaMCamYyKa.
CadMbUgRtUveFIVkarsMGatExSQb;muneBlcak;bn/
TIBIrRtUveRsacTwksIum:gt_
edIm,I
begInPaBcgsm<n.
eKenAdak;srsEdksMNaj;rgkMlaMgkat;TTwg
enaMTItaMgExS
Qb;GaceRCIserIstambMNg.
7> bgab;ebtug
TisedArbs;bgab;ebtug KwFanaeGayebtugdUcKa/ ENn/ minman)atuPUtRbehagxagkg nig
ehImxageRkA/ begItlkxNebtugetagCab;CamYysrsEdk.
manBIrviFIsaRsbgab; KW bgab;edayBlkm nig bgab;edayynkm.
1> viFIsaRsbgab;edayBlkm
24

GnuvteBlbrimaNebtugtic/ b minmanma:sIunbgab;. bgab;edayBlkm KuNPaB

ebtugminldUcbgab;ynkm/ eRBaHkMrithab;kgebtugGn;Cag. eBlbgab;eday Blkm
enaHbrimaNTwkkgebtugRtUveRcInCag eBlbgab;edayma:sIun/ sMrut S 6.
cg;eGayKuNPaBkMritebtug edayBlkm esIkMritebtugbgab;edayma:sIun enaH
brimaNsIum:g;t_RtUvekIneLIgBI !0 - !%.
]bkrN_eRbIedIm,Ibgab;ebtug edayBlkm KWCabNakMNt;EdkmUl/ EdkEs,g/ EdkbnH >>>.
viFIbgab;ebtugedayBlkm eRkayeBlebtug)anbgab;cUlBum</ eRbIbnHluj eGayesImux/
beRbIr)aeQIekoresI/
eRbI]bkrN_niyayxagelIbgab;eGaysBV/
bgab;tamlMdab;
Gs;BIkEngenHdl;kEngepSgrhUtdl;Gs;/ minTukeGaysl;. ebIbrimaNebtugRtUvcak;elOn
RtUvcak;CaRsTab; enaHRtUvcakeRCA bgab;cuHRsTab; eRkamRbmaN 3-5 cm
edIm,IbegItPaBcgsm<nlrvagbNaRsTab;ebtugCamYyKa. cMeBaHbNamMu/ RCug/ b
kEngmansrsEdkKnKa enaHRtUveRbIedImEdk b EdkEs,g bukeGayGs; minTukeGaysl;.
cMeBaHeRKOgbgMesIg b EvgdUcCa ssr/ bgab; enaHkglMnaMbgab;eRbI
GngeQIeKaHeGayxaMgxageRkABum<.
bgab;edayBlkmrhUtdl; eBleXIjebtugminmansMruteTot/ Twkkgebtugecj eLIgelIpmun
KW)an. ebIeBlenH enAbnbgab;eTotnwgman\TiBl minldl;KuNPaB ebtug.
2> viFIsaRsbgab;edayma:sIun
eRbIeBlbrimaNebtugeRcIn/ kglkxNkardanmanGKisnI/ manma:sIunbgab;.
bgab;ebtugedayma:sIun manKuNsm,tieRcInCag bgab;edayBlkm. eRBaHeRbI ebtugstCag/
dUcenH snSMsMc)an !0-!% sIum:g;t_/ bnyBlkm/ plitPaBx<s;/ KuNPaBebtugFana.
eCosvag)ankMhussgeRcInkgkargarsagsg;ebtug/ PaBrwg maMekIneLIg.
bNaRbePTbgab;rMjr EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kgkargarsagsg;KW
25

bgab;rMjrkg bgab;ruk
bgab;rMjreRkA bgab;Br
bgab;p bgab;bnH
a. bgab;rMjrkg bgab;ruk
eBleRbIbgab;rMjrkg RtUveKarBtameKalkarN_xageRkam
bgab;CanickalRtUvdak;TisEkgCamYymuxebtug/
ebIeRKOgbgMeRTt
enaH
eTIbdak;bgab;eRTt)an.
ebIebtugcak;CaRsTab;eRcIn/ enaHbgab;RtUvcuH)an 5-10cm cUlRsTab; ebtug)ancak;mun
rUbPaB !0> !*a.
kMras;rbs;RsTab;ebtug cak;edIm,Ibgab;minRtUvelIs #$ RbEvgrbs;Fwm.
ryeBlbgab;RtUvGb,brma/ EtgenAkgryeBl !%-^0 vinaTI.
eBlbgab;cb;TIkEngmYy/ bMlas;TIbreTATIkEngepSg RtUvRsay/ dkecj b
rukbgab;RtUvtamsMrYl.
cMgayrvagTIkEngbgab;BIr RtUvtUcCagBIrdgkaM\TiBlrbs;bgab;/ Etgyk BI 1-1.5r
rUbPaB !0>!* b.
cMgayBITItaMgbgab; dl;Bum< RtUvCa 2d < l 0.5r U.
nigcMgayrvag TItaMgbgab;cugeRkaybgs; dl;TItaMgRtUvcak;ebtugbneTot KW l 2r
kgenaH d Ggt;pwtrbs;bgab;ruk/ r - kaM\TiBlrbs;bgab;.

26

rUbPaB !0>!*> TItaMgrbs;bgab;ebtug eBleRbIbgab;ruk

a) muxkat;/ b) bg;dak;TItaMgbgab;/ !> Bum</ @> bgab;ruk/
#-RsTab;ebtugkMBugcak;/ $> RsTab;ebtugcak;mun/ %> kaM\TiBlrbs;bgab;/
^> EdnkMNt;bgab;.
edIm,IerIs)anRbePTbgab;/ brimaNbgab; RtUveRbIR)as; kgkargarsagsg;ebtug/
RtUvkMNt;plitPaBbeckeTsrbs;ma:sIunbgab; tamrUbmn
3600
/ m/h !0>#
P = 2r
t +t
t

2
0

kgenaH

kaM\TiBlrbs;bgab;/ GaRsyedayRbePTbgab;/
kMras;rbs;RsTab;ebtugRtUvbgab;/
t ryeBlbgab;/ t GaRsyedayel,nbgab;/ RbePTebtug.
t ryeBlcaM)ac;brbgab; BITItaMgenH eTATItaMgepSg/ t = 5-8s
smPaBeRbIR)as;rbs;bgab; KW
P = K .P
!0>$
K emKuNeRbIR)as;/ EtgykBI 0/^-0/*%.
b. bgab;p bgab;bnH
r0

27

bgab;muxeRbIedIm,Ibgab;ebtugbNaeRKOgbgMsMNg; cak;CapaMg/ beRKOgbgMman pFM nig

kMras;BI 3-35 cm. kMras;Gtib,brmarbs;eRKOgbgMsMNg; edIm,IeRbI R)as;bgab;pKW 3-20
cm.
eBleRbIR)as;bgab;p edIm,Ibgab;ebtugRtUveKarBtameKalkarN_xageRkam
RtUvkMNt;ryeBlbgab; eGayRbePTeRKOgbgMnimYy nig RbePTbgab;.
cMgayrvagTItaMgbgab;BIrCab;CamYyKa/ RtUv)ansIuCamYyKaRbmaN 3-5 cm rUbPaB
!0>!(.

rUbPaB !0>!(> bgab;ebtugedaybgab;p

a) viFIbgab;/ b) bg;erobcMdak;bgab;
!> TItaMgkMBugbgab;/ @> brbgab;/ #> bgab;enATItaMgfI.
plitPaBbeckeTsbgab;p GackMNt;tamrUbmn !0>%
3600
/ m/h
!0>%
P = F .
t +t
t

kgenaH

pbgab;ebtug m /
kMras;rbs;RsTab;ebtugRtUvbgab; m/

28

ryeBlbgab;/ t GaRsyedayel,nbgab;/ RbePTebtug.

t ryeBlcaM)ac;brbgab; BITItaMgenH eTATItaMgepSg/ t = 5-8s
smPaBeRbIR)as;rbs;bgab; KW
P = K .P
!0>^
K emKuNeRbIR)as;/ EtgykBI 0/^-0/*%.
c. bgab;eRkA bgab;Br
enHCaRbePTbgab;EdleK BreTAnigBum</ eBlbgab;/ CamYyrMjrrbs;bgab;/ GRgunTaMgBum< nig
TaMgebtug. edaysarkarGRgunenH Edlebtugrt;cUlKaya:g ENn. cg;bgab;ebtug)an
KWtMrUvkarRbBnBum<
RtUvRKb;PaBrwgmaM.
krNIeRbIR)as;
RbePTbgab;enH
RKan;EteRbIsMrab;eRKOgbgM mankMras;esIg/ b KWkgbNaerag cRkebtug/ RbBnbgab;enH
Pab;eTAnigRbBnelIbNabnHGRgun.
rUbPaB !0>@0 KWviFIkMNt;EKm
eTABum<
nig
t1

DIya:RkamsruberobcMRbBnbgab;elIBum< CBaaMg.
rUbPaB !0> @0 viFIkMNt;bgab;
BreTABum<
a) viFIkMNt;bgab;
29

DIya;RkamerobcMbgab;
!>Bum</ @> srsEdk/ #> eQI/ $> bnHEdk/ %>dak;RbBnbgab;.
EfTaMebtug nig rkSaBum<
8> EfTaMebtug nig edaHBum<
1> EfTaM
lMnaMkkrwgrbs;ebtug KWCalMnaMekIteLIgRbtikm vIrIkm rvagsIum:g;t_ nig TwkkgdMu ebtug.
EfTaMebtugEdleTIbcak; KWbegItlkxNl eGaykarcgsm<nrbs;ebtug. EfTaM
ebtugmanTisedAmineGayTwkxageRkA RCabcUlebtugEdleTIbcak;/ mineGay)at;bg; TwkelIp/
mineGaybnkRbtikm
eBlebtugminTan;rgkMlaMg)an/
minbgreGayjr
EdleFIVeGayrlugsrsEdk.
ebtugeTIbcak;ehIy RtUv)aMg minrg\TiBledayePg/ kMedA nig RtUvrkSasMeNIm Cab;lab;.
kgrdUvekA b st eBlcak;ebtug cab;RtUveRsacPam elIpeRKOgbgMmYyRsTab; rkSasMeNIm
dUcCa )av/ GacmrNa/ CBaaMg/ cMebIg/ xSac; b )avsIum:gt_.
cMeBaHebtugeRbIsIum:g;t_ bk;Eln RtUvrkSasMeNImticbMput KW & Ef & yb;. ebIeRbI sIum:g;t_ GuksIut
GalumIj:m KWrkSasMeNIm # f & yb;. BIrfdMbUg ral; @ ema:g eRsacTwkmYydg. elIkdMbUg
eRkayeBlcak;ebtug)anBI $ - & ema:g. b:unanf eRkayRbmaN #-!0 ema:g eRsacmYydg
GaRsyedaysItuNPaB
sItuNPaB
kan;EtekIn
kan;EteRsaceRcIn/
kan;EtTabkan;EteRsactic. kargarCan;elIebtug RKan;EtGnuBaat eBlebtugsMerc)an 24
kG/cm rdUcR)aMg !-@ f/ rdUvesIm # f. ebIEfTaMebtugminl nwgekIteLIg)atuPUtsrp/
kMritrwgmaMexSayNas; eFobCamYkMritmaMKNna/ b EbkRkLa.
b)

30

2> edaHBum<
kMritsitrbs;ebtug eTAnigBum<ekIntamryeBl/ dUcenHRtUvedaHBum< eBlebtugsMerc kMritrwgmaM
EdlRtUvkar.
ryeBledaHBum< minrgkMlaMg c,ab;sagsg;minkMNt;/ CaFmtaebtugsMerckMritrwgmaM ! -@ f
GaRsyedayKuNPaBebtug/ KuNPaBsIum:g;t_/ briyas >>>.l.
taragvivDn_kMritrwgmaMebtugsIum:gt_bk;Eln GaRsyedaysItuNPaB rUbPaB !0>@!.

rUbPaB !0>@!> taragbgajkarvivDn_ karekInkMritrbs;ebtug tamryeBl nig sItuNPaB.

edaHBum<rgkMlaMgGnuBaat eBlebtugsMerckMritrwgmaMtamsmamaRt eFobCakMrit
rwgmaMKNnadUcxageRkam
cMeBaH bnHkMral/ e)a:m eRkam 2 m
:
50%
cMeBaHFwm/ cegIreRkam 8 m
:
70%
cMeBaH bnHkMral/ e)a:m eRkam 2 -6 m
:
70%
cMeBaHFwm/ cegIrelIs 8 m
:
100%
eBlebtugsMercdUcxagelI enAGaRsyedaykMedA/ RbePTsIum:gt_.

31