GROUP 7

THE BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT KIND OF FOODS

THAT ARE DAILY CONSUMES BY CONSUMERS

SUBMIT TO
DR RAHIDA

NAME
ID
MUHAMAD AIMAN BIN HOOD
2011634708
MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MARZUKI
2011850184
MOHD ZUHAIRI BIN MUHAMAD
2011683436
MUHAMAD AMIRULRAFIQ BIN AMIRUDDIN
2011660286

Introduction
Gathering viscosity data on a material gives manufacturers the ability to predict how the material
will behave in the real world. For example, if toothpaste does not have the correct viscosity, it can
either be too difficult to pump out from the tube, or pump out too much. Viscosity measurements
are used in the food industry to maximize production efficiency and cost effectiveness. It affects
the rate at which a product travels through a pipe, how long it takes to set or dry, and the time it
takes to dispense the fluid into packaging. The production process has to be designed with the
viscosity of the product in mind, making sure that pipes are angled to optimize flow, or that
dispensers provide the right amount of force to induce flow, but not so much that the packaging
will overfill.

Objective
To investigate and compare the behavior of different kind of foods that are daily consumes by
consumers.
Materials
1. Oil
2. Carbonated drink
3. Cordial drink
Apparatus:
1. Marble
2. Graduated Cylinder/measuring cylinder
3. Stopwatch
4. Indicator Sticker/Marker

Procedure
Before the Activity

The ball is sured sinks slowly enough in all of the fluids that a velocity measurement can be
obtained. If the ball falls too quickly, it is hard to accurately start and stop the stopwatch.

1. A fluid is choose to measure the viscosity.

2. The density of the fluid is calculate.

The empty graduated cylinder is weigh.

The cylinder is filled with fluid, the volume are recorded.

The full graduated cylinder is weigh. Subtract the weight of the empty graduated cylinder to
determine the weight of the fluid.

The density of the fluid is the weight over the volume.

Note: 1 cm3=1 ml.

3. The density of the sphere is measure.

The radius of the ball is measured. Recorded as r [cm].

The volume of the sphere is measure:

Alternatively, place the sphere in a graduated cylinder half filled with water; the displacement of
the water is equal to the volume of the sphere.

The sphere is weigh, and the density is calculated:

4. The ball is drop into the fluid, time is taken is recorded of measured distance of the ball as it
falls.
(Note: Ideally students would wait for the ball to reach a constant velocity, however for this activity
we assume the ball reaches terminal velocity very quickly, so that students can measure the time
from when the ball enters the fluid until it reaches the cylinder bottom. For less-viscous, "thinner,"
fluids, this may be very quick).

5. The velocity of the ball falling through the fluid is calculated.

6. The fluid viscosity is calculated using the following equation,

Where g is acceleration due to gravity (981 [cm/s2]). The answer should be in units of kg/cm s, or
mPa-s. For comparison, the viscosity of water is approximately 1 mPa-s.
7. The experiment is repeated with different fluids material (carbonated drink and cordial
drink).
Result
Experiment 1 ( oil )
Calculatethe density ofthe fluid usingthese steps:

Weigh the emptygraduatedcylinder.Record its mass in grams.

Mcylinder = 213.5g

Fill the cylinderwith fluid, andrecord thevolumein cm .Note: 1 cm =1 ml

Volfluid = 250 cm3

Weigh the fullgraduatedcylinder.Subtract themass of the emptygraduated

cylinderandrecord themass ofthe fluid.
Mfluid = 228.9 g

Thedensityof thefluidis the mass over thevolume. Calculate the densityof thefluid.

228.9
250

=0.9156 g/cm3

Measure the density ofthe sphere using these steps:

Measuretheradius of the sphere. Record as r [cm].

rs= 0.8 cm

Calculate thevolumeof the sphere. Either usetheequation:

or place the sphereinagraduatedcylinderfilledwith waterandrecord its displacement.
Vols=2.144 cm3

Weigh the sphere. Record its mass.

Ms = 5.18 g

Calculate thedensityofthe spherebydividingits mass byits volume.

5.18
2.144

=2.416g/cm3
Measure theterminalvelocity ofthe sphere falling throughthe fluidusingthese steps:

Withyour stopwatch ready, dropthe ball into the fluid.

Ifthe fluid is not veryviscous, the ball will fallthrough it veryfast,so beready!
Ifthe fluid is thick enough, then theball will reacha constantspeed.
This is the terminalvelocity, the pointatwhich the dragon the spherebythe fluid
isequal to the force ofgravity.

Measurehow fast theball falls a distance.Recordthe distance,and the time.

distance=20 cm
time= 1.30 s

Calculate thevelocity, whichis the distance divided bythetime.

Vs=15.38 cm/s

Using this equation,derived fromStokeslaw, calculate the viscosity ofyourfluid.Gravityis

2
981cm/s . Be very carefulto showyour units andhow theycancel out. Yourfinalanswer
shouldbein units of [g/(cm s)].

2 ( 0.8 )2 ( 981)(2.4160.9156)
9(15.38)
= 13.61 g/cm.s

Viscosities are usually recorded in[Pa S].To convert from[g/(cm s)] to[Pa S], simplydivideby
10:

13.61 g
)(100 cm )(1 kg)
cm . s
(1 m)(1000 g)
= 1.361 kg/m.s

= 1.361 Pa.s

Experiment 2 ( carbonated drink )

Calculatethe density ofthe fluid usingthese steps:

Weigh the emptygraduatedcylinder.Record its mass in grams.

Mcylinder = 214.03 g

Fill the cylinderwith fluid, andrecord thevolumein cm .Note: 1 cm =1 ml

Volfluid = 250 cm3

Weigh the fullgraduatedcylinder.Subtract themass of the emptygraduated

cylinderandrecord themass ofthe fluid.
Mfluid = 262.04 g

Thedensityof thefluidis the mass over thevolume. Calculate the densityof thefluid.

262.04
250

=1.04816 g/cm3

Measure the density ofthe sphere using these steps:

Measuretheradius of the sphere. Record as r [cm].

rs= 0.8 cm

Calculate thevolumeof the sphere. Either usetheequation:

or place the sphereinagraduatedcylinderfilledwith waterandrecord its displacement.
Vols= 2.144 cm3

Weigh the sphere. Record its mass.

Ms = 4.8 g

Calculate thedensityofthe spherebydividingits mass byits volume.

4.8
2.144

=2.2388 g/cm3
Measure theterminalvelocity ofthe sphere falling throughthe fluidusingthese steps:

Withyour stopwatch ready, dropthe ball into the fluid.

Ifthe fluid is not veryviscous, the ball will fallthrough it veryfast,so beready!
Ifthe fluid is thick enough, then theball will reacha constantspeed.
This is the terminalvelocity, the pointatwhich the dragon the spherebythe fluid
isequal to the force ofgravity.

Measurehow fast theball falls a distance.Recordthe distance,and the time.

distance= 20 cm
time= 1.50 s

Calculate thevelocity, whichis the distance divided bythetime.

Vs=13.33 cm/s

Using this equation,derived fromStokeslaw, calculate the viscosity ofyourfluid.Gravityis

2
981cm/s . Be very carefulto showyour units andhow theycancel out. Yourfinalanswer
shouldbein units of [g/(cm s)].

2 ( 0.8 )2 ( 981)(2.23881.04816)
9(13.33)

= 12.46 g/cm.s

Viscosities are usually recorded in[Pa S].To convert from[g/(cm s)] to[Pa S], simplydivideby
10:

12.46 g
)(100 cm)(1 kg)
cm. s
(1 m)(1000 g)
= 1.246 kg/m.s

= 1.246Pa.s

Experiment 3 ( cordialdrink )
Calculatethe density ofthe fluid usingthese steps:

Weigh the emptygraduatedcylinder.Record its mass in grams.

Mcylinder = 214.03 g

Fill the cylinderwith fluid, andrecord thevolumein cm .Note: 1 cm =1 ml

Volfluid = 250 cm3

Weigh the fullgraduatedcylinder.Subtract themass of the emptygraduated

cylinderandrecord themass ofthe fluid.
Mfluid = 252.43 g

Thedensityof thefluidis the mass over thevolume. Calculate the densityof thefluid.

252.43
250

=1.00972 g/cm3

Measure the density ofthe sphere using these steps:

Measuretheradius of the sphere. Record as r [cm].

rs= 0.8 cm

Calculate thevolumeof the sphere. Either usetheequation:

or place the sphereinagraduatedcylinderfilledwith waterandrecord its displacement.
Vols= 2.144 cm3

Weigh the sphere. Record its mass.

Ms = 5.3 g

Calculate thedensityofthe spherebydividingits mass byits volume.

5.3
2.144

= 2.472 g/cm3
Measure theterminalvelocity ofthe sphere falling throughthe fluidusingthese steps:

Withyour stopwatch ready, dropthe ball into the fluid.

Ifthe fluid is not veryviscous, the ball will fallthrough it veryfast,so beready!
Ifthe fluid is thick enough, then theball will reacha constantspeed.
This is the terminalvelocity, the pointatwhich the dragon the spherebythe fluid
isequal to the force ofgravity.

Measurehow fast theball falls a distance.Recordthe distance,and the time.

distance= 20 cm
time= 0.55 s

Calculate thevelocity, whichis the distance divided bythetime.

Vs=36.36 cm/s

Using this equation,derived fromStokeslaw, calculate the viscosity ofyourfluid.Gravityis

2
981cm/s . Be very carefulto showyour units andhow theycancel out. Yourfinalanswer
shouldbein units of [g/(cm s)].

2 ( 0.8 )2 ( 981)(2.4721.00972)
9(36.36)

= 5.611 g/cm.s

Viscosities are usually recorded in[Pa S].To convert from[g/(cm s)] to[Pa S], simplydivideby
10:

5.611 g
)(100 cm)(1 kg)
cm. s
(1 m)(1000 g)
= 0.5611 kg/m.s

= 0.5611Pa.s

Experiment 4 (Ketchup)
1. The ketchup is put in the beaker and stir through one way rotation for a few minutes.
2. When the intense during the stir increase, the situation are recorded that the food are
increasing in viscosity.
3. The experiment is repeated to honey.

Discussion
This experiment tests the viscosity and behavior of food material. Materials used in this experiment
are tomato sauce, cooking oil, carbonated drink, cordial and honey. The viscosities of these
materials are tested using a spherical ball by drop it into the fluid filled in a measuring cylinder. For
this experiment, material used to compare are cooking oil, carbonated drink and cordial. Based on
this experiment, the viscosities of each material are obtained. The viscosities of the materials are
shown in Table 1.
Materials
Cooking oil
Carbonated drink
Cordial

Viscosity (Pa.s)
1.36
1.25
0.56
Table 1: Viscosity of Materials

Based on table 1, it is observed that cordial has the lowest viscosity while cooking oil has the
highest viscosity. The spherical ball takes longer time to travel through the more viscous fluid. For
the experiment 1,2 and 3, the experiment was carried out to determine the viscosity of the material
used which is oil, carbonated drink and cordial drink. From the experiment, we know all of
materials used have low viscosity. There are some disadvantages of using low viscosity material for
these experiments. The time taken for the ball to falls a distance may too short and affect the result
of the experiment. All 3 spheres have same radius which is 0.8 cm while their weight is different.
Because the radius of the sphere is too small, there are some human errors when we measured it. We
need an accurate radius in order to get the exact viscosity value of material.
The next experiment involved tomato sauce and honey. These two materials are tested to determine
the rheological behavior of materials. There are two types of fluids, which are Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluid. Newtonian fluids are fluid that is totally independent on shear rate. This means that
the fluid will not changed its viscosity no matter what force are applied to it. While non-Newtonian
will changed viscosity with applied force. If the viscosity increase with shear rate that the fluid is a
dilatants while pseudoplastic describe fluid that decrease viscosity with increase force. Tomato
sauce and honey are stirred with a spatula. The speeds of stirring are increase to observe the material
behavior. It is observed that honey shows a dilatants behavior or shear thickening while tomato
sauce shows a pseudoplastic behavior. Besides that, there may be some error when we measured the
radius of the sphere.

Conclusion
In conclusion, Viscosity is a very important factor in the food industry. For example, in the
chocolate making industry, the viscosity of the chocolate must be perfect for highly efficient,
cost effective production. The melted chocolate must flow fast enough through the pipes so
time isnt wasted when it is transported to different areas of the factory, but simultaneously it
should be viscous enough to keep its structure when placed in different moulds and when
coating fillings evenly during the enrobing process.

Also, the time it will take to set (or dry) the end products, all depends on the viscosity of the
chocolate.Dispensing the fluids into packaging is also viscosity dependent as this process also
needs to be quick to save time and money.In honey manufacture, some of the factors mentioned
are taken care of. To keep the honey moving at a practical rate in the pipes, processing plants
adjust equipment such as the falling film evaporator, which is usually at a horizontal position,
to an elevated position in case of the horizontal system vacuum pump getting unnecessarily
loaded.