Text Material Finite Element

Chapter 1
tr
1 1
du
tio
W h a t i s t h e {i n i t e
elem en
m et
hod
e l e m e n t m e t h o d (F E M ) i s a n u m e r i c a l t e c h n i q u e f o r s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s w h i c h a r e d e s c r i b e d
by p a r t ia l d i f f e r e n ti a l e q u a t io n s o r c a n b e f o r m u l a t e d a s f u n c t i o n a l m i n i m i z a t i o n A d o m a i n o f i n te r e s t
i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a n a s s e m b l y o f l i n i t e e l e Jn e n l s A p p r o x i m a t i n g f u n c t i o n s i n f i n i t e e l e m e n t s a r e
de t
m i n e d i n t e r m s o f n o d a l v a l u e s o f a p h y s i c a l f i e ld w h i c h i s s o u g h t
A c o n tin u o u s p hy s i c a l p r o b l e m i s
T he fi n i te
t r a n s f Dr m e d i n t o a di s c r e t i z e d f i n i t e e l e m e n t p r o b l e m
a
u n
kn
ow n n o
s y s t e m o f l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s s h o u ld b e s o l v e d V a l u
es
i n s id e f i n i t e
u s in
n o
Tw
da l
1) P i e c e
s im
ple
i se
so lv e
1 2
To
p r o ble m
ow
tin g f u n
v a lu e s
Fo r
lin
e l e m e n ts c a n
p r o bl e m
ear
r ec o v er ed
be
ith
im
a t io n
er al
to be
m e n t io n e
d:
f p h y s i c a l f i e l d s o n fi n i t e e l e m e n t s p r o v i d e s g o o d p r e c i s i o n e v e n w i t h
(i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t s w e c a n a c h i e v e a n y p r e c i s i o n )
le a ds t o
la r ge
v e ry
in ge n
a r e w o r th
w o r
qu a t i o n sy s t e m
da l u n k n o w n s
spa r se e
ber
nu m
no
fo
r a
d is c r e t iz e d p r o b l e m
T h i s h e lp s t o
te r m s h o w
th e f i n i t e e l e m e n t m e th o d w o r k s w e l is t m a i n s t e p s
f the fi n i te
t s o l u t i o n p r o c e du r e b e lo w
e
t he
T h e f i r s t s t e p i s t o d iv i de a s o l u t i o n r e g i o n i n t o f i n i t e e le m e n t s T h e
c o n t in u u m
i s t y p ic a l l y g e n e r a t e d by a p r e p r o c e s s o r p r o g r a m T h e d e s c r i p ti o n o f m e s h c o n s i s t s
a i n o f w h i c h a r e n o d a l c o o r d i n a t e s a n d e l e m e n t c o n n e c t iv i t i e s
e le m e n t m e sh
sev era
arr ay s m
Se l e c t I n t e rp o l a t io n f u n c t io n
a bles o v e r
t he e l e m e n t
p o ly n o m i a l d e p e n d s
Fi n d t h e
3
w
da l
c tio n s
the FEM
1 D i s c r e t iz
f i n it e
f the FEM
a pp r o x
s w
s u m m a r iz e
e le m e n
a ppr o x im a tio n
a p pr o x im a
2 ) L o c a l it y
i th
v a lu e s
fe a tu r e s
hic h
4
r e g io n
elem en
r e la te s the n o
a pp r o a c
he s
A
on
I n te r po l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s a r e u s e d t o i n t e r p o l a t e t h e f i e l d
s
va
O f t e n p o l y n o m i a l s a r e s e l e c te d a s i n t e r p o l a t io n fi m c t io n s T h e d e g r e e o f th e
th e n u m b e r o f n o d e s a s s i g n e d to t h e e l e m e n t
c an
be
ssem
bl e
da l
u se
t p m per ties
v a lu e s o
d ; t he
f t he
T he
un
m a t r ix
kn
b le
e q u a t i o n f Dr t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d
f u n c t i o n t o o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s F o r t h i s t a s k d i f l e Re n t
m o s t c o n v en i e n t a r e : t he v a r ia ti o n a
the e l em e n t e q u a tio n s
w e m u st asse m
ow n
all
a p pr o a c
To f in d th e g lo ba l e qu a t i o n
I n o ther w o r d s w
th e e l e m e n t e qu a t i o n s
an
sy s te m
bc im po s e d
Scanned by CamScanner
f o r the
e m u st c o m
q u a t io n s f o r a l l e l e m e n t s u s e d f o r d i s c r e t iz a t i o n E l e m e n t c o n n e c tiv i t i e s
p r o c e s s B e f o r e s o l u t i o n b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s ( w hi c h a r e n o t a c c o u n t e d i n
e
d t he G a l e r k in
ho le
b in e lo
ar e u s e d
e lem en
m e t ho
ca
f o r th e
t e qu a t i o
s o lu
asse m
ns
ti o n
e le m e n
bly
) sho u ld
C LI A PT E R I
"
m
F igu
sy
re
1 1: T w
o one
d im
I N T RO D U C T I O N
e n sio n a
l l in
d fu
ea r e le m e n ts a n
n c
i n t e r p o l a t io n in s i d e
tio n
e le m e n
5 S o l v e t h e g l o ba l e q u a t i o n sy s t e n T T h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t g l o b a l e q u a t i o n s y t e m i s t y p ic a l l y s p a r s e ,
d p o s i t iv e d e f i n i t e D i r e c t a n d i t e r a t i v e m e t h o d s c a n b e u s e d f o r s o l u t i o n T h e n o d a l v a l u e s
m m e t r ic a n
f the
so u
g h t fu n c t i o n
a s a r e su lt o
pr o du c e d
C o m p u t e a d di t i o n a l r e s u l t s I n
m e c h a n i c a l p r o b l e m s s t r a in s
ex a m
p l e in
are o
bt a i n e d
13
Se v
are
Fo r
a fte F s o lu
ti o n o f th e gl o ba l
la tio n
m u
m an
an
s o lu t i o n
c ase s w c n e e d to c a lc u la te a
s tre sse s a r e o
f in te r e s t in
dditio n a l pa r a m e te r s Fo r
d i s p l a c e m e n t s , w h ic h
a dd i t i o n t o
e qu a t io n sy s te m
ele m en
f fi n i t e
f t he
qu
tio
n s
l a p p r o a c h e s c a n be u s e d t o t r a n sf o r m t h e p h y s i c a l f o r m u la t io n o f t h e p r o b l e m t o i t s f i n i t e e l e m e n t
a n a l o g u e I f t h e p hy s i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m i s k n o w n a s a di f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n t h e n t h e
e ra
disc r e te
m o st
c an
p o p u la r
be f or m
e qu a t io n s
1 3 1
Let
is
m e tho
u su a
l ly
G a le r kin
e le m e n
i n im iz a t io n
b
j +
i th bo u n da r y
du
he r e
fi n i t e
di
11
is
0,
an un
Og
F ist
im
kn ow
c o n s i de r a
a t io n o
[N ]
{t L }
N
=
[N ,
{u 1
nc
t io
l a t i o n i s t h e G a l e r k Jn
na
l the n
v a r ia t io n a
m e
l fo n
m o d I f t h e p h y s i c a l p r o bl e m
ti o n o f the fi n it e e le m e n t
Jt u t a
pl e f o r the
d
n ee
t o s o lv e n u
ex am
ex
m
p l a n a t i o n o f fi n i t e e l e m e n t f o r m u l a t i o n u s i n g t h e
e r i c a l l y t h e f o l l o w i n g d i f t e r e n t i a l e qu a t i o n :
g 2L
( 1 1)
( 1 2)
n s o lu
]
U 2}
We
are
g o in g t o
so lv e the
pr o blem
u s in
g tw
l in e a r
one
dim
e n sio n a
1 1
elem en
n c tio n
+ JV z u 2
tio n
in F ig
f i n it e
f the fu
1U 1
fo r m
fu
e l e m e n ts a s s ho w n
a pp r o x
di t i o n s
co n
2L
tho d
p l e o n e d im e n s io n a l
h
e t o d Su pp o s e t h a t w e
u sed
m e
d2 u
a
f its fi n it e
u s u s e s im
G a le rk in
u la te d a s m
t p r e s e n t e d o n t he
(Z ) c a n
be do n e
as
ight
f ol l o w
f F ig u
re
T he
e le m e n
t ha s t w
no
de s
an
s:
[N ] ( }
(1 3)
L e c tm
No
te s :
T a b le
nt r oduct i on o t h e F i n i t e E l e n \ t : n t M e t h n t t
f Co
n t e n ts
C ha p te r 2
Ba
C lt a p t e r 4
F in i te Elem
a n
19 9 7 2 00 3 Y ij u n L i u
d Be a m Elem
U n iv
en
t Mo
e r s ity o
25
e n ts
de lin g
f C in c in n a ti
a n
d So l u t i o n T e c h n i q u e s
10 5
ii i
L e c tu
re
N o te s : h tr o du c tio
t o t h e F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t ho
l 19
U F i n i t e E l e Jn
en
t F
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v
:i
o r niu
e r s ity o
la ti o n
f Ci n c in n a t i
iv
L e c t t t r e N o t e s : l n t r o cl u c l i o n l o t h e F i n i t e E l e m
P re fa
ent
M e l ho t t
ce
T hese
l in
le c tu
(i n
the f o r m
in te n de d t o s e f v e a s
m
) r u n d e r g r a du a t e s t u de n t s o r
e x p e r ie n c e w ith t his c o m pu ta t io n a l m e t ho d
T h e n o t e s c o v e r th e b a s ic c o n c e p ts in t he F E M u s in g t he s im p l e s t m e c h a n ic s
p r o b l e m s a s e x a m p l e s a n d l e a d t o th e di s c u s s i o n s a n d a p p l ic a t io n s o f t h e 1 D ba r
a n d b e a m , 2 D p la n e a n d 3 D s o l id e le m e n t s in th e a n a ly s e s o f s tr u c tu r a l s tr e s s e s ,
v ibr a t i o n s a n d dy n a m i c s T he p r o p e r u s a ge o f the F E M , a s a po pu la r n u m e r ic a l
on
r e n o te s
a n i n tr o du c ti o n t o the f i n it e e le m e n t
o th e r r e a de r s w h o h a v e n o p r e v io u s
bo o k )
an e
e t h o d (F E M
are
fo
to o
l in
g in
en
e e r in
g, is
em
pha siz e d thr o u gho u t the
n o
te s
de v e l o p e d by the a u tho r
s i n c e 19 9 7 f o r t h e u n d e r g r a d u a t e c o u r s e o n t h e F E M i n t h e m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g
d e p a r t m e n t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C i n c i n n a t i Si n c e t h i s i s a n e b o o k , t h e a u t h o r
s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e a d e r s k e e p i t t h a t w a y a n d v i e w i t e i t h e r o n l i n e o r o f Fl i n e o n
T his
h i s /h e r
on
c o m
fr o m t im
lin
cu m en
a ft e r the y a r e
p r in
t is ba se d o n the le c tu
r e n o te s
t e n ts a n d s ty l e s o f t he s e n o t e s w i l l de f in it e ly c h a n g e
a n d the r e fo r e h a r d c o p i e s m a y be c o m e o bs o l e t e im m e d ia t e ly
pu ter T he
to t im
do
con
t e d R e a de r s a r e w e l c o m e t o c o
ta c t the
tho
fo r
an
y
im p r o v in g t hi s e bo o k a n d t o r e po r t a n y m i st a k e s i n the
p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f th e su bje c t s o r ty p o gr a phi c a l e r r o r s T h e u l t im a t e go a l o f th i s
b o o k o n t h e F E M i s t o m a k e i t r e a di ly a v a i l a b le f o r s t u de n t s r e s e a r c h e r s a n d
e n g i n e e r s w o r l d w i d e t o h e l p t h e m l ear n s u b j e c t s i n t h e F E M a n d e v e n t u a l l y s o l v
su
au
gg e s t io n s o n
the ir
o w n
T he
de s ign
au
t ho
an
r
a n aly sis
pr o ble m
tha n k s his fo
rm er u n
s u s in
g the F E M
de r g r a d u a t e
Y ij u
L iu
C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , U SA
D e c e m b e r 2 002
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u , U n i v
e r s i ty o
f C i n c in n a t i
d g r a du a t e s tu de n t s fo r t h e ir
o t e s a n d f o r t he ir c o n tr ibu t i o n
an
gge s tio n s o n the e a r li e r v er s io n s o f the se le c tu r e n

t o m a n y o f th e e x a m p l e s u s e d i n th e c u r r e n t v e r s i o n
su
f the
n o te s
L e c tu
r e
N o te s : f m
C h a pt e
I
Ba
d u c [io
r o
n c e
Th e j h ite
rr t e
tho
th e i de a
o n
Tn
lr n
htc l in
WE M )
or
f bu ild in g
Ji n
ite
e le m e n
a n a
ly s i s
p l i c a t e d o bj e c t w i t h
bje c t in t o s m a l l a n d
a co m
p l e b l o c k s o r div i din g a c o m p l i c a t e d o
A p p lic a t io n o f th is s im p le ide a c a n b e f o u
m a n a ge able p ie c e s
e v e w w h e r e in e v e r y da y l i f e , a s w e l l a s in e n g in e e r in g
s im
Ex
a m
p le
s :
iiillii
(k i d s
B u i ldin g s
A ppr o x im
go
'
play)
a t io n o
f the
ar ea o
a c ir c l e :
"
r ea o
r ea o
f the
on e
tr i a n gl e
c ir c l e :
S,
her e N
O bs e r
va
r e pr e s e n
to ta l
n u m
Si
pts
e le rn e n
ba se d
C hu p fe r I
M e t ho d
In t r o d u c t io
ic C o
(F E A ) i s
t o F i n i t e E te m e n t
ber
n :
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v e r s i t y
f Cin c in n a t i
s in
'
, i.
R N
sm o o
s im
en t
"
Si
O:
f tr i a n g l e s
C o m p li c a te d o r
t e d b y g e o m e tr i c a l ly
tio
Elem
(e l e m
th
>
en
a s
ts)
c an
be
(e l e m
en
bj e c t s
ple pie c e s
tr
t s)
>
Le c tu
re
N o t e s : I n tr o d tt c ti o
W h y F i n it e E le
es
co m
ig n
F in ite E le m
n to
m e n
a n a
pu ter
e n
m etho
ty s i s
s im u
Clo
se
d in
en
it
t M e tho d ?
han d
la tio n
F E M /F E A i s th e
C l l u p t e r 1 I nt mt ht c r i a
Ai e t ho t l
g in
c a lc u
ex
p e r im
en
ts ,
a n
m o st w
e e r in
ly in t e gr a t e d
la tio n
i d e ly
a pp l ie
pu te r
c o m
s im u
la tio n
e e r in
ith C A D /C A M
a pp
lic a tio n
A p p li c
t io
ns o
f F E M in E n g in
St mc t ur e
T her m
ec
e r o sp a c e /C iv
han ic av A
an a
e e r in
ly s i s
l/f lu id f l o w
i l/A
(s t a t i c / d y n a m
to
m o
bi l e E n g in
i c l in
,
e a r /n o n
E 1e c t r o m
Geom
B io m
ec
ec
ear
ig
l in
"
gn etic s
ha n ic s
han ic s
Ex
a m
p le
de l in g
f ge a r
co u
p lin g
s :
1 9 9 7 2 00 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v
e r s i ty o
f C i n c in
n at
L e c [t t r e N o t e s : i
Er
d u c tio
to F in it e E le m e n t
A B r ie f H is t o r y
c l i @a@a l
e t ho
19 4 3
Cou
19 5 6
Tu
19 6 0
C lo u gh
19 7 0 s
A pp lic a tio n
19 8 0 s
M icr o
19 9 0 s
n a
er
(V
ran
a r ia
co m
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v e r s i t y
f C i n c in
k fo
n a
ti
ar
s o n
m a in
en
fr
"
pla n
am e c o m
d p o s tp r o
f lar ge
tu
r a
r m o r e
pu te r s
an
str u c
(s t i f f n e s s )
pr o ble m
pu te r s pr e
,
ds)
tin a n d T o pp
F in ite E le m
"
ly s i s
C a n IM M A T e s t m
t io n a l m e tho
C lo u gh M
f the F E M
i n t r o itu c tio
c e sso r s
l sy ste m
in fo
rm a
t io n a n d a n a n im a ti o m
Lec
tt t r e
N o te s : l n t r
du e tio
F E M in S t r u c t u
D iv i d e
e sc r
Con
qu
Ex
a m
an
l y s is
Pro
in t o p ie c e s
(a s s e m b l e )
im
a te sy stem
ce
(e l e m
du re
en
ts
f t h e p hy s i c a l q u
th e s y s t e m
t it ie s
at
th e
o
n o
the e le m
o
an
(e
en
qu a t i o
qu a t i o n
de s
C a l c u la t e de s ir e d qu
se le c te d e lem en ts
p le
(T h e
I n t r o t l u c t io
ith
n o
de s)
t it i e s
an
o n
eac
n ec
So l v
l An
ib e th e b e h a v i o r
appr o x
ra
str u c tu r e
elem en
C ha p te r j
l o F i n i r e E l e m e n t M e t ho d
tit ie s
ts
f o r th e
n s
in
t the n o de s to fo r m
v o
l v in g
di sp l a c e m
(e
ho le
u n
en
kn
an
stm c tu r e
o w n
ts)
str a in s a n
d str e s se s)
eb b t :
FE M
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v
m o
de l i o r
er s ity o
ge a r to
f C in c i n n a t i
th
(F r o m C o o k
'
b o o k P 2)
,
L e c tu
r e
N o tes
Co m p u te
d u c tio
m e n ta
c e ssin
FEA
Po stpr o
so lv e r
il a b l e C o
t io
g (b u i l d F E
(a s s e m
c e s s in
b le
(s o r t
m m e r c ia
S DRC[
D E AS
N AS I RA N
(G e n e r a l
A B, { g u s
(N o n l i n e a r
C O SM O S
(G e n e r a l
A L G OR
P A I KA N
(P r e / P o s t
H } :p e r M
li
D yn
es
3D
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v
d u c t i rj
s o lv e
se
pu r po
an
c o n str a in
qu
k sta tio n
r e su
Pa
d
ka ge
w o r
ts)
tio
n s
lts)
se
am
ic
FEA
k st a t i o n
Pr o
c e sso r
Pr o
pact
a re a n
an a
fr a m
es
ly s e s )
c e sso r
an a
o n m a in
FEA
se
d dy n
pu r p o
w or
an
the sy st e m
a re
PC
an
p l e te C A D /C A M /C A E p a c k a g e )
(C o m
(C r a s h / i m
e r s i ty o
d di sp l a y th e
pu rp o
(P r e / P o s t
A L in k t o CA E S o ftw
de l lo a ds
l F E M S o ft w
an
m o
an
an
(G e n e r a l
(P C
tr o
n s
A (W )YS
C h a p t e r 1 Jn
t o F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t ho d
Im p le
Pr e pr o
Av
tr o
ly s i s )
d C o im M
ie
L e c t t+ r g N o t e s : I n t r o t i u
O bj e
tiv e
s o
n ow
t ia n to
en t
C h a p t e r 1 I n t r o du
M e t h o ci
f T h is F E M C o
c tio n
u rs e
d e r s t a n d th e f u n d a m
en
t a l i de a s o f the F E M
t h e be ha v i o r a n d u s a g e o f e a c h t y p e o f e l e m e n t s
co v ere
F in i t e E le m
d in this
e able
c o u r se
to p r ep a r e
C a n in te rp r e t
an
ita ble F E
a su
e v a lu a t e
m o
de l f o r g iv
t h e qu a l it y o
f the
en
r e su
pr o blem
l t s (k n
ow
t he phy s ic s o f th e p r o b l e m s )
e aw ar e o
f t h e l im it a t io
a n u m eric a
FEM
n s o
f the F E M
(d o n
'
l t o o l)
gt J i
13 4 : i m LI M i a d e
T ro m
B y J e f f B a d e rt s c h e
Se e
Sho
m o r e ex am
w c as e :
p le s in
(M E
C la s s
fo
o
r m o re
in f o )
f 200 1 UC )
,
F i n it e E l e
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L iu , U n i v e r s i t y
m e n
f C i n c in n a ti
t A
n a
w g is i n A c t io
n s
isu
se
the
L e c tu
II
N o t e s : I n t r o d u c t i o n t o F i n i t e E l e n i e n EM
r e
R e v ie
L in
her e
\n
m a
21
tr ix
f A lg e b r a ic E q u
+ a
x b x 2.
22
Ar e
+ a
the u
2.
kn
t io
n s
b2
( 1)
ow n s
fo r m
A
f M a t r ix A lg e b r a
S y s te
e a r
C ha p te r I I n t r o t l u c t i o
e [ ho [ l
(2 )
her e
a
a
11
21
a
a
a:
12
22
ln
2n
ij
nn
(3 )
X
X
ca
lled
v e c to r s o
a n x n
f d im
A is
{b }
(s q u a r e ) m
a tr ix
an
X an
d b
are
(c o l u m n )
e n s io n n
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i w U n i v
e r s i ty o
f C in c in n a t i
Le c tu
Ro
r e
H o l e s : I n tr
a n
du c t io
to F i n i te E le m
d C o lu
Ve
m n
t h f e h o d
en
to
< W
M a t r ix A d d it io
Fo
a
ddit i o n
Sc
an
d S u btr a
o m atr ic e s
tw
n a n
su
A + B
ith
ith
p r o du
n
o
f the
s a m e s iz e
(171 x n )
the
ij
ij
(o f
A B
it h
siz e
tx
) an d
(o f
siz e m x n
th e
by
t o f A B i s de fin e d
tw o m atr ic e s A
1- l J
M a t r i x M u lt i p li c a t i o
Fo
de fin e d by
are
AA
t io
,
d B bo th
an
btr a c tio n
M u lt i p li c a t i o
a la r
1 ! n l r m l l #c t i t J n
rs
W
ij
i rt
bt
k= 1
t e tha t , in g e n
era
l AB
,
BA
bu t
( A B )C
A (B C )
(a s s o c i a t i v e )
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u
L i U n i v e r s i ty o f C in c i n n a ti
Le c tu
re
Tr a
No
I n tr
ze s :
n s
po
d u c t io n t o F i n i te E l e m
s e o
If A
Sym
tic e tha t
(A B )
M a t r ix
r e
(n
x n
q zr a
U n it ( Id e
o te
rm
a n sp o se o
B A
a tr ix
)m
f A is
A is
ca
or
lle d sy m
a
m e tr
ic if
,
tha t A I
in a n t
T h e de t e r m in
Ix
det
M a t r ix
an
de n o t e d by de t A o r A l
de t e r m in a n t s a r e g iv e n by
an
i o
t it y ) M a t r i x
r u cl u c
m e t r ic
s
1 Im
D e te
th e n th e tr
@M H e r
e t ho t f
t M
M a t r ix
[a i j ]
en
qu a r e
Fo r 2
m a t r ix
an
A is
d 3
a sc a la r n u m
m a tr i c e s
ber
th e ir
bc
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v
e r s ity o
Le c tu r e No tes
Jm
r o
d t Jc t i o
t o F i n i t e El ement M
de t
i 1
21
23
32
C ltu p t r I I m
p r o ble m
M a t r ix In
Fo
m v er se
r e m a tr ix
in the
'
he r e
Mi
'
if de t A
u la r
in g
11
+ a
13
s o lu
hic h in dic a te s
tio n s , de ge n e r a c y
e tc
s , the
in v
O) i t s
(de t A
y th a t
m a tr ix
A i s d e f in
d by
t o f the
d j th
f A
sm a
c o lu m n
ller
o
m a tr ix
bt a i n e d by
f A
b e d e t e r m i n e d by
c an
1
=
de t A
e c an
an
an
er se o
a w a
:j
i s th e de t e r m in
r ow
r m a tr ix
t r i :c C o f
+ a
31
(n o n u n i q u e
sy stem s
l im in a t in g th e i th
T hu
A is
c o a c to r m a
C
w
22 '
q zi a r e a n d n o n s i n g u t a
i s c o n s tr u c t e d i n s u c h
AA
T he
v e r s io n
r a s
ll
M a t r ix
q zi a
s
du c l i o
33
13 '
S in g u la
n i
13
2z
31
12
e l hu
sho w
199 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u , U n i v
th a t
e r s i ty o
lg
(A B )
f C in c in
n a ti
1
_
'
10
No tes : I n
L e c tu
re
Ex
a m
p le
tr o
ci u c
lio
to F in ite
Ele m
en
e t ho
t M
C l l a p l e r 1 Tt t r oct uct i on
s :
( 1)
La d
C h e c k in g
r
bc )
(2 )
0
C h e c k in g
ex
pr e s se d
as
T hu
fo
u n
the
O (i
tio
(a s s u m
'
m a in
d the in v
17
JL1
s o lu
0
1
T he
1)
17
ex
ist !
I f de t A
(4
f the lin
07
gu la r ) the n A
e ar sy ste m
c o e
'
f f ic i e n t
do
es n o
q u a t i o n s (E q ( 1 c a n b e
a tr ix A i s n o n s in gu l a r )
e
er se o
s in
in g the
t a sk in
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v
A is
f th e
e r s ity o
in g a lin e a r sy ste m
c o e f f ic i e n t m a t r i x
so lv
f C i n c in
n a
ti
qu
tio
n s
is to
11
L e c t u '" g N o t e s
m
S o l u t io
Po
ll
u c
Te
l io
Gau
It e r a tiv
e
to F i n i t e E le
h n iq u e
it i v
s s e lim
D if f e
fo
e m e
L in
C h a p t e r J Jn l r u t l u c t i o n
t ho t l
m e
e a r
S y s te
m s o
f Equ
t io
n s
th o d s
tho ds
D e f i n it e M a t r i x
qu
a r e
X
o
in a tio n
(f t x n ) m
t i a t io
A is
id to be p
sa
e n s io n n
o s
i ti v
d e fu ?i t e i f f o r
,
x >
t e tha t p o s it iv
re n
a tr i x
f dim
n o n z er o v e c to r X o
m en
n a n
de fin ite
d In t e g r a t io
m a tr i c e s a r e n o n s in
n o
gu l a r
M a t r ix
L et
(t )
ij
(t )
th e n th e dif fe r e n t ia t io
is de f in e d by
dt
an
d th e in t e gr a t i o n by
A (t )d t
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u
L i u U n i v e r s i ty
LI
(t )d t
12
Lec t t r e N o t e s
Ty p e
1 D
s o
I n tr
du c t io n to F i n i te E le m
f F i n it e E le
(L i n e )
en
W 1
M e t ho d
In
iro
du c tio
m e n ts
E le n t e n t
(Sp r i n g
2 D
(P l a n e )
E le m
(M
3 D
(3
(S o l i d ) E l e m
D f ie lds
tr
u ss
em
br a n
be am
p ip e ,
etc
plate
she
ll,
e tc
te m p e r a t u r e
19 97 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v
en
en
e r s i ty o
di sp l a c e m
en
t,
str e ss ,
f lo w
v e lo c
ity )
13
L e c tu
Il l
re
N o t s : I n tr
o ti u c
tio
S p r i n g E le
u e r
On
o n o
da l di sp la c e m
da l fo r c e s :
en
ts :
en
(s t i f f h e s s ) :
kA
F / A
(>
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v
ith A
O) i s t h e f o
e r s i ty o
(i n
(1b
(1b / i n
ew
N /m
m m
to
N /m
r e l a t io n ship :
Z'
zt
L in
U IJ
c o n sta n t
disp l a c e m
=
de s :
Tw
rc e
t L5 3 Lm
p
m e n
Sp r i n g
m e n
l
y t i n g Lm p r t a
S p r i n g E le
Sp r i n g f o
C h a p t e r 1 I n l r o [ h +c l i n
F i Tt i t e E l e n \ e n t M e t h o cl
to
f Ci n c in n a ti
rc e n ee
ear
o n
l in
ear
de d t o p r o du
c e a u n
it
s tr e t c
14
L ec tu
r e
N o te s : I n tr o d u c tio n t F i i
o
n te E le m
e o n
ly
c o n s
em
i d e r En
C h a p t e r I I nl m[ l l l cf i on
M e tho tl
ea r
pr
blem
i n t h i s in t r o du c t o r y
C O U FSE
C o n s ide r the
ha v
w e
t n o
m a tr ix
de
f
ln
qu i libr iu
k {u
f fo
rces
f o r the
spr in
At
n o
de i
f:
an
ku
ku
fo r m
k [u
Lt
ku
ku
J1 j l l l
u
or
k
w
her e
o te
(e l e m
en
t)
s t i f fh e s s m a tr ix
(e l e m
en
n o
da l) disp l a c e m
(e l e m
en
n o
da l) fo r c e
th a t k i s sy m m e tr ic
c a n w e s o lv e
19 9 7 2003 Y i j u
Is k
t h e e qu a t i o n ? I f
L iu U n i v
er s ity o
f C in c in n a ti
s in
n o
en
v e c to r
v e c to r
gu l a r o r
t w hy ?
n o n sin
gu l a r ? T h a t i s ,
15
L e c tu
re
N o t e s : nl r oduct i on t o F i i t E l
n
e
em
S p r in g S y s te
en t
C }t a p l c r ! I n t r c n i t t t l i f m
t ho t l
MJ
1
u J
Fo r
e le m e n
2
2
Lt 3
lo
ca
t 1,
k
elem en
t 2,
k2
k2
w
her e
(i
/,
i s the
(i nt er nal
ac
tin g
o n
de i
n o
e lem en
1 2)
A s s e m ble the
t i Hin e s s
C o n s i de r th e
F,
a
fo r c e
Yr i a
tr ix
qu i l ib r iu
jor
the
f fo
ho le sy s te m
r c es a
n o
de 1
f:
t n o de 2 ,
an
n o
de 3
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v
e r s ity o
f Cin c in n a t i
16
L e c tu
N o te s : I n t r o du c t io rt to F i i E i
n te
em
r e
e ttt
@m m
M e t ho t l
t In
t r o t l u t l i r J i
T ha t is ,
In
m a tr ix
fo
rm
0 r
k
kn
= ia 6= I
0
o r
K U
K i s th e
An
ha v
s ti f fn e s s m a tr ix
lte r n
"
ti v e w a y o
E n l a r g in g" th e
(s t r u c t u r e
a s s e yr t b l i n
m a tr ix
g the
s ti f f n e s s m a tr i c e s
fo r th e
ho le
fo r
spr in
sy ste m
t i ff n e s s m a t r i x
e le m e n
ts
an
d 2
w e
k2
k2
k2
19 9 7 2 00 3 Y i j u n L i u
U n i v e r sity
k2
r
Z'
17
L e c tu
re
N o te s : h t r o d u c t io n to F in i E l
te
em
A ddin g t h e tw
o m a tr ix
e n
C l i a p l e r 1 H t r o cl t i c l i o r t
M e tho t i
e qu a t i o n s
TL
(s zt p e l p o s i t i o i t )
Lt
qu i l ib r iu
Bo
A
u n
s su m
w e
hav
in g
k2
sam e e
k2
qu a t io n
d lo a d
a n
Zl
w e
c o n
diti o
an
de r iv e d by
u s in
g the fo
r c e
n s
F,
fo
re
du
k2
to
c es
k2
1:
hic h
c o n c ept
da r y
hav
w e
0
T his is the
k2
an
Un kn
o w n s ar e
l::J
19 9 7 2 00 3 Y i j u n L i u , U n i v
e r s ity o
an
f C i n c ir m a t i
d th e
r eac
tio
rce
(i f
de s ir e d)
18
L e c tu
r e
N o te s : h
zl r o
d u c l io
So l v i n g t h e
an
d th e
r e a c tio n
D e fo
B alan
Or der
A bo
c e o
s u
bt a i n the di sp la c e m
en
J In
t r o t l u c t io n
ts
lt s
f the
m a
gn it u de s
t t h e S p r in g E le
Su i t a b l e f o
C a n ha v
e sp r i n
,
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v
f the
spr in
e r s ity o
ly si s
e ss an a
ly s i s
e le m en
ts
e le m e n
ts fo
f C i n c in n a ti
ber s
n u m
m e n ts
r stif fn e ss a n a
t su it a b l e f o r s tr
dir e c tio n
s tr u c tu r e
f t h e ext er nal f o r c e s
@m
e tho t l
w e o
d shap e
rm e
I P
n s
e i zl
fo r c e
k in g t h e R e
N o te
qu a tio
F,
Che
l 0 F in i t e E t e m
spr in
f th e
g its e l f
ith s t if fh e s s in th e l a t e r a l
r
to r s io
etc
19
L e c h +r e N o t e s : I n t r o d u c t i o
Ex
a m
[ o F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t ho
l
F o r th e
en
F in d
k2
sp r in
m m
500 N
sh o w n a
sy s t e m
k2
(b ) d i s p l a c e m
en
ts o f
fo r c es
tio
m m
k3
10 0 N /
m m
stiffn e s s m a tr ix
r eac
bo v
2 00 N /
(a ) t h e g l o b a l
(d ) t h e f o r c e i n t h e
So l t t t i o
k3
10 0 N /
(C ) t h e
(a )
1 I n l r o du c l i o
p le 1 1
Giv
@m m
n o
de s 2
t
sp r in
n o
an
d 3
de s 1
an
d 4
g 2
T he
elem en
r
k
st if fn e s s m a tr ic e s a r e
10 0
10 0
10 0
10 0
(N / m
( 1)
(N / m
(2 )
(N / m
(3 )
200
k
200
r
3
10 0
10 0
19 97 2 0 0 3 Y i j u n L i u U n i v
10 0
e r s i ty o
f C i n c in
10 0
n a
ti
20
L e c tu
r e
N o te s
I n tr o du c tio
to F in i te E le m
A p p ly in g the su e r o s it io n
p p
m a tr ix f o r th e s r in
p
g sy s t e m
tl
1 o
stiffn e ss
l2 0 0
tl
200
10 0
as
00
bta in th e glo ba l
c o n c ept, w e o
Zl
C h a p t e r J I n r o , l u c l i o
t M e l h o cf
en
ki o o
l 00
10 0
200
10 0
or
10 0
10 0
10 0
K
hich is
30 0
(F E )
200
200
s y m n ?e t r i c a n
E q u i l i b r iu
10 0
10 0
10 0
d b a r zd e d
qu a t i o n f o r th e
10 0
10 0
300
10 0
300
ho le
sy st e m
200
1'
is
2
=
(b )
4
th
2 00
A p p l y i n g th e B C
row s an
(u ,
c o lu m n s , w e
19 9 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v
e r s ity o
300
10 0
zl
hav
f Cin c in n a ti
10 0
10 0
t'
zi
O) i n E q (4 )
(4 )
4 1
or
d e l e t i n g t h e 1"
an
21
L ec tu
re
N o t e s : I n tr
du c ti o n to F in it e E le m
300
200
200
S o l v i n g E q (5 )
300
C h a p t e r 1 I nt m[ l ucl i on
t M e t ho d
11
1 1
J\ f l p l
tl
zt
(m
(C ) F r o m
th e 1
F,
T he F E
er e
fo
r c e as
2,
an
F,
(d )
st
d 4t
r esu
in
(N )
10 0 zt 3
300
(N )
fo r
sp r in
elem en t
(4 )
(e l e m
T hu
en
w e
ge t the
r eac
tio n fo r c e s
t) 2 is
s w e c a n c a lc u
la te the
spr in
l::J
]l:J
2 00
200
200
200
200
(6 )
(N )
lts l
19 9 7 20 0 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v
200
Chec k the
qu a t i o n
3 fo r
f,
l o oM .
qu a t i o
(5 )
bt a in
w e o
en
e r sity o
22
No
L e c tu
re
Ex
a m
te s :
I n tr o d u
c tio n
to F i n i te E ie m e n i M e tho
C h a p t e r 1 I n t r o du c t i o
p le 1 2
.
L n:ii:hnhJ
T
k3
Pr
bte n z: F o r the
an
sp r in
e lem en
ts,
sy ste m
ith
ar
b i tr a r i l y
a s sho w n a bo v e
n u m
be r e d
f i n d th e g l o b a l
n o
de s
st i f fh e s s
m a tr ix
So lu t io
F ir st
w e c o n str u c
E lem
E lem
en
t the fo l l o
en
t C
in g
on n ec
N o de i
t iv ity T
( 1)
ble
JV o d e
j ( 2)
h i c h sp e c i f i e s t h e g l o ba l n o de n u m b e r s
to c a i n o d e n u m b e r s f o r e a c h e l e m e n t
199 7 2 0 0 3 Y ij u n L i u , U n i v e r s i t y
c o r r e sp o n
din g t o t he
23
Le c ltt r e No te s : I m
T hen
r o
du c tio
lo
C h u p l e r 1 Fnt mdl l cl i nn
F i n i t e E l e n t e n t M e t ho d
w e c an w r
ite the
e le m en
t sti f fn e s s m a t r ic e s
1'
k
k
kl
k2
k3
L'
= ik
m a tr ix
k4
T he
k2
k4
'
f o l lo w
k2
k2
Zl
F i n a l ly a p p ly in g th e su p e r po s it i o n
st if fn e s s m a tr ix a s fo l lo w s
tt
as
is sym
k2
k4
w e o
bt a i n t h e g l o b a l
k2
k3
k2
k3
k3
m e tr
ic
f C in c in
k2
k4
19 9 7 2 00 3 Y ij u n L i u U n i v e r s i t y
m e tho
k4
ba n d e d bu t
,
n ati
4:
s i t ?g u
la
24

Text Material Finite Element

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Text Material Finite Element

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

pha siz e d thr o u gho u t the

gge s tio n s o n the e a r li e r v er s io n s o f the se le c tu r e n

You might also like