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020798
SPE
MAR 3 0 1990
SPE
PUBLICATIONS
UNSOLICITED
MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN
FRACTURED POROUS MEDIA
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A B S T R ACT
I N T ROD U C T ION
In reservoir engineering, the study of miscible
displacement in fractured porous media is important
because of its potential applications to enhanced oil
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SEE
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FORMULATION
To establish the mathematical formulation, suppose
that a linear fractured porous medium is completely
saturated with a fluid; then, at a given time, a second
fluid begins to be injected at one end. Assuming that
the fluids are miscible, it is desired to find an ana,
lytical expression which gives concentration of the
injected fluid as a function of distance and time.
Laboratory and field. experiments indicate that
fracture permeability is much greater than matrix permeability. Consequently, it will be considered that
fluid displacement takes place exclusively through the
fractures by a convection-dispersion process, while
the matrix blocks act as stagnant elements which exchange matter with the fractures by molecular diffusion. By material balance considerations, it is found
that the differential equation that describes the pro. 2
cess 1.S
SPE
4
~
= f
+ (1 _ f)
at
~c*
0
Clt
~ 1)
where D is the dispersion coefficient, u is the average intersticial velocity, x is distance, t time,
c fracture concentration of the injected fluid,
matrix concentration of the injected fluid, and f
fraction of pore space occupied by fractures. This
equat'ion has the same form as that proposed by Coats
and Smith 1 for the case of homogeneous media that
contain dead-end pores; however, in the present case,
c* represents the average concentration within the
blocks which, for a block at a given time, is defined
as
(2)
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of the form.
. . . . . . . ( 3)
=0
= cq
for
for
~ 0
In Appendix A, equation 3 is solved with conditions given by equations 4 and 5, for four different
systems consisting of: (1) infinite parallel plates,
(2) cubes, (3) spheres, and (4) infinite parallel
cylinders. For the four cases it is found that
c q - c* = c~ exp(-kt)
where
c~
(6)
- -ac* - -
at
clk
exp(-kt)
q
=-
k(c q
(7)
oc*= K(c
(1 - f) --
ch
. . . . . . . (8 )
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CO
fa
(9)
An expression for the average block concentration can be obtained in a similar way. In Appendix C
it is shown that
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1> =
exp( t n )
II
b exp(Mxn )
~
2
ri
2 2J
2 (b+1-z )cos(ztn-NXn)
0 L(b+1) +z (1+z)
(10)
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EXPERIMENTAL WORK
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CON C L U S ION S
1. Miscible displacement within fractured media occurs
in two steps. The first one, of short duration, is
dominated by the movement of fracture fluids, and
the second step, of large duration, is associated
to fluid exchange between matrix and fractures.
2. The mathematical formulation which governs displacement processes in fractured media is similar to
that of homogeneous media.
SPE
10
betwee~
~he
mathematical model
NOM ENe 1 A T U R E
concentra~~on
c = fracture
concentratic~
c' = matrix
* = average
cD
= fracture
dimension:ess concentration
= initial
=
D = dispersion coefficient
n' z molecular diffusioL coefficient
Dn = dimensionless dispe~sion coefficient
f = fraction of pore space occupied by fractures
K
= mass
fractures
~
infin~~e
cubic block
r = radial distance
R = radius of spherica: block; radius of infinite
cylinder
t
~
= time
= dimensionless
time
u = average intersticial velocity
= block
volume
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11
= distance
=
dimensionless distance
REF ERE N C E S
1. Coats, K.H. and Smith, B.D.: "Dead-End Pore Volume
and Dispersion in Porous Media", Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
(March 1964) pp. 73-84.
2. Perez-Rosales, C. and Perez-Cardenas, F.C.: "Disper-
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12
APPENDIX
Solutions
~o
give~
by
c~mens~on,
'-c' (O,t)
Using the
c' (L,t)
~ethod
(;"-2 )
0< x<L
c'(x,=;=O
(A-3)
t>o
cq
L
CO
4
- 'IT
-
sen
----2
n+ 1
(2n+1) n"x
exp
-
(-:]'
(2n"'1)2~t)J
Lt:::
r
n=O
equa~ion
(A-4 )
2 re-
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13
c (t)
=i
fa
exp (
CD
Cq~
~ _ _1~-=-2
- _a2
L-
1/
_ D I (2n+ 1 ) 2 1r 2 t )
2
n=O
(2n+1)
(A-5)
c - c
In( 9
)
cq
pa~~,
c.
(A-6)
(A-7)
kt +
c~ =
c' = c exp(- d)
q
q
Cubes
In this case, it suffices
~ith
considering a
(A-8)
SPE
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14
...
1 - c' (x,y,z,t)
(A-9)
(A-10)
= Qp(x,t)Qp(y,t)Qp(z,t)
= (1-c'(x,t))(1-c'(y,t))(1-c'
(z,t
p
p
p
(A-11)
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15
c (t) - _1 (
3
L L
(
Jo Jo Jo
- L
c' (x,y,z,t)dxdydz
.dxdydz
L
= 1 -
D. 1:,(
1- c
~ ( x. t) ) dXr
(A-13)
c' (R,t)
cq
,
,
r<R
. . . . . (A-15)
(A-16)
SPE
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16
..
c'r
. {A-17)
(A-18)
whose solution is
CD
c' (r, t)
+ 2R
1rr
.k1ln
n
n=1
. (A-19)
and
c*(t)
~-1.
rad~us
B v:ll be
s~e~I7.
the dif-
ferential ecuation is
.1.
(A-21)
SPE
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17
c' (r,O) = 0
c'(R,t)=c q
. ..
. . .
r<.3.
t ~o
. . . (A-22)
. . . (A-23)
(A-24)
where
o.
c*
co
c (t)
- R2
L
n=1
1
2
n
(A-25)
~~e
behavior of
= 1.35 X 10- 5
cm2/seg
and R = 5 cm.
APPENDIX
tn
=
=
x;'L
utjL
iff 2 0798
18
nn
Kn
cn
t\
Cn
= D/uL
= LK/u
= clc o
it
= c Ic o
(B-1)
and
(B-2)
=0 ,
cn(~'O)
=0
*
cn(cc,tn) = 0 ,
cn(O,t n ) = 1
cn(Xn,O)
Xn ? 0
Xn ? 0
tn; 0
t n lO
Using the method of the complex inversion integral of the Laplace transformation,6 the solution is
seE 2 0798
19
. . . . . . . . . . (B-3)
where
M
= 2~D
(1 -
=~
Jesen
Je'COS ~)
~
v
e = arctan U
U
= 4DDZ
1 +
411n~ +
[f
Knb + Kn(1 +
(1 +
(1 + b) 2 +
b~
::)]
+ z2 ]
Kn
1 + f
APPENDIX
8PE
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20
And making s
-*
cD =
KD
(C-2)
(1 + iz)(1 - f) +
On =
exp(MXn) ~
2 (cosNx..n - z senNx..n) - i (senNXn
1 +
+ z COSNx..n)]
". . . . . . . . (C-3)
-*
cD =
b exp(MxD).
[(b + 1) 2 + z2J( 1 + z2)
{Eb
+ 1 - z2)cosNxD
COSN"DJ}
(C-4)
cD
co
exp( t D)
tr
fc
(p cos
o
. (C-5)
SP.E 2 0798
21
where p and q are the real and imaginary parts, respectively. Using the pertinent substitutions, one
arrives at
.
i
Cf:)
r:
b exp(Mxn )
2
2 2J
2 L(b+ 1-z ) cos (ztn-NxD )
L(b+1) +z (1+z)
r,
+z(b+2)sen(z~-Nx:n)Jdz
(C-6)
in X 2.54
E+OO
in 2 X 6.451 6
E+OO
in 3 X 1.638 706 E+01
=
=
=
cm
cm2
cm 3
'*
9.869 233
Convers~on
E-04
= pm2
factor is exact.
SPE
Code: DMF-1
Diameter: 3.8 cm
Length: 5.4 cm
Primary porosity: 0.20
Secondary porosity: 0.03
Fracture volumetric fraction: 0.06
Permeability: 3.3 d
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1.0
z:
o
i=;
'<
0:::
to-
0.8
z:
L&.I
0.6
8
en
en
z:
Do= 4
0.4
o
c;;
z:
~
2i
Ko= I
f
0.2
=0.05
Xo= I
O_...a....---a......---&....---L----Ir....-...a...---a......-.a...__a..---J
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
PORE VOLUME INJECTED Ito
2.0
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-c
I".....
-_:'"':
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, 1.0
-!;i
0
0.8
....Z
0::
L&J
0.6
u
en
en
L&J
...J
-z
OD=0.20
0.4
KD=0.36
en
L&J
f =0.25
0.2
2i
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.6
PORE VOLUME INJECTED
1.2
2.0
SPE
r-"'1
Dt
* (.)
f:J1t'
(.)
~
I
-I
I
O~oIoo-....a--
........---.........
--&...---a..""""-.lr....-.II
TIME I DAYS
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