Resource Plays

Understanding The Technology

Introduction
Commercial gas production from shales has become a technical and scientific issue since the
successful development of the Barnett shale gas plays in Texas, USA. Since this technical advance in
shale gas technology, almost
25% of the total US. gas
production is from
unconventional gas resources,
i.e. coal bed methane (CBM)
and shale gas.
The interest in shale gas and
the technology to produce this
vast gas resource is now wide
spread, including countries in
Asia and Europe. Natural gas
produced from widely
distributed shales or shale-like
rock formations will replace
dwindling conventional fossil
fuel reserves within the next
decades. Natural gas replacing
coal and oil consumption also
benefits the environment from reduced CO2 release from natural gas burning.

Definition of Shales, Shale Gas, and

Shale Liquids
Shale is the most abundant sedimentary rock in the
lithosphere but, at the same time, poorly classified or
defined in contrast to sand-stones and lime-stones (for
details, see Spencer et al., 2010). Shales and
claystones as their precursors are commonly defined as
fine grained sediments. Clay minerals (Al-Si minerals)
are fine-grained, platy minerals and usually constitute a
dominant portion of the shale rock matrix. Fine-graine
quartz fragments and other minerals such as, e.g.,
pyrite (FeS2) or carbonate (CaCO3), are present in
various portions. Sedimentary organic matter,
collectively termed kerogen, is often incorporated into
shales and is part of the solid shale rock. Figure 2
illustrates the composition of a generic shale rock, with
around 3-10 % of fluid-filled (water, or
oil/gas) porosity.
By their nature compacted shales have low
porosities and particularly low
permeabilities. The low permeability is the
reason for restricted fluid flow in shales.
Figure 3 is an example of the cumulative
distribution of pore diameters (nm) in a
shale sample: roughly 80% of the porosity
displays pore diameters between about 320 nm. Considering the water and
methane molecule diameters at 0.3 and
0.4 nm, respectively, and typical oil

molecule diameters between 1 and 15 nm it

becomes obvious that free fluid flow is restricted in
deep shales.
Figure 4 illustrates the typical pore size distribution
of a shale in comparison to a fine grain sandstone.
Three types of shale pores are distinguished:
Micro-pores, meso-pores and macro-pores; free
fluid flow is limited to the macro-pores.
Many parameters control permeability and porosity
of shales: degree and timing of compaction,
mineralogy of the shale, diagenetic mineral phase
changes, quantity and type of sedimentary organic
matter (kerogen), and the thermal evolution of the
kerogen. Also, the amount and degree of
structured (fixed) water occupying mineral surfaces
constrain porosity and permeability. Finally, extent
and direction of tectonic stress / rock deformation is a factor for shale porosity and permeability.
Eventually, a combination of these factors may lead to natural fractures in shales (details are provided
in CTIs seminar on Shale Gas/Liquid fundamentals).
Most shales around the world were deposited in marine or restricted basin settings under conditions
that allowed for the preservation of settling biogenic (plankton) remains originating from marine
surface waters. Remains of plant debris from continental run-off and benthic organisms ultimately also
contribute to organic matter in shales. Diagenetic processes convert this organic matter of biogenic
origin into kerogen, the solid organic fraction of shales, and the precursor material of all natural gas
and oil in the subsurface. The kerogen content in shales is conveniently measured as weight %TOC
(Total Organic Carbon) of the dry shale.
Usually, TOC and mineral grain size in sediments are inversely related: the finer the sediment, the
higher the TOC. Shales can have initial TOC values ranging from below 1% to more than 30%. The
type of sedimentary biomass in shales, and the thermal evolution of the shale upon deep burial are
key factors for production of hydrocarbons from the shale rock at depth: The thermally instable
kerogen macro-molecule starts to break down at higher subsurface temperature; rearrangement of its
molecular structure to achieve thermal equilibrium under increasing temperature leads to the
formation and liberation of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Figure 5 illustrates this process of
hydrocarbon gas formation from the initial shale composed of mineral matrix, water (in the pores of
the shale), and kerogen (stage A in Figure 5), through to the final the stage of intense gas generation
within the shale (stage D in Figure 5).
The shale in-situ generation of
hydrocarbons in particular of
methane gas increases the
internal pore pressure,
occasionally to the level of
natural rock fracturing. Under
this environment of high
internal pressure from gas
generation, the fluids are partly
expelled from the shale in the
process of primary migration
(stage D in Figure 5). Primary
migration within the shale is
largely controlled by the
pressure differentials within the
shale and capillary forces
restricting flow. Pressure
release from hydrocarbon expulsion will ultimately provide equilibrium conditions between expelled
and remaining hydrocarbons in the shale.
In summary, shale gas / shale oil environments are characterized as follows:

A shale gas/oil reservoir is a regionally vast continuous gas/oil reservoir in fine-grain rocks.
The gas/oil is self-sourced (in-situ generated) from the organic matter which is part of the
rocks matrix (Figure 5).
There is no requirement for a conventional trap or cap rock to contain formed oil or gas
because the oil/gas is trapped in a rock of low porosity low permeability: hydrodynamic flow
is not possible.

Gas vs. oil in a shale is the result from both the kerogen-type and the thermal history of the shale.
Thus, investigations into the kerogen-type and the shales thermal evolution are important parameters
for production.

Shale Organic Matter (Kerogen)-Type and Quantity

Economical volumes of gas and/or liquids from shales can only develop in shales which:
Contain initial TOC > 2%
Contain sufficient initially active TOC vs. initially inert (dead) TOC
Have attained sufficient thermal alteration (maturation) from overburden for in-situ oil/gas
generation.
Shales can contain different types of kerogen, usually assigned Type I-IV. The various types can be
conveniently classified by their % Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen element yields in the kerogen;
expressed as atomic H/C and O/C ratios, these ratio pairs vary considerably, ranging from very high
(initial) H/C and low initial O/C ratios (Type I in Figure 6) to very high O/C and very low H/C ratios
Type IV in Figure 6). Crossplots of H/C vs. O/C ratios in kerogen are used to classify different
kerogen-types as shown in Figure 6.

The varying H/C O/C ratio values for the different types reflect different organic source material and
different sedimentary environments as described below:

Type I Kerogen originates from very restricted, lacustrine, and most often anoxic
environments, resulting in a kerogen of very high H/C ratio and consequently the largest
potential for hydrocarbon generation, first as liquids (oil), later as gas.

Type II Kerogen is most abundant and common in many shales, reflecting the classical
marine-derived plankton-bacteria organic matter type. Most of the worlds oil originates from
the two Types I and II kerogen.

Type III is the kerogen derived from land-plant debris from continental run-off into
sedimentary basins. Kerogen-Type III has a lower H/C ratio, thus generates lower amounts of
hydrocarbons, preferably in the form of methane gas, CH4.

Type IV Kerogen represents residual (dead) organic matter from partial oxidation and
alteration processes during or shortly after sediment deposition. This material has no or very
low capacity for any hydrocarbon generation. Due to the initially high O/C ratio (from partial
oxidation), this material is prone releasing CO2 in the course of its diagenesis.

The determination of the kerogen-type and its quantity is an essential first evaluation step for shale
gas/oil production: sufficient shale gas/oil requires sufficient amount of kerogen; The kerogen-type is
key to the expected products, gas or oil (gas or liquid HC).
Today, kerogen-typing is seldom done using the old, cumbersome method of elemental analysis as
shown in the famous van Krevelen Diagram Figure 6. Instead, optical-microscopy (Figures 7a and
7b) and, in particular, the rapid pyrolysis /oxidation lab method (Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, Espitalie et al.,
1977) are used.
Isolated kerogen or whole shale rock microscopy is usually carried out in the reflected light modus
using normal light or UV-irradiation. Under UV-irradiation the so-called liptinitic organic particles
show prominent fluorescence (unless over-mature, see below). Liptinite is sedimentary organic
matter high in initial atomic H/C ratio and prone to generate liquid hydrocarbons (oil). Land-derived
former woody material is mostly recognized from normal reflected light microscopy as vitrinite. Upon
burial sedimentary woody debris converts to vitrinite . Vitrinite appears grayish in reflected light
microscopy and is gas prone. Vitrinite is the bulk constituent of humic coals which are known to
generate methane gas and partially store it in the coal matrix as Coal Bed Methane (CBM). Inertinite
is high-reflecting organic particle debris and corresponds with the Kerogen-Type IV discussed above.

Figure 8
below is an example of applied microscopy analysis to classify and quantify the kerogen in a shale.
Gas-prone Vitrinite (V), oil-prone Liptinite (L), and dead Inertinite (I) yields are plotted in a ternary
diagram along with TOC magnitude data. Shale samples high in both TOC and Liptinite (L) are oilprone, samples rich in Vitrinite (V) and TOC are dominantly gas-prone.

The Rock-Eval analysis is the third common method for kerogen classification (and the degree of
the thermal stage, see below). It involves a sequence of analytical steps carried out on a small rock
sample sealed within the instrument unit:
1. First, any (free) HC present in the pore system of the rock are flushed out and quantified.
2. The second sequence involves the pyrolytic release of HC and CO2 (generation of HC and
CO2 from the shales kerogen) over a temperature ramp from 300 to 550o C when the kerogen
is thermally cracked. The endpoint of the pyrolysis at 550o C leaves an exhausted kerogen in
regard to HC and CO2 generation.
3. A third steps involves the oxidation of the shale-TOC at high temperature. These data,
pyrolytic HC (basis for the Hydrogen-Index), pyrolytic CO2 (basis for the Oxygen-Index) and
TOC from high temperature oxidation are used to identify kerogen-types in shales as
described below and in Figure 9.
The Hydrogen-Index (HI; mg
generated HC/TOC) and the
Oxygen-Index (OI; mg generated
CO2/TOC) from Rock-Eval analysis,
shown in Figure 9, are analogues
to the atomic H/C and O/C ratios
in Figure 6. Rock-Eval analysis of
shales provides fast and
inexpensive results regarding the
amount of free HC in the rocks
pore system, the TOC yields, the
kerogen-type, and the remaining
HC generation potential of the
shale. The latter result, the
remaining potential, can be of
interest to estimate shale gas yields
in deeper parts of a basins where
direct sample access is not
possible.

Shale Organic Matter

Maturity
Besides organic matter (OM)
quantity and kerogen-type (Figures
6, 8, and 9), the shales thermal
maturity plays a key role for HC
production from shales.
Investigations showed that both
subsurface temperature and geologic time spent at or near maximum subsurface temperature play a

role in the evolution of maturity of the shale: The higher the subsurface temperature and the longer
the geologic time at this temperature, the higher the thermal maturity of the shale. Shale maturity in
conjunction with organic matter type plays the dominant role in the shales gas/oil ratio (GOR), and as will be discussed at a later point is also of prime importance for production performance.
Shales need to be exposed to higher subsurface temperatures over elevated geologic time to generate
and produce oil and gas from the kerogen. Observations from world-wide case studies suggest a
minimum subsurface temperature of 50-60o C for the onset of hydrocarbon generation (Hunt, 1979
and 1995; Tissot and Welte, 1984); depending on the kerogen-type and geologic time constraints
intense oil generation is maintained in the 100-150o C window; beyond this temperature threshold, oil
generation fades due to its thermal instability in favor of thermally stable methane gas. Finally, the
kerogens total hydrocarbon generation capacity is exhausted at a level between 250-300o C
subsurface temperature. At this point, the remaining kerogen is burnt out and has turned into a
carbon-like residue with very low atomic H/C O/C ratios.
In Figure 6 the complete thermal evolution of the shales kerogen can be tracked from the initial
kerogen with (type-dependent) high atomic H/C O/C values towards the endpoint at over-mature
conditions with a residual kerogen of very low H/C-O/C ratios. The thermal evolution pathways for the
kerogen-types in Figure 6 (and Figure 9) first affect initial O/C (OI) yields due to the CO2- and COelimination from the kerogen macro-molecule at relatively modest subsurface temperatures. At higher
temperatures the H/C ratio (HC/TOC; HI) is progressively lowered due to the formation and
subsequent release of hydrocarbons from the kerogen. This thermal kerogen cracking along with HC
generation is associated with considerable structural change of the kerogen towards a hydrogen-poor
mature and overmature kerogen structure:
KerogenImmature

KerogenMature

KerogenMature

KerogenLate/Overmature +

oil
gas

Figure 10 illustrates in general

terms the temperature
dependence of hydrocarbon
generation in the subsurface
from the major kerogen-types.
Note the onset for oil and gas
generation, the max. oil and
gas generation, and
termination of generation are
all kerogen-type specific due to
kerogen-type specific kinetics
involved.
The present temperature and
depth level of a shale is not
necessarily an indicator of its
maturity: Maximum burial and
maximum subsurface
temperature exposure may
have occurred at some time in
the geologic past. Therefore, maturity indicators reflecting the time-temperature evolution of a shale
are required to assess the true shale maturity.
Two indicators for a shales organic maturity are commonly used: Vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and the
temperature point of maximum HC release (Tmax) from Rock-Eval analysis within the pyrolysis
temperature window 350-550oC .
Vitrinitic particles as shown in Figure 7a and present as land-derived debris particles in most shales
experience a systematic light reflectance increase as seen (and measured) under the microscope with
increasing shale organic maturity. The extent of light reflectance of vitrinite corresponds with the
time-temperature evolution of the shale: at low maturity vitrinite reflectance is low, typically in the
0.2-04% range. At increasing maturity the reflectance increases and may attain values of 2-3% or
higher for extreme maturity ranges at deep depths.

Figure 11 is an illustration of a vitrinite

reflectance (%Ro) profile in a well with
sediments presently experiencing their deepest
burial; on a %Ro log scale versus depth (m) a
steady increase of %Ro with depth is observed.
Also outlined in Figure 11 is an oil-prone shale at
about 3.8 km depth (Jersey Harbour Shale) with
an average measured Ro around 0.8%, the
maturity range for intense oil generation as
deduced from Figure 10. Oil generation from the
kerogen commences at Ro levels around 0.5%,
reaches a maximum at levels around 0.8-0.9%,
and is terminated at around Ro 1.4% when gas
generation may reach a peak (Figure 10).
Usually, late gas generation from a kerogen is
terminated at around Ro 3.0% when the kerogen
attains a highly condensed, aromatic carbon-like
molecular structure of high reflectance under the
microscope.

The pyrolysis temperature point of maximum HC

release (Tmax, o C) from a shale in Rock-Eval lab
analysis is also extensively used as a maturity
indicator. Although a less precise measurement
on a per sample basis compared to vitrinite Ro
measurements, the maturity assessment is
reliable when many samples are taken to form a
statistical average.
Tmax from Rock-Eval analysis can be used to
assess shale maturity level from the fact that
increasing maturity levels of shales require increasing pyrolysis temperatures in the Rock-Eval
apparatus to further thermally crack the kerogen. Figures 12a and 12b conceptualize this kinetic
effect: a pyrolysis temperature of, e.g., 360o C may be required to release pyrolytic hydrocarbons (HC)
from a low mature shales full HC potential, whereas a late-mature shale needs 500o C to release its
remaining HC potential. Figures 12a and 12b illustrate the Rock-Eval free HC yields and the pyrolysis
HC generation curves from two shales at different maturity levels throughout the 250-550o C
pyrolysis temperature ramp. The low mature shale sample (Figure 12a) has low amounts of free
(already formed and present) HC, but produces large amounts of HC from the 350-550o C pyrolysis at
a relatively low Tmax value, e.g. Tmax. 360o C. For the late-mature shale (Figure 12b) abundant free HC
are present in the pores, but due to the late maturity stage the remaining HC potential is low. The
pyrolytic HC generation curve is shifted to higher temperatures at (e.g.) Tmax 500o C to release this
remaining, last HC potential.
Rock-Eval Tmax shale maturity data can be converted to %Ro values, and vice versa by applying proper
algorithms.

Rock-Eval pyrolysis is fast, effective and inexpensive. As a consequence, there are tens of thousands
of Rock-Eval data on record from around the world to assess basic geochemical parameters for shale
HC productivity. These parameters include:

Type of Kerogen present in the shale

Quantity of Kerogen (%TOC) present in the shale
Approximate quantity of HC in the shales pores and in adsorbed stage
Remaining HC potential of the shale
Thermal maturity of the shale
Estimates on gas (Sg) and oil (So ) saturation of the shales pore system
Basic geochemical data to reconstruct the initial TOC and HC-potential of now mature and
late-mature shales at time of deposition.
Presence of two-phase HC fluids in shale (in conjunction with HC phase behavior study)

Besides these two basic maturity measurements, %Ro vitrinite from reflected light microscopy, and
Tmax from Rock-Eval, a number of other geochemical maturity parameters for shale fluid extracts,
crude oil and natural gas were established over the last decades. These may be applied in critical
cases to compare kerogen maturity with the maturity of the oil or gas present in the shale: Resource
gas and oil is not always necessarily of local, in-situ origin. Examples exist in silty shales and tight
sands with increased permeability where some or all of the produced HC fluids may represent a
migration product (for details see CTI seminar on Resource fundamentals).

Shale Maturity Modeling

Often, mature and late mature shales prospective for gas/liquid production are outside the
measurable data range because samples are not available due to great burial depth. Samples from the
same shale formation at low or less mature situations may be collected but then measured sample
results have to be projected into deeper basin settings assuming the overburden geologic history. HC
generation modeling and basin modeling are the tools required to assess resource plays in deep
basins.
As mentioned before both temperature and geologic time play a role in the evolution of a rocks
organic maturity. Therefore, HC generation is linked to this evolution. The temperature regime of a
basin has the dominating effect on maturity gains. It can be shown that a 10% temperature increase
(from, e.g., 100o C to 110o C) over a time interval of 1 m.y. has the same cumulative maturity effect as
the shale remaining at 100oC for another 4 m.y., a 400% time increase.
Based on measured or assumed kinetic constraints so-called TTI (Time-Temperature-Index) maturity
values can be calculated for the buried shale based on the subsidence history of the basin. When
seismic data are available and the shale depositional conditions are extrapolated or assumed, the

shales thermal maturity and its HC in-situ saturation can be modeled from TTI values. Calculated and
modeled TTI values can be converted into (calculated) %Ro and/or (calculated) Tmax. data.

Figure 13 illustrates the burial

history of a shale (Doig Formation,
Western Canadian Sedimentary
Basin, WCSB) from time of
deposition to todays burial stage
along with the temperature-depth
profile for the region. The shale
was exposed to its maximum
temperature of 160o C about 40
m.y. ago. TTIArr calculations (Hunt,
1995) define the shale as late
mature, corresponding to 1.5% Ro
for the shale. The shale underwent
oil generation about 80 m.y. until
about 50 m.y. ago. Gas generation
started later at higher maturity 60
m.y. ago. At maximum burial
(max. temperature at 160o C),
about 40 m.y. ago, previous oil
cracked down to wet gas and
condensate. This modeled event
sequence is consistent with
reservoired gas/condensate occurrences under high gas over-pressure in the closed source/reservoir
compartment in the Brassey area, NE British Columbia (Canada).
Maturity assessments either from direct measurements via rock sampling, or from maturity modeling
are important information for HC production from shales; as will be outlined below, optimum
resource production is linked to elevated and selected maturity ranges.

Production Constrains on Resource Plays: Maturity, Kerogen Conversion,

Shale in-situ HC-Generation and Natural Fractures
Liquid or gas production from shales is only possible from fully mature shales rich in sedimentary
organic matter. HC saturation of the shales pore system is essential for economic production and
usually only achieved at fully mature conditions with the generation of bulk HC from the kerogen.
Since free fluid flow in compacted, mature shales is limited intense shale in-situ HC generation leads
to internal pressure built-up which is often preserved over geologic time in closed compartment cells
including this hot shale. Excessive high fluid pressure from HC generation displaces most of the
mobile water, leading to near complete HC saturation of the shales pore system. Thus, high internal
gas pressure favors increased production from the shale.
High maturity of the shale effects
production from the shale as
maturity leads to secondary
porosity and permeability in shales,
two important factors controlling
HC production. Figure 14 illustrates
this porosity/permeability evolution
from the partial conversion of the
solid kerogen into gaseous and
liquid HC; inevitably, the kerogen
volume shrinks in the course of
maturity as HC are formed.
Reduced kerogen volume in the
shale translates to increased
porosity and permeability at depth.

In the example of a water-free shale environment and high internal HC pressure, this secondary,
enhanced porosity/permeability is preserved and becomes effective for both GIP (gas in place) volume
and production rates. The effect and extent of enhanced porosity/permeability can be estimated from
geochemical data and constraints ahead of the drill bit.
The precise determination of shale maturity is also important for the question of a single vs. dual fluid
phase in the shale. Shales at presently deep, maximum burial have HC present in a single fluid phase.
This may change in the course of cooling and uplift where two phases, gas and liquid, may evolve
from lowered temperature and pressure. Production from a single HC phase is more effective. Precise
maturity, geochemical source rock data along with the geologic history, and HC phase behavior can
predict the expected fluid phase and expected production efficiency.
Due to physical constraints in extremely narrow pore network systems the shale in-situ hydrocarbons
are present in different forms:
Adsorbed HC + Absorbed (Sorbed) HC + free HC = Total HC in place
Also, with the large inner surface area of the fine-grain mineral matrix of the shale, HC are adsorbed
to surfaces and absorbed in remaining water and in particular into the kerogen-network itself.
By convention, the non-free but producible HC in resource plays are termed Sorbed HC.
Depending on the present temperature in the resource play, kerogen-type and content, the maturity,
mineralogy, the geometry of the pore system, and natural fractures, the ratio of sorbed to free gas
varies. Free gas in the macro-pores is the first gas produced, followed by the slow process of gas
desorption over time as the resource is produced and internal pressures are lowered. Often, the
portion of free gas quickly available for production is of economic importance for pay out of
investments. As outlined in
ShaleResource, a high
conversion rate of the solid
kerogen into oil and gas is of
multiple benefits: increased
porosity and permeability with
higher GIP, also resulting into
higher production rates; in
addition, the ratio of free to
sorbed gas is shifted in favor
to the free gas!
The Bakken Shale in the
Williston Basin may serve as a
demonstration for successful
wells in the infant year of
resource plays in the late
1980s early 1990s. Figure 15
displays the maturity of
produced oils versus the
production rates grouped in
categories from none to
excellent. In this case a set of geochemical oil maturity parameters was established to assess the
maturity of produced Bakken-Shale oils. Production performance is significantly controlled by the
maturity/kerogen conversion of the Bakken resource. Similar observations have been made for the
Barnett gas resource of Texas (Jarvie et al. 2007).

The Environmental Impact

The knowledge of natural fractures and faults in the shale rock and their extension into adjacent
formations above is important to resource plays, too. Major faults penetrating the resource horizon
and extending into formations above may act as fluid escape routes, leaving a locally depleted target

behind. Small, limited fractures from either tectonic events or natural rock fracturing from HC overpressure are usually beneficial for resource plays.
Figures 16a and 16b show seismic examples of fault/fracture systems present in two areas. Area
Figure 16b clearly indicates faults extending to the near-surface acting as a migration avenues for
ascending HC gases. In contrast, the background seepage in Figure 16a does not suggest HC
ascension despite the faults. This may be due to absence of any commercial HC at depth or tight fault
planes.
GEL surveys (GEL-Intro) applied on a regional scale over the usually vast area of a shale resource
can outline potential sweet spot areas for shale resource plays; also, areas of potential gas escape
assisted by faults can be documented. Furthermore, GEL baseline surveys can document the level of
active gas seepage to the surface before and after shale frac applications. These data can be crucial in
cases of dispute over the possible environmental impact from resource development programs (see
also GEL Baseline).

CTI Services in Resource Plays.

As a geochemical service company with a long-standing history and the staffs formal training and
expertise in HC source rocks, CTI provides a full and extensive geochemical consultation service to
assess resource plays for their GIP/OIP and the production merits:

Field service to collect samples from outcrops, cuttings or cores.

A complete organic and inorganic geochemical field and lab program required for
resource play assessment.

Critical review of existing, public data; data error identification and correction.

Reconstruction of initial kerogen content and initial type prior to HC generation to

compare areas and plays in different maturity regimes.

Determination of the in-situ or migrated HC in resource plays.

Conduction of HC generation, HC migration, and HC correlation studies.

Determination of the maturity level of produced resource fluids.

Calculations on secondary porosity enhancement due to kerogen/oil thermal

stabilities.

Calculation of GIP and OIP in the area of interest.

HC generation and HC timing modeling.

GEL seep gas surveys to highlight/downgrade drilling locations for resource plays
(see also Seep-Intro; GEL-Intro; GEL-in-Depth)

Environmental seep baseline surveys and groundwater analysis to establish

benchmarks for pre-frac near-surface conditions in resource plays (GEL Baseline).

Seminars on petroleum geology/geochemistry and resource play fundamentals.

Seminars on the potential environmental impact from fossil fuel production

In-house consultancy for the client to develop resource plays

CTI supports the client to identify sweet spots within vast resource areas. Please contact CTI with
any further questions.