DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Greater Noida institute of technology

(2015-16)

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

2-STROKE
PETROL ENGINE
Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Mr. Syed Qaiser Husain

Sunny Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

1313240140 3rdys.

Certificate

This to certify that Mr. Sunny Kumar student of 3rd year mechanical
engineering in Greater Noida Institute of Technology has submitted a
seminar report on 2-Stroke Petrol Engine as a partial fulfilment of
degree of bachelor in technology from UPTU.

(Mr. Syed Qaiser Husain)

CONTENT

Basic process............................................................................................6
Components........................................................................................................................ 9
Patterns.......................................................................................................................... 9
Tools............................................................................................................................ 10
Moulding box and materials................................................................................................10
Chills............................................................................................................................ 11
Cores............................................................................................................................ 11
Design requirements......................................................................................................... 12

Processes..............................................................................................13
Green sand......................................................................................................................... 13

Mold materials.......................................................................................14
Molding sands.................................................................................................................... 14
Types of base sands......................................................................................................... 15
Silica sand.................................................................................................................. 15
Olivine sand............................................................................................................... 15
Chromite sand............................................................................................................ 16
Zircon sand................................................................................................................ 16
Chamotte sand............................................................................................................ 16
Other materials.............................................................................................................. 16
Binders............................................................................................................................ 16
Clay and water............................................................................................................... 16
Oil............................................................................................................................... 17
Resin............................................................................................................................ 17
Sodium silicate............................................................................................................... 17
Additives.......................................................................................................................... 17
Parting compounds............................................................................................................. 18

LIST OF FIGURES
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FLOW CHART OF CASTING PROCESS

PATTERN MAKING AND CASTING
SIMPLE CASTING PROCESS
COPE AND DRAG
SAND MOULDING TOOLS
TWO SETS OF CASTING
CORE BOX AND RESULTING PATTERNS

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ABSTRACT
A two stroke engine is one which completes its cycle of operation in one revolution of the
crankshaft or in two strokes of the piston. In this engine the function of the intake and exhaust
processes of the four stroke engine are taken care by the incoming fresh charge which is
compressed either in the crank case or by means of a separate blower while the engine piston is
near the bottom dead centre. The engine piston needs only to compress the fresh charge and
expand the product of combustion.
In many two stroke engines the mechanical construction is greatly simplified by using the piston
as a slide valve in conjunction with intake and exhaust ports cuts in the side of the cylinder. If the
engine is running on Otto cycle, the charge consists of correct mixture of fuel and air whereas for
petrol or duel combustion cycles the charge will consists of pure air. In 1878, Dugald -clerk, a
British engineer introduced a cycle which could be completed in two strokes of the piston rather
than as in the case with the four stroke cycle engines. The using this cycle were called two stroke
cycle engines. In this engine suction and exhaust strokes are eliminated. Here instead of valves,
ports are used. The exhaust gases are driven out from engine cylinder by the fresh charge of fuel
entering the cylinder nearly at the end of the working stroke.

The engine ignites fuel at every upward stroke, so there are two strokes for every ignition of fuel.
They are called upward and downward stroke. As the piston moves in upward direction from
bottom to top in the first stroke the air and fuel mixture gets compressed and ignited by spark
plug as upward stroke comes to end. This results in an explosion of mixture which forces the
piston to move downwards thereby producing power. As there is a working stroke for each
revolution, the power developed will be nearly twice that of a four stroke engine of the same
dimensions and operating at the same speed. The work required to overcome the friction of the
exhaust and suction strokes is saved. Two stroke engines are lighter than four stroke engines for
the same power output and speed. For the same output, two stroke engines occupy lesser space.

PETROL ENGINE

Petrol engine is an engine that uses petrol as a fuel. Inside the combustion of fuel Produces hot
gases that expand against parts of the engine the engine and cause them to move. For this reason,
petrol engines are called internal-combustion engines it to turn wheels and propellers or to
operate machines. In this way, a petrol engine turns heat energy into mechanical work. The rate
at which a petrol engine produces work is usually measured in horsepower or watts.

Nearly all cars, lawn mowers, motorcycles, motor scooters, snowmobiles, and small tractors
have petrol engines. So do many trucks, buses, aeroplanes, and small boats.

WORKING OF A PETROL ENGINE

The working of an internal combustion engine is divided into four stages, called four strokes of
the engine and hence the engine is called a four stroke engine.

1) Intake stroke:
When the engine starts, the piston moves downwards in the cylinder, because of which a region
of low pressure is created in the cylinder, above the piston. At this moment, the intake valve
opens and the fuel mixture is sucked into the cylinder from the carburetor.

2) Compression stroke:
When the sufficient
amount of the fuel
mixture has
entered the cylinder,
the intake
valve
gets closed. The piston is
then forced to move upwards which
compresses the fuel-mixture to about one-eighth of its original volume. Higher the compression
ratio more will be the efficiency of the engine.

3) Power stroke:
Before the piston
completes its upward movement,
compressing the petrol vapour and
air mixture, the spark plug produces a
little electric spark inside the cylinder and
this spark sets fire to the petrol-air mixture. The petrol vapour burns quickly in a little explosion,
producing a large volume of gases and enormous heat. The heat thus produced expands the gases rapidly.
The pressure of rapidly expanding hot gases pushes the piston downward with a great force. The piston
pushes the piston rod and the piston rod pushes the crank shaft. The crank shaft is joined to the wheels of
a car. When the crank shaft turns, the wheels rotate and move the car.

4) Exhaust stroke:
When the piston has been pushed to the bottom of the cylinder by the hot expanding gases in the
power stroke, then the exhaust valve opens. After that, due to the momentum gained by the
wheels, the piston is pushed upwards. The upward movement of the piston expels the spent gases
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through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere, carrying away the unused heat. The exhaust valve
then closes, the intake valve opens up, and the above four strokes of the engine are repeated
again and again.

PARTS OF A PETROL ENGINE

CYLINDER BLOCK

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Cylinder block is a rigid frame that holds the cylinders in proper alignment. If the engine is
liquid cooled, the block is jacketed, so that it can be surrounded by the liquid, or has passages for
the liquid around each cylinder. Most cylinder blocks are made of cast iron or aluminium.

CYLINDERS
Cylinders are rigid tubes that serve as a bearing for the pistons that move up and down inside
them. They have highly polished surfaces. This permits a close fit between piston and cylinder
and prevents gases from leaking past the piston.

CYLINDER HEAD
Cylinder head is a casting bolted to the top of the cylinder block. The cylinder head, together
with the upper end of the cylinder and the top of the piston, form the combustion chamber where
the fuel-air mixture burns. A cylinder head and block may be one unit.

CRANKCASE
Crankcase is a rigid frame that holds the crankshaft and the crankshaft bearings.

PISTON AND CONNECTING RODS

There is a piston fitted in the cylinder. This piston is connected to a connecting rod which in turn
is connected to the crank shaft. When the fuel-air mixture burns, the expanding gases exert a
force on the piston. This force is then transmitted through a connecting rod to the crankshaft.

CRANK SHAFT

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Crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion. The crankshaft
has a number of cranks, or throws. These cranks are displaced at angles to each other.

FLYWHEEL
Flywheel stores energy during a piston's power stroke and releases it during other strokes. This
helps to keep the crankshaft turning at a constant speed.

VALVES
In a four-stroke cycle engine, each cylinder has one or two intake valves, to let the air-fuel
mixture into the combustion chamber, and one or two exhaust valves, to let the burned gases
escape. These are called poppet valves, because they pop up and down as they open and close.
The opening in the cylinder block or head uncovered by the valve is called the port.

CAMSHAFT
Camshaft opens and closes the valves at the proper point in the engine cycle. It runs the length of
the engine and has one cam at each intake and exhaust valve. In a four-stroke cycle engine, the
camshaft is geared to the crankshaft so that it runs at half the crankshaft's speed.

FUEL SYSTEM
Fuel system includes: (1) a storage tank for petrol, (2) fuel lines to carry the petrol to the
carburetor, (3) a carburetor to mix the petrol with air, and (4) an intake manifold to distribute the
fuel-air mixture to the cylinders. The fuel system also includes a filter to clean dirt out of the fuel
and an air cleaner to take dirt out of the air that is mixed with the petrol.

EXHAUST SYSTEM

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Exhaust system consists of (1) an exhaust manifold to collect the burned gases from the
cylinders, (2) an exhaust pipe to carry the burned gases, and (3) a silencer to silence the noise of
the exhaust gases.

LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Lubrication system provides oil as a film between the moving parts of the engine to prevent wear
from friction and to keep the engine cool. The two common types of four-stroke cycle engine
lubrication systems are the wet sump and the dry sump. In the wet-sump engine, the oil supply is
contained within the engine, in the bottom of the crankcase. In the dry-sump engine, the oil
supply is contained in a separate oil tank.

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