Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 , February 2002
Application Note
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
CoolSET
ICE2xXXX for OFF Line Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
Authors:
Harald Zllinger
Rainer Kling
N e v e r
s t o p
t h i n k i n g
Contents:
OPERATING PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................................................................... 3
PROTECTION FUNCTIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 9
OVERLOAD AND OPEN-LOOP PROTECTION (FIG. 6)........................................................................................... 11
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION DURING SOFT START (FIG. 7).............................................................................. 12
FREQUENCY REDUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 13
DESIGN PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Input Diode Bridge (BR1):........................................................................................................................... 15
Determine Input Capacitor (C3): ................................................................................................................ 15
Transformer Design (TR1): ......................................................................................................................... 17
SENSE RESISTOR ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Winding Design: .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Output Rectifier (D1):.................................................................................................................................. 21
Output Capacitors (C5, C9): ....................................................................................................................... 22
Output Filter (L3, C23): .............................................................................................................................. 23
RC-Filter at Feedback Pin........................................................................................................................... 23
Soft-start capacitor ...................................................................................................................................... 24
VCC Capacitor: ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Start-up Resistor (R6, R7): .......................................................................................................................... 25
CLAMPING NETWORK:....................................................................................................................................... 26
CALCULATION OF LOSSES: ................................................................................................................................ 27
Switching losses:.......................................................................................................................................... 28
Conduction losses: ....................................................................................................................................... 28
REGULATION LOOP: .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Regulation Loop Elements:.......................................................................................................................... 30
Zeros and Poles of transfer characteristics: ............................................................................................... 31
Calculation of transient impedance ZPWM of ICE2AXXX ............................................................................. 32
Transfer characteristics:.............................................................................................................................. 33
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE (CCM) ....................................................................................................... 36
TRANSFORMER CALCULATION:.......................................................................................................................... 36
SLOPE COMPENSATION ...................................................................................................................................... 37
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 38
LAYOUT RECOMMENDATION:............................................................................................................................ 39
OUTPUT POWER TABLE ..................................................................................................................................... 40
SUMMARY OF USED NOMENCLATURE................................................................................................................ 41
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................... 42
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 2 of 44
Version 1.2
Operating Principles
The ICE2AXXX is designed for a current-mode flyback configuration in discontinous (DCM) or
continous conduction (CCM) mode.
The control circuit has a fixed frequency. The duty cycle (D) of the integrated CoolMOS
Transistor is
Transistor is swiched on, the initial state of all windings on the transformer is at
positive potential.
The rectifier diode (D1) on the secondary side is reverse biased and therefore does not conduct.
Consequently no current flows in the secondary winding. During this phase, energy is stored in the
inductance of the primary winding and the transformer can be treated as a simple series inductor.
Fig. 1 shows that there is a linear increase of the primary current (IPRI) while the CoolMOS Transistor
is on.
When the CoolMOS Transistor is swiched off, the voltage reverses on all transformer windings
(flyback action) until it is clamped by rectifier diode on the secondary side. Now the secondary rectifier
diode (D1) is conducting, and the magnetizing energy stored in the transformer core is transferred to
the secondary side during the reset interval.
In the discontinous conduction mode DCM the secondary current (ISEC) decreases from its peak
value to zero (Fig. 1). During this period the whole energy stored in the primary inductance is
transferred to the secondary side (neglecting losses and energy stored in the primary leakage
inductance), then the next storage cycle starts. Taking into account the transformer turns ratio, the
secondary voltage (VSEC) is reflected back (VR) to the primary winding and adds to the input voltage
(VDC IN + VR). An additional transient voltage may appear on the primary winding due to energy stored
in the uncoupled leakage inductance in the primary winding. This voltage is not clamped by the
secondary side winding. If the flyback current (ILPK and ISEC) does not reach zero before the next on
cycle the converter is operating in continous conduction mode (Fig. 2).
Note:
When the system shifts to continous conduction operation, its transfer function is changed to a two
pole system with low output impedance. In this case additional design rules have to be taken into
account including different loop compensation and slope compensation on the primary side.
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 3 of 44
Version 1.2
VDC IN min + VR
VDC IN
VDC IN min
Voltage
ILPK
IPEAK
IPEAK
IPEAK
ILPK
IPEAK
ISEC
ISEC
Current
0
tON
tOFF
Light load
Fig. 1
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Full load
tON
tOFF
Duty Cycle:
D=
t ON
T
Page 4 of 44
Version 1.2
CCM
DCM
VDC IN + VR
VDC IN + VR
VDC IN
VDC IN
ILPK
IPEAK
IPri0
ILPK
IPEAK
IPEAK
ISEC
ISEC
ISec0
IPEAK
tON
tOFF
tON
tOFF
Fig. 2
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 5 of 44
Version 1.2
Input stage
As shown in Fig. 3 the AC input power is rectified and filtered by the bridge rectifier (BR1) and the bulk
capacitor C3. This create a DC high voltage bus which is connected to the primary winding of the
transformer (TR1). The transformer is driven by the CoolSET
rugged CoolMOS
transistor, with an external sense resistor (R17) for precision current mesurement.
Output stage
The secondary winding power is rectified and filtered by a diode (D1), capacitors (C5, C9 and C20).
The output LC-filter (L3, C23) reduces the output voltage ripple.
Chip supply
The current in the bias winding is rectified and filtered by a diode (D2) and a resistor (R8) in order to
charge the the supply capacitor (C4). This creates a bias voltage that powers the CoolSET
ICE
2AXXX. The resistors R6 and R7 charge the VCC Cap and supply the chip during startup. The Zener
diode (D4) clamps the chip supply voltage (Vcc) in order to protect the chip in case of an over-voltage
condition. Capacitor C13 filters high frequency ripples on the chip supply voltage (Vcc).
Soft-Start
A soft-start function is activated during start-up, and can be adjusted by capacitor C14. In addition to
start-up, soft-start is activated at each restart attempt during auto-restart and when restarting after one
of the several protection functions are activated. This effectively minimizes current and voltage
stresses on the CoolMOS
MOSFET, the snubber network, and the output rectifier during start-up.
The soft-start feature further helps to minimize output overshoot and prevents saturation of the
transformer during start-up.
Clamping network
The clamping network which consists of a diode (D3), a resistor (R10) and a capacitor (C12) clamps
the voltage spike caused by the transformer leakage inductance to a safe value this limits the
avalanche losses of the CoolMOS
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
transistor.
Page 6 of 44
Version 1.2
Control Loop
The resistors R1 and R2 represent the voltage divider for the reference diode TL431CLP (IC2). R4
supplies the TL431CLP reference diode with a minimum current and R3 the LED of the optocoupler.
The network which consists of capacitors C1 and C2 determines the corner frequencies fg1 and fg2.
R5 sets the gain of the control loop.
Slope Compensation
The current mode controller becomes unstable whenever the steady state duty cycle D is larger than
0.5. In order to realize a design with a duty cycle greater 0.5, the slope of the current needs to be
compensated. The slope compensation is realized by the network consisting of capacitor C17, C18
and the resistor R19.
Ripple Reduction
Inductor L5 and capacitor C23 attenuate the differential mode emission currents caused by the
fundamental and harmonic frequencies of the primary current waveform.
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 7 of 44
Version 1.2
Circuit Diagram:
Fig. 3
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 8 of 44
Version 1.2
Protection Functions
The block diagram displayed in Fig. 4 shows the interal functions of the protection unit. The
comparators C1, C2, C3 and C4 compare the soft-start and feedback-pin voltages. Logic gates
connected to the comparator outputs ensure the combination of the signals and enables the setting of
the Error-Latch.
Fig. 4
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 9 of 44
Version 1.2
Fig. 5 shows the relation between the voltages at the soft start (Vss) and the feedback pins (VFB) of
ICE2AXXX, as a function of the supply voltage (Vcc) during an overvoltage condition at CoolSET soft
start.
Depending on the voltage levels at the inputs, the overvoltage and (Vcc PIN 7) and overload (VFB
PIN 2) protection functions are activated.
Soft start
Voltage
6.5V
Overload &
open loop
Detection
5.3V
Normal
Operation
4.0V
Overvoltage
shutdown
when Vcc
exceeds
16,5V
6.5V
Soft-start
4.8V
0.8V
Feedback
Voltage
Fig. 5
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 10 of 44
Version 1.2
t1, t2
VCC
VFB
VSS
t1 t2
t3
t4
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
t3
t4
VCC
t1, t2
VFB
VSS
Fig. 8
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 11 of 44
Version 1.2
t2
t3
VCC
VFB
VSS
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
t1, t2
t4
t5
VCC
t3
VFB
VSS
Fig. 11
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 12 of 44
Version 1.2
Frequency Reduction
The frequency of the oscillator depends on the voltage at pin FB.
Below a voltage of typ. 1.75V the frequency decreases down to 21.5 kHz.
Due to this frequency reduction the power losses in low load condition can be reduced very effectively.
This dependency is shown in Fig. 12
Fig. 12
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 13 of 44
Version 1.2
Design Procedure
for fixed frequency Flyback Converter with ICE2AXXX operating in discontinuous current mode.
Procedure
Example
VAC min
90V
VAC max
264V
Line frequency:
fAC
50Hz
POUT max
50W
POUT nom
40W
POUT min
0,5W
Output voltage:
VOUT
16V
VOUT Ripple
0,05V
Reflection voltage:
VRmax
120V
Estimated efficiency:
0,85
DC ripple voltage:
VDC IN Ripple
30V
Auxiliary voltage:
VAux
12V
Optocoupler gain:
GC
1
ICE2A365
Used CoolSET
PIN max =
POUT max
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
(Eq 1)
PIN max =
Page 14 of 44
50W
= 59W
0,85
Version 1.2
PIN MAX
V AC min cos
(Eq 2)
I ACRMS =
59W
= 1,09 A
90V 0,6
Maximum DC IN voltage
V DC max PK = V AC max 2
(Eq 3)
V DC min PK = V AC min 2
(Eq 4)
(Eq 5)
arcsin DC min
V DC min PK
TD = 5ms 1 +
90
(Eq 6)
97V
arcsin
127V = 7,7ms
T D = 5ms 1 +
90
W IN = PIN max TD
(Eq 7)
(Eq 8)
CIN =
CIN =
2 W IN
2
V DC
min PK
2
V DC
min
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
2 0,46Ws
16129V 2 9409V 2
Page 15 of 44
= 136,9F
Version 1.2
Input voltage
CIN
115V
2F/W
230V
1F/W
85V ...270V
2 ...3F/W....................
59W 3
F
= 177 F
W
B43501-........
2
V DC min = V DC
min PK
2 W IN
C IN
(Eq 9)
V DC min = 16129V 2
2 0,46Ws
= 100V
150 F
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 16 of 44
Version 1.2
Dmax =
VR max
VR max + VDC min
(Eq 10a)
D max =
120V
= 0,55
120V + 100V
I LPK =
2 PIN MAX
V DC min Dmax
(Eq 10b)
I LPK =
2 59W
= 2,16 A
100V 0,55
I LRMS = I LPK
D max
3
(Eq 11)
I LRMS = 2,16 A
0,55
= 0,92 A
3
LP =
Dmax V DC min
I LPK f
(Eq 12)
LP =
0,55 100V
2,16 A 100 *10 3 Hz
= 253H
AL = 111 nH
Passive Components.
s = 0,75 mm
Ae = 52 mm2
AN = 61 mm2
lN = 57,5 mm
LP
AL
NP =
(Eq 13)
NP =
253H
= 47,7 turns
111nH
we choose Np = 46 turns
The number of secondary turns can be calculated
as:
Ns =
N P (VOUT + V FDIODE )
V R max
(Eq 14)
Ns =
46 (16V + 0,8V )
= 6,46
120V
we choose NS = 7 turns
The number of auxiliary turns can be calculated
as:
N Aux =
Ns (V Aux + V FDIODE )
V R max
(Eq 15)
Ns =
46 (12V + 0,7V )
= 5,6
120V
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 17 of 44
Version 1.2
L P = N P2 Al
I LPK =
VR =
PIN max
0,5 Lp f
(VOUT + V FDIODE ) N P
Ns
(Eq 16)
L P = 46 2 111nH = 235H
(Eq 17)
I LPK =
(Eq 18)
VR =
59W
0,5 235H 100 *10 3 Hz
= 2,24 A
(16V + 0,8V ) 46
= 110V
7
D max =
L P I LPK f
V DC min
(Eq 19)
D max =
D ' max =
L P I LPK f
VR
(Eq 20)
D ' max =
B max =
L P I LPK
N P Ae
(Eq 21)
B max =
(Eq 22)
s=
s=
4 10 7 N P2 Ae
LP
235H 2,24 A
46 52mm 2
= 210mT
4 10 7 46 2 52mm 2
= 0,588mm
235H
Sense resistor
The sense resistance RSense can be used to
individually define the maximum peak current and
thus the maximum power transmitted.
Caution:
When calculating the maximum peak current,
short term peaks in output-power must also be
Vcsth = 1.0V typ. (taken from data sheet)
RSense =
Vcsth
I LPK
(Eq23)
R Sense =
1,0V
= 0,45
2,24 A
we select 0,43
ILPK = 2,33A
POUTmax = 54W
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 18 of 44
Version 1.2
Winding Design:
see also page 38
Transformer Construction
winding
BWe = BW 2 M
ANe =
AN BWe
BW
(Eq 24)
BWe = 15,6mm
(Eq 25)
ANe = 61mm 2
0,5
Secondary winding
0,45
Auxiliary winding
0,05
We calculate the available area for each winding:
AP =
0,5 AN f Cu BWe
N P BW
(Eq 26)
AP =
(Eq 27)
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 19 of 44
diameter dp 0,5mm
25 AWG
Version 1.2
As =
0,45 AN f Cu BWe
N s BW
(Eq 28)
As =
diameter ds 2 x 0,8mm
Aaux =
0,05 AN f Cu BW e
N aux BW
(Eq 29)
Aaux =
2 x 20 AWG
25 AWG
NP =
BWe
dP
Primary:
(Eq 30)
NP =
15,6mm
= 31 turns per layer
0,46mm
2 layer needed
Secondary:
NS =
15,6mm
= 6 turns per layer
2 1,21mm
2 layer needed
Auxiliary:
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 20 of 44
1 layer !
Version 1.2
N
V RDiode = VOUT + V DC max PK S
N
P
(Eq 31)
I SPK = I LPK
NP
NS
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
(Eq 32)
(Eq 33)
I SPK = 2,33 A
46
= 15,3 A
7
Page 21 of 44
Version 1.2
converters. Normally the capacitor will be selected needs about 10...20 internal clock periods to
for 3 major parameters: capacitance value, low reduce the duty cycle.
ESR and ripple current rating.
Max. voltage overshoot: VOUT
VOUT = 0,5V
nCP = 20
C OUT =
I OUT max n CP
VOUT f
I OUT =
3,1A 20
= 1250F
(Eq 34)
C OUT =
POUT max
VOUT
(Eq 34a)
I OUT =
(Eq 34b)
50W
= 3,1A
16V
B41859-F7108-M
Series B41856-........
IacR = 1,94A
we need 2 capacitors in parallel
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 22 of 44
Version 1.2
f ZCOUT =
1
2 R ESR C OUT
(Eq 35)
f ZCOUT =
1
= 4,7 kHz
2 0,034 1000 F
LOUT =
(C OUT R ESR )2
C LC
(Eq 36)
LOUT =
(1000uF 0,034) 2
= 2,5uH
470uF
Typical values:
C6 : 1...4,7nF
R9 : 22 Ohm
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 23 of 44
Version 1.2
Soft-start capacitor
(C14)
t Sstart = Vo 2
C SS = t Sstart
Cout
POUT max POUTnom
(Eq37)
1
R Soft Start ln(1
V Soft Start1
V REF
(Eq38)
t Sstart = 16V 2
C SS = 45ms
2470uF
= 45ms
54W 40W
1
5,1V
50k ln(1
)
6,5V
= 586nF
choose 560nF
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 24 of 44
Version 1.2
VCC Capacitor:
(C4, C13)
CVCC =
I VCC 3 t softstart
VCCHY
2
3
(Eq 39)
CVCC =
8,2mA 45ms 2
* = 49uF
3
5V
we choose 47uF
ILoadC = 70A
RStart =
VDC min
IVCC1 + I LoadC
(Eq 40)
100V
= 801k
(55 + 70) A
R Start =
t Start =
CVCC VCCon
I LoadC
(Eq 41)
t Start =
47 F 13,5V
= 8,7 s
73A
Note:
Before the IC can be plugged into the application
board, the VCC capacitor must be always
discharged!
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 25 of 44
Version 1.2
Clamping Network:
(R10/C12/D3)
(Eq 42)
analyser).
L LK = Lp x%
L LK = 235H 5% = 11,8H
C Clamp =
I LPK 2 L LK
V R + VClamp VClamp
(Eq 43)
C Clamp =
(2,24 A) 2 11,8H
= 1,2nF
(110V + 166V )166V
we choose 1,5nF
RClamp =
(VClamp + V R )2 V R2
0,5 L LK I LPK f
2
(Eq 44)
RClamp =
= 23,9k
we choose 22k
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 26 of 44
Version 1.2
Calculation of Losses:
Input diode bridge (BR1):
PDIN = I ACRMS V F 2
(Eq 45)
RPCu =
l N N P p100
AP
(Eq 46)
R PCu =
RSCu =
0,0644m 46 17,2mmm 2 / m
0,46mm 2
= 277,1m
0,0644m 7 17,2mmm2 / m
= 6,6m
2,10mm 2
2
PPCu = I LPK
D MAX 1 R PCu
3
(Eq 47)
2
PSCu = I SPK
D ' MAX 1 R SCu
3
PDDIODE = I SPK
D' max
V FDIODE
3
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
(Eq 48)
PDDIODE = 15,3 A
Page 27 of 44
0,47
0,8V = 5W
3
Version 1.2
COOLMOS TRANSISTOR:
ICE2A365
Co(er) = 30pF
Switching losses:
2
PSON = 1 C O V DC
min f
2
(Eq 49)
Conduction losses:
2
PD = 1 R DSON I LPK
D max
3
(Eq 50)
Summary of Losses:
PLosses = PSON + PD
(Eq 51)
Thermal Calculation:
Table of typical thermal Resistance [
Heatsink
No
3 cm
6 cm
DIP8
90
64
56
DIP7
96
72
65
K
]:
W
TO220
74
dT = PLosses * Rth
(Eq 52)
Tj = dT + Ta
(Eq 53)
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
dT = 0,99W * 56
K
= 55,4 K
W
Page 28 of 44
Version 1.2
6,5
Regulation Loop:
3,7
FB
VFB
VREF =2,5V
IKAmin=1mA
Fig. 13
Vout
VFD = 1,2V
IFmax =20mA (maximum current limit)
R3
R1
R4
R5
Primary side:
C1
Feedback voltage:
C2
TL431
R2
VFBmax = 4,5V
Av = 3,65
Fig. 14
I FB max =
I FB min =
VRe f int
R FB
VRe f int V FB max
R FB
(Eq 54)
(Eq 55)
I FB max =
6,5V
= 1,76mA
3,7k
I FB min =
6,5V 4,6V
= 0,5mA
3,7k
Secondary side:
R1 = R2 OUT 1
V
REF
(Eq 56)
16V
R1 = 4,3k
1 = 23,22k
2,5V
(Eq 57)
R3
R3
(VOUT
(V FD + V REF ) )
I F max
V FD + R3 FB min
Gc
R4
I KA min
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
(Eq 58)
0,5mA
1,2V + 0,75k
1
= 1,58k 1,5k
R4
1mA
Page 29 of 44
Version 1.2
FPWR(p)
VIN
FLC(p)
Vo
KVD
KFB
Fr(p)
+
Vref
Fig. 15
Transfer Characteristics of Regulation Loop Elements:
K FB =
GC 3k 7
R3
(Eq 59)
Feedback
K VD =
V
R2
= REF
R1 + R 2 VOUT
(Eq 60)
VoltageDivider
(Eq 61)
Powerstage
(Eq 62)
Output filter
FPWR ( p) =
1
Z PWM
(1 + p R ESR C 5 )
R L L P f
RL
1 + p 2 + R ESR C 5
FLC ( p) =
Fr ( p) =
1 + p R ESR C9
1 + p RESR C9 + p 2 L C9
1 + p R5 (C1 + C 2 )
R1 R 2
p
C1 (1 + p R5 C 2)
R1 + R 2
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 30 of 44
(Eq 63)
Regulator
Version 1.2
R LH =
f OH =
f OL =
VOUT 2
16V 2
=
= 4,9
POUT max
54W
R LL =
(Eq 64)
1
R LL C 5
f OL =
(Eq 65)
1
= 31,1Hz
4,9 2000F
(Eq 66)
1
= 0,31Hz
512 2000F
(Eq 67)
f OH =
R LH C 5
VOUT 2
16V 2
=
= 512
POUT min 0,5W
We use the gain (Gc) of the optocoupler stage KFB and the voltage divider KVD as a constant.
K FB =
GC 3k 7
R3
K VD =
V
R2
= REF
R1 + R 2 VOUT
KFB = 4,9
KVD = 0,15
GFB = 13,9db
GVD = -16,4db
With adjustment of the transfer characteristics of the regulator we want to reach equal gain within the
operating range and to compensate the pole fo of the powerstage FPWR().
Because of the compensation of the output capacitors zero (see page 22 Eq35, Eq36) we neglect it
as well as the LC-Filter pole.
Consequently the transfer characteristic of the power stage is reduced to a single-pole response.
In order to calculate the gain of the open loop we have to select the cross-over frequency.
We calculate the gain of the Power-Stage with max. output power at the selected cross-over
frequency
fg = 3kHz:
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 31 of 44
Version 1.2
Z PWM =
VFB
R
= Av sense
I pk
Vcsth
Z PWM =
V FB
0,43
V
= 3,65
= 1,57
I pk
1,00V
A
(Eq 68)
FPWR ( fg ) =
1
Z PWM
RL L p f
1
2
2
1 + fg
fo
(Eq 69)
= 0,05
2
1,7
2
3000
1+
31,1
GPWR(3kHz) = -26,2db
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 32 of 44
Version 1.2
Transfer characteristics:
50
Gr()
GPWR()
KFB
Low-load
0
KVD
GLC()
GPWR()
50
1
10
100
3
1 10
1 10
5
1 10
Full-load
Fig. 16
Gr = 0 (-28,7db) = 28,7db
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 33 of 44
Version 1.2
Fr ( p) =
1 + p R5 (C1 + C 2) )
R1 R 2
p
C1 (1 + p R5 C 2)
R1 + R 2
Gr = 20 log
R5 (R1 + R 2)
R1 R 2
Gr
R5 = 10 20
R5 = 10
fp =
1
2 R5 C 2
C2 =
32 , 2
20
R1 R 2
R1 + R 2
(Eq 70)
1
2 R5 fg
C2 =
1
= 530 pF 560pF
2 100k 3kHz
(Eq 71)
In order to have enough phase margin @ low load condition we select the zero frequency of the
compensation network to be at the middle between the min. and max. load poles of the power stage.
f om = f oh 10
fz =
0,5log
f ol
f oh
1
2 R5 (C1 + C 2)
f om = 31,1Hz 10
C1 =
C1 =
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
0,5log
0,15
31,1
= 3,2 Hz
1
C2
2 R5 fom
1
560 pF = 492nF 470nF
2 100k 3,2 Hz
Page 34 of 44
(Eq 72)
Version 1.2
80
Low-load
Full-load
67
54
41
28
15
2
11
24
37
50
1
10
100
1 10
4
1 10
5
1 10
Fig. 17
10
28
66
104
142
180
1
10
100
1 10
4
1 10
5
1 10
Fig. 18
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 35 of 44
Version 1.2
Ipk
Iprim
Isec
A*Ipk
tON
tOFF
Fig. 19
Transformer calculation:
The transformer is calculated in such a way that
DCM operation is just barely reached (A=0) at
minimum output power POmin.
Pomin = 2W
Pomax = 10W
Dmax = 0,6
p=
p=
Po max
Po min
Ipk =
Lp =
Po min + Po max
Dmax Vdc min
Po max ( p + 1)2 * Dmax
Ipk 2 f p
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
10W
=5
2W
Ipk =
Lp =
2W + 10W
= 0,25 A
0,6 100V 0,8
Page 36 of 44
= 6,91mH
Version 1.2
Slope Compensation
Slope compensation is necessary for stable regulator operation in Continuous Conduction Mode
(CCM), up to and beyond a duty cycle of 0.5 (see also [4]).
An simple method of slope compensation using the components R19, C17 and C18 is illustrated in the
circuit diagram on page 3 .
VFB
-VFBkorr
Ipk
mkorr = m2/2
Iprim
m1=Vi/Lp
m2=n*Vo/Lp
ton
Isec
Fig. 20
n=
V R = n Vo
m2 =
n Vo V R
=
Lp
Lp
np
ns
m korr =
V
m2
= R
2
2 Lp
m korr =
V 5us
V FBkorr = R
Z PWM
2 Lp
V FBkorr
5us
RComp (R19):
RComp =
t
V
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 37 of 44
Version 1.2
Transformer Construction
The winding topology has a considerable influence on the performance and reliability of the transformer.
In order to reduce leakage inductance and proximity to acceptable limits, the use of a sandwich construction is recommended.
In order to meet international safety requirements a transformer for Off - Line power supply must have adequate insulation
between primary and secondary windings.
This can be achieved by using a margin-wound construction or by using triple insulated wire for the secondary winding.
The creepage distance for the universal input voltage range is typically 8mm. This results in a minimum margin width (as a half
of the creepage distance) of 4mm. Additionally the neccesary insulation between primary and secondary winding is provided
using three layers of basic insulation tape.
half
distance
Secondary
Triple insulation
Auxiliary
Primary first
half
margin
margin
Fig. 21
Example of winding topology with triple insulated wire for secondary winding:
BW*
Primary second
half
Triple Insulated
Secondary
Wire
Auxiliary
Primary first
half
Fig. 22
BW* : value from bobbin datasheet
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 38 of 44
Version 1.2
Layout Recommendation:
Fig. 23
In order to avoid crosstalk on the board between power and signal path we have to use care regarding
the track layout when designing the PCB.
The power path (see Fig. 23) has to be as short as possible and needs to be separated from the VCC
Path and the feedback path. All GND paths have to be connected together at pin 8 (star ground) of
ICE2AXX.
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 39 of 44
Version 1.2
CoolSET Table
DevICE
Package
Current
Rdson
Pout @
Pout @
190Vacin
85Vacin
Ta=75C / Tj = 125C
Ta=75C / Tj = 125C
Heatsink
Frequency
KHz
VDS=650V
ICE2A0565
DIP8
0.5
6.0
23
13
6 cm
100
ICE2A0565Z
DIP7
0.5
6.0
21
12
6 cm
100
ICE2A165
DIP8
1.0
3.0
31
18
6 cm
100
ICE2B165
DIP8
1.0
3.0
31
18
6 cm
67
ICE2A265
DIP8
2.0
0.9
52
32
6 cm
100
ICE2B265
DIP8
2.0
0.9
52
32
6 cm
67
ICE2A365
DIP8
3.0
0.45
67
45
6 cm
100
ICE2B365
DIP8
3.0
0.45
73
45
6 cm
67
ICE2A765P
TO220
7.0
0.5
240
130
2.7 k/W
100
ICE2B765P
TO220
7.0
0.5
240
130
2.7 k/W
67
VDS=800V
ICE2A180
DIP8
1.0
3.0
31
18
6 cm
100
ICE2A180Z
DIP7
1.0
3.0
29
17
6 cm
100
ICE2A280
DIP8
2.0
0.8
54
34
6 cm
100
ICE2A280Z
DIP7
2.0
0.8
50
31
6 cm
100
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 40 of 44
Version 1.2
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Transistor (On
Page 41 of 44
Version 1.2
References
[1]
Keith Billings,
Switch Mode Power Supply Handbook
[2]
Ralph E. Tarter,
Solid-State Power Conversion Handbook
[3]
[4]
Herfurth Michael,
Ansteuerschaltungen fr getaktete Stromversorgungen mit Erstellung eines linearisierten
Signalfluplans zur Dimensionierung der Regelung
[5]
Herfurth Michael,
Topologie, bertragungsverhalten und Dimensionierung hufig eingesetzter
Regelverstrker
[6]
[7]
on Board,
Robert W. Erickson,
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
Page 42 of 44
Version 1.2
Page of
actual
prev. Rel.
Rel.
44
40
----------
Second Issue
For questions on technology, delivery and prices please contact the Infineon Technologies Offices in
Germany or the Infineon Technologies Companies and Representatives worldwide: see the address
list on the last page or our webpage at
http://www.infineon.com
CoolMOS and CoolSET are trademarks of Infineon Technologies AG.
Edition 2001-03-01
Published by Infineon Technologies AG,
St.-Martin-Strasse 53,
D-81541 Mnchen
AN-SMPS-ICE2xXXX-1
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Version 1.2
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Version 1.2