MATH1081 Test 1 past paper solutions

c
UNSW
MATHSOC 2013

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Version 2008 1A
1. Let u {5m 8 | m Z}. Then we can write u = 5m 8 for some m Z. We
have
u = 5m 8 = 5m 10 + 2 = 5(m 2) + 2
and with a bit of work, we can see that
{5m 8 | m Z} = {5n + 2 | n Z}.
Let v {5n + 2 | n Z}. Taking n odd, write n = 2r + 1. We can then write
v = 5n + 2 = 5(2r + 1) + 2 = 10r + 7.
So v {10k + 7 | k Z}. It follows then that
{10k + 7 | k Z} {5m 8 | m Z}
since if n is even, v
/ {10k + 7 | k Z}. 2

2. Let f : A B, g : B C, and x, y A. Suppose g f : A C is injective.

This means that
if

(g f )(x) = (g f )(y),

then x = y.

Now let f (x) = f (y). Then

(g f )(x) = (g f )(f (x)) = g(f (y)) = (g f )(y).
Thus x = y. This proves that f is injective. 2

3. Let k > 1.
LHS =

1
1

2
(k 1)
(k + 1)2

(k + 1)2 (k 1)2
(k 1)2 (k + 1)2

k 2 + 2k + 1 (k 2 2k + 1)
(k 1)2 (k + 1)2

(k 2

4k
1)2

= RHS.

Now
n
X
k=1

(k 2

k
1)2
n

4k
1X
=
2
4 k=2 (k 1)2
=

1
4

5
.
16

n
X

1
1

2
(k 1)
(k + 1)2
k=2

 
 
 


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 2 +
+
+
+ ...
=

4
3
22 42
32 52
44 62


1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 4 ...
4
2
3
3
4
4


1
1
1+
=
4
4

These are telescoping sums. We can rearrange them because

1
1

0 as k ,
2
(k 1)
(k + 1)2
and because the sum converges. 2?

2008 Version 1B
1. Let A1 = {a}, A2 = A1 {A1 }, A3 = A2 {A2 }.
i.
A3 = A2 {A2 }
= [A1 {A1 }] {A1 {A1 }}
= {a} {{a}} {{a} {{a}}}.
So the elements of A3 are a, {a}, {{a}}. 2
ii.

a. {{a}} A3 . True. {{a}} is in the list of elements of A3 .

b. {{a}} A3 . True, as {a} A3 .
(This question hurts our brain, someone please check this working!)

2. See 2008 version 1A, Q2.

3. Let k > 1. We have

LHS =

6
7
1
+
k1 k k+1

(k + 1) 7(k 1) 6
+
(k 1)(k + 1
k

8 6k 6
+
k2 1 k

8k 6k 2 + 6(k 2 1)
k(k 2 1)

8k 6
k(k 2 1).

So
n
X
4k 3
k(k 2 1)
k=1
n

1 X 8k 6
=
2 k=2 k(k 2 + 1)
n

1X 1
6
7
+
2 k=2 k 1 k k + 1






1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
=
1 + + + ... + 6
+ + + ... 7
+ + + ...
2
2 3
2 3 4
3 4 5





1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1+7
+ + + ... 7
+ + + ...
=
2
2 3 4
3 4 5


1
7
=
1+
2
2
=

9
= . 2
4

2009 Version 1B
1. Let A1 = {a, b, c}, A2 = P(A1 ), A3 = P(A2 ).
i. |A3 | = 2|A2 | = 22 = 28 . 2
3

ii. A2 A3 : True. A3 = P(A2 ) and A2 P(A2 ).

A2 A3 : True. All elements of A2 are contained within A3 . 2

2. f is continuous.
It is easy to check that f (0) = 4 and f (1) = 1. By the intermediate value
theorem, there exists some c (0, 1) such that f (c) = 3. But we also have
f (1) = 3. Hence f is not one-to-one as f (c) = 3 = f (1) and c 6= 1.
f is surjective, because given any y R, we can find an x1 such that y = 2x31 +
3x1 4.
As f is not injective, it cannot be bijective. 2

3. Let k > 1. We have

RHS =

3
2
5

k1 k k+2

5k 3(k 1)
2

k(k 1)
k+2

5k(k + 2) 3(k 1)(k + 2) 2k(k 1)

k(k 1)(k + 2)

5k 2 + 10k 3(k 2 + k 2) 2k 2 + 2k
(k 1)k(k + 2)

3k 2 + 12k 3k 2 3k + 6
(k 1)k(k + 2)

9k + 6
(k 1)k(k + 2)

= RHS.
So

n
X
k=2

3k + 2
1X
9k + 6
=
(k 1)k(k + 2)
3 k=2 (k 1)k(k + 2)
n

=
=
=
=
=

3
2
1X 5

3 k=2 k 1 k k + 2
 





1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
5
+ + + ... 3
+ + + ... 2
+ + ...
3
1 2 3
2 3 4
4 5





1 1
1 1
1
5+2
+ + ... 2
+ + ...
3
2 3
4 5







1
1
1
1 1
1 1
5+2
=
+2
+ + ... 2
+ + ...
3
2
3
4 5
4 5


1
2
5+1+
3
3
20
9

( by telescoping sums.) 2

2009 Version 1A
1. Let A = {n, s, w}.
i. P(A) = {, {n}, {s}, {w}, {n, s}, {s, w}, {n, w}, {n, s, w}}. 2
i. A P(A) has 3 + 8 = 11 elements. So |P(A P(A))| = 211 . 2

2. Let f : A B, g : B C.
i. Because f is an injective function, if a, b A and f (a) = f (b) then a = b.
Similarly for g. 2
ii. Let f and g be injective functions. We wish to show that for x, y A, if
(g f )(x) = (g f )(y), then x = y. So suppose that
(g f )(x) = (g f )(y).
Then g(f (x)) = g(f (y)). But g is injective, therefore f (x) = f (y). Thus,
g f is injective. 2

3.
(A B c ) (Ac B c )c = (A B c ) ((Ac )c (B c )c ) (De Morgan)
= (A B c ) (A B) (double complement)
= [(A B c ) B] A (associative)
= [B (A B c )] A (commutative)
= [(B A) U ] A (complement law)
= (B A) A ( universal set laws)
= B (A A) (associative)
= B A (idempotent)
= A B (commutative). 2

2010 Version 2B
1. Let A = {a}, B = {b, c}, C = {d, e, f, g, h, i, j}.
i. A B = {(a, b), (a, c)}. So
P(A B) = {{(a, b)}, {(a, c}, , {(a, b), (a, c)}}. 2
ii. |B C| = 14 as |B| = 2, |C| = 7. Then |P(B C)| = 214 . 2

2. Let f, g : R R with f (x) = x2 , g(x) = ex .

i. (f g) = f (g(x)) = (ex )2 = e2x .
2
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = ex . 2
ii. Both f g and g f are functions from R to R. Neither function is one-to-one
since
(f g)(x) = 0 and (g f )(x) = 0
do not have any solutions. 2

3. Using the formula

tan(k (k 1)) =

tan k tan(k 1)
1 + tan k tan(k 1)

= tan k tan(k 1) =

tan k tan(k 1)
=1
tan(1)

we have
n
X
k=1

tan k tan(k 1) =

n 
X
tan k tan(k 1)
k=1

tan 1


1

= n +
= n +

= n +

1 X
(tan k tan(k 1))
tan 1 k=1
1
((tan 1 tan 0) + (tan 2 tan 1) + (tan 3 tan 2)
tan 1
+ . . . + (tan n tan(n 1)))
tan n
. 2
tan 1
9