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cp = R + cv = 1100 J/kg K
Then
From the relationship between cp, cv, R and we have cp/R = /(-1)
From the gas laws we have pA/TA = p2/T2 pA = p2 TA /T2= p2 T1 /T2
Hence
1+
p T
T
p
s
1
ln 2 = ln 1 2
= ln 1 +
R
p 2 T1
p 2 1 T1
1
1
p T
= ln 1 2
p 2 T1
p
T2 = T1 2
p1
( 5)
= 473 1
11/1.6
1.6
= 258.7 K
1.4
p T 1
258.7 0.4
s = Rln 1 2 = 287 ln (5)
= 144 J/K
473
p 2 T1
7. A perfect gas is expanded reversibly and adiabatically from 5 bar to 1 bar by the law pV = C.
The initial temperature is 200oC. Calculate the change in specific entropy using the formula for a
polytropic process. R = 287 J/kg K =1.4.
( 5)
T2 = 473 1
11/1.4
= 298.6 K
1.4
p T 1
298.6 0.4
s = Rln 1 2 = 287 ln (5)
=0
473
p 2 T1
p 2 2 k 1 k 1
= M
+ 1 = 1.1283.5 = 1.5243
p1
2
T = 0. 8 x 288 = 230.4 K
p 2 2 k 1 k 1
= M
+ 1 = 1.83.5 = 7.824
p1
2
3. The pressure on the leading edges of an aircraft is 4.52 kPa more than the surrounding
atmosphere. The aeroplane flies at an altitude of 5 000 metres. Calculate the speed of the
aeroplane.( Answer 109.186 m/s)
From fluids tables, find that a = 320.5 m/s p1 = 54.05 kPa = 1.4
k
p 2 58.57
k 1 k 1
=
= 1.0836 = M 2
+ 1
p1 54.05
2
1.4
3.5
1.4 1 1.41
= 0.2 M 2 + 1
1.0836 = M 2
+ 1
2
2
1.0232 = 0.2 M + 1 M = 0.3407 = v/a
v = 109.2 m/s
T v12 (k 1)
=
T1
2RT1
v12 (1.4 1)
T =
=5K
2 x 1.4 x 287
v1 = 100.2 m/s
1. A Venturi Meter must pass 300g/s of air. The inlet pressure is 2 bar and the inlet temperature is
120oC. Ignoring the inlet velocity, determine the throat area. Take Cd as 0.97.
Take =1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K (assume choked flow)
m = Cd A 2
1
2
2
1+
(
)
(
)
r
r
1
1
c
c
1
2 1 2
=
rc =
2.4
+1
3.5
= 0.528
1
2
2
1+
(
)
(
)
r
r
c
1 1 1 c
A p
1 2 2
A1 p1
2
1 (A2/A1) x 0.4 = 1738882A22
166307
0 .3 = C d A 2
2/
A
1 2 (0.4 )
A1
2
2
A1 = ( x 0.06 /4)2 = 7.99 x10-6 m2
A2 = 747.6 x10-6 m2
The diameter is 30.8 mm. Neglecting the inlet velocity made very little difference.
3. A nozzle must pass 0.5 kg/s of steam with inlet conditions of 10 bar and 400oC. Calculate the
throat diameter that causes choking at this condition. The density of the steam at inlet is 3.263
kg/m3. Take for steam as 1.3 and Cd as 0.98.
m = Cd A 2
1
2
2
1+
1 p11 (rc ) (rc )
2 1 2
=
rc =
2.3
+1
{(0.5457)
1.538
4.33
= 0.5457
2 x 1.3
1.538
1.764
7 x10 5 x 2.274 (5/7 )
m = 0.97 x 500 x 10 -6
(5/7 )
1 .3 1
-6
m = 0.379 kg/s
m = 485x10 x 783
5. A pitot tube is pointed into an air stream which has an ambient pressure of 100 kPa and
temperature of 20oC. The pressure rise measured is 23 kPa. Calculate the air velocity. Take =
1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K.
p 2 123
1 1
=
= 1.23 = M 2
+ 1
p1 100
2
0.0609 = 0.2M2
1.0609 = 0.2M2 + 1
a = RT1/2 = (1.4 x 287 x 293) 1/2 = 343.1 m/s
v = 0.5519 x 343.1 = 189.4 m/s
1.23 = 0.2M 2 + 1
3.5
M 0.5519
6. A fast moving stream of gas has a temperature of 25oC. A thermometer is placed into it in front
of a small barrier to record the stagnation temperature. The stagnation temperature is 28oC.
Calculate the velocity of the gas. Take = 1.5 and R = 300 J/kg K. (Answer 73.5 m/s)
T = 3 K T/T1 = v2/RT
cp = R/(-1)