THE END of POVERTY?

the award-winning
DOCUMENTARY
The aphorism "The poor are always with us" dates back to the New Testament, but
while the phrase is still sadly apt in the 21st century, few seem to be able to explain
why poverty is so widespread. Activist filmmaker Philippe Diaz examines the history
and impact of economic inequality in the third world in The End of Poverty?, and
makes the compelling argument that it's not an accident or simple bad luck that has
created a growing underclass around the world. Diaz traces the growth of global
poverty back to colonization in the 15th century, and features interviews with a
number of economists, sociologists, and historians who explain how poverty is the
clear consequence of free-market economic policies that allow powerful nations to
exploit poorer countries for their assets and keep money in the hands of the wealthy
rather than distributing it more equitably to the people who have helped them gain
their fortunes. Diaz also explores how wealthy nations (especially the United States)
seize a disproportionate share of the world's natural resources, and how this
imbalance is having a dire impact on the environment as well as the economy..

JOHN PERKINS author, economist USA

________________ people die from hunger or hungerrelated diseases.
From the most rational economic standpoint this system
is a ________________.
Less than ________ of the worlds population live in the
USA while they consume over ________ of the world
resources and create ________ of its major pollution.
ERIC TOUSSANT author, president of the CADTM,
Belgium
EDGARDO LANDER professor, historian Venezula
(Committee for the Abolition of the Third World Debt - CADTMs specific focus is the Third
World Debt and its aim is to achieve the cancellation of the external public debt in third world
countries and subsequently to break the spiral of deeper and deeper indebtedness by setting up
models of socially fair and environmentally sustainable development.)

The key date is ________. From that point on we can

talk about _________________. The _________________ and
modern times started at the moment of the
_________________.
The colonisation and the submission of the peoples of
the Americas by the ________ and the ________.
The way the Bristish justified the expropriation of the
land was to use their own legal system. In 1897 the
colonial government decreed that in countires where
there is no ________ form of government the land
belongs to the ________ of England and they

appropriated ultimate ________ to the land they passed

laws and gave settlers ________ ________.
Land
was
confiscated,
appropriated
by
the
conqistadors and the colonisers throughout in South
America, Asia and Africa either by ________ or imposing
________ on heads and huts that the people couldnt pay.
Today more than ________ years later and dozens of
years after the independence of the countries people
still dont have their lands back which are still in the
hands of large _______________ and _________________
_________________.
IN KENYA, AT THE END OF COLONIAL TIMES THE
WHITE ________ % OWNED ________ % OF THE
ARABLE LAND.
Case study 1: Brazilian sugar-cane workers
(Sao Paolo)
Having had their natural economy destroyed it forced
to people to work for their new masters. It is estimated
that today ________ million people still live in
_______________ condition all over the world. They work
with
their
families
on
_______________
and
_______________ in exchange for _______________and
_______________.
1. What are some adversities the sugar-cane workers
have to face?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2.
What
does
their
_______________________

daily

wage

come

to?

WILLIAM EASTERLY author, economist USA

MICHAEL WATTS author, professor USA
EDGARDO LANDER professor, historian Venezula

Colonialism had very negative, lasting consequences

that we still have today colonialism is one of the big
reasons why some countries are still poor. For the left
legacy of violence the most obvious example is
_______________ Millions of Africans were _______________
_______________ and taken across the ocean under
horrific conditions to be slaves of the _______________
powers
What are the prerequsities for capitalism? Capitalism
cannot operate without _______________ . Its a key cost
of production.
The European empires were built upon the riches
stolen from the _______________ and on cheap or free
labor provided by the _______________. The gold mines of
Brazil and the silver mines of Bolivia (Potosi) provided
the
European
empires
the
_______________
_______________
to
start
and
finance
their
_______________ _______________.
The transfer of
_______________ _______________ ,
mainly gold and silver, was the main reason for the
accumulation of _______________ that took place in the
Netherlands, the UK. This extraordinary wealth was the
starting point for the English _______________ process
and financed their industrial _______________.
Case study 2: Potosi miners (Bolivia)
In Potosi, in the bowels of the richest mine in South
America, miners of Potosi have built a museum to
_______________ the memory of their _______________ and
their loss.
- Eduardo Galeano: With all the silver that was taken
out of Potosi it would have been possible to build a
_______________ from _______________ to _______________.
Another bridge could have been built from Potosi to
Spain from the _______________ of people who died in the
mine.

- How many people are said to have died in Potosi?

_______________
- What problems did the African slaves have in Potosi?
____________

IN 1503-1660 SPAIN TOOK ENOUGH ________ FROM

THE NEW WORLD TO MULTIPLY EUROPEAN
RESERVES BY ________.

To maintain the level of wealth extraction the

conquerors needed to keep their colonies in a state of
________. They assigned a function to each country or
region as the producer of certain ________ or ________
that could be exported back to the mother country. This
imposed monoculture plunged the colony into a locked
economy. The ________ of their people now depended on
the ________ of the motherland from which they had to
import food.
Case studies for locked economies Venezuela
and Brazil
NORA CASTANEDA Womens Bank President,
Venezuela
What different powers taking turns oppressing them
does
she
mention?
_______________________________________________
What two purposes did natives use oil for?
_____________________
What did Venezuela turn into from an agricutltural
country?
______________________________________________________
What natural resources has Brazil been exporting?

JOAO PEDRO
leader, Brazil

STEDILE

Landless

Movement

What natural resources are meant to be used to solve?

____________
How many people are starving in Brazil every day?
_______________
Where do Brazilians import goods and staple foods
from?
_______________________________________________________
IN LATIN-AMERICA THE RICHEST 1% OF THE
POPULATION RECEIVES OVER ________ TIMES AS
MUCH INCOME AS THE ________1%
Having obtained ________ ________ and ________
________the Europeans
now needed to create new
markets for their own productions. They separated
agriculture form industry, thus preventing the farmers
from making their own tools, clothes and other utensils
and transforming them into ________ ________. All
existing industries were destroyed and the colonies
were forced to buy manufactured goods and equipment
from their colonial masters.

SERGE LATOUCHE author professor, France

ERIC TOUSSANT author, president of the CADTM,
Belgium
- It meant the destruction of ________ ________ stucture
as well as the ________________ and ________________
In the 18 century Indian textile was of much better
quality than that of the English. So they destroyed
Indian textile industry preventing merchants within the
________ ________from exporting fabrics from India its
the case of________________, plundering, destruction.
Everything was produced in London using Indian

techniques,
such
textiles
was
________and forced upon ________

exported

from

We also destroyed ________________. If one looks at the

appearance of ________it corresponds with the
destruction of ________________structures and with the
________ ________ imposed by the British.
CLIFFORD COBB author, historian, USA
One of the legacies of colonialism is that the poor
countries of the Third World are continuing to export
________ ________ to Europe and North America
producing export finished products. This stems from a
practice that was developed long ago and the intention
was to make sure that the countries of the Third World
remain backward and ________ and are never able to
develop. So to this day they are continuing to ________
on the export of raw materials. This has always been to
the disadvantage of the country exporting the raw
materials and it gets worse each year.
Primitive accumulation is to privatize the means of production, so that the exploiting owners can
make money from the surplus labour of those who, lacking other means, must work for them.

SINCE 1960, THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES HAVE

SUFFERED A ________ DROP IN PRICE OF
AGRICULTURAL
________
COMPARED
TO
MANUFACTURED ________.
THE RICHEST ____ OF THE WORLDS POPULATION
OWNS ____ OF THE WEALTH.
The accumulation of resources on the Northern
Hemisphere created this huge ________ making the
North extremely wealthy allowing Europe to develop its
industries and to create ________ societies. While people
living in the South became destitute, only able to watch
their natural economy being destroyed and replaced by
a ________ ________.
MICHAEL WATTS author, professor USA

Something can only become a market if its taken out

of a non-market context. Something has to be bought
and sold. It can only be a strategic resource if precisely
if you ________ this resource. Primitive acculmulation is
recursive. It happens from time and time again under
different kind of circumstances. The reality is that we
are no less dependent on key________ ________ now that
we were in 1890. Its not just about oil but a whole raft
of resources that are absolutely ________.
OKOTH OGENDO LAW PROFESSOR, KENYA
What are not we as much interested in whats going on
in Somalia as we are in Sudan, Angola and the Congo?
_______________________
_______________________________________________________
CASE STUDY 5. WORKING LADIES, RECIFE, BRAZIL
TODAY more than 1 ________ people LIVE in SLUMS
of THE SOUTH.
ERIC TOUSSANT author, president of the CADTM,
Belgium
From when did we begin to abolish empires?
____________________
What ideology do the one-time colonies come under?
_______________________________________________________
Why does he say that policies forced upon the indebted
countries of the South are dictated from Washington?
_______________________________________________________

CASE
STUDY
VENEZUELA

6.

Indebtness

CARACAS,

When the countries of the South won their

independence the accumulated debts of the colonial
powers used to open new markets were ________ to the

newly-formed governments in total violation of

international laws. The only solution offered by the
North was more debt with extremely high interest in
order to repay the initial one. These newly-formed
states immediately lost their ________ and became even
more dependent upon the Northern countries, which
could then dictate policies on ________,
________,
________
and give special priviligies to foreign ________ such as
monopolies over mineral extraction or monoculture
exploitation.
ERIC TOUSSANT author, president of the CADTM,
Belgium
What was the World Banks take on the situation?
You _____ us so youll follow our advice n well tell you
how to_____. Take more _____ to build larger
infrastructures to export your natural resources.
JOHN PERKINS author, economist USA
Why are not loans going to help poor people?
___________________
_____________________________________________________
SUSAN GEORGE- author, Transnational Institute,
France
How much is Sub-Saharan Africa paying every minute to
Northern creditors as debt repayment? _________________
It is actually the South that is financing the North.
What does total sum of this financing come to by year?
___________
Case Study 7. RAUL RAMIREZ Planning Ministry
Director, Bolivia
Who is paying the price of the badly-utilized state-loans
in Bolivia?
___________________________________________________
What does the sum of the accumulated debt come to?
___________

What is Bolivias population? ___________

Make the calculation! What exactly is the debt per
capita? ________
(It almost coincides with the GDP!)
CLIFFORD COBB author, historian, USA
Poverty in the North largely exists because the
resources are owned by a small elite, ________ and
________. In the South the same is true. The resource
division is equally skewed towards a small ________ but
the South also faces unbalanced ________ and the
problem of ________. Poverty exist in every country in
the world there is no denying that. But the poverty is
much more extreme in the countries that are dealing
with this triple problem: ________ ________ ________
power over resources.
THE DEVELOPING WORLD SPENDS _____ DOLLARS
ON DEBT REPAYMENT FOR EVERY _____ DOLLAR IT
RECEIVES IN GRANTS
By the beginning of the 20th century, the entire third
world had been split up amongst the powers of the
North. The two world wars forced the North to create
new tools to stabilize the now global economy. The
________ and the ________ ________ were created with
such an agenda but rapidly turned their focus toward
the Third World where new leaders trying to bring
economic independence to their countries had
emerged. The reaction was swift and used all the tools
available to bring these countries back to their previous
role, like the ________ of the World Bank and the
________________ ________________ programs of the IMF.
These would later lead to the crises in Latin America,
Asia and Russia and plunge millions below the
________________ ________ This new U.S.-born economic
model became known as ________________ and the set of
policies used to enforce it became the ________________
________________ which forced all economies to let the
________ govern everything.
EDGARDO
LANDER,
VENEZUELA

professor

historian,

Neoliberalism is a project which aims to profoundly

transform these societites. In Latin Americait means a
restructuring
of
the
________________
sector,
________________ in goods on the national market, the
profound process of ________________. It ________________
Latin American economies and returns it to basic
production. This form of reintegration is characteristic of
classic ________________ in need of ______________
______________.

JOSEPH STIGLITZ former World Bank VicePresident, Nobel Prize economics, USA
Among what 3 institutions was the set of policies, the
Washington Consensus reached?
the ________, the ________ and the US ________________
What was its particular view that did NOT reflect a
good economic theory? It had a particular
________________ view of ecomics
SUSAN GEORGE- author, Transnational Institute,
France
JIM SHULTZ president, Democracy Center,
Cochabamba, Bolivia
ABEL MAMANI, Water Minister, Bolivia
All of the public companies has had to be
______________ () under structural adjustment
programs. So you get an opportunity for private
companies to extract wealth () Their number was
____________ to _____________ companies a year. They
were sometimes bought by local ________, particularly
the larger ones were bought by our own
______________ _____________.
Bolivia was the _________, the cheap ________ for
these
policies,
privatisation,
market
fundamentalism.

Railroads have practically disappeared since they

were privatized In the east we dont have trains
anymore. They have been entirely dismantled. Last
month workers went 7 months withour wages. The
country has been destroyed and thats the
consequence of ________________.
The Bolivian government, following a decision and an
order
from
the
________________
decided
to
________________ the water and to do so started the
following. First they passed a law concerning
drinkable water and gave a 40-year concession to the
international corporation, Bechtel. The water war
started within the rural population. It came as a result
of
the
aggression
of
the
_______________
_______________ and of our _____________ governments
toward the collective heritage of the people. This
privatisation is an aberration of our conception of the
________ and farming communities that water is the
________ of Pachamama (Mother Earth).
Neoliberalism - Neoliberalism is the resurgence of ideas associated with economic liberalism beginning
in the 1970s and 1980s, whose advocates support extensive economic liberalization, free trade, and
reductions in government spending in order to enhance the role of the private sector in the economy.

ALMOST
________________ OF THE WORLDS
POPULATION HAS NO ACCESS TO ________________
________________ WATER.
JOHN CHRISTENSEN DIRECTOR, TAX JUSTICE
NETWORK, THE UK
The IMF and the WORLD BANK by liberalizing capital
flows opened up a wholy new criminal environment
where capital can be shifted into tax havens (territories or
countries where certain taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all Individuals or corporations
can find it attractiveto move themselves to areas with reduced or nil taxation levels. This

around the world

and evade tax. This has happened on a truly
astonishing scale. According to the most recent
estimates the volume of ________ now held offshore
by rich individuals is ________________ US dollars a
stunningly large figure. And for those people who
creates a situation of tax competition among governments.)

want to tackle poverty this raises intriguing

questions. Because if we were able to tax that capital
even at a very modest rate, at 30% of the income we
would be able to raise 255 billion dollars a year of
extra tax revenue* around the world. Which could be
used for all sorts of brilliant purposes but with more
than the MDG Program (Millenium Development
Goal) to ______________ poverty.
*tax revenue - adbl szrmaz llami jvedelem
The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which range from halving
extreme poverty rates to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal
primary education, all by the target date of 2015 form a blueprint agreed to by
all the worlds countries and all the worlds leading development institutions. They
have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the worlds poorest.

ERIC TOUSSANT author, president of the

CADTM, Belgium
What do The World Bank and the IMF demand? A
raise in ________ paid mainly by the poor / That the
poor
pay
to
receive
________________
and
________________.
What is the result of the privatization of the health
and education system? One waits until the family
________________
enough
money
for
proper
treatment / One of three people dies without having
been ________________.

ERIC MGENDI Communications Coordinator,

Action Aid, Kenya
How is the health system different from what it used
to be like?
People used to get drugs ________________ Health care
used to be run by the ________.
Why do people die of simple things like malaria?
Because they cannot afford to pay the small ________
required to run the hospitals.
What did the World Bank insist? That the health bill is
too ________: the government has to reduce its
________________.

What did the governments reducing its expenditure

leave the majority of people without? An ________ to
health facilities and education
CASE STUDY 7. KIBERA SLUM, Nairobi, Kenya
How much is the slum-dweller Joseph supposed to
pay
for
the
exam
and
school
fees?
__________________________________
What
does
his
mother
earn?
______________________________
What adversities do Joseph and his family face?
_____________________________________________________
IN
1970,
________________
PEOPLE
WERE
SUFFERING FROM ________________ TODAY THERE
ARE ________________
CLIFFORD COBB author, historian, USA
There is a great irony today that the developed
countries of the world are talking about ________
________ as if thats the solution to the problem of
poverty in the world. Much of the history of the last
couple of centuries has been an effort of countries to
become ___________________ _________________ through
tariffs* to be able to develop _______________________
________. ()
Now because the USA and European powers have
prevented Third World countries from doing that, and
in fact are imposing tariffs to prevent the import of
the ________ ________ from Third World countries and
in fact are not practising ________ ________ its all their
way of keeping the Third World in their place and
preventing them from ever developing.
tariffs*(vmilletk) it is a tax on imports or exports
manufactured goods *(gyri ruk) finished goods *
kszru

CASE STUDY 8. KISUMU REGION, KENYA

What happened in 2013 under the guise of
government
investment?
__________________________________________
(Dominion Group of Companies)

What problems did dam-building cause for indigenous

people?
The river ________ crops got ________, livestock
________, health-adversive ________ spraying sickened
them
We are subjected to a life of servitude in our own
ancestral land
______________________________________________________
Neo-liberalism managed to ________________ many of
the economies of the South which allowed
international capital to take over. This was achieved
by imposing a new form of structural violence that
was used for decades to ___________ these countries
in a state of under-development. Such violence was
implemented by the __________ of the South and their
repressive apparatus which finally brought social
________ that was unkind to the ________ ________
economies. Special Agents and Economic Hit Men*
were born and became the new less means to
maintain such control over the globes resources.
JOHN PERKINS author, economist USA
According to his book, Perkins' function was to
convince the political and financial leadership of
underdeveloped countries to accept enormous
development loans from institutions like the World
Bank. Saddled (megterhelve) with debts they could
not hope to pay, those countries were forced to
acquiesce (belenyugszik) to political pressure from
the United States on a variety of issues. Perkins
argues in his book that developing nations were
effectively neutralized politically, had their wealth
gaps driven wider and economies crippled in the long
run. Perkins describes the role of an Economic hit
man as follows: Economic hit men (EHMs) are
highly paid professionals who cheat countries around
the globe out of trillions of dollars. They funnel
(tlcsrrel tlt) money from the World Bank, the U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID), and
other foreign "aid" organizations into the coffers (the

of huge corporations
and the pockets of a few wealthy families who control
the planet's natural resources.
money that an organization has available to spend )

Their tools included fraudulent (csalrd) financial

reports, rigged (bundzott) elections, payoffs (bribes,
lefizetsek), extortion (blackmailing, zsarols) sex,
and murder. They play a game as old as empire, but
one that has taken on new and terrifying dimensions
during this time of globalization
CASE STUDY 9. SADDAM HUSSEIN AS JACKAL,
SUBVERSANT
Why did the USA decide to get Qasim Iraqi president
assasinated in 1963? Because he wanted to get more
of the profits from ___________ to go to the
________________ - not to the ___________ ___________.
What two roles did Saddam Hussein play in rapid
succession in the process in question? the US hired
_____________ and the 5th ____________ of Iraq
CUTTING GLOBAL POVERTY IN HALF WOULD
COST ____________ DOLLARS, LESS THAN __________
OF THE ____________ BUDGET
For decades, poverty reduction and development
programs have failed to confront the different forms
of power and the structural violence that hold more
than two thirds of the world in dire straits (nagy
nyomorban). Our chosen economic model has
created a global situation in which today less than
25% of the worlds population uses more than 80%
of the planets resources while creating 70% of its
pollution.
CASE STUDY 10. ESSO SLUM, TANZANIA * MNCs
(Multi.Corps.)
How are the locals put at a disadvantage against the
MNCs?
MNCs were given the most productive areas to
mine on.

MNCs are hugely mechanized

Veins interconnect underground. What would happen
to a small miner if he happened to work on the same
vein as the company? Hell be shot.

The World Bank and the IMF putting pressure on

____________ nations, coming up with conditions so
that these countries stay eligible for ____________
______ and were further putting pressure on them to
allow ____________ in their countries so that they can
help people to create jobs.
People are being ____________ here severely. A lot of
money that could have been used by the ______ are
being ____________ out into by some foreign
countries.
IN AFRICA, IN THE 1990s THE NUMBER OF
PEOPLE LIVING ON LESS THAN ____________ A DAY
ROSE FROM 273 MILLION TO 328 MILLION.
MILOON KOTHARI, UN RAPPORTEUR, INDIA
Many peoplell have to be forced into ____________,
somell have to ______ because were following the
wrong economic model. We have evidence from
Latin-America, Africa that these policies have not
worked.
TRICKLE-DOWN EFFECT - is an economic phenomenon
whereby low-income groups benefit indirectly from the
accumulation of wealth of those having higher incomes; that
is, the income is said to "trickle down" from the rich to the
poor. This phenomenon happens as a result of economic
growth. For example, the rich make investments to enhance
their wealth, and those investments can generate new jobs.

The theory fails to take into account of openness of todays

market, since the benefit that the rich receive may not
necessarily create more job opportunity for middle and lower
class in their country. For instance, if the increase in
investment and spending are mainly focus abroad then the
follow-up (utlagos) benefit will not trickle down to the
workers.
The benefit given to the rich may not necessarily trickle
down, depending on their propensity to consume. If most of
the benefit are saved then the amount benefit that will trickle
will be much smaller. There is also a doubt that the increase
in wealth of the rich can be spent more effectively than
funding other governmental development project in the form
of tax.

CLIFFORD COBB author, historian, USA

How is it possible that in countries in which theres
growing wealth therere actually more poor people
than there were before? Why ______ - ______
economics does not work? Why doesnt wealth trickle
down from the rich to the poor? There are fixed
amount of ______ ____________ in the world and those
who own the resources are able to charge higher and
higher prices for the as the economy develops.
Consider the fictitious example: what would happen if
we lived in a society in which theres only one oasis
that had all the water, which everyone had to come
for their water supply. If a single person owned that
water supply we would all be forced to pay as much
money as we were able to. () If you lived in that
society and you were having to pay huge amounts for
some resource - that could in fact be owned by all
because it came from nature - and theres no

particular reason for one person to own it. After a

while they would begin to feel intense resentment
(neheztels) trying to overthrow the people who own
that resource.
Poverty in the world cannot possibly be eliminated
unless the poor themselves say we insist on _________
not _________ One example of this justice is
_____________ international debt. A second element
would be to change the tax system in every country
of the world. Right now most taxes fall on the poor in
the form of ______________ taxes and taxes on
___________ (income tax) (taxing income taxes what people contribute
to the economy, while taxing consumption taxes what they take out) If justice
is to be done most of the taxes must fall on
_____________ _____________ and not on wages, not on
people. Third: the poor should demand agrarian,
______ reform. Restoring land to the people who
actually work on it instead of a few land owners. A
fourth thing is to ______________ of natural resources
(the act of transferring ownership from the ______ sector to
the ______ sector. It occurs when a government attempts to
maintain the stability of its critical infrastructure when theres
an economic distress).

Weve seen in Bolivia thats possible where the

Bolivian people actually took back that water that had
been given to Bechtel, and they forced Bechtel out of
the country. And now the Bolivian people once more
own that water.
The resources of naturere given to all of us and yet
a handful of people and corporations have control of
them oil companies being a prime example that
everyones familiar with. If we could enable everyone
to benefit from those resources we could end poverty.
And the way to do that is by restoring the idea if
Commons. (a javak)
(The commons is the cultural and natural resources
accessible to all members of a society, including natural
materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These
resources are held in common, not owned privately. When
commonly held property is transformed into private property
this process is termed "privatization.")

The resources that are currently being privatized in

the hands of the corporate share-holders of oil
companies.
Case Study 11. GREAT RIFT VALLEY, KENYA, teaplucking laborers
Our chosen economic system always was and still is
financed by the ______. They did so first by
____________ their land and their ______ to natural
resources, then by financing its expansion through
______ ____________, ______ ______, and unjust taxes on
their labor and consumption. In addition, by forcing
the poor to overpay for energy, food, and other basic
necessities, the North ensures povertyll deepen,
inequalities increase.
SERGE LATOUCHE author professor, France, on
A/DE-GROWT H
ALVARO GARCIA LINERA vice-president, Bolivia
on EMANCIPATION
16 000 CHILDREN DIE EACH DAY FROM HUNGER
OR HUNGER-RELATED DISEASES.

The first attempts to commercialize fair trade goods in Northern markets were
initiated in the 1940s and 1950s by religious groups and various politically oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Fair trade is an organized social movement whose
stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and
to promote sustainability. Members of the movement advocate the payment of higher prices
to exporters, as well as higher social and environmental standards. The movement seeks to
promote greater equity in international trading partnerships through dialogue,
transparency, and respect. It promotes sustainable development by offering better trading
conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers in developing
countries.