What Is This Module About?

Polynomials have many uses. Scientists use polynomials to represent things or situations
such as projectile motion (paths of things that are thrown or launched), paths of comets and
planets and surface areas of planets and moons. Polynomials are also used in computing for
interest and population growth.
Polynomials are indeed very interesting. You shall learn more about them in this module. This
module is made up of three lessons:
Lesson 1Identifying and Evaluating Polynomials
Lesson 2Performing Addition and Subtraction on Polynomials
Lesson 3Performing Multiplication and Division on Polynomials

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to:

define algebraic expressions and other related terms;

evaluate algebraic expressions; and

perform operations on polynomials.

Wait!
Before you start studying this module, make sure that you have already read the following
modules:
Sets, Sets and Sets

Real Numbers

Relations and Functions

More on Functions

Exponents and Radicals

If you have read the modules listed above, you are now ready to proceed. Answer the
questions in Lets See What You Already Know. This way you will know what you already know
about the topics covered in this module.

Lets See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take this simple test first to find out how much you
already know about the topics to be discussed.
A.

B.

Define the following terms.

1.

Polynomial
_____________________________________________________________

2.

Monomial
_____________________________________________________________

3.

Binomial
_____________________________________________________________

4.

Trinomial
_____________________________________________________________

5.

Multinomial
_____________________________________________________________

Write the degree of each of the following expressions.

1.
2.
3.

C.

x5 25x3 24
x6 + 22
x3 64

Solve the following word problem.

A farmer has a poultry farm whose area is expressed by 8x2 + 97x + 12 m2.
What is the land area of the poultry farm if x = 2 m?

D.

E.

Add/Subtract the following polynomials.

1.

(2x2 + 3x) (5x2 + x)

2.

(4x2 + 5x3 x) + (4x3 + 2x x)

3.

(x4 + 3x2 + x 5) (3x4 + 2x3 x2 + 3)

Multiply the following expressions.

1.

(x + 1)(x 1)

2.

(x + 2)(2x + 1)

3.

(x + 1)(x + 1)

F.

G.

Divide the following using algorithm.

1.

17x5 x2

2.

(16y5 8y4) 4y3

3.

(4x2 7x 2) (x 2)

Solve the following expression using synthetic division.

(x4 134x2 100x + 240) (x + 2)

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on pages 46 and 47 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! You may still study the module to review what
you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, dont feel bad. This only goes to show that this module is for you. It
will help you understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you
study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more!
Are you ready?
You may now go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

LESSON 1

Identifying and Evaluating Polynomials

Polynomials have several uses. For example, they are used to compute for areas and
interest. If you have an account with a bank and its interest is expressed as 8x4 + 5x3 x2 + 56,
would you know how much interest you should get from the bank? Polynomials are also used in
expressing the speed and acceleration of objects in motion. If the acceleration of an object is
x2 16, would you be able to compute for its acceleration? To solve these and similar problems,
you need to understand what polynomials are first and know how to perform operations on them.
After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

define algebraic expressions and other related terms;

find the degree of a polynomial; and

evaluate an algebraic expression.

Lets Learn
Algebraic Expressions and Other Related Terms
The expression x2, x + 6 and 2x 10 are examples of open phrases. In the open phrase
2x 10, x is a variable and 10 is a constant. Another term for open phrase is algebraic
expression. It is an expression which consists of numbers, variables and grouping and operation
symbols.
The parts of an algebraic expression separated by plus or minus signs are called terms. A
term may be an addend or a subtrahend. It is made up of numerical and literal coefficients. For
example, in the expression 5x, 5 is the numerical coefficient while x is the literal coefficient. The
numerical coefficient, often simply called coefficient, is the number in a term. The literal
coefficient, on the other hand, is the variable in a term, represented by a letter and its exponent.
In the expression 4y7, the numerical coefficient is 4 while the literal coefficient is y7.
The algebraic expression 8x3 + x2 3x + 4 contains four terms.
The first term 8x3 has 8 as its numerical coefficient and x3 as its literal coefficient. The
second term x2 has x2 as its literal coefficient. If a term has no numerical coefficient before it, the
numerical coefficient is understood to be 1 or 1. This means that the second terms numerical
coefficient is 1. The third term may be renamed as + (3x). Its numerical coefficient is 3 and its
literal coefficient is x. The fourth term, 4, is called a constant term. Any term that has no variable
or no literal coefficient is called a constant.

Lets Try This

Below are algebraic expressions. Indicate the number of terms in each of them. Then
identify the numerical and literal coefficients in each term. Write your answers in the designated
columns. The first number has been done as an example for you.
No. of Terms
1.

4x2 + 2y3

2.

11x3 + 4xy2 + 8y3

3.

Terms

Numerical
Coefficients

4x 2
2y3

Literal
Coefficients
x2
y3

4
2

__________

__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________

__________
__________
__________

a2 + b2 + c2

__________

__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________

__________
__________
__________

4.

3x + 11

__________

__________ __________
__________ __________

__________
__________

5.

7x5y + 6x2 + 9

__________

__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________

__________
__________
__________

Compare your answers with mine below.

No. of Terms

Terms

Numerical
Coefficients

Literal
Coefficients

2.

11x3
4xy 2
8y3

11
4
8

x3
xy 2
y3

3.

a2
b2
c2

1
1
1

a2
b2
c2

4.

3x
11

3
11

5.

7x5y
6x 2
9

7
6
9

x5y
x2

If you got all the correct answers, then you can go to the next section. If not, review this
part first and try to answer the exercises again before doing so.

Lets Learn
A polynomial is an algebraic expression involving only addition and multiplication of
numbers and variables. If a term in an algebraic expression has a variable in the denominator, then
the algebraic expression is not considered a polynomial. For example, 8x3 is considered a
polynomial but

8
x

is not a polynomial. x4 3 is a polynomial but

3x9 13 is a polynomial but

3
2 x9

4
x4

3 is not a polynomial.

13 is not.

Lets Try This

Identify which of the following are polynomials. Put a 4 in the box if the expression is a
polynomial and an 8 if it is not.
1.

4x2 + 2xy

4x
2.

6 xy
2x

3.

3x
+1
5

4.

9xy + 3x7

6x
5.

5y

10
x3

Compare your answers with mine below.

If you checked numbers 1, 3 and 4 and crossed out numbers 2 and 5, then you got all the
correct answers! Numbers 2 and 5 are not polynomials because they have variables in the
denominator.
Is the subject now clear to you? This time, you will learn about the different kinds of
polynomials.

Lets Learn
What are the different kinds of polynomials?
A polynomial is called a monomial if it contains only one term. Examples of monomials are
5x, 29x2, 36xy and 25. Can you think of other examples of monomials?
A polynomial is called a binomial if it contains two terms. Examples of binomials are 35x +
30, 4x2 5y and x2y + 5xy.
A polynomial is called a trinomial if it contains three terms. Examples of trinomials are 35x
+ 15y 30, 4x2 5y + 10 and x3 + 2xy 2x2.
6

Finally, a polynomial is called a multinomial if it contains four or more terms. Examples of

multinomials are 35x2 15x + 15y 30, 4x2 + 15x 5y + 10 and x3 + y3 2x2 + 25. Can you
think of other examples of trinomials and multinomials?
Sometimes, a binomial may be turned into a monomial. For example, 14x + 14y is a
binomial because it has two terms. However, it can be turned into a monomial by taking out 14. If
we take out 14, the term becomes 14(x + y), which is a monomial. 14(x + y) contains only one
term because it is not separated by a plus or a minus sign.
When a monomial consists of only a constant term or a constant, the expression is called a
constant polynomial. Examples of constant polynomials are 2, 306 and 1.

Lets Try This

Write in the blank what kind of polynomial each given expression belongs to.
_______________ 1.

x2 + 29y

_______________ 2.

57x2y7

_______________ 3.

1200

_______________ 4.

x3 + 21xy + 3y7 + 31y8

_______________ 5.

x6y + 7x2y5 + 12xy8

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

binomial

2.

monomial

3.

constant polynomial

4.

multinomial

5.

trinomial

Lets Learn
You have learned a lot about polynomials so far. Now, let us continue by studying the
degrees of polynomials. Its true, polynomials are classified according to the number of terms
they contain. But they may also be classified according to the highest exponent of any of the
variables in it.
In the polynomial 3x3 25x, 3 is the highest exponent, so it is the degree of the polynomial.
3x3 25x is said to be a binomial of the third degree. In the polynomial x2 + 6x + 9, 2 is the
highest exponent, so the expression x2 + 6x + 9 is said to be a trinomial of the second degree.
6y5 + y3 + 4y6 + y2 is a multinomial of the sixth degree since 6 is the highest exponent in it.
The degree of a constant nonzero polynomial is zero. Remember that the constant
polynomial 5 can also be written as 5y0 or 5x0 since any variable raised to the 0 degree is equal
to 1. The degree of 5 is zero, just like the numbers 23, 6 and 1046.
A zero polynomial has no definite degree.
7

Lets Try This

Write the degree of the following polynomials.
____ 1.

3y2 + 2

____ 2.

3y5 + 7y4 + 9y3 + 12

____ 3.

294

____ 4.

8x4 + 5x5 + 11x2

____ 5.

11x + 10

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Did you get all the correct answers? If you did, then you can move on to the next part of
the lesson. If you did not, then you have to review this part of the lesson and answer the exercises
again.

Lets Review
A.

B.

Identify the numerical and literal coefficients of the following terms. Write your answers
in the spaces provided.
1.

11xy2

numerical coefficient
literal coefficient

______________________
______________________

2.

a2b2c 2

numerical coefficient
literal coefficient

______________________
______________________

3.

36z2

numerical coefficient
literal coefficient

______________________
______________________

Put a 4 in the box if the expression is a polynomial and an 8 if it is not.

1.

26y2 + 4x2

2.

3y 6 y
+
4x2 2x

3.

15xy + 5xy2

C.

D.

Identify what kind of polynomial the following expressions belong to. Write your
answers in the spaces provided.
1.

______________________ a2b2c2

2.

______________________ 1500

3.

______________________ a2 + b2 + c2

4.

______________________ x6y + x5y2 + x4y3 + x3y2 + xy

5.

______________________ 25z2 + 9

Identify the degree of the following polynomials. Write your answers in the spaces
provided.
1.

______________________ 27x3 + y2

2.

______________________ 150

3.

______________________ 11y6 + x7

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 47. If you got all answers
right, very good. Continue reading the module. If you made some mistakes, review the items you
missed then answer the exercises again.

Lets Learn
Evaluating an Algebraic Expression
Look at the illustration below.

If the value of x is 500 meters, what is the area of the square? What is its perimeter? The
area of a square is equal to the square of one of its sides. The area x2 then becomes (500)2 sq. m
or 250000 sq. m. The perimeter of any polygon is equal to the sum of its sides. For a square, the
perimeter is equal to x + x + x + x, which is also equal to 4x. The perimeter becomes 4 500 m
or 2000 m.

The process of determining the value of a polynomial by replacing the variable/s with
given numerical values is called evaluating the polynomial.

To further understand how to evaluate a polynomial, two sample problems are provided
below with their step-by-step solutions. Study each problem carefully.
EXAMPLE 1

A farmer has a piece of land with an area expressed as 8x3 + 25x2 +

86 sq. m. What is the area of the farmland, if x = 2 m?

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Write the given algebraic expression.

Given: 8x3 + 25x2 + 86

STEP 2

Know what is being asked for in the problem.

Unknown: What is the area of the farmland if x = 2 m?

STEP 3

Solve the problem.

a. Substitute 2 for x.
8(2)3 + 25(2)2 + 86
= 8(8) + 25(4) + 86
= 64 + 100 + 86
b. Add the terms of the expression.
64 + 100 + 86
= 250

STEP 4

Review your answer.

STEP 5

Make a conclusion.
Final answer: The area of the farmland is 250 sq. m if x = 2 m.

EXAMPLE 2

Rene went to the bank to get the interest on his savings account. The
interest on his savings account is expressed as 8x4 + 5x3 x2 + 56 pesos.
How much will Rene receive if x = 2 pesos?

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Write the given algebraic expression.

Given: 8x4 + 5x3 x2 + 56

STEP 2

Know what is being asked for in the problem.

Unknown: How much interest will Rene receive if x = 2 pesos?

STEP 3

Solve the problem.

a. Substitute 2 for x.
8(2)4 + 5(2)3 22 + 56
= 8(16) + 5(8) 4 + 56
= 128 + 40 4 + 56
10

b. Add the terms of the expression.

128 + 40 4 + 56
= 220
STEP 4

Review your answer.

STEP 5

Make a conclusion.
Final answer: Rene will receive P 220 if x = 2 pesos.

Lets Try This

Answer the following problems.
1.

Ana went to the grocery and bought items which cost 3x4 + 2x3 + 5x + 18 pesos.
How much do the items cost if x = 3 pesos?

2.

The distance from Jerrys house to his school is 5y3 + 4y2 + 121 m. How many meters
does Jerry have to travel from his home to his school if x = 2 m?

Compare your solutions with mine below.

1.

3x4 + 2x3 + 5x + 18
= 3(3)4 + 2(3)3 + 5(3) + 18
= 3(81) + 2(27) + 15 + 18
= 243 + 54 + 15 + 18
= 330
The items cost P 132 if x = 3 pesos.

2.

5x3 + 4x2 + 121

= 5(2)3 + 4(2)2 + 121
= 5(8) + 4(4) + 121
= 40 + 16 + 121
= 177
Jerry has to travel 177 m from his home to his school if x = 2 m.

Did you get all the correct answers? If you did, you may then proceed to the next part of the
lesson. If you did not, then review this part and solve the problems again before moving on the
next part of the lesson.
11

Lets See What You Have Learned

A.

B.

Underline the numerical coefficient once and the literal coefficient twice in each of the
following expressions.
1.

3x2 + 9y3

2.

12x2 + 5x + 1

3.

y3 3

Put a 4 in the box if the given expression is a polynomial and an 8 if it is not.

2x2

2.

4 y7
+ x 4 10
9

3.
C.

D.

1.

9x2 +

x3

2 y5
3x 4

Classify the following polynomials according to their number of terms and degree. The
first one has been done as an example for you.
1.

monomial of the third degree

2x 3

2.

______________________

4x5 + 2x4 + 3x3 + x2 + 7x + 1

3.

______________________

1203

4.

______________________

3y7 + 4y8

5.

______________________

6y8 + y9 + 2

Solve the following problem.

Mang Isko harvested 4x3 + 9x2 5x 10 bushels of corn yesterday. If x = 2,
how many bushels did he harvest?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 47 and 48. If you got all the
correct answers, very good! If you did not, read the lesson again. Then you can proceed to
Lesson 2.

12

Lets Remember

An algebraic expression is an expression made of numbers, variables and grouping

and operation symbols.

The parts of an algebraic expression separated by a plus or a minus sign are called
terms.

A term is made up of a numerical coefficient or numerical value and a literal

coefficient or variable represented by a letter.

A polynomial is an algebraic expression involving only addition and multiplication of

numbers and variables. When a term in the expression has a variable in the
denominator or when the exponent is a fraction the expression is not considered a
polynomial.

The degree of a polynomial is determined by the highest exponent of any of its

variables. The degree of a constant nonzero polynomial is one while a zero polynomial
does not have a definite degree.

A polynomial consisting of only one term is called a monomial. One with two terms is
called a binomial. One with three terms is called a trinomial. One with four or more
terms is called a multinomial. A constant polynomial does not have a variable.

To evaluate a polynomial, we replace the variable/s with the given numerical value/s.

13

LESSON 2

Performing Addition and Subtraction on

Polynomials
Cora went to the market and bought x pieces of live bangos worth P24 each. She also
bought y pieces of tilapia worth P18 each. When she came home, she found out that her mother
bought the same number of bangos and tilapia worth P12 each. What is the total cost of all the
bangos and tilapia? How will you represent this amount as a polynomial? To solve problems like
this, you need to know more about polynomials. This lesson will teach you more about this
interesting topic.
After studying this lesson, you should be able to add and subtract polynomials using the
concept of similar terms.

Lets Learn
Similar Terms
In 20y, 20 is the numerical coefficient and y is the literal coefficient. In 30y, 30 is the
numerical coefficient and y is the literal coefficient. Notice that the two terms, 20y and 30y, have
the same literal coefficient y. Terms having the same literal coefficient are said to be similar. 10y2
and 12y are not similar terms because the literal coefficient of the first term is y2, while that of the
second term is y.

Terms are similar if their literal coefficients or their variables and exponents are the
same.

Terms are dissimilar if they have different literal coefficients.

Let us look at some more examples below.

14x3y2 and 17x3y2 are similar terms.

14x3y2 and 14x2y3 are dissimilar terms.

10x3y and 20yx3 are similar terms because 20yx3 can be rearranged to 20x3y.

Note: A monomial is a polynomial containing only one term. Thus, similar terms may be
called similar monomials. Monomials will only be similar if their literal coefficients are the same.

14

Lets Try This

Put a 4 in the box if the given terms are similar and an 8 if the terms are not.
1.

3x2 and 7x2

2.

x2y3 and 10x3y2

3.

19x5y4 and 12y4x5

4.

1x and 11y

5.

7y6 and 7y6

If you checked numbers 1, 3 and 5 and crossed out numbers 2 and 4, then you got all the
correct answers. Numbers 1, 3 and 5 contain similar terms because they have the same literal
coefficients.

Lets Learn
Adding Polynomials With Similar Terms
If a polynomial contains two or more similar terms, the polynomial can be made simpler in
form.
To further understand how to add polynomials, a sample problem is provided below.
EXAMPLE 1

Ana went to the market and bought x pieces of bangos worth P24 each.
She also bought y pieces of tilapia worth P18 each. When she came home,
she found out that her Nanay bought the same number of bangos and tilapia
worth P12 each. What is the total cost of all the bangos and tilapia that Ana
and her Nanay bought? Write the polynomial that will represent this amount.

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Determine what is being asked for in the problem.

Unknown: What is the total cost of all the bangos and tilapia that Ana and her
Nanay bought? Write the polynomial that will represent this amount.

STEP 2

Write the polynomial.

Each bangos is worth P24. To find the cost of x pieces, we have to

multiply 24 by x as in:
24 x = 24x

Each tilapia is worth P18. To find the cost of y pieces, we have to

multiply 18 by y as in:
18 y = 18y

15

Anas mother also bought the same number of bangos and tilapia but
they cost only P12 each. To find the cost, we multiply 12 by the number
of bangos and tilapia then add them together.
12 x + 12 y = 12x + 12y

To find the total cost, we simply add all the terms as in:
24x + 18y + 12x + 12y

STEP 3

See if the polynomial can be simplified.

a.

Group similar terms together.

(24x + 12x) + (18y + 12y)

b.

Take out the variable and solve for the numerical coefficient by
performing the necessary operation.
(24x + 12x) + (18y + 12y)
= (24 + 12)x + (18 + 12)y
= 36x + 30y

STEP 4

Make a conclusion.
The polynomial that will represent the total cost of all the bangos and tilapia is
36x + 30y.

Lets Try This

Simplify the following terms.
1.

2x + 4x

2.

3x3 + 5x3

3.

5xy + 7xy + 3y2 + y2

4.

8y8 + 9y8 + 4y8

5.

6x2y + 10x2y + 12x2y + 2xy2 + 3xy2

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

2x + 4x = (2 + 4)x
= 6x

2.

3x3 + 5x3 = (3 + 5)x3

= 8x3

3.

5xy + 7xy + 3y2 + y2 = (5 + 7)xy + (3 + 1)y2

= 12xy + 4y2
16

4.

8y8 + 9y8 + 4y8 = (8 + 9 + 4)y8

= 21y8

5.

6x2y + 10x2y + 12x2y + 2xy2 + 3xy2= (6 + 10 + 12)x2y + (2 + 3)xy2

= 28x2y + 5xy2

Lets Learn
Rearranging and Renaming Addends
Before adding polynomials, you should arrange the terms first from the one with the highest
exponent to the one with the lowest. The terms should be arranged in descending order. If we
want to add (x4 + x 8x2 + 5x3 6) to (12 x3 + 3x + 2x2), for example, we should rearrange
the terms:

x4 + x 8x2 + 5x3 6 into x4 + 5x3 8x2 + x 6

12 x3 + 3x + 2x2 into x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 12

If you were asked to add (5x 2x2 + x4 11) to (10 x3), how would you go about it?

If we rearrange 5x 2x2 + x4 11 in proper order, the polynomial would be x4 2x2

+ 5x 11. Notice that it does not have a term of the third degree. In cases like this,
we can rename the polynomial by adding 0x3, which is just equal to zero. This would
then be equal to:
x4 + 0x3 2x2 + 5x 11

If we rearrange 10 x3, the result would be x3 + 10. By including 0x2 and 0x, we
can rename the polynomial as:
x3 + 0x2 + 0x +10

Lets Try This

Rearrange and rename the following polynomials by filling in the missing terms.
1.

x5 + 3x6 + 7x3 + x2 3x4

2.

y3 + 1

3.

a3 a5 1

4.

x5 10

5.

z + 3z3 4

17

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

3x6 + x5 3x4 + 7x3 + x2 + 0x + 0

2.

y3 + 0y2 + 0y + 1

3.

a5 + 0a4 + a3 + 0a2 + 0a 1

4.

x5 + 0x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 0x 10

5.

3z3 + 0z2 + z 4

Lets Learn
Adding Trinomials and Multinomials
You have already learned how to arrange polynomials. Now, let us learn how to add
polynomials. If you remember how to add whole numbers well, you would easily learn how to
add polynomials. Let us take the following as an example.
Adding 6463 to 3124 looks very simple. But if we write it in expanded form, we will get:

6463

6(1000)

4(100)

6(10)

3(1)

3124

3(1000)

1(100)

2(10)

4(1)

9587

(6 + 3)(1000) + (4 + 1)(100) + (6 + 2)(10) + (3 + 4)(1)

9(1000) + 5(100) + 8(10) + 7(1)

9000 + 500 + 80 + 7

9587

If we write it in exponential form, we will get:

1000 = 103

Remember that:

100 = 102
10 = 101
1 = 100

6463

6(103) +

4(102)

6(101)

3(100)

3124

3(103) +

1(102)

2(101)

4(100)

9587

= (6 + 3)(103) + (4 + 1)(102) + (6 + 2)(101) + (3 + 4)(100)

= 9(103) + 5(102) + 8(101) + 7(100)
= 9(1000) + 5(100) + 8(10) + 7(1)
= 9587

Notice that in adding whole numbers, we also need to arrange numbers from the one
with the highest exponent to the one with the lowest.

From the equation given above, we can substitute x for 10 if we let x = 10.
18

If we write it in terms of x, we will get:

6463

6(x3)

4(x2)

6(x1)

3(x0)

3124

3(x3)

1(x2)

2(x1)

4(x0)

9587

= (6 + 3)(x3) + (4 + 1)(x2)

+ (6 + 2)(x1) + (3 + 4)(x0)

= 9x3 + 5x2 + 8x1 + 7x0

Since x0 is just equal to 1, we can perform substitution to the equation and get:
= 9x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 7(1)
= 9x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 7
It is now clear that adding polynomials is as easy as adding whole numbers. The only
difference is that in adding polynomials, numbers are represented by variables such as x.
To further understand how to add polynomials, an example is given below. Study it carefully.
EXAMPLE 1

Alex was asked to prepare for a family reunion. He bought ingredients

which cost 14x2 + 3x3 15 + 10x. He also paid three waiters for their
services. This payment is expressed by 15x3 7x2 15. Find the
polynomial that will represent the total cost.

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Determine what is being asked for in the problem.

Find the polynomial that will represent the total cost.

STEP 2

Write down the given facts.

a.

cost of ingredients
14x2 + 30x3 15 + 10x

b.

payment for the three waiters

15x3 7x2 15

STEP 3

Solve for the total cost.

a.

Arrange the equations in descending order.

14x2 + 30x3 15 + 10x = 30x3 + 14x2 + 10x 15

The second equation does not have a term of the first degree so
we have to rename it by adding 0x.

15x3 7x2 15 = 15x3 7x2 + 0x 15

b.

Add the two expressions by adding similar terms.

30x3

14x2

10x

15

15x3

7x 2

0x

15

(30 + 15)x3 + (14 + (7))x2 + (10 + 0)x + (15 + (15))

19

Since a + (b) is equal to a b, the equation becomes:

= (30 + 15)x3 + (14 7)x2 + (10 + 0)x + (15 15)
= 45x3 + 7x2 + 10x 30

STEP 4

Make a conclusion.
The total cost Alex spent for the gathering is expressed as 45x3 + 7x2 + 10x
30.

Lets Review
A.

B.

Add the following polynomials.

1.

(6x2 + 5x3 + 2x) + (x2 1)

2.

(x5 + 3) + (3x5 + 3x3 6x4 2x2 13 + x)

3.

(11y3 19) + (4y4 + 1)

4.

( 10y2 + 9y4 + 12y3 + 36y 7) + (9y3 + 8y2 y + 1 + 12y4)

5.

(12z5 13z6) + (9z4 + z2 z + 1)

Solve the following problem.

Atoy bought 9x2 + 16x4 5x3 + 10 pieces of red art paper and 2x4 10x2 17
+ 13x pieces of green art paper. How many pieces of art paper does Atoy have in all?

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 48 and 49. Did you get all
the correct answers? If you did, then you may go to the next part of the lesson. If you did not,
you may have to review the sections you didnt understand very well first.

20

Lets Learn
Subtracting Similar Terms
Getting the difference between polynomials is as easy as adding them. Since subtraction is
the inverse operation of addition, subtracting a term from another is just like adding its opposite to
that term.

For example, 20x 5x is equal to 20x + (5x), 5x is the opposite of 5x.

Then we can simply take out x to add the terms as in:
20x + (5x)
= (20 + (5))x
= (20 5)x
= 15x

As in addition, we can only subtract similar terms or terms having the same literal
coefficients. Look at the two examples below.

25x2 + 40y2 30x2 30y2

a.

First, group together similar terms.

(25x2 30x2) + (40y2 30y2)

b.

Take out the variables.

(25 30)x2 + (40 30)y2

c.

Subtract.
5x2 + 10y2

5x2y + 3xy2 4x2y 4xy2

a.

First, group together similar terms.

(5x2y 4x2y) + (3xy2 4xy2)

b.

Take out the variables.

(5 4)x2y + (3 4)xy2

c.

Subtract.
x2y xy2

21

Lets Try This

Subtract the following terms.
1.

5y3 2y3

2.

4x2 + 3y5 2x2 y5

3.

10xy + 19xy

4.

4x2 3y2 + 15xy 3x

5.

11x2y3 10x3y2 + x2y3 + 2x3y2

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

5y3 2y3 = (5 2)y3

= 3y3

2.

4x2 + 3y5 2x2 y5 = (4x2 2x2) + (3y5 y5)

= (4 2)x2 + (3 1)y5
= 2x2 + 2y5

3.

10xy + 19xy = (10 + 19)xy

= 9xy

4.

4y2 3y2 + 15xy 3x = (4 3)y2 + 15xy 3x

= y2 + 15xy 3x

5.

11x2y3 10x3y2 x2y3 + 2x3y2 = (11x2y3 x2y3) + (10x3y2 + 2x3y2)

= (11 1)x2y3 + (10 + 2)x3y2
= 10x2y3 8x3y2

Did you get all the correct answers? If you did, very good! Now, we can start discussing
how to subtract trinomials and multinomials.

Lets Learn
Subtracting Trinomials and Multinomials
The steps you should follow in subtracting trinomials and multinomials are almost the same
as those in adding them.
Look at the following example.

Subtract 28x2 + 20 from 35x2 22x + 30.

35x2 22x + 30 is the minuend and 28x2 15x + 20 is the subtrahend.

22

STEP 1

Write the expressions in such a way that the terms and operation signs are in the
proper columns. Fill in missing terms.

STEP 2

35x2 22x + 30
(28x2 0x + 20)

Distribute the negative sign so that the operation becomes addition.

Remember that if we distribute the negative sign in 1 (a + b), the

answer would be 1 + ((a) + (b)), which is also equal to 1 + (a b)
and the operation becomes addition.
35x2
+

STEP 3

28x2

22x + 30
+

0x 20

Now, we can add the terms and apply what we learned in the earlier section.
+

35x2
28x2 +

22x +
0x

30
20

(35 28)x2 + (22 + 0)x + (30 20)

= 7x2 22x + 10

Lets Review
Subtract the following polynomials.
1.

(4x2 10x + 3) (5x2 + 2x + 1)

2.

(2x2 + 1) (x2 + x 1)

3.

(5x4 + 3x 4) (x2 + 14)

4.

(3y3 + 2) (3y2 + 2y3 5)

5.

(5y2 15) (2y2 y +10)

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 49 and 50. Did you get all
the correct answers? If you did, very good! If you didnt, review the items you missed before
continuing with the rest of the module.

23

Lets See What You Have Learned

A.

Add and/or subtract the following polynomials.

1.

12x3 + 40x3 + 13x3

2.

14x2 + 3y3 8y3 + 9x2

3.

56x3 18x3 13x3

4.

67xy + 13x2 + 3xy 15y3

5.

14x3y2 + 3x2y3 9x3y2 7x2y3

6.

(6x2 + 5x3 + 2x) + (x3+1)

7.

(5xy2 + 2y) + (7xy2 + 3y)

8.

(11y3 16) + (4y3 + 5)

9.

(12z4 13z3) (9z4 + 2z3)

10.

(x6 5) + (3x5 + 4x2 5)

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 50. If you got all the correct
answers, very good! If you did not, review the items you missed first before proceeding to the
next lesson.

Lets Remember

Term having the same literal coefficients are said to be similar.

To add/subtract similar polynomials, we add/subtract their numerical coefficients and

retain their literal coefficients.

24

LESSON 3

Performing Multiplication
and Division on Polynomials
In Lesson 2, you learned how to add and subtract polynomials. In this lesson you will learn
how to multiply and divide polynomials. You will also learn how to use synthetic division on
polynomials.
After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

multiply polynomials using the law of exponents and the distributive property of
multiplication over addition;

divide polynomials using the law of exponents and the algorithm for division; and

divide multinomials using synthetic division.

Lets Learn
Before we study how to multiply polynomials, let us first review what exponents are. x4 has
4 as its exponent and x as its base. The exponent tells us how many times the base is multiplied
by itself. In the monomial x4, x is multiplied four times by itself, so we can also write x4 as
x x x x. On the other hand, (3z)(3z)(3z) can be written in exponential form as (3z)3, while
2 2 2 2 2 can be written as 25.
Multiplying Monomials With One Variable
Knowing these concepts, let us try to multiply monomials with only one variable.

Multiply x3 by x4.
x 3 x 4 = ( x x x)( x x x x)
= ( x x x x x x x)
= x7

Multiply y4 by y2.

y 4 y 2 y 3 = ( y y y y )( y y )( y y y )
= ( y y y y y y y y y)
= y9

25

In the examples, we can see that if we multiply terms with the same variable, the exponent of
their product is equal to the sum of the exponents of their factors.

x 3 x 4 = x (3+ 4 ) = x 7

y 4 y 2 y 3 = y ( 4+ 2 +3 ) = y 9

In multiplying monomials with numerical coefficients, we multiply the numerical coefficients

first to get the numerical coefficient of the product. Then we multiply their literal coefficients to get
the literal coefficient of the product.
Look at the following examples.

Multiply 3x3 by 2x2.

3x3 2x2 = (3 2)y(3+2)
= 6x5

Find the product of 4y3, 5y2 and 2y4.

4y3 5y2 2y4 = (4 5 2)y(3+2+4)
= 40y9

Lets Try This

Multiply the following monomials.
1.

x3 x6

2.

y3 y2 y7

3.

6x4 8x2

4.

5y6 7y3

5.

3y5 2y6 y2

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

x3 x6 = x(3 + 6)
= x9

2.

y3 y2 y7 = y(3 + 2 + 7)
= y12

3.

6x4 8x2 = (6 8)x(4 + 2)

= 48x6

4.

5y6 7y3 = (5 7)y(6 + 3)

= 35y9

5.

3y5 2y6 y2 = (3 2 1)y(5 + 6 + 2)

= 6y13
26

Lets Learn
Multiplying Monomials With More Than One Variable
Now, lets try to multiply monomials with more than one variable. Like in the previous
examples, all you need to do is to group terms with the same variable. Study the following
examples.

Multiply 5x2y3 by 4xy2.

5x2y3 4xy2 = (5 4)(x2 x)(y3 y2)
= 20x3y5

Find the product of 2x2y, 3xy and 5x3y2.

2x2y 3xy 5x3y2 = (2 3 5)(x2 x x3)(y y y2)
= 30x6y4

Lets Review
Before we continue learning how to multiply polynomials, lets see what you have learned so
far. Multiply the following.
1.

4x2y2 x3y

2.

5x3y3 4x2z2

3.

3x7y 2y4

4.

2xy3 4x3y2

5.

5x2y3 3x3y2 2xy

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 51. If all your answers are
correct, very good. You can proceed to the next section of this module. If they are not, review
the items you missed then proceed to the next section.

Lets Learn
Multiplication of Binomials
Using the following examples, let us learn how to multiply a binomial by a monomial step by
step.

Multiply x2 by x + 1.
a.

Distribute x2 to the binomial x + 1.

x2(x + 1) = (x2 x) + (x2 1)

27

b.

Multiply.
(x2 x) + (x2 1) = x3 + x2

Multiply 3xy by 2xy3 x2y.

Distribute 3xy to the binomial 2xy3 x2y.
t

a.

3xy(2xy3 x2y) = (3xy 2xy3) (3xy x2y)

b.

Multiply.
(3xy 2xy3) (3xy x2y) = 6x2y4 3x3y2

Now, let us learn how to multiply a binomial with another binomial. The following examples
will illustrate how to do so step by step.

Multiply (x + 1) by (x + y2).
a.

The distributive property of multiplication over addition tells that

(a +1)(b + 2) is equal to a(b + 2) + 1(b + 2).
Using it in this example, we can rename the equation into:
t

(x + 1)(x + y2) = x(x + y2) + 1(x + y2)

Then distribute x and 1.

t

b.

x(x + y2) + 1(x + y2) = (x x + x y2) + (1 x + 1 y2)

c.

The last step is to multiply.

(x x + x y2) + (1 x + 1 y2) = x2 + xy2 + x + y2

Multiply (2x2 y) by (x4 + 3y2).

a.

Distribute 2x2 y using the distributive property of multiplication over addition.

t

(2x2 y)(x4 + 3y2) = 2x2(x4 + 3y2) y(x4 + 3y2)

Distribute 2x2 and y.

t

b.

2x2(x4 + 3y2) y(x4 + 3y2) = (2x2 x4 + 2x2 3y2) + (y x4 + y 3y2)

c.

The last step is to multiply.

(2x2 x4 + 2x2 3y2) + ((y)x4 + (y)3y2) = 2x6 + 6x2y2 + (yx4) + (3y3)
= 2x6 + 6x2y2 x4y 3y3

28

Lets Try This

Multiply the following polynomials.
1.

(x + 1)(x 1)

2.

(2y3 3)(z + y)

3.

(3xy 1)(2xy + 2)

4.

(4x3 + 9y2)(6x2 10y)

5.

(5xy + x2y)(xy3 2)

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

(x + 1)(x 1) = x(x 1) + 1(x 1)

= (x2 x) + (x 1)
= x2 1

2.

(2y3 3)(z + y) = 2y3(z + y) 3(z + y)

= 2y3z + 2y4 3z 3y

3.

(3xy 1)(2xy + 2) = 3xy(2xy + 2) 1(2xy + 2)

= (3xy 2xy + 3xy 2) 2xy 2
= 6x2y2 + 6xy 2xy 2

4.

(4x3 + 9y2)(6x2 10y) = 4x3(6x2 10y) + 9y2(6x2 10y)

= (4x3 6x2 4x3 10y) + (9y2 6x2 9y2 10y)
= 24x5 40x3y + 54x2y2 90y3

5. (5xy + x2y)(xy3 2) = 5xy(xy3 2) + x2y(xy3 2)

= (5xy xy3 5xy 2) + (x2y xy3 x2y 2)
= 5x2y4 10xy + x3y4 2x2y

Lets Learn
Multiplication of Trinomials
You have already learned how to multiply a monomial by another monomial, a monomial by
a binomial and a binomial by another binomial. Now, lets learn how to multiply trinomials. An
example, which gives a step-by-step solution, is given below. Study the problem carefully.
EXAMPLE 1

Aling Ising bought a rectangular pond with an area of 9x2 2x + 3 m2. She
found out that the pond has a height of x + 3 m. What polynomial
represents the volume of the pond? (Hint: Volume of rectangular pond
= Area Height)

29

SOLUTION
STEP 1

List down the given. The problem is asking for the volume of the rectangular
pond. To find the polynomial that represents this, you need to know the area
and height of the pond first.
= 9x2 2x + 3 m2

Area

Height = x + 3 m
STEP 2

Write the polynomial that will represent the volume.

Volume of the rectangular pond = Area Height
= (9x2 2x + 3)(x + 3)
= (x + 3)(9x2 2x + 3)

STEP 3

As in the example earlier, distribute x + 3 to the trinomial 9x2 2x + 3 using

the distributive property of multiplication over addition.
t

(x + 3)(9x2 2x + 3) = x(9x2 2x + 3) + 3(9x2 2x + 3)

Then distribute x and 3.

t

STEP 4

x(9x2 2x + 3) + 3(9x2 2x + 3) = (9x3 2x2 + 3x) + (27x2 6x + 9)

STEP 5

Group together similar terms.

(9x3 2x2 + 3x) + (27x2 6x + 9) = 9x3 + (2x2 + 27x2) + (3x 6x) + 9

STEP 6

Add similar terms.

9x3 + (2x2 + 27x2) + (3x 6x) + 9 = 9x3 + 25x2 3x + 9

STEP 7

Make a conclusion.
The volume of the pond can be expressed as 9x3 + 25x2 3x + 9 m3.

Lets Review
Multiply the following polynomials.
1.

(x + 2)(2x2 5x + 4)

2.

(x + 1)(5y3 3x + 8)

3.

(x2 + 3)(3xy + 2x 1)

4.

(x + y)(4x + xy + 2)

5.

(x + y + 1)(x + y + 3)

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 51. Did you get all the
correct answers? If you did, then you may proceed to the next part of the lesson. If you did not,
dont worry, just review the parts you did not understand very well and answer the exercises
again.
30

Lets Learn
Division is the inverse operation of multiplication. If x9x6 = x15, then x15 + x9 = x6 and x15 +
x6 = x9.
As in multiplying polynomials, we also use the law of exponents in dividing polynomials. In
dividing powers of the same base, where the exponent of the dividend is greater than the
exponent of the divisor, the quotients exponent is equal to the exponent of the dividend minus the
exponent of the divisor.
xa xb = xa b where a > b
a = exponent of the dividend
b = exponent of the divisor
x = literal coefficient of the dividend and the divisor
The law of exponents for division is used this way:

Divide x8 by x2.
x8
x x = 2
x
= x (8 2 )
8

= x6

Divide x15 by x15.

x15
x x = 15
x
= x (15 15 )
15

15

= x0
=1

Remember that any number raised to zero is always equal to 1.

Any number divided by itself is equal to zero.
Dividing Monomials
When dividing a monomial by another monomial, divide the numerical coefficient of the
dividend by that of the divisor to get the numerical coefficient of the quotient. To get the literal
coefficient of the quotient, use the law of exponents for division.
To further understand how to divide polynomials, a sample problem is provided below.
Study it carefully.
EXAMPLE 1

Lily bought a rectangular shaped parlor. The parlor has a land area of
24x2 sq. m. If one side of the parlor is expressed as 2x m wide, what
polynomial then represents the length of the parlor?

31

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Determine what is being asked for in the problem.

What polynomial represents the length of the parlor?

STEP 2

List down the given.

Area = 24x2 m2
Width = 2x m

STEP 3

Solve for the unknown.

Using the formula for solving the area of the rectangle, we will be able to get
the formula for the length of the parlor.
Area = Length Width
Length = Area Width
Length = 24x2 2x
= (24 2)x(2 1)
= 12x m

STEP 4

Make a conclusion.
The length of the parlor is 12x m.

Lets Try This

Determine the following polynomials.
1.

x4 x2

2.

4x2 2x

3.

x3y2 xy

4.

10x4y3 5x2y

5.

116x5y4 116x3y4

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

x4 x2 = x(4 + 2)
= x6
4x2 2x = (4 2)x(2 1)
= 2x
3 2
x y xy = x(3 1)y(2 1)
= x2y
10x4y3 5x2y = (10 5)x(4 2)y(3 1)
= 2x2y2
116x5y4 116x3y4 = (116 116)x(5 3)y(4 4)
= (1)x2y0
= x2

Did you get all the correct answers? Make sure that you understood the law of exponents
on division very well. You will use this knowledge throughout the following sections.
32

Lets Learn
Dividing Binomials
To divide a binomial by a monomial, divide each term of the binomial by the monomial. The
example given shows you how to do this step by step.

Divide 24x2 + 36x by 12x.

Doing so is the same as multiplying the first term (dividend) by the reciprocal of the
1
.
12 x
Turn division into multiplication by getting the reciprocal of the divisor.

second term (divisor), which is

STEP 1

STEP 2

1
( 24 x 2 + 36 x) 12 x = ( 24 x 2 + 26 x)

12 x
Since the operation was already turned into multiplication, we can now
distribute.
2
1 12 x 1 36 x 1
(24 x + 36 x)
=

1 12 x 1 12 x
12 x
2

STEP 3

Multiply.

STEP 4

12 x 2 1 36 x 1 24 x 2 36 x

+
+

=
1 12 x 1 12 x 12 x 12 x
Divide.
24 x 2 36 x
+
= (24 + 12 )x (2 1) + (36 + 12) x (1 1)
12 x 12 x
= 2 x + 3x 0
= 2x + 3

Lets Review
Divide the following polynomials.
1.

(6x3 2x) 2x

2.

(14y5 + 21y3) 7y2

3.

(9z7 81z7) 9z7

4.

(3x2y5 9x4y3) 3xy

5.

(16x4y3 8x2y8) 4x2y2

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 52.
33

Lets Learn
Dividing Trinomials and Multinomials
In dividing trinomials and multinomials, we follow the same procedure as in dividing
monomials and binomials. Only this time, the solution is very long. To make the process easier,
we use the algorithm or shortcut method for dividing whole numbers by two or three digits.
Examples to explain the algorithm that we will use for dividing trinomials and multinomials
are given below.
EXAMPLE 1

Boyet bought a cylindrical water container. It has a volume of x2 + 6x +

8 m2. If the height of this container is x + 2 m, what is its area? (Hint:
Volume of the cylinder = Area of the circular base Height)

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Determine what is being asked for in the problem.

What is the area of its circular base?

STEP 2

Write the equation that will be used to compute for the area.
Volume = Area Height
Area =

Volume
Height

Area =

x2 + 6x + 8
x+2

x + 2 x2 + 6x + 8
STEP 3

Solve for the area of the circular base.

a.

Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor.
x2 x = x
x
x + 2 x2 + 6x + 8

b.

Multiply the divisor by the quotient and subtract their product from the
dividend.
x(x + 2) = x2 + 2x
x
x + 2 x + 6x + 8
2

x2 + 2x

34

c.

Subtract.
x
x + 2 x + 6x + 8
x2 + 2x

d.

4x + 8
4x + 8, called a partial dividend should then be divided by x + 2.
Repeat steps one to three until the last partial dividend is divided by
the divisor.
x+4
x + 2 x + 6x + 8
2

x2 + 2x
4x + 8
(4 x + 8)
0
Make a conclusion.

STEP 4

The area of the circular bases is x + 4 sq. m.

Mang Andres bought a rectangular shaped land with a land area

of x2 7x + 30 m2. If the length of the land is expressed as x + 4 m,
find the width of the land. (Hint: Area of rectangle = Length Width)

EXAMPLE 2

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Determine what is being asked for in the problem.

Find the width of the land.

STEP 2

Write the equation that will be used to get the width of the land.
x 2 7 x + 30
x+4

STEP 3

Solve for the width of the land.

a.

Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor.
x2 x = x
x
x + 4 x 2 7 x + 30

b.

Multiply the divisor by the quotient and subtract their product from the
dividend.
x(x + 4) = x2 + 4x
x
x + 4 x 7 x + 30
2

x2 + 4x

35

c.

Subtract.
x
x + 4 x 2 7 x + 30
x2 + 4x
3x + 30

d.

3x + 30, a partial dividend, should then be divided by x + 4.

Repeat steps one to three until the last partial dividend is divided
by the divisor.
x3
x + 4 x 7 x + 30
x2 + 4x
2

3x + 30
(3x 12)
42

42 is the remainder of the operation. If we want to include it in the

quotient, we need to specify that it still has to be divided by x + 4.
So we write:

42
x+4
Make a conclusion.
x 3+

STEP 4

The width of the land is x 3 +

42
m.
x+4

Lets Try This

Divide the following trinomials using the algorithm for division.
1.

(x2 x 20) (x + 4)

2.

(x2 + 4x 22) (x 3)

3.

(x2 + 11x + 30) (x + 6)

4.

(3x2 + 2x + 1) (x 5)

5.

(4x2 + 9x 2) (x + 2)

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

(x2 x 20) (x + 4)
x 5
x + 4 x x 20
(x2 + 4x)
5x 20
(5x 20)
0
2

=x5
36

2.

(x

+ 4 x 22 ( x 3)
x+7
2
2 + 3x)

(x
x 3 x + 4 x 22
7x 22
(7x 21)
1

3.

1
= (x + 7 ) +

x 3
(x2 + 11x + 30) (x + 6)
x+5
2

(x
2 + 6x)
x + 6 x + 11x + 30
5x + 30
(5x + 30)
0

=x+5
4.

(3x

+ 2 x + 1 ( x 5)
3 x + 17
3 x +15x)
2x +1
x 5 (3x
17x + 1
(17x 85)
86
22

86
= (3 x + 17 ) +

x 5

5.

(4x2 + 9x 2) (x + 2)
4x 1
x + 2 (4x
4 x ++ 98x)
x2
x2
x2
0
22

Lets Learn

= 4x 1

Synthetic Division of Polynomials

Synthetic division is another method used to divide polynomials. It is the best method that
we can use to divide multinomials. We can divide multinomials by using the algorithm that we just
learned but the solution well come up with would be very long. On the other hand, in synthetic
division, only the numerical coefficients of the divisor and the dividend are written. It is an easier
way of dividing multinomials.
37

The literal coefficient of the remainder should follow the last term of the constant dividend.
The remainder would not have a literal coefficient then.
Synthetic division can be used to divide a higher degree polynomials written in descending
powers of x by a binomial form x r. For example, x4 + x3 x2 + x + 5 can be divided by x 1
using synthetic division.
If the divisor is of the form mx r, then the divisor will become x
2
divisor is 3x2 4, you can also write it as x

r
. For example, if the
m

4
.
3

To further understand synthetic division, an example with its step-by-step solution is

provided. Study it carefully.
EXAMPLE 1

Divide 3x4 + 13x2 + 30x 40 by x + 2.

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Write the dividend in standard form. Fill in the missing terms.

3x4 + 0x3 + 13x2 + 30x 40

STEP 2

Form line 1. Line 1 should include all the numerical coefficients of the dividend.
3
0
13
30 40
_____________________

(line 1)
(line 2)
(line 3)

STEP 3

Write the divisor x + 2 in the form x r.

x + 2 = x (2)

STEP 4

The number r is the synthetic divisor.

3
0
13 30 40
_____________________

STEP 5

Bring the first coefficient down line 3.

3
0
13 30 40
_____________________

3
STEP 6

(line 1)
(line 2)
(line 3)

(line 1)
(line 2)
(line 3)

Multiply the first coefficient on line 3 by the synthetic divisor and write the
product under the second coefficient of line 1.
3

13

30

40

(line 1)
(line 2)

(line 3)

38

STEP 7

Add the coefficient and the product.

3
+
3

STEP 8

+
3

30

40

(line 1)

(line 2)

(line 3)

13

12

30

40

(line 1)
(line 2)

(line 3)

Add the coefficient and the product.

3
+
3

STEP 10

13

Multiply the sum by the synthetic divisor. Put the product under the third
coefficient of line 1.
3

STEP 9

13

30

40

(line 1)

12

(line 2)

25

(line 3)

Repeat the procedure until the last coefficient has been added to a product.
3
+
3

13

30

40 2

(line 1)

12

50

40

(line 2)

25

20

(line 3)

The quotient is 3x3 6x2 + 25x 20.

EXAMPLE 2

Divide 6x4 13x3 + 8x2 x 12 by 2x 3.

SOLUTION
STEP 1

Write the polynomial in standard form. Fill in the missing terms.

6x4 13x3 + 8x2 x 12

STEP 2

Form line 1.
6

13

12 (line 1)
(line 2)
(line 3)

STEP 3

The divisor is in the form mx r so we have to change it to the form

r
.
m
2x 3 =

x3
2
39

STEP 4

The number r/m is the synthetic divisor.

6

13

12 3

(line 1)

2
(line 2)
(line 3)
STEP 5

Bring the first coefficient down line 3.

6

13

12 3

(line 1)

2
(line 2)
(line 3)

6
STEP 6

Multiply the first coefficient by the synthetic divisor and put the product on
line 2, under the second coefficient of line 2.
6

13

12 3

(line 1)

2
9

(line 2)
(line 3)

6
STEP 7

Add the coefficient and the product.

6

13

12 3

(line 1)

2
+
STEP 8

9
6

(line 2)
(line 3)

Multiply the sum by the synthetic divisor and put the product under the third
coefficient. Add the third coefficient and the product.
6

13

12 3

(line 1)

2
+
6
STEP 9

9
4

6
2

(line 2)
(line 3)

Repeat the procedure until the last coefficient has been added to a product.
6

13

12 3

(line 1)

2
+
6

9
4

6
2

3
2

3
9

(line 2)
(line 3)

If the last coefficient in line 3 is not zero, then the operation has a remainder.
If we want to add the remainder 9 to the quotient, we have to specify that
9 should still be divided by 2x 3. So we write it as

9
.
2x 3

In the example, the quotient is 6x3 4x2 + 2x + 2

40

9
.
2x 3

Lets Try This

Divide the following multinomials using synthetic division.
1.

(x3 + 2x2 5x 6) (x 1)

2.

(x3 + 2x2 13x + 10) (x 2)

3.

(y3 12y 16) (y + 2)

4.

(z4 + 9z3 + 21z2 + 6z + 5) (z + 5)

5.

(2x3 + 5x2 4x 3) (x + )

Compare your answers with mine below.

1.

(x3 + 2x2 5x 6) (x 1)
1
1

2
1
3

5
3
2

6
2
8

= x2 + 3x 2
x 1

2.

(x3 + 2x2 13x + 10) (x 2)

1
1

2
2
4

13
8
5

10
10
0

16
16
0

= x2 + 4x 5
3.

(y3 12y 16) (y 2)

1
1

0
2
2

12
4
8

= y2 2y 8
4.

(z4 + 9z3 + 21z2 + 6z + 5) (z + 5)

1

9
5
4

21
20
1

6
5
1

= z3 + 4z2 + z + 1
5.

(2x3 + 5x2 4x 3) (x + )
2
2

5
1
4

4
2
6

3
3
0

1
2

= 2x2 + 4x 6
41

5
5
0

Lets Review
A.

B.

C.

D.

Add/Subtract the following polynomials.

1.

3x2 + 9x2 + 7x2

2.

9x2 + 3y2 15x3 2y2

3.

14y3 + 16y2 + 13y3 20y2

4.

50xy 12y3 25xy 13y3

5.

9x2y3 + 2x3y2 + 3xy 14x2y3

Multiply the following polynomials.

1.

(5x)(7x)

2.

(9x2)(4x3y3)

3.

(4x2)(9x 3)

4.

(5y)(x2 + 2x 1)

5.

(x + 1)(x + 2x + 1)

Divide the following polynomials.

1.

35 x 2
7x

2.

25 y 3 40 y 2
5y2

3.

4x2 + 6x + 2
x +1

Divide the following using synthetic division.

2 x 4 + 4 x3 7 x 2 + 9
x+3
E.

Simplify the following polynomials.

(x y )(x y ) + (xy )(x y )

2

1.

2.

2 xy

)( )

20 x3 y 3 5 x 2 y xy 2
x2 y 2 + 2x2 y 2

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 53 and 54.

42

Lets See What You Have Learned

A.

B.

Multiply the following polynomials.

1.

(13x)(2x)

2.

(3x2y)(5x3y4)

3.

(3x)(2x + 3)

4.

(2x)(9x2 + 3x + 2)

5.

(3x2 + 2x)(3x2 + 2x + 1)

Divide the following polynomials.

1.

81 y 3
9y2

2.

36 x 5 + 54 x 3
6x3

3x 2 x 2 10
3.
C.

x2

Solve the following using synthetic division.

x 4 + 26 x 2 + 60 x + 80
x+4
D.

Simplify the following expressions.

1.

20 x 2 35 y 4
+
5x
7y2

2.

(4 x 2 )(5 x 2 )(5 x 2 )
20 x 3

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 54 and 55.

Lets Remember

To multiply/divide polynomials, we multiply/divide the numerical coefficients and

combine the literal coefficients by using the laws of exponents.

In multiplying binomials, trinomials and multinomials, we apply the distributive property

of multiplication over addition.

In dividing trinomials and multinomials, we can use the algorithm for division.

In dividing multinomials, we can also use synthetic division.

43

Well, this is the end of the module! Congratulations for finishing it. Did you like it? Did you
learn anything useful from it? A summary of its main points is given below to help you remember
them better.

Lets Sum Up
This module tells us that:

An algebraic expression is an expression made up of numbers, variables and grouping

and operation symbols.

Terms are parts of an algebraic expression separated by plus or minus signs and made
up of numerical and literal coefficients.

A polynomial is an algebraic expression that involves only addition and multiplication of

numbers and variables.

A monomial is a polynomial with only one term.

A binomial is a polynomial with two terms.

A trinomial is a polynomial with three terms.

A multinomial is a polynomial with four or more terms.

A constant polynomial is a polynomial that does not have a variable.

The degree of a polynomial is determined by the highest exponent of any of the

variables in an algebraic expression.

To evaluate a polynomial, we should replace the variable/s with the given numerical
value/s.

To add/subtract similar terms in a polynomial, we add/subtract the numerical

coefficients and retain the literal coefficients.

To multiply/divide polynomials, we multiply/divide the numerical coefficients and

combine the literal coefficients by using the law of exponents.

In multiplying polynomials, we apply the distributive property of multiplication over

addition.

In dividing trinomials and multinomials, we can use the algorithm for division and
synthetic division.

44

What Have You Learned?

A.

B.

Classify the following polynomials according to degree and number of terms. The first
one has been done as an example for you.
1.

monomial of the fifth degree y5

2.

_____________________ x6 + x4 + x3 + 1

3.

_____________________ y3 + 7y5 + 9

4.

_____________________ 9z8 + 10z4

5.

_____________________ 1200

Solve the following problem.

Sandy bought a science book and a math book. The science book costs 6x2 +
5y pesos while the math book costs 10y2 + 5x pesos. If x = 3 pesos and y = 2 pesos,
how much did she pay for the books in all?

C.

D.

E.

F.

Add/Subtract the following polynomials.

1.

(x4 + 2x3 x + 2) (x2 + 3x4 2)

2.

(5y6 + 3y7 + 6y) + (4y6 + 9y)

3.

(5x3 2x2 + x 1) (4x2 + 5x 4)

Multiply the following expressions.

1.

(x + 2)(x 3)

2.

(3x + 2)(2x + 1)

3.

(x + 1)(3x2 x + 1)

Divide the following polynomials using the algorithm for division.

1.

15y5 15y5

2.

(12x2 6x) 3x

3.

(3x2 5x 2) (x 2)

Solve the following using synthetic division.

(3x4 7x3 2x2 11x 3) (x 3)

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 56.

45

Answer Key
A.

Lets See What You Already Know (pages 23)

A.

B.

C.

1.

An algebraic expression involving only addition and multiplication of

numbers and variables

2.

A polynomial with only one term

3.

A polynomial with two terms

4.

A polynomial with three terms

5.

A polynomial with four or more terms

1.

fifth degree

2.

sixth degree

3.

third degree

Area of poultry farm = 8x2 + 97x + 12 m2

If x = 2:
8(2)2 + 97(2) + 12 = 32 + 194 + 12
= 238 m2
The land area of the poultry farm is 238 m2 if x equals 2 m.

D.

E.

F.

1.

(2x2 + 3x) (5x2 + x) = 3x2 + 2x

2.

(4x2 + 5x3 x) + (4x3 + 2x2 x) = 9x3 + 6x2 2x

3.

(x4 + 3x2 + x 5) (3x4 + 2x3 x2 + 3) = 2x4 2x3 + 4x2 + x 8

1.

(x + 1)(x 1) = x2 x + x 1
= x2 1

2.

(x + 2)(2x + 1) = 2x2 + x + 4x + 2
= 2x2 + 5x + 2

3.

(x + 1)(x + 1) = x2 + x + x + 1
= x2 + 2x +1

1.

17x5 x2 = 17x(5 2)
= 17x3

2.

(16y5 8y4) 4y3 = (16 4)y(5 3) (8 4)y(4 3)

= 4y2 2y

3.

(4x2 7x 2) (x 2) = 4x + 1
4x +1
x 2 4x 7 x 2
4x 2 8x
x2
( x 2)

0
46

G.

(x4 134x2 100x + 240) (x + 2)

1

0
2

134
4

100
260

240
320

130

160

80

= x3 2x2 130x + 160 +

B.

80
x+2

Lesson 1
Lets Review (pages 89)
A.

B.

C.

D.

1.

11
xy 2

2.

1
a2b2c 2

3.

36
z2

1.

2.

3.

1.

monomial

2.

monomial

3.

trinomial

4.

multinomial

5.

binomial

1.

third degree

2.

zero degree

3.

seventh degree

Lets See What You Have Learned (page 12)

A. 1.

B.

3x2 + 9y3

2.

12x2 + 5x + 1

3.

y3 3

1.

2.

3.

47

C.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

monomial of the third degree

multinomial of the fifth degree
constant polynomial of zero degree
binomial of the eighth degree
trinomial of the ninth degree

D.

4x3 + 9x2 5x 10
Substitute 2 for x:
4(2)3 + 9(2)2 5(2) 10
= 4(8) + 9(4) 10 10
= 32 + 36 10 10
= 48
Mang Isko harvested 48 bushels of corn.

C.

Lesson 2
Lets Review (page 20)
A.

1.

(5x3 + 6x2 + 2x + 0) + (0x3 + x2 + 0x 1)

+

5x3 + 6x2 + 2x + 0
0x3 + x2 + 0x 1

(5 + 0)x3 + (6 + 1)x2 + (2 + 0)x + (0 1)

= 5x3 + 7x2 + 2x 1
2.

(x5 + 0x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 3) + (3x5 6x4 + 3x3 2x2 + x 13)

+

x5 + 0x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 3

3x5 6x4 + 3x3 2x2 + x 13

(1 + 3)x5 + (0 6)x4 + (0 + 3)x3 + (0 2)x2 + (0 + 1)x + (3 13)

= 4x5 6x4 + 3x3 2x2 + x 10
3.

(0y4 + 11y3 + 0y2 + 0y 19) + (4y4 + 0y3 + 0y2 + 0y + 1)

+

0y4 + 11y3 + 0y2 + 0y 19

4y4 + 0y3 + 0y2 + 0y + 1

(0 + 4)y4 + (11 + 0)y3 + (0 + 0)y2 + (0 + 0)y + (19 + 1)

= 4y4 + 11y3 19
4.

(9y4 + 12y3 10y2 + 36y 7) + (12y4 + 9y3 + 8y2 y + 1)

+

9y4 + 12y3 10y2 + 36y 7

12y4 + 9y3 + 8y2 y + 1

(9 + 12)y4 + (12 + 9)y3 + (10 + 8)y2 + (36 1)y + (7 + 1)

= 21y4 + 21y3 2y2 + 35y 6
48

5.

(13z6 + 13z5 + 0z4 + 0z3 + 0z2 + 0z + 0) + (0z6 + 0z5 + 9z4 + 0z3 + z2 z + 1)

13z6 + 13z5 + 0z4 + 0z3 + 0z2 + 0z + 0
0z6 + 0z5 + 9z4 + 0z3 + z2 z + 1

(13 + 0)z6 + (13 + 0)z5 + (0 + 9)z4 + (0 + 0)z3 + (0 + 1)z2 + (0 1)z +

(0 + 1)
= 13z6 + 13z5 + 9z4 + z2 z + 1
B.

STEP 1

How many pieces of art paper does Atoy have in all?

STEP 2

a.

number of red art paper = 9x2 + 16x4 5x3 + 10

b.

number of green art paper = 2x4 10x2 17 + 13x

STEP 3

(16x4 5x3 + 9x2 + 0x + 10) + (2x4 + 0x3 10x2 + 13x 17)

+

16x4 5x3 + 9x2 + 0x + 10

2x4 + 0x3 10x2 + 13x 17

(16 + 2)x4 + (5 + 0)x3 + (9 10)x2 + (0 + 13)x + (10 17)

= 18x4 5x3 x2 + 13x 7
Atoy has 18x4 5x3 x2 + 13x 7 pieces of art paper in all.
Lets Review (page 23)
1.

(4x2 10x + 3) (5x2 + 2x + 1) = (4x2 10x + 3) + (5x2 2x 1)

+

4x2 10x + 3
5x2 2x 1

(4 2)x2 + (10 2)x + (3 1)

= 2x2 12x + 2
2.

(2x2 + 0x + 1) (x2 + x 1) = (2x2 + 0x + 1) + (x2 x + 1)

+

2x2 + 0x + 1
x2 x + 1

(2 1)x2 + (0 1)x + (1 + 1)
= x2 x + 2
3.

(5x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 3x 4) (0x4 + 0x3 + x2 + 0x + 14)

= (5x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 3x 4) + (0x4 0x3 x2 0x 14)
+

5x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 3x 4

0x4 0x3 x2 0x 14

(5 0)x4 + (0 0)x3 + (0 1)x2 + (3 0)x + (4 14)

= 5x4 x2 + 3x 18

49

4.

(3y3 + 0y2 + 0y + 2) (2y3 + 3y2 + 0y 5)

= (3y3 + 0y2 + 0y + 2) + (2y3 3y2 0y + 5)
+

3y3 + 0y2 + 0y + 2
2y3 3y2 0y + 5

(3 2)y3 + (0 3)y2 + (0) y + (2 + 5)

= y3 3y2 + 7
5.

(5y2 + 0y 15) (2y2 y +10) = (5y2 + 0y 15) + (2y2 + y 10)

+

5y2 + 0y 15
2y2 + y 10

(5 2)y2 + (0 + 1)y + (15 10)

= 3y2 + y 25
Lets See What You Have Learned (page 24)
A.

1.

12x3 + 40x3 + 13x3 = (12 + 40 + 13)x3

= 65x3

2.

14x2 + 3y3 8y3 + 9x2 = (14 + 9)x2 + (3 8)y3

= 23x2 5y3

3.

56x3 18x3 13x3 = (56 18 13)x3

= 25x3

4.

67xy + 13x2 + 3xy 15y3 = (67 + 3)xy + 13x2 15y3

= 64xy + 13x2 15y3

5.

14x3y2 + 3x2y3 9x3y2 7x2y3 = (14 9)x3y2 + (3 7)x2y3

= 5x3y2 4x2y3

6.

(6x2 + 5x3 + 2x) + (x3 + 1) = 6x2 + (5 + 3)x3 + 2x + 1

= 6x2 + 8x3 + 2x + 1

7.

(5xy2 + 2y) + (7xy2 + 3y) = (5 + 7)xy2 + (2 + 3)y

= 12xy2 + 5y

8.

(11y3 16) + (4y3 + 5) = (11 + 4)y3 + (16 + 5)

= 15y3 11

9.

(12z4 13z3) (9z4 + 2z3) = (12 9)z4 (13 + 2)z3

= 3z4 (11z3)
= 3z4 + 11z3

10.

(x6 5) + (3x5 + 4x2 5) = x6 + 3x5 + 4x2 10

50

D.

Lesson 3
Lets Review (page 27)
1. 4x2y2 x3y = 4x(2 + 3)y(2 + 1)
= 4x5y3
2. 5x3y3 4x2z2 = (5 4)x(3 + 2)y3z2
= 20x5y3z2
3. 3x7y 2y4 = (3 2)x7y(1 + 4)
= 6x7y5
4. 2xy3 4x3y2 = (2 4)x(1 + 3)y(3 + 2)
= 8x4y5
5. 5x2y3 3x3y2 2xy = (5 3 2)x(2 + 3 + 1)y(3 + 2+ 1)
= 30x6y6
Lets Review (page 30)
1. (x + 2)(2x2 5x + 4) = x(2x2 5x + 4) + 2(2x2 5x + 4)
= (2x3 5x2 + 4x) + (4x2 10x + 8)
= 2x3 + (5 + 4)x2 + (4 10)x + 8
= 2x3 x2 10x + 8
2. (x 1)(5y3 3x + 8) = x(5y3 3x + 8) 1(5y3 3x + 8)
= (5xy3 3x2 + 8x) + (5y3 + 3x 8)
= 5xy3 5y3 3x2 + (8 + 3)x 8
= 5xy3 5y3 3x2 + 11x 8
3. (x2 + 3)(3xy + 2x 1) = x2(3xy + 2x 1) + 3(3xy + 2x 1)
= (3x3y + 2x3 x2) + (9xy + 6x 3)
= 3x3y + 2x3 x2 + 9xy + 6x 3
4. (x y)(4x + xy + 2) = x(4x + xy + 2) y(4x + xy + 2)
= (4x2 + x2y + 2x) + (4xy xy2 2y)
= 4x2 + x2y + 2x 4xy xy2 2y
5. (x + y + 3)(x + y + 3) = x(x + y + 3) + y(x + y + 3) + 1(x + y + 3)
= (x2 + xy + 3x) + (xy + y2 + 3y) + (x + y + 3)
= x2 + (1 + 1)xy + (3 + 1)x + y2 +(3 + 1)y + 3
= x2 + 2xy + 4x + y2 + 4y + 3

51

Lets Review (page 33)

1.

(6 x

1
2 x 2 x = 6 x3 2 x
2x
6 x3 2 x

=
2x 2x

= (6 2)x (3 1) (2 2)x (1 1)
= 3 x 2 (1)x 0
= 3x 2 1

2.

(14 y

1
21 y 3 7 y 2 = 14 y 5 + 21 y 3 2
7y
14 y 5 21 y 3

+
=
2
2
7y 7y

= (14 + 7 ) y (5 2 ) + (21 + 7 ) y (3 1)

= 2 y3 + 3y2

3.

(9 z

(
)
( ) ( )

1
81z 7 9 z 7 = 9 z 7 81z 7 7
9z
9z 7
81z 7
=

9z 7
9z7
= (9 + 9)z (7 7 ) (81 + 9)z (7 7 )
= (1)z 0 9 z 0
= 1 9
= 8

4.

(3x

y 5 9 x 4 y 3 3 xy = 3 x 2 y 5 9 x 4 y 3
3xy
3x 2 y 5 9 x 4 y 3

=
3 xy 3xy

= (3 + 3)x (2 1) y (5 1) (9 + 3)x (4 1) y (3 1)
= xy 4 3x 3 y 2

5.

(16 x

1
y 3 8 x 2 y 8 4 x 2 y 2 = 16 x 4 y 3 8 x 2 y 8 2 2
4x y
16 x 4 y 3 8 x 2 y 8
= 2 2 2 2
4x y 4x y

= (16 + 4)x (4 2 ) y (3 2 ) (8 + 4)x (2 2

= 4x2 y 2x0 y6
= 4x2 y 2x6
52

Lets Review (page 42)

A.

B.

C.

1.

3x2 + 9x2 + 7x2 = (3 + 9 + 7)x2

= 19x2

2.

9x2 + 3y2 15x3 2y2 = 9x2 15x3 + (3 2)y2

= 9x2 15x3 + y2

3.

14y3 + 16y2 + 13y3 20y2 = (14 + 13)y3 + (16 20)y2

= 17y3 4y2

4.

50xy 12y3 25xy 13y3 = (12 13)y3 + (50 25)xy

= 25y3 + 25xy

5.

9x2y3 + 2x3y2 + 3xy 14x2y3 = (9 14)x2y3 + 2x3y2 + 3xy

= 5x2y3 + 2x3y2 + 3xy

1.

(5x)(7x) = (5 7)x(1 + 1)
= 35x2

2.

(9x2)(4x3y3) = (9 4)x(2 + 3)y3

= 36x5y3

3.

(4x2)(9x 3) = 4x2 9x 4x2 3

= (4 9)x(2 + 1) (4 3)x2
= 36x3 12x2

4.

(5y)(x2 + 2x 1) = (5y x2) + (5y 2x) + (5y 1)

= 5x2y 10xy + 5y

5.

(x + 1)(x + 2x + 1) = x(x + 2x + 1) + 1(x + 2x + 1)

= (x x + x 2x + x 1) + (1 x + 1 2x + 1 1)
= (x2 + 2x2 + x) + (x + 2x + 1)
= (x2 + 2x2) + (x + x + 2x) + 1
= 3x2 + 4x + 1

1.

35 x 2
= (35 7 )x (2 1)
7x

2.

25 y 3 40 y 2 25 y 3 40 y 2
=

5 y2
5 y2
5 y2
= (25 5) y (3 2 ) (40 5) y (2 2 )
= 5y 8

3.

4x2 + 6x + 2
x +1

4x + 2
x +1 4x2 + 6x + 2
4x2 + 4x
2x + 2
(2 x + 2)
0

53

D.

2 x 4 + 4 x3 7 x 2 + 9
x+3
2

4
6

7
6

0
3

9
9

2 2

= 2x3 2x2 x + 3

(x y )(x y ) + (xy )(x y ) = x(

2

E.

1.

2 + 3)

2 xy

x5 y 3 + x5 y 3
2 xy

=
=
=

y (1 + 2 ) + x (1 + 4 ) y (1 + 2 )
2 xy

(1 + 1)x 5 y 3
2 xy
5

2x y3
2 xy

= (2 2)x (5 1) y (3 1)
= x4 y2

2.

)( )

20 x 3 y 3 5 x 2 y xy 2
20 x 3 y 3 5 x (2 + 1) y (1 + 2 )
=
(1 + 2)x 2 y 2
x2 y2 + 2x2 y 2
=
=
=

20 x 3 y 3 5 x 3 y 3
3x 2 y 2

(20 5)x 3 y 3
3x 2 y 2
15 x 3 y 3
3x 2 y 2

= (15 3)x (3 2 ) y (3 2 )
= 5 xy
Lets See What You Have Learned (page 43)
A.

1.

(13x)(2x) = (13 2)x(1 + 1) = 26x2

2.

(3x2y)(5x3y4) = (3 5)x(2 + 3)y(1 + 4)

= 15x5y5

3.

(3x)(2x + 3) = (3x 2x) + (3x 3)

= 6x2 + 3x3

4.

(2x)(9x2 + 3x + 2) = (2x 9x2) + (2x 3x) + (2x 2)

= 18x3 + 6x2 + 4x
54

5.

B.

1.

2.

(3x2 + 2x)(3x2 + 2x + 1)
= [(3x2 3x2) + (3x2 2x) + (3x2 1)] + [(2x 3x2) + (2x 2x) + (2x 1)]
= (9x4 + 6x3 + 3x2) + (6x3 + 4x2 + 2x)
= 9x4 + 12x3 + 7x2 + 2x
81 y 3
= (81 9 ) y (3 2 )
2
9y
= 9y
36 x 5 + 54 x 3 36 x 5 54 x 3
=
+
6 x3
6 x3
6 x3
= (36 6 )x (5 3) + (54 6 )x (3 3)
= 6x2 + 9

3.

3x 2 x 10
x2

3x + 5
x 2 3 x x + 10
3x 2 + 6 x
2

5x + 10
(5 x + 10)
0
C.

x 4 + 26 x 2 + 60 x + 80
x+4
1

0
4

26
16

60
40

10

20

80 4
80
0

= x2 + 4x2 + 10x + 20
D. 1.

20 x 2 35 y 4
+
= (20 5)x (2 1) + (35 7 ) y (4 2 )
5x
7 y2
= 4x + 5 y 2

2.

(4 x 2 )(5 x 2 )(5 x 2 ) (4 5 5)x (2 + 2 + 2 )

=
20 x 3
20 x 3
100 x 6
=
20 x 3
= (100 20)x (6 3 )
= 5x3

55

E.

What Have You Learned? (page 45)

A.

B.

1.

monomial of the fifth degree

2.

multinomial of the sixth degree

3.

trinomial of the fifth degree

4.

binomial of the eighth degree

5.

constant polynomial (zero degree)

Total cost = 6x2 + 5y + 10y2 + 5x

If x = 3, y = 2:
6(3)2 + 5(2) + 10(2)2 + 5(3) = 54 + 10 + 40 + 15
= 119

C.

D.

1.

(x4 + 2x3 x + 2) (x2 + 3x4 2) = 2x4 + 2x3 x2 x + 4

2.

(5y6 + 3y7 + 6y) + (4y6 + 9y) = 9y6 + 3y7 + 15y

3.

(5x3 2x2 + x 1) (4x2 + 5x 4) = 5x3 6x2 4x + 3

1.

(x + 2)(x 3) = x2 3x + 2x 6
= x2 x 6

2.

(3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 6x2 + 3x + 4x + 2

= 6x2 + 7x + 2

3.

(x + 1)(3x2 x + 1) = 3x3 x2 + x + 3x2 x + 1

= 3x3 + 2x2 + 1

E.

1.

15y5 15y5 = 1

2.

(12x2 6x) 3x = (12 3)x(2 1) (6 3)x(1 1)

= 4x 2

3.

(3x2 5x 2) (x 2)
3x + 1
x 2 3x 5x 2
3x 2 6 x
2

x2
( x 2)
0
E.

(3x4 7x3 2x2 11x 3) (x 3)

3

7
9

2
6

11 3
12 3

= 3x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 1
56

References
The Math Forum. (2001). Math Forum Internet Mathematics Library. http:// forum.
swathmore. edu/library/topics/polynomials/. June 16, 2001, date accessed.
The Math Forum. (2001). The Math Forum Ask Dr. Math: Questions and Answers
From Our Archives. http//forum. swathmore.edu/dr.math/tocs/plynomial.high.html.
June 16, 2001, date accessed.
Network Solutions, Inc. (2001). The Mental Edge. http://www.learningshorcuts.com/sd2/
01/chapter A. June 16, 2001, date accessed.

57