P R E FA CE

Fo u r y e a rs a g o I a n n o un ce d i n m y l ittl e b oo k
E co

h o mi es o f R oa d Co n s tru cti o n
t h a t I h a d i n p r e p a r a ti on a
h a n db oo k o f co s t d a t a f o r e n g i n e e r s a n d co n tr a ct o r s
At
th a t ti m e thi s h a n db o o k h a d b e e n u n de r w a y f o r ei g h t
y e a r s a n d i t s e e me d n e a rl y r e a d y f o r p ub l i ca ti o n ; bu t o th e r
Th e delay
d u ti e s p r e ve n t e d a s pe e d y n is hi n g o f the ta s k
h o w e v er h a s b e e n f o rtun a t e i n t h a t I h a v e a d d e d v e r y
In th e
m u ch t o m y k no wl ed g e o f t h e g e n er a l s ub j ect
m e a n ti m e t w o b o o k s h a v e g r o wn o u t o f the o ri g in a l m a n u
n a m e ly
my b o o k s o n e a rthw o rk a n d o n r o ck e x
s crip t
Th e writi n g o f th e s e t wo b o o k s h a s b e tte r tt e d
ca v a t i o n
me f o r t h e wr i ti n g o f thi s b oo k a n d h a s pu t m e in to u c h
wi th m a n y e n g i n e e r s a n d co n tr a ct o rs w h o h a ve g ener o u s l y
f ur n i s h e d a ddi ti o n a l co s t d a t a
S o f a r a s I k n o w thi s i s t h e r s t b oo k o n en g inee r i n g

cos t d a t a ev e r p ub l i s h e d
T he r e a r e
wri tte n
p ri ce b o o k s
u s e b ui l d e r s
b ut th e y ar e e s s e nti a l ly w h a t t he i r
to
i mp l i e s b oo k s o n p ri ce s o f m a te ri a l s a nd co n tr a ct
m
3
T hi s b o o k d i ff e r s f r o m a l l s u c h w o rk s a s i d e f r o m
pl
: a ct th a t i t co v e rs th e wh o l e e l d o f civi l e n g i n e er i n g
th
i n th a t i t i s a b o o k i n whi c h cos ts ar e an a lyze d a n d d i s
A c n tr a ct p r i ce i s o n e th i n g a co ntr a ct cos t i s a n
c u s s ed
enti re ly d i ff er e n t th i n g i n S p i t e o f t h e co m m on co n f u s i o n o f
th e s e t e rms
I n o r d e r f ul ly t o u n der s t a n d an y a n a ly s i s o f
u n i t co s t s i t i s n e ce s s a r y t o h a ve a d e t a i l e d d e s cri p ti o n o f
He n ce
t h e m e th o d s u s e d i n co n s tru c ti o n a n d o pe r a ti o n
a lth o u g h it e miz e d co s t d a t a o ccup y m a n y s co r e s o f p a g e s i n
t hi s b o o k th e r e a r e m a n y m o r e s co r es o f p a g e s d ev o t e d t o
de s cri pti o n s o f h o w the w o rk w a s d o n e the o r g a n iz a ti o n o f
T h e r e co rd s
i n al l
t h e f o r ce s a n d the m a chi n e s u s e d
a r e a ctu a l re co rd s ta k e n f r o m ev e r y a v a i l a b l e s o ur ce
ca s e s
of
p ub li s h e d i n f o rm a ti o n f r o m p e r s o n a l letter s s e n t b y
e n g i n e er s a n d co ntr a ct o r s a n d f r o m m y o wn r e co rd s
I t i s o f t e n s a i d th a t co s t d a t a a r e o f n o v a l u e t o a n i h
e xp e rie n ce d m a n
Ge ner a lly t h e m e n w h o m a ke s u ch s t a t e
,

P R E FA CE

1V

m en t s ar e th e m s elve s p os s ess e d o f f e w re co rd s o f cos t o r

u s e th i s a r g um e n t a s a n e xc u s e f o r n o t m a ki n g p ub li c s u c h
r e co rds a s th e y d o p os s e s s
T h e v e ry s e cr e tiv e n e s s o f m e n
h a vi n g co s t d a ta whi c h th e y r e f u s e t o m a k e p u bl i c n u l l i e s
t h e i r s t a t e m e n t th a t s u c h d a t a ca n b e o f n o u s e t o o th e r s
W e a l s o h e a r i t a r gu e d th a t co n di ti o n s v a ry s o wi d e ly
t h a t g r a v e e r r o r s o ccu r wh e n a n a tt e mp t i s m a de to a ppl y
p ub l i s he d cos t d a ta
T h o s e w h o h a v e n o t b e e n t ra i n e d t o
a re
l ik e ly t o m a k e
s tu dy t h e (: On d i ti o n s
a ff e cti n g co s t s
s e r i o u s b l u n d e r s i n a ny cas e ;
b ut i f thi s b o o k i s i n e v e n
a s li g ht d e g re e wh a t i t a i m s t o b e
i t w i l l b e of g reates t
b e ne t t o j u s t s u ch m e n ; f o r it w i l l i n d i ca t e t o th e m h o w t o
a n a lyz e
cos t s
a nd
h o w t o s tu dy m e th o d s o f p e r f o rm i n g
w o rk e co n o mi ca l ly
r
n
Ma ) o f t h e e r r o ne o u s i d e as a b o ut t h e v a l u e o f co s t
r e co rd i n g a ri s e f r o m a co n f u s i o n o f t h e t e rm co s t with t h e
T hi s i s n o t a h a n db o o k o f p ri ces
t e r m pr i ce
a lth o u g h
m a n y p ri ce s a r e g i v en
I co u l d h a v e l l e d t e n v o l um es
w i t h p ri ces a n d w i th s um m a ri e s o f co s t s w ritt e n b y e n g i
h e e r s w h o h a v e f a i l e d t o s t a t e r a t es o f w a g es a n d co n d iti o ns
B u t a s h o r t ti m e
un d e r w hi ch th e w o r k w as p e r f o rm e d
a f t e r pub l i ca ti o n
a l l s u ch m a tt e r i s h a r d ly w o rth t h e i n k
th a t i t i s pr i n t e d w ith s i nce wa g es a n d pri ce s a r e s u b j e c t
t o co ns ta n t ch a n g e
T h e a tt e n ti o n o f co n tr a ct o r s i s ca l l e d t o t h e r s t p a r t o f
t he b oo k i n whi ch s y s t e m s o f co s t k e e p i n g a r e d e s cri b ed
I h a v e o utli n e d wh a t I b e l i e v e t o b e s o m e o f t h e b es t s y s
t e m s o f c os t k e e p i n g
S a mp l es o f o th e r r e co r d ca rd s a n d
m eth o ds th a n my o wn a r e s h o w n ; f o r my p u rp o s e h a s b e e n
t o e lu c i d a t e p r i n ci pl e s r a th e r th a n t o e xp l o i t p e t th e o ri e s
a s to b u s i n e s s m a n a g e m e nt a n d a cco u n ti n g
,

HA LB E R T

N e w Y o rk

S ep t

1 , 1905

GI LL E TT E

CO NT E NT S

P
S ECT I O N

Co

Keep i n g

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d
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ti l
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f I di i d
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f
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ai

s s en

vs

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and

en ts

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and

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f or

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ou n g

t r a c t or s

ea s u r n g

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ut

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e t ti n g

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of

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ea s u r n g

cu

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ua s

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ch a s i n g

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es
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to

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by

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82

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fo r Co n
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29

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of

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f or

ll i

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an d

d l f It m
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b l
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30

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to

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and

of

by

r o t s

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en ce

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e r ce n t a g e

es

f or E n g i n e s

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of

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Co s t b y E

E xp e n s e ; In t e r e s t

and

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'

and

Bid

of

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P i ki g

etc

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Ho w t o P r e p a r e E s t i m a t e s
and

Co s t
Co s t

Mi n u t e

by

Mai n ta i n i ng

of
of

li

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of

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e

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u es

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ld R l
M l ti p l y i g T b l

Wa g e

'

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of

ka g e

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for

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and

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a rt h

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u n ch

t e r i a l s R e ce i v e

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R e cor

f or

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Mi m e og r a p h

T i m e Ca r

a ch e

W ork

of

A u to m a t i c

e ce

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Ca r

d Att

W ei g h

Cos t

R ock

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a nd

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31

W e i gh t

31
32

Me a s u r e m e n t
Ki n s o f Ha n

33

Co s t

of

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Do s t

of

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35

a nd

99

99

of

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Dr i
Dr i

ll

100

ll i

103
ng

105

CON TE NTS

vi

Si

Ta

bl

S te a

Ca t a

A i r Co m

e ne

ll i g
E
f
R l
D i ll d p

s
r
s
s
o
r
e
p

sti

or

Dr i

of

R ates

Ro c

ent

ll i

De r r i ck

w i th

i ng

Ho l e s

S n a ci n g

Co s t

and

st on e

Su m

O p e n Cu t

Dr i

of

and

Bl

1 24
a s ti n g

128

W ei gh t

es and

of

Ha n d

Co s t

of

Ma s s
Co s t

r ea

Cr u s h e

k i ng

Cr u s h i n g

of

Da t a

R e f e r e n ce s

Q
Q

at

130
u a rt

on

z it

Cr u s h i n g

13 1
.

R oa

1 32
133

1 43

1 45

w i th

Ha u l

Ma c a

am

Ol d

1 47
s to n e

am

1 49

Co s t

of

R ep a i r i n g

Ma c a d a m
Ma c a a m

1 52

M a s s a ch u s e t t s
m
Sp rin

of

Co s t

of

Co s t

of

Ma c

R e s u r f a ci n g

of

Co s t

1 53

kl i n g

l d

S t ree t s

T e for

R oa

L ay i ng

T wo

Bik
r c

ave m e n t s

Co s t

Co s t
Co s t

of

of

Bik P
r c

of

Co s t

r c

Cos t

of

m ent

1 62

1 65
a ve m e n t

166

T enn

Ch i p p i ng
S ton e

Tar

Bl k P
B k P
oc

oc
Gr a n i t e
m e n t o n Co n cr e te

of

me nt i n

avement,

a ve

r c

15 7

Il l

BikP
p li
BikP
a

of

B ik

Co s t

1 45
146

e st on e

S ca r i f y i n g

and

of

r c

and

Me m p h i s

N e w t on ,

u a rry i ng

ng

Co s t

Ma c

R oa

R e p a i r i n g S an

M i nn e a

by

S t on e

1 43

ng

Ch a m p a i g n ,

1 30

Cru s h i n g
O th e r

of

1 29

Tr ap

Co s t

125

a nd

Cr u s h i n g T r a p
Si

of

of

R es u rf a ci n g

of

Co st

u a r ry i n g

of

Co s t

lli g
Q

d
di
di

1 41

er s

Cru s h i n g

Cob b

Co s t

and

s to n e

Ma ch i n e

of

in

1 23

I r e n ch i n g i n R o c

Co s t

Gra

'

S an d

140

Li m e s t o n e

L i m e s ton e

ll

of

Co s t

1 39

m R oa

Ma ca

m ary

Cost

Ca rt s

120

Sh a

S an

Gra

Co s t

Co s t

of
a

of

and

Ma ca a m
Ma i n t e n a n c e
of

i ng

E xc a v a t i n g

of

S t on e

R e qu i r e

of

S te am

E xc a v a t i o n

1 38

kl i ng

of

Re a d

1 19

in

Sp rin

Co s t

11 8

1 37

S t ea m Ro

am

R o l ing

of

Co s t

11 6

137

er

T r ap

Co s t

Ma ca

a nd

S p re a i ng

S u m ma r y

1 15

1 18

in

Bi d

134

u a r ry i n g

f or

u a n t i ty

E xc av a t i o n

O p e n Cu t
I

1 14

W a g on s

an d

of

114

Cru s h e

Ha n dl i n g

of

Co s t

of

'

etc

ag e

R oa d s

Ha u l i n g

of

Co s t

Ha n d

S h ovel s

Co s t

ll

L o a i n g w i th

of

of

1 17

Ha n dl

of

Co s t

Dr i

Ha n dl i n g

S to n e

Co s t

ll

of

Co s t

Co s t

1 13

L oa i n g b y

of

Co s t

109

in

ng

Op e ra ti ng

of

Co s t

i ff e r

Dri

of

107

1 10

s
i
t
B
i
n
n
e
r
h
a
S
f
o
g
Co s t
p

Co s t

Co s t

Fe e t

m a ti n g

Sh i f t

er

1 06

109

u e

Co st

of

Co s t

Cos t

Wa lks

Cr u s h i n g

Lo s t T i m e i n

of

e r ce n t a g e

Dri

1 06

o g u es

IV

P a vemen ts ,

at

m Con s u m p t i o n

Gas o

S E CT I O N

Co n s u m p ti o n

A ir

of

es

in

De e p M i n e

R o se

th e

ag e

106

A i r Co n s u mp t i o n

of

T es t

Dr i l

A ir

of

es

o ff

ave

1 67
a ve

1 70

CONTE N TS

Co s t

a ve m en t s

Wi n n i p eg

at

m ent
Co s t o f C e m e n t W a k s
Co s t o f Ce m e n t W a k s
ave

Co s t

of

Fr a n ci s co
a
of
Ce m e n t

S an

Hi ll

Cos t

Co n cr e t e Cu r b

of a

1 71

Cos t

Cos t

S t

De n i t i o n s

Ma s o n ry
L a y i n g M a s on r y

S to n e

Co s t

Mor t a r

of

of

E s ti m a t i n g t h e Co s t

Dre s s i n g
Da ta o n S ton e S a w i n g
C o s t o f S to n e Dr e s s i n g
Co s t

Sa n

a nd

Co s t

Pi

of

1 82

Co s t

1 82

Co s t

S an

dg

1 97

Yo k

of

Pl

of

Ha n d

Cos t

Dr i
Co s t

of
of

B i dg

Dri ll i n g

of

of

ope-

Co s t

Co s t

of

2 03

Gr a n i t e

Ma s o n r y

of

A r ch

A b u tm en ts

30 f t

fo r

of

'

V id
o

Cu ve r t s a n d
E r i e Ca n a
208

ih

on

in

Gra v e

Si

and

ar re s

Cos t

of

of

in

S an

k en

of

on

V id

S an

of

Bro

of

M o r t ar

V id

e r c e n ta g e

qu i re d

u an ti t y

Mo i s tu r e

of

f Con cr ete
Ki nd s

W e i gh t

Gr a i n s

207

B i dg

Ce m e n t

E ff e c t

r ch

20 5

Ce n te r s

a ll

th e
.

and

E ff e ct

2 04

Cos t

Co n c r e t e

i n Sa n

u a r ry i n g

Ma s o n r y 2 44

Li ni n g Tunne

of

2 43

L i m es to n e

P a i n ti n g O l d

he o r y

Si

ug

233

2 43

Cons tr u cti on
T

9 33

f E x ca v a t i n g

of

2 30
and

Ma s o n r y
Cos t

W a ll s
S l o p e W a ll

te

W a ll

Ce m e n t

by

Pl

n e u m a ti c

rch

Co s t

L ay i n g

22 6

Da m s

S IO p e

s t on e

of

ng

Co s t

Co s t

of

ll i

ug

er

R i v er

l l

Co s t

2 01

of

Cu t t i n g

Gr a n i t e

Da m
Do ck s
an d

De n i t i o n s
1 99

u a r ry i n g ,

Lay i ng

a nd

Co s t

B i d g Pi

Li me s ton e

of

S E CTI O N V I

Gr an i t e ,

Ci ty

R oc

Co s t

198

Cu tt i n g

L ay

W all

W a rr i o r

a Gr a n i

Da m

Ma s on ry

u a r ry i n g a n d

Da m s

S an

Cut ti n g Gr a n i te f or

of

Co s t

1 91

Cos t

1 97

B ri

s to n e

220

t h e S od om

of

Bl k

1 88

1 98

Co s t o f
N ew

Tim

Da m

Lay i ng

of

of

Co st

1 95

s t on e

and

Li m e s t on e

ac

1 93

e rs

Co st
a

e wa y

2 18

Ma s o n r y

Li m e s to n e

Cu t t i n g

of

of

i ng

S ton e

of

Lay i n g

of

Cos t

in

Ca b

Du n n i n g

'

e rce n t ag e

Lay i n g

Co s t

o n e

Mas onry

Da m
Mas on ry

Ma s o n r y
Cr i b Dam

Co s t
SE CT I ON V

R ub b

211

2 14

of

b er

1 81

Wyo

on

Co s t

of

Da ta

Da m
Da m

Gr a n i t e

Ch e y e n n e

an d

L a y i n g S t o n e Cu r b s

of

of

wi th

1 79

E ri e

t h e S w ee t w a t er

of

Co s t

ag e

210

'

1 78

Ma s o n r y

Ca n a1

17 8

Co s t
1 77

L oc

of

Cos t

in

W alk

Co s t
For b e s

Cos t

1 76

W a lk

ag e

1 75

Cem e n t

As p h a lt

L ay i n g

of

Co s t

Asp h alt

Lay i n g

of

vii

S to n e

W a t er

Mo r tar

a nd

Re
2 66
2 66

CO N TE N TS

vi i i

Co s t

of

Ho s e

W as h i ng

S an

a s h i ng

w i th S a n

W a s h i ng
Co s t
8 T a nk W a s h er

wi th

S an

Ha n d

'

Un

l di
oa

2 68

Co s t

of

Cos t

of

T r a n s po r t i n g

M a t er i a s
Co s t o f M i xi n g
Cos t

Co n cr e te

i ng

Du m p i n g

of

R amm i ng

a nd

Ha u

and

Lo a i n g

of

Co s t

Co s t

Mi xi n g

Li ning

Hi ll
Co s t

Ma s s

of a

Co s t

Fo r b e s

Co s t

29 1

Li n i n g

at

oor

R e s e rv o i r

W o rk

Fo rt i ca t i o n

of

Fo r t
oi n t
Ca l
Co s t o f Fo r t i ca ti o n W o r
Co s t o f Co n cr e t e B r e a k w a
N
B u ff a o
ter
at

Co s t

of

Co os a
'

Co s t

of

Lab or

W a ll s

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Co n cr e t e
R i v e r,

A la

ks

Lo c

Co s t

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of

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Ca n a

Pi

er

Con cr e t e

of

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of

Gr oi n e

of

of

as e

for

and

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Ma

d A

w i th

rch e s

Al b an y

L i n i ng

a nd

Fi te r

T u nn e

of

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es

a nd

of

Co n

In v e r t

ui t

W a te r

Bl k f
Bl k M
d ti
F

Cos t o f Ma i n g
a Co n cr e te S e w e r

Co s t

3 18

on

ant

Cos t

of

M i xe r

T ru m p

W o rk s

ho

m e n ts

M i xe r

Co s t

3 15

Pl

r ch

W o rk

Mi xi n g w i th

Co s t

33 2

Co n cr e t e

W a g o n Ha u l i n g

2 99

r ch

Cy l i n

er

of

30 1

R e ta i n i n g
Co s t o f
Ch i c a g o Dr a i n a g e

Pi

ng

Co s t

ll i

oc

oc

ou n

'

33 1
331

Cos t

Ma ch i n e M i xi n g

Fu r n a c e

as

of

3 02

Co n c r e te
Ca n a

Co s t

d A

ave

29 7

S u b a q u eo u s Co n cr e t e

of

Co s t

d A

2 92

300

ks

Co n cr e t e

Fo rm s

3 30

Cu ve r t s

i ty

v e rt

Hi g h

of

32 6

32 7

2 91

293

i ng

a ti o n

of

f or

Bl

w i th

e rs

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sp h a t
Co n cr e t e ,
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B ri c

Cos t

Fi

'

uc t ,

R e i n f or c e

of

Cos t

Co s t

B i dg

T a mp i ng

R e s e rv oi r F

of

a nd

d
mp l

a s ter

R e s e rv o i r

Pa

es

of

Ry

s b ur g ,

of

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E xa

L i ni n g

t Ca n to n

P i tt

Pl

an d

Re s er vo i r,

of

Cos t

Co nc r e t e

Cu

R e i n f o rc e

Hi g h wa y A rch

of

dg

u t m en ts

Fo u n
'

ey

32 4

of

Co s t

79

2 83

of

i ng

281

Co s t

Cos t

V ll
a

l
Vi d

A r ch

A r ch
A

of

B ri

Ma c h i n es
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Ry

2 76

Co s t s

of

Co s t

of

Co s t

32 4

and

u tm e n ts ,

Hi g h w a y

2 78

of

d g Ab

B i dg

S p r ea i n g

S u m m a ry

w i th

27 4

ag e

u v e r ts a n d

rc

of

Co s t

272

l
l

Co s t o f an
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th e

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th e

'

B i d g Ab
6 A h C l

of

'

271

ri a s

u ct

St

Ma te

t he

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of

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6 B ri
2 70

L oa i ng

Cos t
Co st

by

Ma t e r i a

th e

ng

e rs

Via

'

f r o m Ca r s

Pi

W al l

R et a i n i n g

of

Cos t

in

Ma k i n g Co n cr e t e

of

of

Co s t

E j e c t o r s 2 68

Cos t

age

2 67

of

or

an

on

CON TE N TS

Co s t

of

Co

i ng

S t e e Bu i

e
n
c
r
e
t
Co

u m ns

Pl i
B ld i ng
B i ld i

Co s t o f Mi xi n g a n d
ui
Co n cr e t e f o r a
Cos t o f Co n cr e t e
of
Co s t
S e we r

Wi l m i n g to n

er,

Ste e

l d

ev e a n

of

Co s t
Co n

ui t

th e J

S te e

p ly

Co s t:

of

Co n

ush

S tee

of

R ub b

A b u tm e n t

Sy

S y ve s te r

of

and

of

Wa ter

Cos t

of

ll

T re n ch i n g ,

of

Cos t

of

T re n ch i n g

A s tor i a
Hi l b u r n

P
id

392
393

393

Co s t

of

d
Pip

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o s to n

La

er

W a ter

of

L ay i ng

396

6 in

399

410
cr o s s

413
cro s s

W i ll a me t t e R i v e r
o f a W oo d P i p e L i n e
of

mp i n g

i ng
of

64

Pl
P

HP

an t a n d

u mp

u mp

4 15

a nd

Ti le
417

41 7

e ra t i o n s

E xca v a t i n g

wi th

Ma ch i n es

Di ff i cu l t

en e

Cos t of S ewers

Co n s i

of

413

Pi t

Cond ui ts

Vi tr i ed

413

414

S ECTI O N V I I I

ost of

Gas o

in

418

T re n ch E x

Mas s

Co s t o f T r e nc h i n g b y Ca b e
wa y s
423
of
T r e nc h i n g
Co s t
w i th
T r e n ch E xca v at o r s
426
of
Co s t
u mp i ng
W ate r
427
f r o m T r e n ch e s
r i ce s
of
S ew e r
S i e s an d

P
P

Ce m e n t R e qu i r e
i p e J o i n ts

'

Cos t

of

Co s t

of

Ha u l i n g

f o r S e wer

S ew er

La y i n g S e w e r

Di a g ra m

at

Pi p

Pi p A

3 95

ip e
T r e n ch i n g a n d
I 3 96
r o vi e n c e , R
L a y i ng ,

41 0

Pip

Pi p A

L ay i n g

c a v at i o n

3 95

T re n ch i n g

of

Co s t
N

3 92

n a

Ol d

an

S u b a q u e ou s

T r e n ch

Gr e at

Mo n t

Co s t

395

O r e g on

Up

L ay i n g

Ge n e r al

of

389

Cos t of

Co s t

Co s t
389

W as h

Mor tar

v es t er

Cos t

Cos t

E f o r es

A ci d

w i th

di

Li n e

of

Un

R ub

Loa i n g a n d Ha u
ipe
i n g Cas t Ir o n
r i ce s
of
ip e
Ca s t Ir o n
S i n ce 1 882
W e i g h t o f Ca s t Ir on i p e
i p e T re n ch es
W a te r

Co s t
Cos t
Fa

Co s t

388

S E CT I ON VII

Co s t

381

Co n cr e t e

L ai

407
408

of

th e

on

Li n e i n

t h e S u s qu e h a n n a

387

R e m ov i n g

of

c e n ce

Cos t

Co s t

Ci ty

T a i ng

of

E xp e n s i v e

Pi p

L ay i n g

Sup

Ha mm e r i ng

Da t a

401

Pi p

W a ter

oi

Co s t

f or

'

Cos t

P ip

Co n cr e t e Da t a

of

401

'

W or k

6- i n

ag e

at

Lai

ll

of

L ai

Ca l

e,

S o u th e rn

3 74
ui t

ll

Oh io

37 1

3 83

S om e E n g i s h
b l e Co n cre t e

Cos t

of

Co s t

Co n c r e t e
R ubb

Co s t

Co s t

Se w

P ip

Un u s ua y
e ce

3 66

W a ter

Ci ty

e r s ey

Clo

o r t e rv i

Pi

364

W ater

of

An

Sew

o
n
e
c
r
e
t
C

n
c
r
e
e
t
Co

ng

3 65

Cos t

Pip

Wa t e r

of

All i a nc e

363

Co s t

ac n g

Co s t o f Co n cr e t e S t e e
er at

age

360

S te e
t
n
r
e
c
e
Co

r
e
n
c
e
t
o
C

of

Cos t

ld

ix

r i ce s

Gi v i n g
o f S e wers

Pip
Pi p

429
e.
e

4 31

Co n t r a ct
.

43 2

CON TE NTS

1:

P
Cos

8 ih

of

Co s t

12 i n

I11

Wi s

Tr es t

Co s t
434

Ga

at

Ca r d e l e

of

S h e e ti n g

S ew

at

St

4 35
eori a ,

R e co r

'

43 5

S e w e r s i n To

Ca n a

r o nt o ,

Bik

S ewer

r c

Co s t

Bik

of

Co s t

St

er s ,

Cos t

of

o o

Co n cr e t e

of a

and

on

os

r a ns

Bi k

ec r c

on

os

an

r c

437

Da ta

on

T res t

Do ck i n g

Pl

es ,

Do ck s

Dr i v i ng

Pil

OE

es

B i dg
r

of

w i th

S aw

a nd

Pi l

482
f or

es

Pi l

483
es

B li g
Pi Pi l
B i dg
t
C t f P ll i g P i l
f Bl
ti g P i l
C t
d D i i g
C t f P ll g
Pi l f
G
d Pi
on

S a w i n g O ff

os

os

es

er

Ti

of

e a s u re

W k
Tr es tli ng

Pil
Pil

and

Cos t

P i li ng.

Ti mb er

es
e

Dr i v e r s

Ha m m e r

S te a m

Ha mm e r

Co s t

Pi l

Co s t
Co s t

Pl
i

Co s t

R a y m on

of

th e

Co s t

464

Co n cr e t e

Ma k i n g
Dr i v i n g i e s w i th a
Dri v e r
Dri vi n g Fo u n a t i o n

Pl

of

of

f or

of

Wa g o n

Dr i v i n g
R oa

Pil

4 69

Lo a i n g

of

S a w i ng , B ori n g

Me th o

i ng

Co s t
Co s t

46 9

a nd

for

a nd

Co s t
4 72

R a i w ay

of

B ui

es

of

to

ld i

B i dg
r

A d z i ng
B ui

l
Vi d

T r es t
a

an

ng

B ri g e

B ui

'

ld i

Ha u l i ng

of

T i mb er

of

of

an d

Cos t

and

p r oa ch

Cos t
4 70

es

Cr e o s o t i n g

T i m b er

4 67

of

es

462

Dr o p

489

L u mb e r

Co s t o f

es

Ho rs e

Co s t

vs

Ma nu f a ctu r i n g

of

46 1

486

488

Cos t
4 61

486

mb e r

or

S ECTI ON I X

485

r v n

uar

m en t

es

an

in

or

'

as

es

es

484

ur

er

481

W a t er

er

480

4 82

Ha m m e r

on

os

460

and

es

on

i ng

Da t a

4 59

4 79

u mb

456

S ew

(S e e S ec t i o n

e rs

4 75

S a w i n g O ff 42

457
e

on

475

Co s t
Un

s,

Pi p

Dr i vi n g

455

4 57

Dr i v i n g

or

4 75

Co s t o f
S w i ng

on

Pi l

O ff

452

Dr i v i n g

Pil
Pi l

Pi l

a t te r

4 73

Dr i v i n g

Dr i v i n g

on

Da t a

a a

o es

Ry

47 4

ag e

Da t a o n Dr i v i ng P i es f o r
Do ck s N Y
Co s t o f Dri v i n g a n d S a w i n g

445

454

Co n cr e t e S t e e

f or

es

f o r R ap i

of

Me m p h i s T e n n
Cos t o f Ma k i n g Ce m e n t
Co s t o f

S te a m

os

Ry

Co s t

r c

ec r c

43 7

S ew

r c

os

Pil

of

Bik
D i
f T il
C t
Vi t i d C d i t D t
C t f L yi g El t i C
d it
h l
f
f B i k M
C t
t i
C d it
El
Vi t i d C d i t
f
C t
of

Ry

S e w er

Cos t

of

441

r c

Pil

Co s t

S ew

Bi k
C l

L a rg e

44 1

r c

L ou i s

Bik

a nd

De n v e r

e rs ,

Da ta

r c

Pip e

of

e,

of

Co s t

Pi l

Dr i v i n g

of

Co s t

S e we r ;

t o 1 8- i h

Co s t o f 1 2 i h

Co s t

Pip

8 i n

of

Co s t

It h a ca

ag e

43 4

Me n a s h a
e rs

of

Co s t

S ewer

ng

Un

Wag o n

er

R oa

490

ld

490

492

u ct

494

Ap

T res t

489

495
e

T raf c 496

T r ee

496

CON TE NTS

Cos t

160 f t

of

B i dg

T r us s

of

Cos t

R oo f

Co s t
Co s t
Co s t

of

of

of

Co s t

of

of

Da m

502

C os t

of

Fo u r C ai s s o ns

Ma k i n g

Pl k

of

Bo i e s

Too

R oa

an

Hi gh

E s ti m a ti n g

L u m b er

Co s t

Ft

B ui

of
.

C os t o f R
Sq

by

of

W oo d

L a th i n g

52 9

507

Cos t

of

Met a

L ath i ng

530

Co s t

of

508

Co s t

509

'

Cos t

n gs

Cu

p er

Ki n

B ld i

ng s

B i ld i

of

t o f Fr a m i n g

Co s t

of

B i ld i

i ng F

Cos t

ay i n g

a nd

a nd

and

of

Cos t

of

L a y i ng

Pl

o ws

Co s t

a ci n g

and

of

b oa r

Cl o s e t s

Pl

s
a nd

Si

of

T i n R oo n g

Cos t

of

Gr a v e

Cos t

of

ap e r s

a te

in

Co s t

R oo f s

R oo f s

L a y i n g B ri c

52 2

523

52 4

52 5
.

535

He w e d

T i e s 535

Tr es t

'

es
v

W ay
Un

of

0 30

52 6

l di
oa

k l ay i ng
M

53 6

R ai

ng

of

Rap i

50 1b
-

of

th e C P

543

Ry

k la y i n g P

k l ay i n g

Un

T ra c

T r a i c

53 9

Co n s tr u c

T ra c

542

544
er

544

'

of

T r ac

kl

w i th

ay i n g

Ma ch i n es
Co s t
1

of

Ga g e

Co s t
S i ng

Co s t

of

Du mp
Cos t

544

Lay i n g
T r ac

of

of

53 6

537

k l ay i n g A

of

St

k l ay i n g

Fe R y

Ry

L oa i n g

of

Tr a c

on

Cos t

52 1
.

S tea m

ver ts

51 9

52 1

Fe ts

a nd

Ma s o nr y Da ta
of

Cos t

t i on

52 1
S ta i rs

520

6
f

Cos t

T ra c

of

of

R e cor
51 9

'

Co s t

Cos t

Co s t

R ai

Do o rs W i n

Ma k i n g

Tr a c

of

Co s t

S mo o t h

a s e- B o a r

of

B ri c

a ci n g

Cu

M et h o

Cos t

518

Co s t

533

T i m b er

Ch e ap

5 16

B ui d i n g

53 1

0 33

XI

of

T i es

ngs

W a i n s co t i n g

l d

B in

d Mi n e

'

Di er e nt

ng s

Si i n g
Cos t o f S h i n g i n g

Co s t

51 7

Ce i i n g

an

ng s

Ma ki n g

of

and

514

o or s

of

Co s t

516

ll

E lectr i c R a i lw a y s

Co s t

p er

L u mb er
'

Mi

Er e ct i n g t h e S t e e

of

a nd

51 5

E r e ct i n g 5

530

ng s

S E CT IO N

513

B i ld i

of

'

a s te r

S te e

of

52 9

R e f e r en c e s

of

A s h l ar

Pl

B i ld i

of

u a n ti t y

e r c e nt a g e s

52 8

Co s t

51 1

It e ms

of

W a ll s

506

E recti ng

ui

52 8

511

Ft

C os t

Cos

ld i

Ch i m n ey

of

Co s t

Rub b

C o st

B ri c

5 28

of

'

Cos t

Ch i m n e y s

r c

Fo u r
S E CTI ON X

Fi r e

Co s t

f or

B o xe s

Bi k

S ta c

and

Ti

528

ks

504

ume

Du mp Ca r s
Cos t o f Ma k i n g
Cos t

Cos t

Sco w s

a ci n g

ag e

52 7

p r oo n g

501

ll

Pl

of

'

Aq u e d u ct

Co s t

R e s e rv o i r

Co e r da m

Cos t

o s ts

T wo S ma

of

Co s t

Cr i b

'

ag e

497

es

Ir o n

on

of

Wo od e n

Ho w e

Spa n

xi

Grav e
T ra c
Ba

ll

N a r ro w

Ba

ll

a s t i ng

546

a s ti n g ,

U s i ng

Ca r s

Ra i wa y

5 46
Li nes

547

xi i

CO N TE N TS

Cos t

of a

Co s t

of

Co s t

L og g i n g R a i w a y

of

Pl

o es

l
ilw

Ra

e ctr i c

T ro

E r ec ti n g
O

ay

ll

ag e

5 48

Co s t

549

Co s t
Co s t

W ei gh t

of

Cos t

S t ee

E s ti m a t i n g

Cos t

B i dg

E r e c ti o n

Co s t

B i dg

of

Co s t o f E r ec t i n g S t e e

of

Co s t

S ma

T e a ri n g

ll B i d g
r

B i dg
r

Cos t

of

S te e

B i dg
r

Co s t
r

Gi r

es

of

B i dg

Cos t

Co s t

es

of

of

a nd

Co s t

of

558

ge

ai n ti n g

P i ti
B i dg
r

V i ad

50

ng

es

Cl ea n i n g

u cts

an d

P i ti
Vi d
Cl
i
a n
a

ng

e a n ng

i n g 4 B ri d g e s

55 9

ate

561
ai nt

562

an d

St

48 B r i g es

u ct s

Th r ee

S ta i a

S u rv e y s

S u r v ey , N

an d Top ogr ap hi c

Ra t i o n s

f or

E qu i p m e n t

Ra i

roa

Me n
fo r

563
a i nt

Lo ui s

g ra p h i c

S u rv e y s

of

S ound i n g

S E CTI ON X I V

S u rv e y s

T h rou gh

S ur vey s

of

Fe nc es

Co s t

of

Cos t

Ha n d

an d

S to n e

Pi p

Gas

of

B ru s h

R e v e tm e n t

Cos t

of

Co s t

of

of

e a ri ng

Lan

Co r w oo

W i re

Co s t

of

Cos t

Ci n

of

Co s t

567

of

5 70

Co ff e r

and

VVa g o n s

Wei gh t

E xp a n
r i ce

Co s t

dd

of
of

a nd

Me ta l

Mi n e r al
So

dd i

ng

a nd

e rs

e,

R es e rv o i r

P ddl
f
B i dg

Co s t

Si

Cos t

Ha n dl i n g

of

t io n

5 67

and

Re p e T r a m wa y

Li n i n g

Scre e n i ng

on

A s p h al t

w i th

Mi s celZa

Cos t of

Cos t

f Ra i l

Co s t

T op o

Ice

Ca m p i n g

a nd

Go v er n me nt

of

De e p W a t e r

Ha ui n g Hea vy
way

0 79

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i s s h i f t e d f r o m o n e p l a ce t o t h e n e xt y o u a s ce rt a i n t h e l o s t
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23

e qui p p ed Wi th a w t h
a va i l
a bl e a n o rdi na ry wa t ch with a s e co n d h a n d wi l l s e r v e a n d
i n m a n y cl a s s e s o f w o rk e v e n t h e s e co n d h a n d ca n b e d i s
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i t p o i n ts a n e v e n m i n u te wh e n t h e s e co nd h a n d p oi n t s at
S up p o s e i t i s d es i r e d t o ti m e t h e d ri ll i n g o f a h o l e i n
60
m i ca s ch i st u s i n g a s te a m d r il l mo u nt e d o n a
a s e la m y
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tri p o d A t
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no ti n g t h e i n cr eas e d r a p i d it y o f pe n et ra tio n ; f o r i t t oo k
n ea rl y 12 mi ns t o d ri l l t h e r st 2 f t o f t h e h o l e a n d o n l y 6
mi n s to d ri ll t h e 2 f t j u s t p ri o r to th e s ti cki n g
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24

i n g w as re s u m e d
p l e ted a t

OF COS T DA TA

l a s t 2 f t wer e c om
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Fi rs t t h at t h e dri l le r wa s s lo w i n
b e a f a ir a v e ra ge
l
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tr i p o d ; th i r d th at t h e d ri ll er w as i g n o ra n t ; f o u rth t ha t
t h e f o r e m a n w a s e q u a l l y s o ; f th t h a t f r a g m e n t s o f ca s t
i ro n co mp l et e ly ov e rco m e s tic ki ng o f b it s i n th i s r o ck
W e k no w t h at th e d ri ll e r was s lo w b e ca us e o ther s imi la r
o b se r v at io n s ha ve p r ov e d i t p o s s i b l e t o c h a n g e s h o rt b it s
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r a pi dl y wi th o ut e xh a us ti n g hi m s el f when i t com e s t o ch a n g
i n g b it s o r s h i f ti n g t h e ma chi n e
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a n d f o r e ma n w ere i g n or a nt
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up t h e f o o t a g e o f h o l e d ri l l e d by e a ch d ri ll e r e v e ry d ay
a nd t o o ff e r e a ch d ri ll e r a b o n u s f o r e ve r y f oo t
h o le
of
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T h e f o r e g o i n g i s a r e co rd o f f a ct a n d n o t o f t he o ry
On
a l ar g e co n t r a ct j o b th e a u th o r s e cu r e d a n i n cr ea s e o f 45 /
i n t h e da i ly f oo t ag e o f e ach d r i l l by t a ki n g j u s t s uc h o b s e r
v a t i o n s a s t h e a b o ve
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f o r i n cr e a s i n g o u tp u t b ut th e y ca n n o t p r ev e n t a m a n a g e r
Th ere i s no
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di n k e y l o co mo tive s p il e d ri v e r s a n d o th e r m a chi n e s
e rs
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u se d o n con t r ac t w o rk
wit h h a nd t o o ls ca n b e p r o t a bl y s t u di e d i n t h e s a m e way
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d er d i ff e r ent co n di ti o n s wi t h a Vi ew to a s c er ta i ni ng t h e
e ff e ct o f c h a n g e d co n dit i o n s
a n d t h e e e ct o f u s i n g l a r g e r
s h ov e l s
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tim in g o ccur wh e n i t i s a ppl i e d t o m a ch i ne s o p e r a t e d b y
p o w e r ra th e r t h a n t o h a n d w o rk
I t i s d es i r a bl e i n a l l ca s e s n ot t o le t t h e w o rkm e n k n o w
.

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P REPA RIN G

B I DS

25

b ei n g tim ed
W hen me n a re wo rkin g i n t h e
o p e n a i r a n o b s e r v e r ca n o f t e n u s e t h e tel e s co p e o f a t r a n
I n s hop
s i t o r a p a i r o f e l d g l as s e s t o g o o d a dva n t a g e
w o rk o r u n d e r g r o u n d wh e re t h e o b s e rv e r mu s t b e n ea r t h e
me n a co n ve n ie n t w ay o f t i m i n g a n y d e ta i l o f w o rk i s b y
co u n ti n g
One ca n so o n l e a r n t o co u n t wi t h re g ula rity a n d
O th e r me th
thu s di s p e n se wit h a s e co nd o r m i n u t e h a n d
od s o f a s ce rta i ni n g t h e t i m e o f d o i n g w o r k w i t h o ut b e i n g
o b s erve d
wi ll o ccu r t o a ny w h o g i v e s th o u g h t to t h e
m a t te r
Co s t r e cor ds of d a i ly o utp u t when p r o p e rl y a n a lyze d ar e
o f g r eat v a l ue ; bu t l e t n o ma na g e r o f m e n a n d m a ch i ne s
n e g l e ct t o h a v e i te miz ed s h o rt ti m e r e co rd s t a k en a t f ro
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T h e re ar e s ev e n s e ri o u s so u r ce s of err o r i n s o d o in g : (1 )
T h e co nd i ti on s v a ry g re a tly i n p la ces b ut a f e w m i l e s
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a mp le
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ti ca l s pe ci ca ti o n cl a us es b y d i er ent en g i nee rs v a ry g rea t
l y ; (4) co ntr a ct o r s i n ex p er i en ce d i n t h e p a rti cul a r w o rk i n
qu es ti o n o f t e n b i d p ri ce s a l tog eth er t o o lo w ; (5) t h e b i d
di n g p ri ces m a y b e p u rp ose ly unb a l anc ed b ei ng t o o h i g h
o n c e rtai n i tem s a n d t oo l ow o n o t he r s ; (6) a u ni t p r i ce th a t
i s f a i r f or a l a r g e jo b i s g e ne ra lly t oo l ow f or a s ma l l j o b ;
(7 ) a co n tr act o r al rea dy e q ui ppe d w i th a p l a nt ca n o f t en
a ff o rd t o
b i d l o w e r t h an th e co n tr a ct o r s no t s o e qu ip p e d
W hi l e p re vi o us bi d di n g p ri ce s s ho ul d b e u s e d as a g u i de
th e y s h o ul d n e v e r b e r e li e d up on i mplic it ly i f t h e w o rk i s
o f a n y co ns i d e r a bl e m a g n itu d e
E a ch i t e m s h o ul d b e e s t i
ma t e d i n d e t a il a n d th i s e st im a ti n g s h o ul d b e d on e s y s tem
a ti ca ll y t o a v o i d so m e se ri o u s o m i s s i o n
T h e cos t o f a ny
it em o f w o rk m ay b e di vi de d in to v e p a rt s :
,

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cos t o f

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HA NDB O OK OF

26

DA TA

CO S T

d e li v e rin g a n d i n s ta ll i n g t h e pl a n t d r a in in g th e s it e o f th e
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i n g t h e b e g i n n i n g o f w o rk a n d a l l e xp e n s es i n vo lv e d i n
g e t ti n g r e a dy t o b u il d t h e s tr u c tur e
O n s m a l l j o b s th i s
i te m o f d e v e l o pm e n t e xp e n s e i s o f t e n a ve ry l a r g e p e r ce n t
a g e o f t h e t o t a l co s t ;
a n d o n l a r g e j o b s i t s e l do m c a n b e
n e g l e cted i n e s t i m a ti ng p r o b a ble u ni t co s t s
De v el op me nt exp e n s e h a s t o b e e s ti m at e d f or ea ch p a r
t i cu l ar j o b
by s ec u r i ng f rei g ht r a te s or e s t i m at es f or
ca rti n g e t c I n s o me ca s e s i t i n clu d e s t e mp o ra ry ro a d b ui l d
i n g i n s t a ll in g p ip e s f o r w a ter s upp ly e tc
P l a nt e xp e n s e i n cl u d e s i n t e re st a n d d e pr e ci a ti o n o n a l l
to o ls m a ch i n e s b u il di n g s s t o r e d ma t e ri a l s tr e s tl es f a l s e
w o rk ; a l s o t h e co s t o f ma i nt a i n i n g t h e p l a n t d u ri n g i t s
O p e r a tio n
n ew p a rt s
f u el o i l e tc
Ma te ri a l s i nc l u d e o nly s u ch m a te ri a l s as a ctu a lly g o i n to
t h e n i s h e d s tru ctu r e a n d t h e w as t a g e o f ma t e ri a l s d u e t o
b r e ak a g e i n ha nd li n g o r s a w i n g a n d s h a p i n g
Th e co s t
o f ma t e ria l s
i n clu d e s f r e i g h t a n d ha u li n g t o t h e s it e of
,

me n c l erks and o f ce me n
S up e ri nt en d e n ce a n d g e n e ra l exp e n s e i n cl u d e s f o r e m e n
m a n a g e rs
ti m e k e ep e rs
w a t chm e n
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s upply
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r e n t s t a xes t r a v e l i n g a n d e n t e r ta i n i n g e xp e nse s
s ta ti o ne ry
etc
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it e m s m a y s e e m u n n e ce s s a ry b u t it i s i n d ee d s u rp ri s i n g t o
s e e h o w o f t e n i n e xp e ri e n c e d c o n tr a ct o r s e r r th r o u g h f ai l
u r e t o co n s i d e r a l l o f th e s e i t e m s
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w a y s y ou n g e n g i ne e r s a r e p r o n e t o o m i t d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
p l a n t e xpe n s e e i th e r i n wh o l e o r i n p a rt f r o m t h e i r e s t i
m a t e s o f cos t
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Fi rs t i t i s ne ce s
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s a ry to co ns i d e r t h e ti m e l i m i t a l l o w e d f o r t h e w o rk
a pl a n t m u s t b e g u r e d u p o n tha t w i l l p e r f o rm t h e w o rk
m a ki n g a l s o l ib e ra l a 1
a t l ea s t 20 % wi t h i n t h e ti m e l i m i t
lo w a n ce s f o r b a d w e a th e r d e l a y s a s w e l l as f o r d e l a y s i n
d e l iv e ri n g a n d i n s ta ll i n g t h e pl a n t a n d d e l a y s d u e t o
b r e a k d o w ns
Us e w i th g r e a t ca u ti o n t h e g u r es o f o u tput
g i ve n i n m os t ca ta l o g s ; th e y a r e a l mo s t i n va ri a b ly ba s ed
up o n i d e a l co n d it i o n s a n d n o t i n f r e q u e ntl y a r e wh o l l y d e
,

P R E PA RI N G B I DS

27

ve n wh ere the ou tp u t of a m a ch i ne i s co rre ctl y

d re me mbe r tha t s u ch a n o u tp ut m ay not b e p os s i ble
i n y o u r ca se d u e t o i na b i l i ty t o g e t m a t e r i a l s t o the m a
Co n s i d e r a lw a y s the l i m i t i n g f a ct o r
ch i n e o r a w a y f r o m i t
A d e r r i ck f o r e xam p le ma y b e a ble t o h a nd l e 200 cu y d s
b ut i f i t s e r v e s a f e w m e n w o r k i n g i n a c o n n ed
a d ay
T im e a n d
s p a c e i ts a ct ua l o u t p u t m a y n o t b e 30 c u y d s
a g a i n th i s s el f ev i de n t f act h a s n o t bee n ev i de n t t o t h e l n
e x p e r i e n c ed ma n
T o g i ve a n o the r e x a m p le s u p p os e the w o r k i s ro ck e x
Do no t g u e ss a t t h e n u mb e r o f r o ck d ri ll s r e
ca v at i o n
q u i r ed ; b u t es t i ma te t h e p r o b a b l e s p a ci n g o f th e d ri ll h o l es
i n the g i ve n k i n d of r o ck a n d f r o m th i s c a l cu l a te the n u m
b e r o f cu b i c y a r d s o f r o ck e a ch d r i ll w i ll b r e a k da i ly o n a
b as i s o f s a y 50 f t o f ho le d r i lled p e r m ac h i n e p e r s h i f t
Kn ow i n g t h e t i me l i m it com p u t e t h e n u m ber o f d ri ll s r e
qu i r ed ; a n d k no w i n g t h e n u mbe r o f d ri ll s co m p u t e t h e
Gu e s s a t n o t h i n g
I f y o u h a ve n o
b o i le r p o we r r e q ui r ed
d a t a s e cur e b y lette r so m e e s t i m a te s o f o ut p u t
o t he r
f r o m t h e l a r g e a n d o l d m a n u f a ct u r i n g r m s w h o s e e s t i
m a tes a r e f r e q u e ntl y ve r y clo s e t o the t r u th
Ha v i ng l i be ra lly e s t i ma ted th e s i z e a n d k i n d o f p la n t r e
q u ir ed a n d h a v i n g se cu r ed q u o ta t i o ns o n the p l a n t ch a rg e
the fu ll cos t of t h e p l a n t u p t o the jo b t o be d o n e a nd d e
te r mi n e h o w ma n y ce nt s p e r ya r d o r p e r o th e r u n i ts i h
T h i s w i ll
v o lved a r e th u s cha r g e a ble t o r s t co s t o f p l a n t
g i v e a m a x i m u m ch a r g e a n d i t i s well to k n o w t h e w o rs t
B u t i f th e f u ll co s t o f a p l a n t i s ch a r g ed t o a s m a ll j o b
s o m e o the r co n t r a ct o r w i ll p ro b a bly g e t the w o k
Go
the r e fo re t o a dea le r i n s e con d h a n d ma ch i n e ry a n d a s k
h i m t o n a me a fa i r p r i ce o n a se co n d ha n d p l a n t s u ch a s
yo urs w i ll be whe n y ou a r e th r oug h w i th i t If y ou c an
s e cu r e a t e n t a t i v e b i d o u t h e m a ch i n e ry
y o u w i ll ha ve a
In m o s t ca s e s
fa i r l y r el ia ble e s t i ma te o f i ts s a l v ag e va l u e
y o u ca n f o r m s o m e e st i m a te o f the s a lv a g e v a l u e b y n d
i ng wh a t s e co n d h a n d p l a n t s a r e s ell i n g f o r
I f y o u a re
s t i ll a f r a i d t h a t y o u r ch a r g e f o r d e p r e ci a t i o n w i ll b e s o
h i g h a s t o lo s e th e jo b t he re i s le f t j us t o n e s a fe wa y o f es
t i ma t i n g n a mely to s e cu r e a r e n t a l q u o t a t i o n
T he r e a re
m a ny rms wh o ma ke a b u s i n e ss of r e nt i n g co n tr a ct i n g
p l a n t s a nd s u ch a p l a n t a s i s w a n t ed ca n u s u a lly b e r e n ted
fo r a d a i ly o r m o n th y p r i ce th a t i n cl u de s o r d i n a r y we a r a n d
te a r
Th e l o n g er the p l a nt i s to b e u s e d the lo wer th e
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HA NDBOOK OF COS T DA TA

28

d a i l y r a te
s ca le le a s e

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A h o i s ti ng e ng i n e a n d b oi le r ma y b e r e nt ed f or
s ay
$2 a d a y i f t h e p e r i o d i s to be 30 d ay s ; b ut f o r e ach
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to s a y $1 bey o n d wh i ch n o f u rth e r r ed u ct i o n i s g i ve n T h e
r e as o n why s u ch a s l i d i ng s ca le ca n be s e cu r ed i s b r i e y
th i s :
T h e s e as o n f o r con t r a ct w o rk i s u s u all y l i m i te d ; roa d
wo rk fo r e x am p le i s l i m i ted to the s u mme r a n d f a ll
m ont h s Mo s t o f the con t ra ct s a r e a w a r ded a t a n e a rly
d a te s o th a t i f a p l a n t r e m a i ns u nre n ted w e ll i n t o the s e a
the ch a n ce of r e nt i ng i t f al l s o r a p i dl y P e r i o d s o f
son
i dle n e ss b etwee n t i me s o f r e n t al s o o n cut d o w n the n e t i h
co me f ro m a p l a n t y et i n te r e s t o n th e i n ve s tme n t g o e s o n
I f th e s e p e r i o d s o f i dle n e s s ca n be r e
u n i n t e r r u p t e dl y
d u ce d t h e o w n e r o f a p l an t ca n a ff o r d t o a cce p t a l o w e r p er
d i em r ate of r e n ta l y e t be a g a i ne r a t t h e e n d o f t h e y e ar
T he n t o o the r e a re s o me s e as ons w h e n co n t r ac to rs a n d
the i r p l a nts a r e a b u n d a n t a n d w ork i s s carce Th e r ev
e nne s f ro m s u ch p l a n ts a re the n cor re sp on d i ngl y s m a ll
I h a ve f ou n d th a t a r o a d ma k i ng p l a n t d o e s n o t a ve ra g e
A 10 to n s te a m ro lle r
100 d a ys a ct u a lly w o rked p e r ye a r
and
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n u m we h a ve $1 50 to be d i s t r i b u t e d o ve r 100 d a y s
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Dep re ci at io n o f cou rs e d oe s not g o o n as rap i dl y whe n a
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Mo reo ve r m a n y k i n d s o f ma ch i n es be co m e
o b so l e t e i n a f e w y ea rs so th at de p r e ci at i o n ca n n o t be s a i d
wh o lly t o ceas e wh i le the p l a n t i s i dle A l l the a n n u al de
p r e c i at i o n a n d a l l t h e co s t o f h o us i n g a n d ca r i n g f o r the
p l a n t s h o u ld be d i s t r ib u ted o v er t h e ave ra g e n u mbe r o f
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a nn u a l de p r eci a t i o n i s $200 we ha ve $200
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i nves t e d i n the ro lle r h i s wo rk i ng cap i ta l i s s o i n
cre as ed th a t he m a y t a ke a l a rg e r co n t r a ct
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b u t n o s u ch ro ug h gu e s s i ng
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O n w o r k whe r e s u b co nt ra cts ca n b e l e t a t
a n d i g n o r a n ce
the r e i s p ra cti ca lly n o r i s k ta ke n
o n ce f o r the m a t e r i a l s
o n m a te r i a l s he n c e the r e i s n o j u s t i ca t i o n o n t h e p a rt o f
the c o n tra ct o r i n m a k i n g a n a ll o w a n ce to c ov e r cont i ng e n
T h e e n g i n e e r wh o des i g n s a s t ru ctu re
ci e s o n m a te r ia l s
ma y b e j u s t i ed i n m a k i ng s u ch a n a ll o w a n c e t o co ve r po s
s ib le b i ll s f o r
e x tra s b u t not o the r w i s e On the ot h e r
h a n d i t i s o fte n w i s e to mak e a n a llo w ance to co ve r p o s
s i ble i n e i ci en cy o f la b o r e rs o r p os s i b l e s t r i ke s o r p o s s i ble
r i s e i n r a t e s o f w a g e s ; f o r a f t e r es ti m a t i n g t h e a v e ra g e cos t
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On
l a rg e j ob s bot h t h e de s i g n i n g en g i n eer a n d the co nt ra cto r
ar e j u s t i e d i n a dd i n g f r o m 5 t o 20% to es t i ma t e d l a b or c os t s
I f the p ri ce o f m a te r i a l s h a s bee n
t o co ve r cont i n g e n ci e s
st e a d i l y r i s i n g the n a s t u d y s h o u ld be m a de o f p r i ce cu rv e s
e x te n d i ng o ve r s eve ra l y e a rs i n o r de r th at s om e r a t i o na l a 1
l o w a n ce m a y be m a de fo r t h e p r ob a ble r i se i n p ri ce s o f ma
I f on t h e
t e r i a l s b e fo r e they ca n be s u b co n t ra ct ed f o r
o the r h a n d p r i ce s a r e o n the d o w n w a r d cu rv e a co nt r a ct o r
m ay f eel j u s t i ed i n b i dd i n g l o we r th a n he ot he r w i s e w o u ld
T h e be s t w ay t o a rr i ve a t a n a ll o w a n ce f o r co n t i n g e n ci e s
i s to kee p a f u ll r e co r d o f t h e e s t i m a t ed co s t o f e a ch i tem
o f w o r k a n d s u b s e q u e n tl y c o m p a r e i t w i th the a ct u a l co s t
In th i s w a y i t w i ll b e f o u n d th a t the re i s s eld o m a j o b o n
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l y 10 o r 1 5 % f o r p ro t s i s o p e n t o s e r i o u s o b j e ct i o n s am o n g
wh i ch a re the f o ll o w i ng : (1 ) T h e p e rce n ta g e to a d d f o r
p r o t s o n m a te r i a l s s h o u ld u s u a lly be le s s t h a n t h e p e r
ce n t a g e t o a d d f o r p r o ts
l a b o r p a r ti cu l a r ly whe n
on
p ro ts a n d co n ti n g e n ci e s a re l u m p e d t o g e t he r ;
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t i m e el e m e n t a n d the s i ze o f the j o b s h o u ld a lwa y s b e fa c
to rs i n co n s i de ri n g p ro ts f o r p ro ts a r e s tri ctly s p ea k i n g
t h e s a l a r i e s o f t h e co n t r a c t o r s ; (3) T h e n u m be r o f d o lla rs
w o r th o f co n t ra c t w o k th a t ca n b e s e cu r ed a n d h a n dl e d
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p r i n c i p l e s i s a p p a re n t whe n o n e n o t e s e rr o n e o u s s t a te m en ts
f o u n d i n m a n y te x t b o o k s
O n m a t e r i a l s s u ch a s b r i ck t i m b e r a n d s t e el t h a t ca n
b e b o ug h t by s u b co n t r a ct i m m e d i a t e ly a ft e r the a w a r d o f
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15 t o
the p e r ce nta ge a ll o wed f o r p ro ts
O n co n t ra ct w o r k tha t ca n be d o n e o n ly d u r i n g a f e w
m on t h s o f t h e y e a r a n d e s p e cia lly o n w o r k r e q u i r i ng a
l a r g e i n v e s t m e n t i n p l a n t s u ch f o r e x am p l e a s m a ca d a m
the p e r ce n ta g e of p r o t s m u s t u s u all y be a b o ve
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the a ve ra ge o f t h e p e r ce n ta g e o n w o r k th a t e x te n d s o v e r; a
l o n g e r p er i o d I f e n g i n ee r s f u lly r ea l i z e d the i mp o r t a n ce
o f th i s f a ct they w o u ld b e a t mo r e p a i n s t o a w a r d a ll h ig h
w a y co n t r a ct s e a r ly i n the s p r i n g o f the y e a r s o t h a t a
l o n g e r s e a s on w o u ld b e a va i l a ble tha n i s n ow the cas e
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O n s o m e s t a n d a r d m a t e r ia l s l i ke v it r i e d p i p e the
d i s co u n t i s o f ten s o l a rg e as t o m a ke th e l i s t p r i ce s o f n o
v a l ue a t a ll i n p re pa ri n g a n e s t i ma te u n le s s the es t i m a t o r
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f re q u e n t ly
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32

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ll o w i ng e x tra ct f ro m m y le ct u r e t o th e
s t u de n ts o f e ngi n ee r i n g at Co l u mb i a U n i ve rs i ty i n 1903
bea rs u p on th i s p o i nt :

I l ea rn e d b y t h i s a cci de n t tw o th i ngs : (1) N eve r t o o mi t

a n a ll ow a n c e f o r a cci de n t s a n d o the r u n f o r e s ee n co n t i n
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s u r ed i t co u ld o f co u rs e b e d o n e b y t a k i ng o u t a s e p a r a te
q u i te a n e x p e n s i ve p ro ced u r e
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A f te r the a cci de n t I le a r n ed u p o n
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o r t o h i s he i rs a de s i g na ted s u m i n c a s e
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W h a t t h e i n s u ra n ce co mp a n y d o e s d o i s t o p r o te ct
the co n tra ct or b y a s s u m i n g al l l i a b i l i t i e s f r o m cl a i m s m a d e
b y i nj u r ed w o rkme n o r the i r he i rs T h e i ns u ra n ce co m
p a n y l i m i t s i ts l i a b i l i t y h o weve r s o th a t i n ca s e a n u m be r
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i n b u s i ne s s h a s bee n r ui n ed th ro ugh f a i l u r e t o i n s u r e
a g a i n s t a cci de n t
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i ncl u d i ng wa s t a g e
14 Fr e i g ht o n m a te r i a l s
1 5 Co s t o f u n l o a d i ng h a u l i n g a n d s t o r i ng o f m a te r i a l s
1 6 Co s t o f d e l iv e r y a n d r e h a n dl i n g m a te r i a l s u n t i l a t
the p l a ce to b e u s ed
17 La bo r o f h a n dl i n g s h ap i n g a n d p l aci n g ma te r i a l s
1 8 Fo r e m e n s s a la r i e s
19 S a l a r i e s of
wa t ch m e n t i mekeep e rs cle r ks b o o k
kee p ers etc
20 Odi ce a n d t r a vel i n g e x p e n s e s
2 1 I n te r e s t o n cas h ca p it a l (p l a n t n o t i n cl u ded )
22 Ta xe s l i ce n s es a n d i n s u r a n c e o f p r o p e r ty
2 3 I n s u ra nce of w o r k m e n a n d t h e p u b l i c a g ai n s t a cci de n t
24 P r e m i u m p a i d t o b o n d sm e n o r s u r e t y co m p a n y f o r
bo n d re q ui red
25 A dve r t i si n g l e g a l e x p e n s e ch ari t y
26 Di s co u n t o n w a r r a n ts n ote s o r o th e r p a p e r p a y m e n t s
f or w o r k d o n e
27 Pe r c e n t a g e a dded t o m a te r ia l s a n d p e r ce n t a g e a dded
t o l a b o r t o co ve r c o n t i n ge n ci e s
28 P e r ce n t a g e a dded f o r p r o t s
Un b l n
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A b i d i s sa i d t o b e u n b a l a n ced whe n
t o o h i g h a p r i ce i s p u r p o s e ly b i d u p o n o n e o r m o r e i t e m s
a cco m p a n ie d by a n o ff s e tt i n g lo w p r ic e o n o n e or m o r e o f
T h u s i f a f a i r b i dd i n g p r ic e f o r e a r th
t h e r em a i n i n g i tem s
e x ca v a ti o n i s 25 cts p er cu y d a n d f or r o ck
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yd
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33

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34

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I t w i ll b e s ee n th a t t h e t o ta l b i d
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h e n ce th e b i d i s u n b a l a n ced T h e o b j e ct s o f u n b a l a n ci n g
b i d s a r e th r e e : (1 ) T o s e cu r e a n a b no r m a lly h i g h p r o t o n
a n y i t e m t h e y a r d a g e (o r q u a n t i t y ) o f w h i ch i s l i k e ly t o b e
i n cr e as e d a f t e r th e co n t ra ct h a s b e e n a w a r d e d ; (2) T o s e
cu re a l a r g e p r o t o n t h e i t e m s o f w o r k t h a t m u s t b e d o n e
rs t t h u s s k i m m i n g th e cr ea m o f t h e co n t r ac t i n th e v e ry
b eg i n n i n g ; (3) t o co n ce a l f r o m e n g i n e e rs a n d fr o m co m p e t i
tors wh a t e a ch i te m o f w o r k i s a ctu a lly w o r th
T o p r e v e n t t h e u n b a l a nc i n g o f b i d s e n g i n e e r s r e s ort t o
am o n g wh i ch a r e t h e f o llo wi n g :
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(1 )
I ns e rt i on of a cl a u s e i n the i nv i t at i o n to b i dde rs w a r n i ng
them t h a t an u n ba l a n ced b i d w i ll ca u s e the re j ect i on o f the
b i d ; (2 ) r e q u i r i n g a l u m p s u m b i d o n t h e w o r k ; (3) p u b l i s h
i n g t h e e n g i n e e r s s ch e d u le o f i te ms a n d a n e sti m at e d p r i c e
f o r ea ch i tem the n r e q u i r i ng e i the r (a ) th a t ea ch c on t r a ct o r
s h a ll b i d a u n i f o rm p e r ce n t a g e o n a l l t h e i te m s o r (b ) t h a t
t h e c o n t r a ct o r s h a ll b i d h i s o w n p r i ce o n e a ch i tem
no
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T h e rs t o f the s e t w o m e t h
g i n e e r s e s t i m a t ed u n i t p r i ce
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I ha ve
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d i s cu s s ed th e a d va n t a g e s a n d d i sa d va n ta g e s o f ea ch o f the s e
m e t h o d s i n the ed i to r i a l co l um n s o f E n g i n ee r i n g N e w s
,

(1903
A f o u r t h m e t h o d o f p r eve nt i n g u n b a l a nc i n g o f b i d s o n
s m a ll i te m s l i k e ly to b e i n cr e a s ed i n q ua n t i t y m a y b e s u g
I t w o u ld co n s i st i n na m i n g a d e n i t e u n i t p r i ce
g e s ted
t h a t w i ll b e p a i d o n e a ch o f the mi n o r i t e m s a n d le a v i n g
t h e c o n t r a c t o r f r ee t o b i d h i s o w n p ri c es o n t h e o t h e r i t e m s
Th e g re a te s t d a n g e r f r o m a n u n b a l a n ce d b i d l i es i n s u b
.

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h a d t h e ba l a n ce d b i d b ee n a ccep t ed ; y e t t h e t w o b i d s we r e
th e s am e
a cco r d i n g to the p r el i m i n a r y e s t im a t e
I t ra r ely h a p p e n s th a t s u ch a n e x t reme ca s e a s t h i s o ccu rs
i n p r a ct i ce a lth o u g h I h a v e k n o w n s e v e r a l q u i t e a s b a d
T h e p r i n ci p l e h o we v e r i s b e s t i ll u s t at ed b y a n e x t r e m e
e x a m p le
It i s c om m o n p r a ct i ce a mo n g p a v i n g co n t r a ct o r s i n m a n y
ci t ie s to u nb a l a n ce the i r b i d s f o r t h e s a k e o f c o n ce a l i n g
t he i r e s t im a t e s o f a ct u a l w o r th ; a s f o r e x a m p le a m o n g
B i dd i n g p r i ce s m u s t the r e fo r e
a s p h a lt p a vi n g co m p a n i s
b e l o o ked u p o n w i th s u s p i ci o n a l wa y s
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I t may act u
A n u n b a l a n ced b i d i s a t wo ed g ed s wo r d
a lly r u i n t h e co n t r a ct o r th a t m a k e s i t i f i t ha p p e n s th a t h e
h a s e rr ed a n d th a t the q u a n t i t i e s o n wh ic h he h a s b i d t o o
l o w a r e g r e a tly i n cr e a s e d w i th o u t a co r r e s p o n d i n g i n cr e a s e
L i ke a l l t r i ck y
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t o be m e n w h o ca n b e re l i e d u p o n i n e v e r y res p e ct s a v e o n e
T h e r e a s ons why
a b i l it y t o p r ed i ct t h e co s t o f w o r k
e ng i n ee rs e s t i ma tes are s o o fte n u n r el i a ble ma y be e nu m
er a te d a s f o ll o w s :
1 S t u d e n t s o f e ng i n ee r i ng a re s el d o m t ra i n ed i n the a r t
o f co s t e s t i m at i n g
b u t le f t t o a cq u i r e tha t a r t ha p h a z a r d
a f t e r g ra d u a ti on
2 A r t i cle s de s cr ip t i ve o f e n gi nee r i n g s t ru ct u r e s s eld o m
c o n t a i n a n a n a ly s i s o f t h e u n i t co s t s
3 A s u b s u r f a ce s u r v ey i s f r e qu e n t ly n o t m a de ; a n d a s a
co n s e q u e n ce
u n e x p e cted m at e r i a l s a r e e n co u n t e r ed i n e x
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so u r c s

HA NDB OOK OF

36

COS T

DA TA

d r a wn th at c a nn o t b e l i ve d up to e x cep t b y i mp o rt ing m a t e
ri a l s a t gr ea t e x p en s e
5 T h e c o s t of cl ea ri ng a n d d r a in in g t h e w o rk i s o f ten
un dere s ti m a te d o r i gno red e nti re ly
6 Th e c o s t o f temp o r a r y b r a c ing s upp o rts r o a dw a y s a n d
develo pm en t e x pe n ses a r e f r equ ent ly un de res ti ma t e d o r
o mi tte d
7 Del a y s due t o b a d we a the r a n d del a y s i nc i dent t o t h e
s hi f ti ng o f p l a nt f r o m p l a ce t o p l a ce a r e o f t en n o t c o ns i d
ere d
8 I nter est a n d dep re ci a ti o n o f p l a nt a n d th e pe r ce nt ag e
f or pr o ts a r e u s u a l l y un de re st i m at ed
9 I n a d equ a te a l l o wa n ce i s m a d e f o r s up e rintend en ce a n d
ge ne ra l e x pe ns e
10 Th e co s t o f i n s p e ctio n a n d engine ering m a y b e u nd er
e s ti m a te d
11 L eg a l e x p en s e s d u e t o th e a b a ndo n ment o f th e w o rk
by a co n tr a cto r o r du e t o s u it s b ro u ght by th o s e w h o cl a i m
da m a ges to l i f e l i mb o r p r o p erty ar e gener a l ly n o t a l lo w e d

f or

12 Ch a nge s i n th e a l i nemen t o r i n th e d e s i gn m a d e a t er
co ntr a ct s h a v e been a w a rde d , m a y r e s ul t i n l a rge c l a i m s f o r
'

x tr a
13

c o mp e ns a ti o n

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cl a i m s
f o r e x tr as
1 4 R ate s o f w a ge s a n d p ri ce s o f m a te ri a l s m a y ri s e ; a n d
if t h e wo rk i s l a rge th e w or k it s el f m ay b e the ca u s e o f
s u ch i n c re as e s

1 5 Wh en h i gh w a ge s a r e d u e t o s ca r city o f m en a n
in

i s b re d i n th e w o rkme n wh i ch de cre a s es thei r

d ep en de n ce
e f ci enc y
1 6 A l a rge nu m b e r o f co mp etent f o rem e n f r equ entl y c a n
no t b e s e cure d f o r e xten de d w o rk
re s ulti ng i n d ecr e as ed
e f ci en cy o f w o rkmen
17 I f a n e s ti m a te i s b as ed U po n p r evi o u s co n tr a ct pri ce s
th er e i s gra v e d a nge r of e r r o r due t o ch a nge i n co ndi ti o n s
u n b a l a n ce d b i d s e t c
1 8 I f uni t p ri ce s a re es t i m at ed b e f o r e th e s p e ci ca ti o ns
a re d r a wn
b e mad e
t h e s pe c i cat i o n re qui re men t s m a y
s u ch a s gre a tly to in cre a s e th e co s t o f i m p or t a nt item s
1 9 L im i ting co mpeti ti o n b y the d r a wing o f un f a i r o r i n
de ni t e s p e ci cat i ons i s a com mon cause o f h i gh b i dd i n g
d i na t es

HA NDB O OK OF

38

DA TA

COS T

m o rt a r it s el f i n te rm s o f th e cu b i c y ard
h a s n o t b een ca l cu l a te d
n o t o f m as o n ry
o f mo rt a r
T h e co s t o f l a b o r o n f o rms a n d f a l s e wo rk s h o ul d al w a y s
b e r eco r de d i n te rm s o f
f t B M a s the u n it ; f or t h a t
i s th e c o mm o n u nit o f t i mb e r w o rk a n d b eing s o r e ad y
co m pa ri s o n s ca n be ma de o nl y i n d o ll a r s p e r M
B M
I t i s s urp ri s i ng h o w fe w ma n a ge r s o f m e n h a v e r e a li z ed
th e v a l ue o f re du ci n g th e co s t o f ea ch i t em o f w ork t o un i ts
th a t a r e co m p a r a b l e ; a n d by th i s I mea n un its i n t erm s o f
wh i ch e nti rely di ff erent cl a s s es o f w o rk ma y b e co mp a red
T hu s i n a b ri ck p a v e me nt th er e i s g ro ut u s e d be t wee n th e
j oi nt s T h i s gr o ut i s a thi n cem ent mo rt a r a n d i t a v e ra ges
l et u s s a y 6 c t s p e r s q f t o f p a v e m e n t
N o w wh a t d o e s
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P r o b a b ly no t o n e p a v
i ng co n tra cto r i n a th o usa n d kn o w s ; b u t until he d oe s kn o w
h e ca n no t com pa re th e cos t o f gro u tin g wi th t h e co s t o f
ca u se

th e

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r edu ci ng t h e co s t s o f th e elements o f wo rk t o u ni ts c o m
p a ra bl e wi th th e u ni t s o f s i m i l a r w o r k i n othe r el d s
I
Th e t o n i s a ver y co nven i e n t uni t t o u se w hen co mp a ri ng
t h e cos t o f lo a d ing a n d h a n dl in g m a teria l s o f a l l ki n d s
Th e t o n o f b ri ck th e t o n o f gra vel th e to n o f ti mb er the
to n o f cas t i r o n p i p e a re l oa d e d up o n w a go n s by h a n d a t
a cos t d i e r i n g n ot s o mu ch o n e f r o m th e o the r a s m i ght
a t r s t b e s upp o s ed
Wh en rel i a bl e d a ta a re n ot a va i l a b le
f o r e s tima ti ng th e cos t o f h a n dl in g a ny give n m a teri a l by
re du cing i t t o t o n s a n a p p ro x i ma te e s t i m a te ca n u s u a l l y b e
m a d e th a t wil l b e sa ti s fa ct o ry a t a ny r a t e f a r m ore reli ab l e
th a n a gue s s
.

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M a t eri a l s,

Th ere
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even whe n t h e o r igin a l co nt r ac t s pe ci a lly p r o h i bit s s ub
E v ery p urc h a s e o f m at er a l s f or wh i ch c as h
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T h e te r m s ub co nt r a ct
to th e a w a rd i ng o f a

i ng h o w eve r i s co m m o nl y a pp l ie d
the s ub co n tra cto r b ei ng o n e
c o ntr a c t by th e co ntr a ct o r ;
w h o u n d ert a ke s t o f u rni s h t he l a b o r a n d ma t e ri a l s n e ces
s a ry t o p e r f o rm a given p o rt i o n o f the o ri gi na l co ntr a ct
W heth er i t b e a p u r ch a s e o f m a ter ia l s o r an a w a r d o f a
s ub co n t ra ct th ere i s o n e th ing the co nt ra ct o r s h o u l d nev e r
negle ct t o d o a n d t h a t i s t o a tt a ch a co py o f the o ri gin a l
s p e ci ca ti o n s to h i s l etter o r t o h i s s ub co n tr a ct
I n h i s l ot
,

P RE

P A R I N G B ID S

39

t er or h i s su b co n tr a ct he s h ou l d m a ke den it e r e eren ce t o
th e a tt a che d s pe ci ca ti o n s s t a ting th a t t h e ma t e ri al s o r
,

th e w o rk o r b o th m u s t co n f o rm t o t h o s e s p e ci ca ti o n s
Fa ilu r e to d o th is m a y l e a d t o se ri o u s m i s u n d e r s t a n di ngs
Fo r e x a mple i n o r d ering p a vi ng b ri ck s f r o m a
a nd l os s
fa cto ry i f th e co nt ra cto r fa il s to s a y th a t they m u s t be s ub
j ce t to the i n s pe cti o n a n d te s t s of th e engi ne er a n d i f a

l a rge p er cent a ge o f th e b ri ck s a r e cul le d (r e j ec ted ) the

m a nu fa ctu r er m a y re f u s e t o s upp ly o th er br i ck s t o repl a ce

the cu l l s
A n o the r p o i n t th a t s h o ul d n e ve r b e o v erl oo ke d i s t o h a v e
a wr i tt en co nt r a c t (a n e x ch a nge o f lett e r s w il l s u f ce ) f o r
a n y ma ter i a s o r wo rk i n vo l y i n g a s u m i n e x ce s s o f th e s u m
s p e ci ed i n the S t at ut e o f Fr a u d s of t h e S t a te i n wh i ch the
m a te ri a l i s p u r ch as e d
I n s o m e S t a tes thi s s u m i s l e s s
th a n $100 a n d i n o the r s i t i s $500 A ny ve r b al c o nt ra ct
no m a tter h o w ma ny witn e s s es m a y b e b r o ught i s v oi d a b le
i f t h e s um i nv o lv ed i s i n e x ce s s o f tha t p r es c rib ed i n t h e
S ta tu te o f Fr a u d s
I t i s s ta r tl i n g to n d h o w ma ny co n
tr a ct o r s a re ign o r a nt o f thi s la w
On oe th e m a ter i a l s
o r de re d u nder v e rb a l co n tr a ct h a v e b e en d eli v ere d a n d a o
ce p te d t h e verb a l co nt r a ct as t o p ri ce b e co me s b i n di ng
t i s p o o r p r a ct i ce i n my j u dgmen t t o b u y o r ren t a n y
thi ng by w o rd o f m o u th ; a n d f o reme n s h o uld :b e requ ire d
to m ake a l l p ur ch as es by w ri t t e n o r de r ke e p ing a car b on
co p y
A l l renti ng o f t oo l s o r p l a n t s ho ul d b e r e co r de d
i n w ri ting b y a n e x cha nge o f lette r s o r o th erwi s e s o a s t o
h a v e the t e r m s o f th e rent a l s i gne d by b o th p a rtie s
I h a ve
h a d t h e verb a l re nt a l o f a p lo w b y a f o r e ma n c os t m e $100
i n a wyers f ee s e t c

A f ew s ugges t io ns reg a r di ng t h e
w o rk :
of
s ub le t t ing
Su b ett i n g s h o u d not b e f o r b i d den in t h e o rigi n a l co ntr a ct
R epea te d s u bl e ttin g o f the sa m e p a rt o f a j o b ma y b e a n d
o f te n i s
p e rni ci o u s in i t s e ff e ct u p o n t h e q u a l i ty o f t h e
w o rk
On e s ub le tt in g o f ten r e s ul t s i n l o we r cos t o f w o rk
f o r a s u b co ntr a cto r w h o give s a l l h i s a ttenti o n t o a s m a l l
j o b ca n u s u a l l y get t h e w o rkm en t o d o m o re w o r k t h a n a
Th e
l a rge c o nt r a ct o r w h o h as m a ny th i ng s to a tt en d to
s ub co ntr act o r i s r e a l l y a s uperi nten dent o r f o r ema n w h os e
s a l a ry i s p a i d i n p r o t s ; a n d h e h a s the b e s t p os s ib l e s p u r
t o s e cu re the gr e at e s t p o s s ib l e e co n o my
T h e l e t ting o f s eve r a l i ndep en dent co n tr a ct s f o r t h e d i f
forent p a r ts o f a s tru cture gene r a l ly l e a d s to d ela y s a n d
.

'

'

'

HA ND B OOK OF

4O

DA TA

COS T

l ms fo r e x tra s d ue to de l ay s
On e i n dep end e nt con
tr a ct o r m a y p u rp o s ely del a y a n o ther
A l l th i s i s a vo i d e d
by a w a rdi n g th e wh o le s tru ctu re t o o n e co n tr a ct o r w h o ca n
u s u a l ly ma n a ge s evera l s ub co ntr a ct o rs m u ch b etter th a n
s evera l
in d e p e n d en t co n tra ct o r s ca n b e ma na ge d b y a n
en gi ne e r

c ai

Co n t r a c t

Da y - L a b o r W

In

or

sp

it e

th e f a ct
th a t r a i lw a y co m p a n ie s m ini ng co m p a n i es a n d ma nu f a c
t u r e r s h a ve lea rne d th r o ugh l o ng e x p eri en ce th a t i t i s
che a pe r to d o w o rk by c o ntr a ct th a n b y d a y a b o r u n de r
the i r ow n s up eri nte n dents ev ery l i ttl e whil e s o me en gine er
th i nk s t h a t he h a s di s co ve re d a b ette r w a y o f d o ing w o rk
th a n b y co ntr a ct
I n m y j u dgmen t th e i d ea l s y s te m o f
do ing every ki n d o f w or k i n th e w o rl d i s b y co n t r a ct
i n cl u d e u n de r co nt r a ct w or k a l l p i e ce w o rk f or i n t h e cas e
o f p i e ce w o rk th e co n tr a ct i s with a n i n divi du a l w h o i s p a i d
at a s p e ci e d ra te p e r u ni t
vs

of

'

Th e

r ea s o n f o r th e e co no mi c e e ct i v e ne s s o f co ntr a ct
w o rk i s th is : T h e v a s t m a j o rity of m en ne ed mo re o f a
s pu r th a n t h e f e a r o f di s ch a rge f o r i n co mp eten cy
Fo re
A
m e n a n d s up erin ten d ent s a r e n o e x ce p ti o n t o th i s ru l e
c o n tra ct o r i s a f o r em a n o r s up eri nten den t w h o s e s p u r t o
a ctiv i ty a n d t o th e e x er ci s e o f h i s b r a in i s the k n o wle dge
th a t h i s s a l a ry i s h i s p r o ts a n d th a t h i s p ro t s d e p e n d
u p o n h i s o wn e ff o rt s

m a n m ay b e f o un d w h o need s n o s u ch s p u r

a n d h e ma y h a n dl e w o rk f o r h i s
o r t h i nk s he do e s n t
T h e re
em pl o yer s a s ch ea p ly a s it ca n be d o ne by cont r a ct
th r o ug h i gn o r a n ce a s t o the c o s t o f
a r e o the r m en w h o
pl a nt m a i ntena n c e a n d th e hund r e d a n d o n e s ma l l i tem s

f o rmi ng ge ne ra l e x p en s es o v er es tim at e th e p ro ts o n
co ntr a ct w o rk
a n d h o nes tl y b el i eve th a t thei r em p l o yer s
ab o r
ca n d o w o rk m o re p ro ta b ly b y d ay
Occa s

i ona l ly

W h en e xa mpl e s

pr o ve th e e cono m y o f wo rk
i ng b y d a y l a b o r a s co mp a red w i th co n t rac t w o rk i t i s w i s e
t o a s k f o r the wri tten s p e ci ca ti o ns u n de r whi ch the w o rk
w as a dve rti s ed a n d f o r th e w rit ten s p e ci ca ti o n s un de r
wh i ch th e wo r k w as a ctua l ly d o n e
A n a mbi gu o u s s p eci
ca ti o n wil l f o r ce ca re f ul co ntr act o r s t o b i d h i gh
T ha t
ki n d o f a s p e ci ca ti o n i s u s u a lly in te rp re ted i n the m o s t
l eni en t m a nn e r b y t h e en gi nee r w h o d rew i t i f he h i ms el f
d o e s th e w o rk un d er i t b y d a y l a b o r
N o f a i r co mp a r i s o n
a r e c it ed

to

PR EPA R IN G B I 0 8
e

ma d e

un der

b et w een

s u ch

co n d

f ree f ro m

co ntr a ct o r s

i ti ons
favo ri ti s m

41

and

bi d s

by

cos ts

d ay

Op era t es

s ele cti ng

l a bo r

u ni o n

i n t h e h i g h es t
wo r
B u t no
t r a t e d e f cie n cy ,

or em en

tyra nny

m en

or

v
r
o
p

wh i ch d ay l a bo r wo rk may
e co n mi c th a n co ntra ct w o rk
hen
i
t
i
W
s
m
i
o
i th o u t u ndue e x pe ns e t o p re di ct wi t h a ccu r a cy
o f e ac h i mp o rt a n t i te m o f wo r k
t o f ten p r ov e s mo re e co n o m i c t o d o th e wo r k b y d a y
fo r b i l l s o f e xtr a s a n d la w s ui t s a re thus a v o i de d
th a t c a n n o t b e rea d il y mea s u re d a n d i n s p e cted co m es
thi s h e a d
T h us i t i s d i f cult t o m ea s ur e a n d i n
S p e ct s tr eet s weep in g r a i l w a y t r a ck ma i nte n a n ce a n d ma ny
o ther ki n d s o f w o r k
wh i ch a r e a t p re s ent d o ne be s t b y
d a y l ab o r
M y beli ef i s ho weve r , t h a t m u ch o f th i s cla s s
o f w or k ca n b e m e a s u rc d a n d i ns pe ct ed a n d p re di c ted as to
qu a ntity a n d qu a l i ty p rov i d ed b r a in s a r e p ut i nt o a n e o r t
t o d evi s e w a y s a n d m e a n s
Co nt r a ctin g by th e p a yi n g o f th e a ctu a l co s t p lu s a p er
cen t a ge i s o n e w a y o f d o i ng c er t a i n cl a s s e s o f w o rk m o re
T h e o b j e ct i o n t o t h i s
e co n o m i ca l ly th a n b y d a y l a b or
m eth o d i s th at it p ut s a p remi um o n s l o th
A b ett er p l an i s t o p a y th e co nt r a ct o r th e a ct u a l c o s t p lu s
a x e d s u m ag r ee d up o n i n a dv a n ce
T h i s m a ke s it no
o b j e ct to b e l a z y
f or th e cont r a ct or h a s a s tro ng i n c entiv e
t o ni s h th e w o rk as r a p i dly a s p os s ib l e i n o r d er t o b e f re e
t o t a ke a n o th e r co nt r a ct
For d i f cul t w o rk fo r ru s h w o rk

a n d e s p e ci a ll y f or b u il di n g co n s tru cti o n
thi s pl a n o f c os t

p lu s a x ed s u m h as s o m e g oo d f e at ure s i n i t s f a v o r S o m e

a r ch ite ct s s p e ci ca t i o n s a r e thi ngs

fe a r fully a n d w o n d e r

f ul ly m a de a n d th ei r i n s pe cti o n of w o rk i s o f ten w o r s e
th a n th ei r s p e ci ca t i o n b o th le a di ng t o th e s ca mp in g o f
w o r k a nd to u nrea s o n a bl y l a rge b i ll s f or e x tras T h e s e a r e

avo i de d u n d er th e
co s t p l u s a x ed s u m
c o nt r act
W h er ev er p i e ce -wo r k can b e d on e t he re i s no n eed of a
con tr a ct o r (u s ing th e t erm i n i t s co mm o nl y a ccep te d s en s e )
fo r e v er y w or ker i s t h e n a co n tr a cto r ; but whe r e pi e ce
wo rk i s i m p ract i ca b l e th e m os t e con o m i c way
i n th e
o n e co n d i t o n u n d e r

HA NDB O OK

42

OF COS T DA TA

l o ng run i s to a wa r d co ntr act s f o r a l l w o rk th a t

f ully a n d cl e a rly s pe ci ed a s to qu a nti ty a n d qu a li ty

w o rk m a y o f ten b e ch e a p e r by the d a y

be
O th er

ca n

In s t r u ct i

Su p

to

on s

er

i n t e n d en t s

an

Fo r e m e n

th e mo s t s u cce s s f ul con tr a cti ng rm s h a ve s et s o f

rul e s a n d i n s tru cti o ns p ri nte d f o r th e u s e o f f o re m en a n d

o th er s
Ce r ta i n oL i h e rul es
a re in e x ibl e a n d m u s t be
o b eyed ;
o th er s a r e m o re i n th e n a tu re o f s ugge s ti o n s i h
ten de d t o g ui d e th e fo rem a n i n do ing h i s w o rk h a n dl i ng h i s
m en p u r chas i ng ma t eri a l s a nd t h e like
I will give a l i s t o f i n s tr u cti o n s t h a t i s by n o m e a n s e x
h a u s t i v e b u t v a ri ed en o ugh to gi v e s o me h ints as t o the
ch a ra ct er o f a s et o f i ns tru cti o n s
R ul e s s u ch a s the s e
c a n b e mi m eo g ra phe d o n s m a ll s hee t s o f p a p er a n d b o un d
t o gethe r w i th cl ip s s o th a t they ca n be ca r ri e d i n th e
p o ck et f o r re f eren ce
1 Wh en a fo r em a n a rri ve s a t a p l a ce wher e he i s to h a ve
ch a rge o f wo rk
h e mus t n o ti f y the h o me o ni ce a t o n c e by
p ost a l ca rd givi ng th e a d dr e s s o f h i s b o a rd ing pl a ce a n d
h i s o f c e a d d r es s

S o me

of

'

d a ily rep o rt m u s t be s en t t o the h o me o f ce o n th e

b l a nk s p ro vi d ed
I f n o w o rk i s b eing d o ne s ti l l a rep o rt
mus t be s en t i n s ta t i ng t ha t f act a n d gi vi ng rea so n s f o r
d el a y s et c
3 Ea ch fo r em a n mu s t ke ep a s ma l l d i a ry i n w hi ch t o j o t
S u ch a d i a ry ma y
d o wn the p ri n cip a l even ts o f th e d a y
be o f gre a t v a lu e i n cas e o f a l a w s ui t
4 Ea ch f o rem a n mu st w ri te a l l o r de r s f o r m a te ri a l s
i n th e b oo k p r ovi d ed f o r th e p urp ose s o th a t
s upp l i e s e t c
He mu s t b e
a ca rb o n COp y o f eve ry o rde r w i l l b e kep t
ca re f ul t o in s e rt th e d a y o f th e m o n th
W h en a fo rem a n
w i s he s gra d in g s t a k es o r i n st ru cti o n s f ro m en g i neers i n
cha r ge o f wo rk
l e t h i m s en d a w ri tt e n or de r t o th e engi
nee r s ta ting e x a ctly w h a t i s w a nte d
T h i s pr e ca uti o n m a y
s ave m i s u n d er s t a n d i ng s a n d d el a y s
a n d t h e ca rb o n c o py
o f s u ch a n o rd er i s o f ten u s e f ul t o c h e ck th e mem o ry
The
s oo ne r a f o rem a n le a rns to b e m eth o di ca l i n s u ch s m a l l
m a t ter s th e s oo ne r wi l l h e b e tte d to h a n dle l a rge r m a t
te r s
5 No
en g i n ee r
t ime
s up eri n tend ent
wal k i ng bo s s
keepe r o r o the r empl o yee o f thi s rm i s p ermi tted to giv e
a n o rde r d i re ct t o a n y w o rkm a n
e x ce p t i n ca s e o f gre a t
No t even a m emb e r o f t h i s rm i s e x emp t
eme rgenc y
A

'

HINTS T O

f rom

CONTRA CTORS

43

th i s rul e
T h e f o rem a n i n di rec t cha rg e of a g a ng
o f m en i s the o nly ma n p e rm i tte d t o i n s tru ct h i s men wh a t
He i s th e of cer i n ch a rge a nd hi s s up eri o r o f cer s
to d o
mu s t n o t i nte n ti o n a l ly 0r unint e n t i o na l ly d egr ad e h i m i n
the eye s o f h i s men by i s s u ing o rders o ver h i s h e a d
6 A f o rem a n i s n o t p ermitted t o w o rk with h i s m e n
He
i s emp l o ye d t o u s e h i s wi t s n o t h i s h a n d s
Oc cas i o n a lly
h e mus t i n s tru ct a m a n h o w to d o h i s w o rk b ut h e m us t
te a ch the ma n a nd n o t a ttempt t o t a ke the ma n s p l a ce
I t m a y t a ke a f o rem a n l o ng e r to t e a ch a ma n t h a n t o d o i t
hi m s el f ; n ev ert h ele s s i t i s ch ea per i n th e l o ng r un t o te a ch
the m a n
7 Do n o t u se l a b o r er s t o d o the w o rk o f m as o n s o r ca r
o
u
f
o
a
b
ut
p
r
vi
d
e
a
u
f
ient
n
mbe
r
l
b
rer s t o a s s i s t
e
n
r
s
c
t
e
s
o
p
A 1 5 ct m a n ca n l i f t a s m a ny
th e s ki l l ed w o rkmen
p o un d s o f w oo d o r st o ne a s a 50 ct m a n
E x er ci s e y o u r
wi t s i n keepi ng e a ch cl as s o f me n b u s y a t thei r p a r ti cul a r
cl a s s o f w o rk
8 I n r a iny we a the r keep a l l s te a dy p a y m en b u s y o ve r
h a ul ing m a ch i ne s a n d t oo l s s h a rpen i ng t o o l s b r a nd ing
t o o l s s pl i ci ng r o p e s e t c
9 R u s h a ll p er ce n t a ge o r fo r ce a cco unt w o rk e x a ctly a s i f
T h e rep u ta ti o n o f
i t were p a rt of t h e r e gu l a r co n tra ct
th i s r m i s w o rth m ore m o ney t ha n ca n ev er b e m a d e by

m a k ing wo rk l a s t
10 S m a l l j o b s o f e x tr a w o rk a re u s u a lly t a ke n o n a b a s i s
T hi s le a v e s
o f 20% p r o t o n b o th ma teri a l s a n d l a b o r
but a s m a l l ma rgin o f p ro t a f te r de du cting gener a l e x
It i s p a rti cu l a rl y d e s i r a bl e t o w or k a s ma ny men
p en s e s
a s p o s s i b le
o n a s m a l l jo b
s o a s t o re du ce the p er cent a ge
o f gen era l e x p en s e s
11 Keep th e a d d re s s e s o f g o o d w o rkmen

go o d f el l o w with th e me n un der y o u
12 Do n ot be a
o r y o u w il l l o s e th e i r r e s p e c t
Re
a f te r w o rki ng h o ur s

me m b er th e o l d a d a ge
Fa m il i a ri ty breed s co nt e mpt
1 3 I n cas e o f a n y a cc i den t t o a w o rkm a n o r t o a s p e c
t a t o r no ti f y th e h o me o f ce a t o n ce by l et te r
I f the a cci
dent i s f a t a l n o ti f y by telegr a p h o r tele p h o ne
W e a re
in s u red a g ai n s t s u ch a cci dent s but b y the te rm s o f o u r
p o l i cy we mu st n ot i f y th e i n s u r a n ce co mp a ny with i n 24 h r s
1 4 T h e be s t a n d ch ea pe s t i n s ur a n ce a g a i n s t a cci dent s i s
P r o vi de b a r ri ca d es w a rn ing n o ti ce s a n d re d li ght s
ca re
whereve r a n e x cav a ti o n i s m a de
E ven a s ma l l h o l e u n
.

'

HA ND B OOK

44

OF

C O S T DATA

p r o te ct ed may ca u s e th e l os s of a l i f e f or wh i ch th e cou rts

m a y ho l d thi s rm re s p o ns ib l e
W h e n a s tree t i s clo s ed
by b a rr i ca d es d o n ot p e r m i t a n o u ts i d e r t o e n te r ev en a t
h i s o w n r i s k ; fo r s h o u l d a n a c ci den t occ ur a l a w s u i t i s
cert a i n t o f o l l o w reg a rd l e s s o f th e ri gh t s i nv o lve d
1 5 A ccep t n o o rder s f o r e x tr a w o rk e x ce p t i n wri ting
a n d f o rw a r d s u ch o rd er s a t o n ce t o t h e h o me o ffi ce
1 6 Fi l l i n y o ur e x p en s e a cco un t b la n k e v ery S a tu r d a y
n ight a n d s en d t o t he h o m e o f ce
1 7 W hen p l a n s a r e r e ceiv ed i n d o r se y o u r n a m e u p o n
the m w ith t h e d ay of th e mo nth a n d ye a r
W ri te o n b l ue
p ri nt s w i th a re d p e n ci l
o
s
c
o
r
n
a
v
i
d
ntr
ver
y
wi
th
engin
ee
r
i
n
e
t
r
s
o
o
p
c
l
l
a
18 A o
N o ti f y th e h o m e
A s m a l l qu a rr el o f ten l e a d s t o a b i g l o s s
o f ce i n cas e o f u n f a i r or unre a s o n a b l e o rd er s
1 9 W hen a ca r a rrive s r e co r d i t s numb e r a n d ch a ra cte r
R e m emb e r t h a t a de m u r r a ge i s ch a rged o n
o f c o nt ent s
a l l ca r f r eigh t h el d m o r e th a n 72 h o u r s ; b u t o n m o s t r oa d s
d em u rr a ge i s es tim a te d b y a ver a gi n g T hu s i f o n e ca r i s
hel d 24 h ou rs b ef o re u nl oa d in g a n d a n o the r i s hel d 96
2 o r 60 h o ur s
h o u r s ; th e a ver a ge i s (24 96)
20 P il e l u mb er wi th th e b o a rd s s l a n ti ng s o th a t wat er
w i ll dr ai n o ff Day as f ew b oa rd s or t i mber s d i re ctly o n the
gr oun d as p o s s ible
Se e th a t th e t o p l a y er of bo a rd s i s
turne d o ve r o cca s i o n a l ly to p rev ent wa rp ing
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a g e o f p l a n t b o th w a ys
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we r r e q u i red f or ba i l i ng a n d d ra i ni ng night watchm en

a n d o t h e r l a b o r i tem s i n v o l v e d i n p ot e ct i n g the p l a n t a n d
t h e w or k d u r i n g cons t r uc t i o n
N e x t i n or de r o f co n s i de r a ti o n is the p r o b a ble cos t o f th e
v a r i o u s l a b o r i te m s i n vo lv e d i n b ui ld i n g the s t ru ct u r e f o r
wh ic h i t em i z e d b i d s a re t o b e s u b m it ted Ha v i n g es t i m a ted
the d a i l y a m ou n t o f w or k tha t e a ch k i n d of l ab o r e r ca n be
co u n t ed o n t o p e r f or m
d o n o t f a i l to a s k y o u r s el f whethe r
o n e p a r t o f the w o r k ma y n o t g o a he a d f as te r t h a n a n o the r
p a rt a n d t h u s kee p s o m e o f the m e n i dle p a r t o f t h e t me
T o i ll u s t ra t e s u p p o s e t h a t a de r r i ck i s s e r v i n g t w o m a s o n s
w i th a n e ngi n ee r t ag m e m mor t m en etc i n the ga n g T h e
de rri ck e ng i n e a nd e n gi n ee r m a y be cap able o f del i ve r i n g
1 00 cu y d s o f s t o n e i n a d a y t o the m a s o n s b u t i n p r a ct i ce
o n ly a s ma ll f r a ct i o n o f th i s 1 00 cu y d s ca n be l a i d i n a d a y
by th e me n o n t h e w a ll In a l l c a s e s cons i de r ca r e f ully the
l i m i t i ng n u mbe r o f m en wh o c a n be w orked a dva nta g e o u s l y
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n u m b e r do e s o r d o e s n ot l i m i t t h e o u tp u t o f o the r m e n a n d
m a ch i n e s s e r v i ng them
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t i me th a t o ccur s a t r e gu l a r i n te r v a l s w he n m a ch i n e s a n d
m e n m u s t be s h i f ted f o r w a r d to n e w w o r k A s te a m s h o vel
may b e i dle t wo week s f o r e x a m p le wh i le m o vi n g i t f r o m
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cl e a ri n g e a ch s m a ll g a n g r e q ui res i ts f o r em an ; he n c e i t i s
t h a t t h e p e rc e n t a g e o f the to ta l cos t ch a r g e a bl e t o s up er
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t or w h o h a s bee n w o r k i n g i n a s m a ll w a y a s h i s o w n f o r e
m a n i s a p t t o o ve r l oo k th i s i m p o r t an t i te m o f s u p e rv i s i o n i n
e s t i m a t i ng the a ctu a l co s t o f w ork E a ch cl a s s o f wo rk
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p l o s i v e s f u e l wa te r f o r b o i l e r s l u b r i ca n t s a n d a h u n d
a n d o n e s m a ll th i n g s s e l d o m th o u g h t o f b y t h e i n e xp e r i e n
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b e e s t i m a te d w i t h ca r e a n d t h e o th e rs ca n b e p r o v i d e d
i n a g e n e ra l w a y b y a l i be ra l a ll o w a n ce f o r p r o t
T h e la s t i m p o r ta n t i te m i s Ge n e r a l E x p e n s e s
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sa l a r i e s o f 0
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d o m r u n u n d e r 4 % o f t h e t o ta l co s t a n d t h e y m a y e a s i ly b e
t wo o r th r ee t i me s 4 % o n s m a ll c o n t r a ct s o r wh e r e the r e a r e
l o ng p e r i o d s o f i dle n e ss betw e e n s u cce s s i ve co n trac t s Ce r
ta i nl y n o c o n t r ac t o r ca n a ffo r d t o i g n o r e co n s i de r a t i o n o f
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m a k i n g o u t a b i d ; b u t the s ec o nd co n s i d e ra t i o n i s t o b i d s o
a s to s e cu r e the g r e a t e s t p o s s i b le p r o t
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A n e x c elle n t p l a n i n b i dd i n g i s t he re f o r e t o a t te n d i n p e r
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d oi n g th i s be f ore h a n d n o t i me w i ll be lo s t i n w r i t
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d o n o t b e co me c o n de n t i a l a nd d i s cl o s e
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th e b a n k e r a n d f o r y o u r s e l f t o f o ll o w o n a l a rg e r s ca le
W e h a v e t o u ch e d u p o n th e m e t h o d o f e s t i m at i n g t h e
a m o u n t o f m o n e y n e ces s a r y t o h a n dle a c o n t r a ct o f g i v e n
b u t a f ew
s i ze wh i ch m u s t b e n i s h e d i n a g i ve n t i m e
w or d s m ore m ay no t be a m i s s
It o rd i n a r i ly r e q u i r e s f ar m o r e c a s h c a p i t a l t o h a n dl e
w o rk i n wh i ch the p ay r o ll i s t h e m a i n i te m th a n w o r k
i n wh i ch b i ll s f o r m a t e r i a l s a r e the m a i n i t e m s o f
co s t
L a b o re rs m u s t u s u a lly b e p a i d a s o f te n as o n ce i n
t wo week s i n s o m e p l a ce s o n ce a m o n t h a n d i n o th e r s
o n ce a week
Ma t e r ia l s u ch a s s t o n e t i m b e r ce m e n t e tc
m a y o r d i n ar i ly b e p u r ch as e d o n t i m e th e t i m e v a ry i n g
A s i de f ro m t h e a d va n t a g e d e r i v e d b y
f rom 30 to 60 d a y s
h a v i ng a l o n g e r t i me i n wh ic h t o s e cu re m o n ey f ro m
m o n thly e s ti m a te s i t i s well to r e m e m b e r th a t m a t e r i a l
m e n w i ll n o t g o o n a s t r i ke i f p a y d a y i s del a yed a f ew
d a y s T h i s i s o f te n a l i f e s a ve r a t p e r i o d s o f u n exp e cte d
d i s tr es s In a ny cas e ma te r i a l s w i ll u s ua lly p ay f o r them
s elve s i f t h e y ca n b e p u t i n t o w o r k p r o m p tly u p o n a rr i v a l
On t h e o the r h a n d i t o f t e n h a p p e n s t ha t m a te r i a l s a re d e
l i ve r e d week s b e f o r e they ca n be u s ed a nd i f t h e c o nt rac t
d oes n o t r e q u i r e th e e n g i n ee r t o a ll o w i n h i s m o nt hly e s ti
m a t e fo r m at eri a l s del i v e r ed the c o n t ra ct o r m ay b e co m
p e ll e d t o p a y fo r t h e m a te r i a l s l o n g be f o r e h e ca n r e ce i ve
He re a g a i n t h e b a n k s w i ll a s s i s t h i m i f h e
p ay me nt
h a s m a de i t a p ra ct i ce t o b o rr o w m o n e y u p o n
m a te r i a l s
Ce r t a i n ly u n d e r s u ch co n d i t i o n s
d e l i ve red
m a t e r ia l s
d e l i ve red bel o n g to the co n tr ac to r a n d they f o r m a n
a s s et wh i ch
a d d e d t o t h e co n t ra ct o r s p e rs o n a l r e p u ta t i o n
w i ll s e rv e a s s e cu i ty f o a l o a n
W he r e l ar g e q u a n t i ti es o f p u r ch a s e d ma te r i a l s w i ll b e
r eq ui red
the co n t rac to r s h o u ld as ce r ta i n e i the r b y s tu dy
f ew

H IN TS TO CONTR A CTORS

67

i ca ti ons or b y d i r e ct i n q u i ry o f t h e h i g he st
m a te r i a l s d e l i v e re d w i ll o r w i ll n ot b e
i a l s wh ethe r
If e n g i n e e r s k n e w h o w
i n m o n thly e s t i m a te s
m a t e r i a l s d e l i v e r e d r e s u lt s
r re fu s a l to e s t i mate
del i ve r i es i n s m a ll l o t s p os s i b ly th e p r a cti ce o f
m o n thly f o r m a te r i a l s d e l i v e r ed w ou ld b e e v e r y
f o ll o wed
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s e r v i n g th a t m e n w o r k w i th g r e a te r e n e r g y whe n th e y a r e
It p a y s t o s h a r e
p a i d a b o nus d e d u c e s the f o ll o w i n g r u le :
t h e p ro t s w i th t h e emp l o yee s whe n th ey e s p e ci a lly e x e rt
the m s elve s But h a v i n g come t o a l og i ca l co n cl u s i o n th e
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i s m o r e li kel y
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q u i ckly r e s p o n d t o a n y s u ch e n co u ra g e me nt I f y o u a e
cr u s h i n g r o ck f or e x a m p le th e r e s h o u ld b e s o m e s y s t em o f
t a lly i n g e i th e r l oa d s d e l i ve red or t h e l o a d s r e mo v e d e a ch
T h e m a n w h o i s r u n n i n g the cru s h i n g p l a n t s ho u ld
day
Th e

fa i l ur e

m a ny

of

HA N DB O O K

68

DA TA

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so
th a t t h e m o ney
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o f the pl a nt
bu t red u ce s th e co s t o f s u pervi s i o n
T he re
a r e a n d a l w a y s w i ll be c l as s e s o f w o rk requ iri ng th e c o n
s ta nt a ttenti o n o f f o remen a n d i n s u ch ca s e s i t w il l u s u a lly
be f o und be s t t o giv e h a lf o r perh a p s a l l o f the b o nu s
t o th e f o rema n O n the o the r h a n d w her e th e f o re m a n a c ts
m erely a s a n o v e rs ee r t o p re v e nt s h i rking o f duty i t i s f r e
q u entl y p o s s i bl e t o di s pen s e with h i m enti rely by i n t r o d u c
i ng the b o n u s s y s tem
W hethe r th e b o nu s s y s te m i s u s e d o r n o t t h e w o rk s h o u l d
be l a i d o u t w herever p o s s i bl e s o th a t the r e w i l l b e co m p e t
m g g a ng s o f m e n
In l a ying t h e co n cre te f o u nd a ti o n o f
a p a v e m en t
f o r e xa m pl e a s s i gn o n e ha l f t h e s treet f r o m
the c ente r t o the cu rb t o o n e g a n g o f men a n d the o th e r
,

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HA NDBO OK

70

OF CO S T DA TA

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A f ter
re s u l t s i n driving a tunn el n ea r the City o f Me x i co
th e w o rk h a s been wel l o rg a ni z e d it i s p os s ible thu s t o
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a g o o d f el l o w
a f te r a s h o r t ti me
a nd
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th e re s u l t i s th a t the o utp ut o f th e m en un d er h i m fa ll s
T h e wri ter h as o f ten n o ti ce d th a t f o re me n w h o w o ul d
o ff
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wo ul d a f t e r th a t
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I t i s well u s u a lly t o h a v e f o re m en w h o a r e s tr a ng
curre d
e r s t o th e men
a n d t o s ee t h a t t hey r em a i n s t ra nger s
A n o the r e x p e dient th a t wa s a l s o tri e d o n th e a b ov e m en
ti o n ed t u nnel w o rk w a s the w o rki ng o f br o ken s h i f t s ; th a t
i s the m e n w o rke d f o u r h o ur s th en l a i d o f o u r h o ur s
w hile a n o the r g a ng t o o k t hei r p l a c es a n d t he n r et u rne d t o
B y th i s m e a n s t h e p ro gr e ss o f the
w o rk f o u r h o u r s m o re
tunnel d riving w as in crea s ed a b o u t
Do ubtle s s th i s
meth o d w o ul d s h o w b e tter re s ul ts wi th s u ch wo rker s
a s ar e f o und i n s o uthern c li ma tes
th a n w ith w o rker s i n
t h e n o rth
S til l ther e i s g o o d r e a s o n f or bel i evi n g th a t it
w o ul d pr o ve e ff e c tive w h e rev er m en a r e wi l li ng t o w o rk
i nterm i ttentl y B y p ayi ng s o me b o nu s f o r p r o gre ss i t m a y
b e p os s ib l e t o in d u ce men t o w o rk t hu s f o r th en the i r i n
t e re s t i n m a king p r o gr e s s i s i dent i ca l w i th th a t o f th eir
empl o ye r Of c o ur s e wh ere men a r e ru n ni n g m a ch ines li ke
a i r dri ll s o r s te a m s h o vel s
th ere i s l ittl e to b e g a ine d
b y s u ch a m e th o d o f w o rking ; b u t m en d o i n g h a rd p h y
s i ca l l a b o r w o u l d d o ubtle s s a cco mp l i s h m o re b y w o rking
v i go r o u s l y f o r a h a l f s hi f t a n d then t a ki ng a lo n g re s t b e
f o re ni s hing the i r s hi f t
,

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W h erever

n t r a ct o r i s w o rk ing i n th e c o untry h e
s h o ul d h a v e h i s o w n l o dging ca mp a t wh i ch a l l m en s h o ul d
T h e o b j ect o f t h i s i s no t t o m a ke
be re qui re d t o l o dge
m o ney b y renti n g b u nk s b u t t o b e i n a p o s i ti o n t o m a ke
s tri ker s l e a v e th e co u ntry enti rely
i f s trike s o ccu r
Fo r
th e sa m e re a s on a co mp a ny s t o re s h o ul d b e kept b y t h e
a

co

HIN TS

TO

CO NTR A CTORS

71

ntr a ct o r i f he d o e s n o t b o a r d th e men
T o b e a ble thu s
t o cu t o ff the s o u r ce o f s upp li e s o f th e O pp o s i ti o n i s o f ten
th e o nl y w a y of bre a ki ng u p a s tri ke A co n tr a ct o r h a ving
b a s e d h i s e s ti mate o f cos t u p o n rul ing w a ge s i s o ft en m o s t
un j u s tl y a tt a cke d b y h i s men w h o s eek a n i n cre a s e i n
w a ge s wh i ch i f gra nted w o u l d m e a n h i s ru in
L a b o rers
d o n o t co n s i de r th a t s i de o f th e m a tter at a l l a nd th e m o re

leni ent a n d whi te th e co ntr a ct o r h as b een the m o re l ikely

i s a s t ri ke f o r inc re as ed w a ge s t o o ccu r
B y bei ng f o re
si ghte d a c o ntra c t o r ca n u s ua l ly b ring a s t ri ke t o a s u d den
en d o r p rev e nt i t en ti rely when h i s w o rk i s n o t ne a r th e
p erm a n ent re s i d en ces o f the s trik e rs
On l a rge w o rk a
f ew d et ect ive s a mong the wo rkers (d et e ctive s w h o a re
w o rker s t h em s e lv e s a n d a r e o l d a n d tru s te d emp l o ye es )
w i ll giv e th e r s t h i nt o f t a lk a b o u t s tri king T hen i s the
ti me to a ct a n d n ot a f ter the t a lk h a s ri p ened i nt o re s ol u
ti o n
m m e d i a tely s h a ke up the f o r ce s ; l ay c d pa rt o f th e
g a n g s in cl u di ng s o m e wh o a re n o t a gi t a to r s a l o n g wi th
L e t it b e kn o w n b y ru mo r t h a t the i ntr o
t h e a gi ta t o r s
d u cti o n o f m o r e m a ch inery i s co ntempla te d i n o rde r t o d i s
p en s e w i th h a n d l a b o r a n d wh a t i s m o re ru s h s om e m a
and
chi nery i n even i f i t d o e s n ot p a y di re ctl y t o d o s o
ev e n i f it d o e s n o t repl a ce th e men l a i d o ff
W a r t a cti cs
mu s t b e m et i n ki n d A s tri ke i s a l a b o r wa r , a n d a s tr i ke
a
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If
a g a in s t a co ntr a ct o r i s u s u a ll y
the e m p l o y ees o f a fa ct o ry s tri ke f o r hi gh e r w a g e s a n d
wi n th e m a nu f a ctur er u s u a lly m a ke s th e p u b l ic f oo t the
b il l i n th e en d ; c ert a i nl y where s u ch s tri k es a r e gener a l
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I f f oo t p a d s were t o
h o l d h i m up a n d t a k e h i s m o ney he w o ul d b e b ette r o ff
f o r t h en at l e as t h e w o ul d h a ve s o m e ch a n ce o f r e co vering
T h e f o reg o ing s t a te ment s a r e a ll b a s ed up o n the a s
it
s um pti o n t h a t the co ntr a ct o r i s p a ying r a te s o f w a ge s th a t
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o f th e co n tr a c t
I f l a bo r u ni o n s wer e t o g ive n o ti ce th a t th ei r me mbers
w o ul d n ot wo rk u n d er co ntr ac t s t a ken o n a n d a f ter a ce r
t a in d a te a t le s s th a n a cer ta i n w a ge co nt r a ct o rs w oul d

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p ri ce p a i d u s u al ly i n cl u des th e e x ca v a ting h a ul ing a n d
p l a ci ng the e a rth i n th e e m b a nkmen t a n d n o e x tr a p ri ce i s

i n o th er w o rd s the
p ai d f o r m a king th e emb a nk m ent
e a rt h i s pa i d f o r b u t o n ce Occ as io na l ly i n d ike w o rk i n
b u i l d ing re s er v oi r e m b a nkment s a n d wh er e v er i t i s v ery
di f cu l t t o m e a s ur e th e e a r th i n pl aice i t i s s p e ci e d tha t
th e e a rth s h a l l b e m e as u r e d i n th e co n s o l i da t e d e m b a nk
m ent Ho w ever unl es s ot h erwi s e s t a ted a l l c o s ts gi ven i n
thi s b o o k re fe r t o me as ure ment s o f e ar th i n p l a ce

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h a u l cl a u s e
wh i ch pr o vi de s th a t f o r al l e a rth h a u le d mo re
th a n a c er t ai n s p e ci e d l i m it the co ntr a ct o r s h a l l b e p a i d
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tha n i t di d i n p l ac e ; but wh en pl a ced i n a n emb a nk

me nt a nd r o ll ed o r p o u n d e d d o wn, i t s h ri nk s a n d thi s
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l o w i ng i s a s u m m a ry b a s e d u p o n d a ta o f a ctu a l t es t s g ive n
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1
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wi t h a s h o vel so t h a t a f ter l o os eni n
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lo o s e m as s of e a rth wi l l s h rink s l o wly b ac k t o i ts o ri gi na l
v o lum e but a n e m b a nk m ent o f lo os e e a rth w i l l at th e e n d
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or
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ca rt s
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oc cupy 5 t o 1 0 % l e s s S p ac e th a n the cut :f r o m wh i ch the
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6
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7
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m a ki ng i t n e ce ss a ry t o us e a pic k o r a p l o w d ra wn by t w o
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Ca li fo r n i a a nd n e i g h b o r i n g s t a tes t o d e n ot e a n y c l a y o f

whi ch m u d b r i ck s o r a d o b e s mi gh t b e m a d e
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T h e re
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ca s es th e s e dep os it s a re s o gre a s y t h a t Wh en s a tu r a ted wi th
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a ctu a l d i s ta n ce tr a v e l e d b y t h e ca r s o r w a go n s i s ca ll e d

h a ul
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w o rk t h e w a g es o f th e d ri v e r a r e a l w a ys i n cl u d e d u n d e r

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g o i n g 1 0 m il es lo a d e d a nd r e t u r n
It t h e
i n g 1 0 m i l es e mpty o v e r f a i rly h a r d ea rth r o a ds
t ea m i s t r a v e li n g co n s t a n tly o v e r s o f t g ro u n d 1 5 m i l e s i s a
O n t h e o th e r h a n d i f t h e t e a m i s tr a v e l
g oo d d a y s wo rk
i ng ov e r g o o d g r a v e l o r ma ca d a m ro a d s o r p a v e d s tr e e ts
i t i s p o ss i b l e t o a v e rag e 2 5 mi l es p e r 1 0 h r d a y
T h es e
r a t es i n cl u d e t h e o ccas i o n a l s t o p s m a d e f o r r e s t s et c a nd
i n clu d e th e c l i mb i n g o f a n occas i on a l hi ll
m i l es a n h o u r w h i ch i s
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t h e o rdi n a ry w a lki n g g a i t o f h o rs e s t h e d i s t a n ce co v ere d
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t o co v e r t h e f ul l 20 m il es o f d a i ly w o rk ; bu t o v e r s o f t
g r o u n d a te a m s h o ul d n o t tr o t
T h e l o a d s th a t a t ea m can h a u l (i n a d d i ti o n to t h e w e i g h t
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th e r e w e r e o cca s i o n a l s t e e p g r a d es to as
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Co n t ra ct w o rk i s no t s o s e v e r e as s tre et ca r w o rk ; s til l
,

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Th e f o ll o wi ng g ives t h e a v e r a g e f e e d o f ho rs es a n d m ul es
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cl o s e l y with t h e writ e r s e xp e ri e n ce
I t i s n o t o rd i n a r i ly p o s s ibl e t o g e t m o re th a n 180 d a y s of
w o rk p e r a n n u m o u t o f a co n tra ct o r s t ea m i n t h e N o rth
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th a t
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If
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.

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t e a m a r e g iven o n p a g e 76
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c ts
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A 1 y d s ho v e l
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th o r o u g h cu t w o rk th i s l o s t ti m e o f s wi t ch i n g i s g r e a t e r

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diti o n s th a t ma k e it c h e a p e r in
t h e e n d t o u s e w a g o ns i n s t ea d o f ca r s f o r h a u l i n g t h e e a rth
In s u ch ca s es n e v e r u s e a l a r g e d ip pe r f o r s o m u ch
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e v e n w he n a
roa d a n d d e l a y t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e w ag o ns
A 1 % y d b u ck e t i s a s l a r g e a s s h o u l d
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t r a v e l s o n a t ra ck o f 3 f t ga ge
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t ra ck W h e th e r th e a ctu a l tr a cti v e ca p a ci ty i s e xa ctl y
I d o n o t k n o w ; b u t i t mu s t b e a pp r o xima t e l y th a t f o r a n y
l o co m o ti ve ca n e xe rt a p u l l o f 2 5 % o f th e w ei g ht o n i ts d r i v
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p u ll h ow e v e r a re mu ch o v e r e s t ima t e d i n c a ta l o g u es d u e t o
I t i s s ai d in
t o o l o w r o ll ing r es i s t a n ce s as s um e d fo r ca rs
s o m e o f t h e ca t a l o g u e s th a t t h e r e s i s t an ce to t r a ct i o n i s 6%
T h i s r a t e a p p li e s o nl y t o t h e b e s t o f
l b s p e r s h o rt t o n
s ta n d a rd g a ge r a i lw a y tra ck s wi th h e a v y ra i l s
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On a co nt r a ct o r s n a r
r ow g a g e l igh t r a i l t ra ck th e r es i s t an ce t o t r a cti o n i s p r o b
a bly n o t mu ch l es s th a n 40 l b s
p e r t o n a n d wh e r e t h e
ca rs a r e l o a d e d i t i s d o u btl e s s m o r e d ue to t h e d i rt o n t h e
A t a n y r a t e t h e o n l y ca r e f ul t e s t s o f whi ch I h a v e
r ai ls

a n y kno w l edg e a re g iv e n i n my bo o k
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p a g e 80 wh e r e i t wil l b e f o u n d th a t n ine ca r s d ra w n
i n t r a i ns a t
m il es a n h o u r s h o w e d f r o m 26 to 66 l b s r e
s i s te n ce p e r t o n o n a l e vel tr a ck ; t h e 2 6 l b s
w a s o nly f o r
v e ry w e l l l u bri ca t e d ca r s d r a w n i n tr a i n s of 20 ca r s
S h o rt
tr a i n s (2 t o 4 ca r s ) s h o w e d h i g h e r r e s i s t a n ces th a n l o ng
-

o r di na

HA NDB OOK

94

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th e ca r but t h e l oos e ea r th i s 20% t o 30% mor e

b ulky th a n ea r th i n p la ce
T h e numbe r o f d i n k e y s r e qui re d t o k ee p a s h ov el b u s y
On s h o r t h a ul s
ca n b e e s tima ted f r o m t h e da ta g i v e n
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t o dump a tra i n o f 6 ca r s i n 2 o r 3 m i ns
o u tp ut of t h e s h ov e l can be s e cu r ed
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ca r dumpe d b y e a ch m a n i n 1% t o 2 m ins
Th e men
wo r k i n g ro ups o f 2 o r 3 i n du m p in g th e cars a n d e n o u g h
m e n a r e us ua l ly p r ovi de d on th e dump t o dump a t ra i n i n
3 m in s
W hen t wo o r more d in k ey s a re s erv i ng o n e s h o v e l a n d
l o n g tr a i ns (1 2 ca rs ) a re b e i n g u s e d it w o ul d s ee m th a t
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a n e mpty tr a in ; b ut ev en u n d e r f a vo r a b le c o n d i ti o ns I nd
th a t 1 % t o 2 mi n s p e r tr a i n ar e l os t i n s wit ch i n g
T hi s
Is a n o th e r r easo n why a s h ove l s er ve d by o n ly o n e d i nkey
m a k e s s o g o o d a s h o wi n g o n s h o rt h a ul w or k S ti ll a n othe r
r e as o n i s tha t a t th e t i m e the s h o vel i s s hi f ti n g f orwa r d
th e d i n k e y ca n o f t e n m ake i ts r o u n d trip ; a n d o n s h a l lo w
fa ce w o rk th i s s h i f ti n g o f t h e s h o v el o ccu rs f r e q uen tl y
Th e m e th o d o f u s i n g a h o i s ti n g e n g i n e a n d ca b l e t o mo ve
t h e ca rs i s qui t e co mm o n i n r a il roa d w o rk wh ere t h e h a u l s
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f t o r l es s
r a the r s t ee p g r a d e at l ea s t 3% f r o m th e p it to th e dump a n d
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h o l d i ng a b o ut 2 cu y d s e a ch T h e h o i s tin g e n g i n es p ul l t h e
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d o wn g ra de t o the du m p A s a ma t te r o f f a ct a t e a m tha t
i s w o rki ng s t e a d il y ca n no t b e co u n t e d o n t o p ul l mo re
th a n t wo ca r s h o ld i n g 3 cu y ds e ach o n a l ev e l tra ck o f
th e kin d o rdi n a rily u s e d i n co nt ra ct rwo r k
T h e 3 f t g a g e tr a ck co m m o n l y u s e d i s l a i d w ith r a i l s
we i g h i n g 1 6 to 40 l b s p er ya r d o f s i n g l e ra il A 30 o r 35
l h ra i l ma k es a tr ac k t h a t i s n o t e as il y ki n k e d u n d e r th e

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95

l on g i s t h e b es t s iz e
I h av e tri e d 4 X 4 i h t i es
bu t th e y a r e ea s i ly s p li t by t h e s p ik es a n d a r e n o t o f
m u ch v a l ue a f t e r b ei n g u s e d o n ce ; wh erea s th e 6 x 6 l n
ti es ca n b e l a i d 4 t o 6 ti m es
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d e l i v er ed a n d t h e r o a d w a y g ra d e d s u ch a t ra ck ca n b e
la i d f o r $100 p e r m i l e o r $2 p e r 1 00 f t wh e n wa g e s a r e 1 5
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r a i l r oa d w or k i t i s u s u a l ly n e ces s a ry t o b u il d a t re s tl e
th r ou g h whi ch th e ca rs a re dump e d i n m a ki n g t h e e mb a nk
T h e t r e s tle s us u a ll y co ns is t o f t w o p o s ts p er b e n t
m en t
t h e p os ts b ei n g of r o u n d t i mb e r c a p pe d w i th a s qu a r ed
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98

i ng ,

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r o ck e xca v a ti o n by t h e cubi c y a rd i n p l a ce b ef o r e
wh e r e a s mi n i n g e n g i n e e rs g e n e r a l l y u s e th e t o n o f
p ou n d s a s t h e u n i t o f r o ck a n d o r e m e as u r e m e nt
In v i e w
o f thi s f a ct i t w o ul d b e w e l l w e r e t h e s p e ci c g r a v i ty o f
t h e r o ck g iv e n b y e v e ry en g i n e er wh o p ub l i s h e s d a t a o n
a n y p a r ti cu l a r ki n d o f r o ck e xca v a ti o n o r m i n i n g
Then
t oo i t o f t e n h a pp e n s tha t b r o k e n r o ck i s p ur ch as e d b y t h e
t o n e ven f o r civi l e n g i n e e ri n g w o r k o r by th e co rd o f l o o s e l y
p il e d rubb l e f o r a r ch i te c tur a l w o rk t hu s e mph as iz i n g t h e
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W a te r th er e f o r e h a s a S p e c i c g r a vi ty o f 1 ; a
c ub i c f oo t o f a n y s ub s t a n ce l ik e g r a n i te h a vi n g a s p eci c
w ei g h s
ti me s as m u ch a s a cub i c f oo t
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r o ck i s cru s h ed o r b r o k e n i n to f r a g m e nt s o f
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h a v e 35 % to 55 % v oi d s o r i nt er s pa c es ; d e p e n di n g u p o n t h e
u n i f o rmity of th e f r a g m e nt s a n d th e i r a n g ul a ri ty R o u n d e d
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A tu m b l e r f ul l o f b ir d
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P i t sa n d o rd i n a rily h a s
35 t o 40% v o i ds
Ha r d b r oke n s t o n e f ro m a r o ck c ru s he r
a ny

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100

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n o p a ym e n t i s m a d e
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u n l es s t h e s p e ci ca ti o n s e xpl i citly p ro v i d e f o r p a ym e n t f o r

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th e qu a ntitie s given i n T a b l e I b y th e f a cto r s given i n
T a b le I I
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10
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T hen i f the re a r e m o re th a n
cent o f a ctu a l dri l l ing t im e
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s ay
dri l l (wh en a ctua l ly d ril li ng ) b y th e p e r cent ag e o f d ri lli ng
t i me i n t h e sh i f t a n d th e p r o du ct wi ll b e t h e a v er a ge a i r
I f t her e a r e le ss th a n a b o ut 10
con s um p ti o n o f ea ch dri ll
d ri ll s i t wi l l n o t b e s a f e t o gur e s o cl os ely b ec a u s e the
fewe r the dri ll s Op e r a te d f r o m o n e co m p res so r t h e m or e
li kely i s i t th a t a l l o r n e a rly a l l o f the m wi l l b e u s in g ai r
a t t h e s a m e ti m e
T h e l a rger th e nu m b e r of d ri l ls o n th e
o ther h a n d the m o r e ce rtai n i t i s th a t s o me w i l l b e c h a n gin g
h i ts wh il e o th er s a r e drill i ng a n d thu s dr a w a s te a dy a ver
a g e a m o unt o f a i r f r o m th e co m p re s s o r
no t

St e a m

Co n s u m p t i o n

W hen

s t ea m

is

p ip e d

di re ct l y

HA N DB O O K O F

1 08

DA TA

CO S T

f r o m th e b o i l e r in t o a d i ll p a ct i ca lly the s a me n u m b e r o f
c u b i c f eet o f s te a m a r e co n s u med a s o f c u b i c f eet o f c o m
p re s s ed a i r W e m a y a s s u m e th a t a c u b i c f oo t o f s te a m w i ll
d o p r a cti ca ll y t h e s a m e w o k in a d ri l l a s a c ub i c f o o t o f
b e ca u s e n e i th er t h e
co m p re s s ed a i r at the s a me p e s s u re
s te a m n o r th e a i r a cts t o a n y g re a t ext e n t ex p a n s i vely in a
T h is b e ing s o
lb
dril l cyli n de r du e t o the la te cu t o ff
f t o f f r ee a i r o r 1 l b o f
o f s te a m i s eq ui va le n t t o 6 cu
s te a m i s e q ui v a l e n t t o n e a rly 30 c u f t o f f ree a i r o r 1 c u f t
l b s s te a m
a l l a t t h e s a me
i s eq u i v a le n t t o
o f f ree a i
p r es s u re of 75 l b s pe r s q in If a d i ll co n s u m es a t t h e
ra te o f 100 c u ft o f f ree a i r p er m in i t w i ll co n s u m e
cu
f t of f r e e a i r in a n h o u r If i t were u s ing s te a m in i t s
cyl in der in s t ea d o f a i r (a t 75 l b s
p re s s u re ) i t w o u ld t h e re
fo re co n s u me
x
21 0 l b s o f s te a m (a t 75 l b s
p r es s u re ) in a n h o u r
W h e n co a l i s b u rn e d un der a b o i l e r a l a r g e p e r ce n t a g e o f
i t s h e a t p a s s e s u p the c h i m n ey in the g as e s a n d i s l o s t ; a n d
in a dd i t i o n t o t h i s l o s s the b o i ler i t s el f ra d i a t es h e a t co n
T h e g rea t e r p a t o f t h e l o s s o ccu r s in the hea t t h at
s ta n tl y
g o es up t h e ch i m n e y In la r g e well de s ign e d b o i l e r s p r o p
erly p r o te ct e d b y a s b e s t os o r s i m i l a co ver ing the c o a l
b u r n ed w i ll devel o p s t ea m t o a b o u t 80 / o f the fu ll h e a t
v a l u e of the fu el ; t h e e f ci e n cy of the b o i l e r a n d fu r n a ce i s
In l o co m o t i ve b o i l e r s where fo r ce d dr a f t i s u s ed
the n
r ing n o t of the b es t a n d b o i ler ex p o s ed t o m o v ing a i r the
e f ci e n cy i s o f te n a s l o w a s
T h e e ffi ci e n cy o f a g o o d
b o i l er o f m o de at e s i ze
(100 HR ) well h o u s ed i s o rd i
n ar i ly a b ou t
A s m a ll (20 HP ) b o i l er ex p o s ed to th e
w in d h a s a n e f ci e n cy o f a b o u t 60% whe n n o t fo r ced If a
s m a ll b o i l er i s u s ed t o r u n o n e dr i ll the b o i ler m u s t a lw a ys
h a ve up e n o ugh s te a m to ke e p the dr i ll r unning a t n ea rly
fu ll ca p a ci ty ; b ut w he n t h e dr i ll i s s t op p ed d u ring the
ch a nging o f b i ts
mo v ing e t c th e r e i s a wa s te of s te a m
b e ca us e the p e i o d o f s t o p p a g e i s n o t l o ng e n o ug h t o p e r
m i t the re m a n t o m a ke a n y m at er i a l ch a ng e in th e r ing
a n d in the d r a f t
l n dr i ll i s o p er a t e d b y s te a m f r o m a s ma ll
Wh e n a
eq u i red p er
b o ile r a b o u t 600 l b s o f coa l a r e o rd in a r i ly
B u t if a n u m b e o f dr i ll s a r e s up p l i ed f r o m a
1 0 h r s h if t

'

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HA NDB OOK OF

110

CO S T

DA TA

le t i me wa s l o s t in the o p e r a t i o n o f ch a ng ing b i ts W h e n
a r e to b e dr i ll ed t h e dr i ll s t e e l
s h a ll o w h o le s (6 f t o r l e s s )
i s l ig ht a n d th e re i s o f te n l i ttle o r no s l u d g e pu m ping t o
b e d o n e In s u c h c as e s i t i s p o ss i b l e f o r the dr i ller a n d h i s
h el p er t o ch a ng e b i ts in 1 m inu te o r ev e n le s s whe n they
So f a r as th e c h a nging o f b i t s i s
a r e r u s h ing th e w o rk
co n cer n ed me n s h o u l d b e m a de t o w o rk w i th a v i m
Wh e n
me n h a ve to exe r ci s e the i r m u s cl es i n ces sa nt ly f or 8 o r
1 0 h o u rs there i s r e a s o n in t a k ing a s l o w s t e a dy g ai t b u t
in m a chi n e w o rk m u s cu la r ex er ci s e i s in t er m i tt e n t a n d
s h o u ld b e v igor o u s
N ext in i m p o rt a nc e t o th e t i m e l os t in ch anging b i ts i s
the t i me l ost in s h if t ing t h e m a ch in e f r o m h o l e t o ho l e
T o m o v e a tr ip o d f r o m on e h o l e t o th e n ex t a n d s e t u p
a g a in re a dy t o dr i ll s eld o m co n s u m es l es s tha n 7 m inu t es
eve n w h e n the t w o m e n a r e w o rk ing r a pi dly wh e n th e d i s
ta n c e t o mo ve i s s h o rt a n d whe n th e r ock oo r i s l evel a n d
s of t
W h e n h o wever the r o ck o o r i s i rre gu l a r a n d h a rd
req ui r ing t h e v ig or o u s u s e o f g a d a n d p i ck n ot o n ly i n
m a k ing h o le s f o r t h e tr ip o d l e g p o int s to r es t in b u t r e
q ui r ing a l s o s o m e l i ttl e t i me in s q u a r ing up a fa ce f o r th e
b i t t o s tr i ke u p o n the t w o me n m ay co n s u m e f r o m 30 t o 45
m inu te s s h i f t ing th e m a ch in e a n d s etting up if they wo rk
del i b er a tely In s u ch ca s e s i t i s a dv i s ab l e to h a ve l ab or er s
w o rk ing a he a d o f the dr i ller s p re p a r ing th e fa c e of the r ock
level ing th e s i te o f th e h ol e r e m o v ing l oo s e ro ck et c O n e
ca n s e e cle a rly wh a t a g re a t s a v ing in t i m e m a y th e re b y
b e e ff e cted ; y et th i s s i m p l e e x p ed i e n t i s s eld o m a d o p ted ;
b u t the d r i ller a n d h i s hel p er a r e u s u a lly le f t t o th e m s elve s
in p rep a r ing the g r ou n d f o r e a ch n ew s e t up E x cl u d ing the
t i me r eq u i red to ch a ng e b i t s f o r the n ew h ole w e ma y s a y
tha t tw o me n ca n o rd in a r i ly m a ke a n ew s e t up w i th a tr ip o d
in 12 t o 1 5 m inu t es if t h e y w o rk r a pi dly
ab

R u l e f o r E st i m a ti

ng

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er

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We

a re

e s s ed o f s uf ci e n t d a ta t o e n a b le u s to f o rm u l a te
a r u l e w he r e b y the nu m b er o f f eet dr i lled
p e r s h if t un der
gi ve n con d i t i o n s m a y b e p r ed ic ted I w i ll n o t g o i nt o the
metho d th a t I us ed in ded u cing th e f o ll o w ing r u le wh i ch i s
s tr i ctly c o rr e ct f o r the m e th o d i s o n e of s i m p le a r i thmeti c
Th e r u le i s :
n o w p os s

R O CK EX CA VA TI ON

nd

Q UA RR Y I N G

1 11

E TC

nu m b er o f f ee t o f h o le dr i lled p er s h if t d i v i de
the t ot a l nu m b er of w o rk ing m in u te s in the s h if t b y the
s u m o f the f o ll o w ing q u a n t i t i e s : T h e n u m b er o f m inu te s o f
p l u s the
a ct u a l d r i ll ing r e q ui r ed t o d r i ll o n e f o o t o f h o le
a ver a g e nu m b er o f m i n u t e s req u i red t o ch a ng e b i t s d i v i ded
b y t h e le n g th o f the f eed s c r e w in f e e t p l u s th e a ver a g e
nu m b e r of m inu te s req ui red t o s h if t the m a ch in e f r o m ho le
t o h o le d i v i d e d b y t h e de p t h o f t h e h o le in f e e t
S u p p os e f o r ex a m p l e the s h if t i s 10 h rs l o ng th a t i s
600 m in s ; th a t i t req u i re s 5 m ins to dr i ll 1 f t o f t h e r o ck ;
t h a t i t req ui re s 4 m in s t o ch a ng e b i t s a n d c l e a n h o l e ; th a t
the f e e d s cr e w i s 2 f t l o ng ; th a t th e m a ch in e ca n b e s h if ted
f r o m ho l e to h o l e in 16 m in s ; a n d th a t e a ch h ole i s 8 f t
d e e p T h e n a ccor d ing to th e r u l e we h a v e : T h e nu m b er o f
To

th e

'

fee t

of

h o le p er s h if t

16

(5

i s 600

l en t

is

e qu i va

r i lled p e r 10 h r sh if t
Fo r th o s e w h o ca n u s e s i m p le a l g e b r a i c f o rm u l a s t h e
a b o v e r u l e i s m u ch m o re co m p a ctly ex p re s s e d in the f o ll o w
ing fo rm u la :
t o 600

or

66%

ft

wh i ch

nu m b er o f f eet dr i lled p er s h ift

or
f
00
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nu m b er o f m inu te s of a ct ua l dr i ll ing re q ui r e d t o dr i ll
1 f t o f t h e r o ck
e
a
c
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of
b
n
dr i ll s pu m p o u t h o le a n d cr a n k d o w n
m 3 t o 4 m in s o rd in a r i ly
f
le ngth o f f e e d s cr ew in f t r a nging f r o m 1 % f t i n
2
a
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s
b
t
s
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dr
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ll
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i
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i
ly
ft
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t
n
m
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m
es
o
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HA NDB O OK OF C O S T DA TA

112

ing up a n d c ra n k ing d ow n S r a ng e s f r o m 5 m in s f o r very

r a p i d s h ift ing o n level oc k to 40 m in s fo v er y s l o w s h i f t
ing o n i rre gu l a r o ck
de pt h o f h o le in f t
D
r u le
E ve n a ca s u a l s t u dy o f the f o e g o ing f o m u l a o
m us t i m p es s th e p r a ct ic a l m a n w i th the i m p o ta n ce o f t h e
l o s t t i me eleme n ts in m a chi n e d i ll ing ; co n s eq u e n tly o f t h e
v a l u e o f t i m ing the o p e a t io n s o f ch a n ging b i ts a n d mo v ing
m a ch in e s whe n the m e n d o n o t k n o w th a t they a re b e ing
t i med
A n o ther f ea t u e t h a t s t a n d s o u t s t i k ing ly i s t h e
red u ced o u tp u t o f a dr i l l wo rk ing in a s h a ll ow ho l e Le t
the re a de s o l v e a f e w p r ob lem s a ss u m ing r s t a n a v er a g e
de p th o f h o le o f 1 6 f t n d n a ll y a n a v er a g e de p th o f o n l y
2 f t (s u ch as o ccu r s o f te n in the s k i m m ing w o k in ro a d
b ui ld ing ) a n d he w i ll n ever m a k e the b l un der o f the co n
tr a ct o w h o b i d the s a m e p r i ce f o r o ck exc a va t i o n o n the
2 f t dee p e ning o f t h e E i e Ca n a l a s h a d b ee n b i d f o r the
36 f t ex ca v a t i o n o n the Ch i ca g o Ca n a l
If we a s s u me th a t the s h if t i s 10 h r s lo ng ; tha t the r a te
o f dr i ll in g i s 1 f t in 5 m in s ; th a t i t t a ke s 4 m in s to ch a ng e
b i t s a n d p u m p o u t th e h o le a t e ach ch a ng e o f b i ts ; th a t the
f eed s crew i s 2 ft l o ng ; a n d th a t i t t ake s 15 m in s t o s h if t
f r o m n e h o le t o the n ext ; b y a p p ly ing the u l e we o b ta in
th e fo ll o w ing re s u lt s :
.

De p th

h o le f t
Fe et d r i lled in 10
of

h rs

10

15

20

27

41

5O

60

70

75

80

W he n

dr i ller s a r e l a zy the y ma y r e a d i ly co n s u me 8 m in s
W i th
i n ch a nging b i ts a n d p u m p i n g o u t the h o le ea ch t i me
a l l c o n d i t i o n s the s a me a s b e f o r e ex ce p t in g th a t 8 m in s a r e
co n s u med in ch a nging b i t s
we ha ve the f o ll o w ing r es u l ts :
5 1 0 1 5 20
1
2
3
De p th o f h o le f t
Feet dr i lled in 10 h rs
25 36 43 50 57 60 62
.

I t w i ll b e s ee n th a t in d ee p h o le d i ll ing 20% d ec r ea s e d
e f ci e nc y re s u lts f r o m j u s t a l i ttle l az in e s s in ch a ngi ng b i ts
un der the co n d i t i o ns a s s u m ed ; a n d in s of te r o ck s the p e
h
e
t
W
r
a
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n
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e

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h ole s a re s h all o w the t i me in v o lved in s h i f t i n g f ro m o n e
h o l e to the n ext b e o m e s a n i m p o t a n t fa ct o r A s s u m ing
r

HA N DB O OK OF

114

COS T

DA TA

In th e h a rd l i me s t o n e
1 1 0 f t p er 10 h r s h if t in th i s r o ck
n e a r R o che s ter m y rec o rd s s h o w a b o u t 70 f t p er 10 h r s h if t
I n the l i me s t o n e o n the Ch i ca g o Dr a in a g e Ca n a l 70 t o 80 f t
In the h a rd s ye ni te o f Do ug l a s s
w a s a 1 0 h r d a y s w o rk
I s l a n d in o p e n pi t w o rk a n d where i t i s d if cu lt t o m ake
s e t up s
In t h e
36 f t i s n o w the a ver a g e p er 1 0 h r d a y
i n dr i ll s a v e r a g e
l i me s t on e n e a r W in dm i ll P t O n ta r i o
75 f t a d a y (h o le s 1 8 f t dee p ) ; 2 % i n dr i ll s 60 f t a d a y a n d
b ab y
dr i ll s 37 f t a d ay
T h e f o r e g o ing ex a m p le s a l l a pp ly t o c o m p a r a t i vel y dee p
ve rt i ca l h ol es in O p e n ex ca v a t i o n In t unn e l w o rk there i s
n o re as o n why a dr i ll s h o u ld n o t d o a b o u t th e s a me wo rk
p er s h if t w e r e there n o d el ay s in ti m b er ing m u ck ing w a i t
ing f o r g as es t o cl e a r e t c S u ch d e l ay s h o w e v e r o fte n r e
d u ce th e d ri ll fo o t a g e v e ry m u ch
f
O ne b l a ck s m i th (w i th a
Sh
C t
p ning Bit
h el p er ) w i ll s h a r p e n a b o u t 140 b i t s a d ay a n d un der o rd i
n a ry c o n d i t i on s w i ll kee p 5 t o 7 dr i ll s s upp l i ed w i th s h a rp
b it s
O n a v e r a g e r o ck a b i t m u s t b e s h a r p e n e d f o r ev e ry
2 f t o f h o le ; in v e ry s o f t r o ck a b i t f o r ev e ry 4 f t a n d in
very h a rd r ock a b i t f o r every 1 % f t o f h o le
C t f D ill R p i
M r T h o m as De nni s a g e n t of t h e
A dve n tu re Co n so l i d a ted Co pp er Co
Ha n co ck Mi ch h a s
k in dly f u r ni s hed th e f o ll o w ing d a t a o f the a ver a g e m o n thly
co s t o f kee p ing a dr i ll in re p a i r :
S upp l i es f o
re p a i r s
Ma ch ini s t l a b o r
B l a ck s m i th la b o r
-

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s.

os

rs

t a l re p a i r ch a r g e p er m on th
T h e nu m b er o f dr i ll s in th e s h o p a t a n y o n e t i m e i s a b o u t
1 5 p er ce n t o f th e t o t a l n u mb er
T h i s l o w co s t i s b as ed
up o n w o rk where a l a r g e nu m b er o f d r i ll s a r e us ed a n d well
h a n d led b y th e u se r s
I a m in de b ted t o Mr J o s i a h Bo n d m ining e ngin eer f o r
th e s ta teme n t th a t the co s t o f re p a i r s a ver a g e s 50 cts p er
dr i ll p er s h if t in m in e s where a f ew dr i ll s a r e o p er a ted a n d
re n ewa l p a rts pu r ch as ed f r o m the m a nuf a ct u rer s In O p e n
out w or k my ex p er i en ce i s th at 75 ct s p er d r i ll p er sh i f t i s
To

'

R O CK E X CA VA TI ON

Q UA R R Y I N G

E TC

1 15

fa i r a l l o w a n ce f o r r e n e w a l s a n d re p a i rs In the gol d
m in e s o f S o u th A f r i ca where e a ch dr i l l w o rk s t w o s h ifts p er
d a y th e co s t o f dr i l l r e p a i rs i s $300 p er dr i ll p e r y e a r ; w h i le
i a d i ll w i th b a r i s $1 85 a cco rd ing
the r s t c os t o f a
t o a r e ce n t r e p o rt o f th e Go v e r n m e n t M in e In s p e ct o r
C st
f Op
ti n g D i l l
W he n o p e ra t ing a s i ng le
i n ) dr i ll s upp l i ed b y s t e a m f r o m a
s m a ll p o rt ab le
b o i l e r I n d t h e co s t i s u s u a l l y a s f o ll o w s f o r a 1 0 h r s h if t :
1 dr i l l r unn e r
1 dr i ll h el p er
1 r em an
660 l b s o f co a l
t o n a t $3)
90
W a t e r if h a u l ed s a y
75
Ha u l ing a n d s h a r p e ning 30 b i ts (i n cl n e w
s teel ) a t 4 cts
R ep a i r s t o d r i ll a n d h o s e r e n e w a l s
75
a

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T h e nu m b er o f f eet o f h o le dr i lled p er cu b i c y a rd in d iff er
e n t k in d s o f r o ck ; a n d (2 ) the n u m b er o f p o u n d s o f e x
p l os i v e re q ui red p er cu yd un der va ry ing c o n d i t i o n s In
T a b l e IV
I h a ve gi ve n a s u mm a r y o f the s e i tem s a s
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h o l e a n d m o re p o wd er th a n i n o p e n s i de cu ts ; he n ce the
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m a n a g ed ; a n d a s a f u rther co n s eq u e n ce o f the p re v a i l ing
ign o ra n ce e n g in ee r s es t i m a te s of cos t a re o f t e n f a r t oo
In ci ty s p eci ca t i on s
l o w a n d o cca s i o n a lly a s f a r t o o h ig h
f o r s ewer tre n ch ing in r o ck i t i s c u s t o m a ry t o p a y the c o n
tr a ct o r o n ly f o r r o ck ex ca v a ted w i th i n s p e ci ed n e a t l in e s
n ea t l i n es h e d o es s o a t h i s
If he ex ca v a te s b e y o n d the
In s ewer w o rk the m o s t co mm o n p r a ct i ce
o w n ex p e n s e
i s t o s p e cif y th a t p a yme n t w i ll b e m a d e fo r a tr e nc h 1 2
w i der th a n th e o u ts i de d i a mete r o f th e s e wer pip e
i ns
dee p er th a n t h e b o tt o m o f the pi p e whe n the
a n d 6 i ns
pi p e i s l a i d t o g ra de T h e m os t r a t i o n a l s p e ci ca t i o n th a t
I h a ve s ee n f o r g e n er a l u s e in ro ck t r e n ch ing i s as f o ll o ws :
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w i der th a n the exte rn a l d i a meter o f the pip e a n d 6 i n s b e
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T h e s i de s o f tre n ch es in s o f t
t o m s he a r o ff u p o n b l a s t ing
r o ck s ca n b e c u t o ff cle a n whe n the b l a s t h o le s a re p ro p er
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l e a ve j a gg ed
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l in e s s p e ci ed
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th e d r i ll h o le s s eld o m n eed t o g o m u ch if a n y b el o w the
n e a t l in e s ; th a t i s 6 i ns b el o w the b o tt o m o f the p ip e
B u t in ex ca v a t ing th i ck b edded a n d t o u g h l i me s t o n e s a n d
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b o tt o m o f the p i p e
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n e ce s s a r y t o dr i ll a t le a s t 1 8 i ns b el o w g r a de in o rder to
l e a ve n o k n o b s o r p r o je ct i o n s a f ter b l a s t i n g th a t w o u ld r e
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l y the s h a ll o we r the tre n ch the g r ea ter i s the i m p o r ta n ce
o f m a k ing d u e a ll o w a n c e f o r th i s extr a dr i ll ing
T h e co mm o n p r a ct i ce in p l a cing d i ll h o l e s i s t o pu t
d o w n h o le s in p a i rs o n h o l e o n e a ch s i de o f the p r op os ed
t r e n ch ; a n d if th e t e n ch i s w i d e o n e o r m o r e h o l es a r e
d ri lled b etwee n th es e t w o s i d e h o l e s Ho wever i t i s n ot a l
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p er cu y d to cover th e cos t o f dr i ll ing th e ext ra 1 f t

f o r wh i ch n o p a y me n t w a s re c e i ved m a k ing the t o ta l co s t
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80 ct s p e r cu yd f o r dr i ll ing a n d b l a s t ing
a b o ve gi ve n b r ing s o u t
o f th i s c o s t of 80 cts w i th th e
s tr i k ing ly the f a ct th a t e a ch p r o b l e m o f tr e n ch w o rk m u s t
b e co n s i der e d in d e ta i l b y i t s el f
In a ci ty w here t h e co n tr a cto r m u s t re co m p a r a t i v ely
s m a ll s h o t s in o rd e r t o a v o i d a cci de n t s t o b ui ld i n g s a n d
s ui t s f o r d a m a g e s a r i s ing f r o m
d i s t u r b ing th e p e a ce i t
is s eld o m p o s s i b le t o s p a ce t h e h o le s m o re th a n 3 o r a t
m os t 4 f t a p a r t In tre n ch ing in s o f t s a n d s t o n e in N e w
a k N J
w here t h e tre n ch w as 1 4 f t w i d e a n d 10 f t dee p
th ere were ve h o l es in a r o w (th e d i s ta n ce b e tw e e n h o le s
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th e co s t o f d i ll ing a nd b l as t ing w as 40
c ts p er c u yd
T h i s i s p r o b a b ly as l o w a co s t f o r b r ea k i n g
r o ck in a w i de tre n ch a s ca n b e co u n ted u p o n un der fa v or
a b l e co n d i t i o n s
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dr i ll in g b el o w g ra d e
.

R O CK EX CA VA TI ON

Q UA RR Y I N G

1 27

E TC

in d eb ted to Mr F I W in s l ow f o r t h e fo ll o w ing d a ta
on
tre n ch w o rk in Bo s t o n Mas s : Fo r h o u s e s ewer
tre n che s co n tr a ct o rs a re a ll o w e d 3 f t w i dth a n d tre n che s
f o r w a ter p i p e (1 6 i n s o r le s s ) 2% f t w i dth
Th e r o ck i s
g a ni te a n d the dr i ll h o les a re u s u a lly 3 f t a pa rt d i lled
a l o n g the ce n ter o f the tre n ch
b u t s t a gg ered a l i ttle o ff
e n ter On s m a ll j o b s h a mmer dr i ll s a re u s e d o n e m an
h o ld ing a n d tw o s tr i k ing Fo r a h o le 10 f t de ep the s t a rt
1
i n g b i t i s 2 % i ns a n d the ni s h ing b i t i s 1 4 i n s d i a m
A
d r i ll ing g a ng o f three me n a ver a g e s 8 t o 1 0 f t o f h o le in
1 0 h rs
a lth o ug h in ver y s o f t r o ck 20 f t m a y b e d r i lled in
In a tre n ch 10 f t dee p th e r o ck i s u s u a lly e xca
10 h rs
v a t e d in t wo 5 f t
b e n che s b u t s o m e co nt r a ct o r s dr i ll t h e
fu ll 10 ft a n d t a k e i t o u t in on e 10 f t b e n ch Fo r ci te co n
t a ining 75% ni tr og ly cer in i s co mm o n l y u s ed
t o 3 s t i ck s
Fo r c e a cco u n t re co rd s f o r g r a n
b e ing ch a r g e d i n a h o le
i te tre n ch ing o n j ob s o f le s s th a n 100 cu y d s e a ch s h o w
th a t the a ver a ge c os t d u r ing the p a s t 15 y e a r s h as b ee n
p er cu y d in cl u d ing ex ca va t ing a n d pi l ing up t h e
T h e w ag e s p a i d h a n d dr i ller s
o ck a l o ng s i de the tre n ch
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I a m in de b ted to the Ha rr i s o n Co n s tr u ct i o n Co o f N e w
In a s a n d s t o n e
a rk
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f o r the f o llo w ing info rm a t i o n :
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r o ck s h a ll o w h o l es 4 t o 6 f t dee p were d i lled a n d f r o m
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T h i s i s e q ui va le n t t o
l b p er cu yd
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Where th e r o ck w as s o l i d the h o le s were dr i lled 8 t o 10 f t
d e e p a n d th e dy n a m i te cha r g e d o u b led
T h e co s t of thr o w ing ro ck o u t o f s h a ll o w tre n ch e s o r o f
l oa d ing i t in to b u ck e ts to b e ra i s e d b y the e ngin e o f a
der r i ck a l oc o m o t i ve cr a n e o r a ca b lew a y i s s o mewh a t
grea ter th a n the c os t o f ha n dl in g r o ck in o p e n cu t s A
fa i r d a y s w ork f o r o n e m a n i s 6 cu y d s o f r o ck h a n dled
wh e n t her e i s l i ttle s led g ing ; b u t the o u t p u t m a y b e on ly
4 cu y d s where there i s a l a r g e a m o un t o f s led ging t o b e
d one
If cab lew a y s or derr i ck s a re u s ed f o r h o i s t in g th e r o ck
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Wi t h a gi v e n nu mb er of dr i ll s
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HA N DB O OK OF

128

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lewa y e s t i m a te t h e nu mbe r of cu b i c y a rd s of r ock

tha t the dri ll s w i ll b re a k p er d a y a n d di vi de th i s y a rd ag e
in to th e d a ily co s t o f o p e ra t ing the c a b lew a y T hu s in a
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h a n dl ing s ever a l t i me s th i s ou t pu t w ere i t no t l i m i ted b y th e
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I h a ve k n o w n m o re th a n o n e co n tr a ct o r t o o verl o o k the
fa ct th a t th e cos t of h a n dl ing r o ck f ro m tr e n che s i s very
m u ch g re a ter th a n in o p e n cu t s wher e h o le s a re f a rth er
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HA NDB OOK

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t a i l i ngs o v er 3 i ns i n s i z e w ere re c r u s h e d
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R OA DS

WA LKS

P A V E ME N TS ,

1 39

r e d u ced b y u s ing a t a n k f r o m wh i ch th e w a go n ca n b e lled

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Q u a n t i t y o f S t o n e a n d B i n d e R q i e d In EIconom
i cs of R oa d Co n s tru ct i o n
I ca ll e d a tt e n t i o n to a n e rr o r th a t
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R OA DS

WA LKS

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1 43

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146

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the h i g h p l a ce s a nd ll th e h oll ow s b y s etti ng the b l a d e

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R OA D S

P A VEME N TS ,

WA LKS

1 47

w i de ti r ed s p re a de r w a gons we r e m a de b y
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w h o d u m p ed t h e w a g o n s w a s a ble t o kee p the ro a d well
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Mr R o g e r s s ay s i n a let te r t o m e :
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t m es d ai l y to kee p the d u s t d o wn a s p ri nkl er wi th

h le be i n g us ed T h e co s t o f m a i n t a i n i ng thes e roa d s
was a b o u t $200 p e r m i le p er y e ar d i s t r i b uted th u s : Sc r ee n
i ngs $130; te a m i ng $50; l a b o r $20 A s s o on as a ru t o r
a h o l e s t a rt e d
a s m a ll q u a n t i ty o f s cr ee n i n s w a s a
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p
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tel fo r d r oa d c ons i s t s of a
b o tt om i ng 6 to 12 i ns th i ck m a de o f ro u gh s t o n e bl o ck s
I f t h e s to n e
s u p p o r t i ng a m a ca d a m s u r fac e 3 t o 6 i n s th i ck
f o r t h e b o tto m i n g i s l i m e s t o n e o r s a n ds to n e th a t co m es o ut
i n th i n l a ye r s r e a d i ly s h a p e d w i th a h a mm e r i n to r e c
t a n g u la r b l o ck s the bo t t o m i n g i s l a i d l i ke a r o u g h s to n e
bl o ck p ave m e nt Bu t i f the s t on e i s a gra n i te o r tr ap t h at
b r e a ks out i n i r re gu l a r ch un k s o r i f co bbles ton e s a r e us e d
n o a tte m p t i s ma de t o l a y a r o u g h bl oc k p a veme n t ;
a nd
th e
bo tto m i ng t he n be com e s a s o rt of m a ca d am i ts el f
co n s i s t i n g o f
l a rg e a nd s m a ll p i e ces T hi s l a s t ty p e of
tel fo r d i s the k i n d s o l a rg ely us ed i n the t o wns of n o rth
e r n N e w J e r s ey whe r e t r a p r o ck i s a va i l a ble
T h e ty p i ca l N ew J e rs ey tel f o r d i s ma d e o f a b o tt om i n g
6 i ns th i ck co ns i s t i n g of c h u n k s o f t r a p r o ck b r o k e n wi t h
h a mm e rs af te r del i ve ry on th e r oa d u nt i l no c h u n k i s m o r e
th a n 6 i ns t h i ck T h e s p all s a re p a c ked i n be tw e e n the
l a rg er s t o n e a nd ea r th i s s ho veled ove r t h e s to n e f ro m the
s i de o f t h e r o a d u n t i l f ew s t o n e s a r e v is i bl e
T he n a
lb
h ors e rolle r i s r un o ve r the s t on e be fore the 3 i n
ma ca d a m i s p l a ce d u p o n i t
T h e m a ca d a m i s b o u n d w i t h
e a r th a n d n a ll y a th i n l a y e r of s cr ee n i ngs i s p l a ce d o ve r
al l
m or e f or a p p ea ra n ce s a ke th a n f o r u s e fu l n e s s T h e
co s t o f q ua r r y i n g the t r a p ro ck f o r the
b ot t o m i n g a n d
the cos t o f cru s h i n g the p o rt i o n o f i t tha t i s u s e d fo r the
m a ca d a m s ur f a ce w i ll b e f o u n d o n p a g e 128
In b u i ld i ng a tel f o r d p a v e me nt on a N e w Je rs e y v i ll a g e
T h e s to n e s f o r
s t r e et t h e p a vem e n t w a s m a d e 1 6 f t w i de
the b ott o m i ng wer e d u mp ed f ro m wa g o ns a n d a g a n g o f
6 m e n b r o ke the l a rg e r o ne s a n d p l a ced the m a l l by h a nd
b ott o m i n g
6 i ns
ca r e f u ll y s o a s t o s e cu r e a co m p a c t
th i ck T h i s ga n g o f 6 m e n a v e ra ged 4 cu y d s o f bo tto m
i ng l aid pe r man p er 10 h r d ay a t a cos t o f 40 ct s p er
Co s t

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156

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m a ca d a m s u r f ace w o u ld h a ve cos t a s m u ch a s a n y
m a ca d a m o f e qu a l th i ck n e s s (3 i n s ) h a d i t n o t bee n
'

b i n de r i n s t e a d o f s cr ee n i n gs It
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r o lled s t o n e
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co m p a ct t h e st o n e a s m u ch a s a s te a m ro lle r w o u ld
co s t o f th i s b r o ke n s t o n e ca n b e e s t i m at ed b y d a ta a l r e a dy
bo t to m i n g
Th e cos t o f ro ll i n g t h e
an d t h e ma c
g i ve n
a d a m s u r f a ce w er e no t k e p t s e p a rat ely ;
b u t ro ll i n g b o th
w a s a s f o ll o w s :
t o n ro lle r d ra w n by a te a m a ve r a g ed 1 50 l i n
Th e
wh i ch i s e qu i va
f t o f ro a d w a y 1 6 f t w id e p e r d a y 10 h r s
le nt to 90 s q y d s p e r d a y a t a cos t of 4 c ts p er s q yd
By f a r t h e g re a te r p a rt o f t h e r o ll i n g w as co n n e d t o t h e
Th e t ea m o n t h e ro lle r w as ta ke n o f ro m
3 i n m a ca d a m
t i m e t o t i m e a n d h i t ched t o a s p r i n kl i n g ca rt
W a t er f o r
s p r i n kl i n g t h e m a cad a m w as o bt a i n ed f ro m a n ea r by h y
d ra n t S um m ar i z i ng t h e cos ts we h ave the fo ll o wi ng :
Pe r cu yd
i n p l a ce
Cos t of b o t t o m i n g (6 i n s th i ck )
cu
Q u a r ry i n g a n d l o a d i n g
y d s a t 40 c t s
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H A N DB OOK

158

OF COS T DATA

j oi nt s ab o u t o ne s i x tee nth i n ch i n wh i ch ca se a b out 3%

m o re p a ve rs l ai d on e d g e w i ll be re q ui re d th a n gi ve n i n
the t a b le b u t cl os e l a y i ng i s n ot o nly e x p e ns i ve w ork f or
t h e co n t a ct o r b ut o b j e ct i o n a ble a l s o i n th a t i t i s th e n
i mp os s i b l e to ll the j o i n t s p e f e ctly Fo r s t reet p a v e
m e n ts t h e b r i cks o r bl o ck s a re l a i d o n ed g e (m a k i ng a b ri ck
p a v e m e n t 4 i n s th i ck ) b u t fo r s i dew a lk s t hey a r e u s u a lly
l a i d at w i s e I b e l i e v e th a t i n r e si d e n ce s tr eets the b ic k s
s h o u ld us u a ll y be l a i d a t wi s e f o r t r u e e co n o m y s sa ke
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2 % x 8 % x 4 , a i d a tw i s e
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x 8 % x 4 , a i d e d gew i s e
2
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x 4 , a i d ne tw i s e
2 % x 8 )5 x 4 , a i d e d g e w i s e
3 % x 8 % x 4 , a i d a twi s e
3
x 8 44 x 4 , a i d e d g e w i s e
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3 x 9 x 4 , a i d e d g ew i s e

l
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Ha v i ng o bta i n ed the p r i ce p er th o us a n d (M) f o r t h e

p a v i n g b r ic k f o b fa ct o r y a n d f r e i g ht ra te to d es t i n a
t i on the w e i g ht o f the b ri ck s m u s t be k n o w n t o e s t i ma te
to t a l co s t f o b ca rs a t de s t i na t i o n T h e s p e ci c g ra v i ty
o f p a v i n g b r i ck r a n g e s f r o m
to
T e s t s o f 12 Oh i o
.

ma kes

w a ra n g e o f
to
a s q u ar e y a r d o f b r i ck
A s u m i n g a s p e ci c g r a v i ty o f
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t a k i ng f ro m th e b i dd i n g s heet the n u m be r o f s q ua r e y a r d s
o f p a ve m e n t a n d m u lt i p l y i n g by 385
the t o t a l we i g ht i s
re a d i ly a s ce rt a i n ed ;
or
f or a l l p ra ct i ca l p u rp o s e s d i v i de
th e n u m be r o f s q u a r e ya r d s by 5 a n d t h e q u o ti e n t w i ll b e
t h e n u mbe r o f s h o r t t o n s o f f r e i g ht
I t i s c o nv e n i e n t to re m e m be r th a t a pa v e r (2% x
x
4 i n s ) w e i g h s a b o u t 6% l b s a n d a
bl o ck (3% x 8% x
4 i n s ) we i g h s 8% l b s
T he s e a r e a ct u a l a ve ra g e s of s e v
e ra l m a kes o f N e w Yo r k S t a te b ri ck s th at I h a ve u s ed
In u n l o a d i ng p a ve r s f ro m a a t ca r o n e m a n w i ll r e a d
i ly th ro w
p a ve rs i n 10 h rs o u t t o a m a n o n a w a g o n
w h o wi ll s t a ck the m i n p l a ce
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ha n dl ed

WA LKS

PA V E ME N TS ,

1 59

ma n p er d ay
In un l o ad ing th e w ag o n on e
m a n i n the w a g o n t o s s ing o u t b r i ck t o a m a n s t a ck ing
the m a l o ng the c u r b i s req uir ed W i th w a ge s a t 15 ct s p er
ho u r the cos t o f un l o a d ing c a r s i s theref o r e 30 c ts p e r M
a n d a l i k e a mo unt f o r unl o a din g w a g o n s
p er

'

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If t h e w a g o n h a ul i s

h o rt i t

wi l l

v
te a m t i m e

p a y t o h a e an ex ra

f or i t
h e n d o f th e h a ul t o s a ve
t a k es t wo men f r o m 20 to 30 m inu t es t o l oa d an d th e s a m e
l ength o f t i me t o u nl o a d a w a g o n h o l d ing
p a ver s
t on s a re a
Ove r p a ve d s treet s
p a ver s wei ghi ng
g o o d w a g o n l o a d a n d i t wi ll t a x a t e a m t o t h e u tm o s t to
p ul l s u ch a l o a d o v e r e a rth a s h o r t di st a n c e a t the en d
o f t h e h a ul
O ver g o o d e a rth r oa d s a b o u t 500 p a ver s a r e
a fa i r l o a d
i l es
S in ce a te a m a t a w a lk t r a vel s a b o u t 2% m
p e r h o u r o r 220 f t p e r m inu t e t h e c os t o f h a u l ing o v er
p er m i le p e r M o f p a ver s
p a ve d s tr ee t s i s a b o u t 30 cts
w a ge s b ei ng 35 ct s p er h o u r f o r te a m a n d dri ver t o wh i ch
m u s t b e a d d ed ab o u t 25 cts p er M f o r l os t t i me o f t e a m
(40 m inu te s ) du ring l o a di ng a n d u nl o a d ing wh en extr a

w a go n

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p r o vi de d
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of a b o

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3
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1
1

a n d whe e l ing b r i ck ;
l re
l a b o r e r s p re a di ng s a n d cu s h i o n o n co n cr e te ;
l a b o rer s gr o uting ;
l a b o r ers r a mm ing ;
l a b o rer r a i s i ng s un ke n b r i ck et c
f or e m a n
.

g a ng wi l l l a y
equi v a len t t o
to

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is

10 h rs

to
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r i ck s

h o u r wh i ch
p er b r i ck l ayer i n

p a ver s p er

la i d

In p avi ng a s tr e et w i th s h a l e b r i ck at J a ck s on Mi ch
b r i ck s u s e d f o r
or
there were a b o u t
sq y ds
T h e b r i ck s were 2 % x 4% x 8 i n s
b r i ck s p er q yd
w it h r o u n d ed cor n e rs On a s tre e t 42 f t w i d e s i x b r i ck
b r i ck s i n
l a yer s s u p p li e d w i th b ri ck b y hel p er s l a i d
b r i ck s p e r b r i ck l a y er
Th e or d i na r y a v er
9 h rs o r
'

HA NDB OOK

1 60

OF COS T

DA TA

r k s p e r b r i ckl a y e r p er d a y n u
No te th a t the a ver a g e d a y s o u t
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T h e a v er a g e wheel b a rr o w l o a d i s a b o u t 40
p a ver s o r 305 l b s
a n d i s s eld o m m o re t h a n 45
270 l b s
S u ch l o a d s a r e re a d i ly wh eel ed o ver l e vel runwa y s a n d
eve n u p a s h o rt s 10 pe o f 1 i n 7 A m a n w i ll r ea d i ly l oa d a
a t wh i c h r a te
if h e were d o i n g no th
b a rr o w i n 1 % m in s
ing el s e b ut l o a d b a rr o w s he wo ul d a ver a g e
pa v ers
l o a ded i n 10 h rs B ut the me n w h o l o a d the b ri cks u s u a lly
wheel them t o p l a ce a n d d u m p them W her e t h e d is t a n c e
t o b e w heele d i s a b o u t 40 f t
i t t a ke s a b o u t
m i n to g o
a n d ret u r n p l u s a n o ther
mi n l o s t in dum p i ng th e b a r
r o w a n d in b r i e f re s t s ;
s o th a t a f a i r d a y s w o rk i s
l o a de d a n d whe eled 40 f t
p a ver s
Th e f o ll owing i s th e a ct ua l cos t o n tw o d iff e r e n t j o b s :
age ,

h o wever
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was

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'

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p a vers
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.

li

4 p a ve rs a t 2 5 c e n t s p e r h o u r , e ac h
8 a o r e rs w h e e n g a t 1 5 c e n t s p e r h
1 a o rer s p re a n g s a n
3 a or e r s g ro u t n g
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1 a o r er ra s n g s u n en r c
1 fo r e m a n a t 30 c e n t s p er h o u r

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w h o we r e n o t f a s t w o rker s ;
th e h igher cos t b e ing o n a
s m al l jo b
whe r e t h e w o r k w a s ni s hed b e fo re th e fo r ce
co u ld b e well o r g a ni z ed
It i s f r eq u e n tly de s i r a b l e t o k n o w wh a t t h e co st w i l l b e
cle a ning o l d b r i ck a n d rel a y ing
o f t a k ing u p
A g a ng of
me n w o rk ing l e i s u rely b y the d a y f o r t h e c i ty a o
E a ch l a b o rer ch ipp ed the t a r
co m p l i s hed the f o ll o w ing :
o h 500 t o 700 b r i ck s i n e ig ht h o u r s
R e p l a cing a s tr i p o f
p a veme n t 4 f t w i de o v er a s ewer r eq u i red a g a ng o f 1 7
me n em p l o y ed as f o ll o w s a f ter t h e p a veme n t h a d b ee n
rem o ved a n d co n crete rel a i d :
Th e

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HA NDB O OK

162

cu

yd

12

s a n d at

l s c eme n t a t
h r s l a b o r a t 1 5 ct s

2% b b

DA TA

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yd
1 cu yd o f gr ou t lled t h e j o int s i n 1 20 s q y d s o f p a v e
me n t ; he n ce th e co s t w a s 6% cts p er s q yd f o r ce me n t
g r o u t in j oin t s in clu din g l a b o r W here b l o ck s a re u s ed
1 cu yd o f g r o u t co ve r s 1 60 s q y d s o f p a veme n t r e d u c
i ng the co s t t o l es s tha n 5 cts p er s q y d whe n p r i c e s a r e
Gr ou t i s o f te n m i xed r i ch er th a n in th i s
a s a b o ve gi v e n
To asc ert a in t h e q u a n t i ty o f c eme n t p e r cu b i c y a rd
ca s e
o f g r o u t f or a n y gi ve n m i xt u r e u s e t h e d a t a o n p a g e 253
To

tal

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ck

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Mr

h a rle s A pp l e gi ve s the f oll o w ing d a t a o n t h e cos t o f a

b r i ck p a veme n t l a i d i n 1 903 a t Ch a m p a ign I l l
T h e w o rk
w as d o n e b y co n t r a ct the co n tr a ct p r i c e f o r gr a d i ng b e ing
2 3 c t s p e r cu y d
a n d f o r b r i ck p a v e m e n t o n co n crete
b as e
p er s q yd
T h e g r a d i n g w a s d o n e w i th dr a g s co op s cr a p er s wheel
s cr a p er s a n d w a g on s
e a ch b e ing u s ed a s dem a n ded b y the
le n g th o f h a u l
E a rth w a s l oo s e n e d w i th p l o ws t o w i th in
3 i n s o f s u b g ra d e a n d th i s l a s t l a yer th e n r e m o v e d w i th
pi ck a n d s h ovel
T h e c o s t of rem ov i ng t h e l a s t 3 i n s wa s 2 c ts p er s q y d
w i th l a b o r a t
p er d ay of 10 h o u rs T h ere wa s a t o t a l
sq yds
a n d ther e were
of
cu y d s o f g r a d ing
o f p a veme n t
T h e s u b g r a de w a s co m p a cte d w i th a h o r s e r o ller we ig h
c ts
ing 150 l b s p er l i n i n a t a n a ver a g e cos t o f ab o u t
p e r s q yd
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1 p a rt n a tu r a l ceme n t 3 p a rt s o f s a n d a n d g ra v e l a nd 3
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R OA DS

WA LKS

PA V E ME N TS ,

1 67

w a ter A s a n a ver ag e o f a g oo d m a n y tho u s an d

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s t o n e b l o ck p a veme n t s :
W e h a ve r s t t o co n s i der th e d i me n s i o ns o f th e b l o ck s
W h e n m a de o f g r a ni te they a e s p l i t w i th wed g e s t o to l
unif o rm s i z es ; b u t whe n o f s tr a t i ed r o ck l i ke
e ra b l y
Me d in a s an d s t on e a ca rl oa d o f b l o ck s w i ll s h o w w i de
v a r ia t i o n in s i ze o f in d i v i d u a l s t o n e I n de p th o f cou r s e
th e b l o cks m u s t b e q ui te unif o rm a n d 6 i ns de p th i s u s u
In N ew Y o rk Ci ty 4 i n s i s s p e ci ed as th e
a lly s p e ci ed
m a x i m u m w i dth o f g ra ni te b l oc k s a n d i t m a y b e a s s u m ed
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o f g r a ni te w o u ld a d d m a ter i al ly t o the cos t p er s q u a r e y ar d
1
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f o r Me d ina b l oc k s b u t d u e t o th e th in s tr a t i ca t i o n o f t h e
in w i dth T h e m axi mu m
s t o n e they f req u e n tly co me 3 i ns
le ng th s p e ci ed i s us u a lly 1 2 i ns the m i mi m u m 8 i n s
Gr a ni t e b l o ck s wh i ch a r e q ui te unif o rm in s i z e a r e s o ld
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M ed in a b l oc k s v ar y s o in s i z e th a t they ar e s o ld b y the
s q u a re y a rd
J o in t s a r e o rd in a r i ly a b o u t 14 111 w i de a n d a r e ll ed rs t
In N ew
w ith gr a v e l o r s a n d in t o wh i ch h o t t a r i s po u red
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un t i l the j o int i s fu ll By thi s metho d o n e th i rd t o h a l f
In R oche s ter the Me d in a
t h e v o l u m e o f t h e j o in ts i s t a r
s a n d s t o n e j o in t s a r e r s t lled cle a r t o th e s u r f a ce w i th
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n ee r o f Wi nnip e g Ma ni t o b a o n t h e co s t o f l a ying a s p h a lt
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the s e co n d h a n d p l a n t n e ces s a ry to pu t i t i n rs t cla s s co n
d i t i o n T h e p l a nt in cl u d es 2 as p h a lt m e lt ing t a nks s a n d
dr u m co l d a nd h o t s a n d el e v a to rs m i ll s t o n e f o r g r in d ing
l i me s to n e s t o r a g e t a n k f o r h o t a s p h a lt s t o r a g e b in s f o r
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t al l ab o r

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d ou b tl es s in cl u de s t h e co s t o f
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as f o ll o w s
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sq
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c ts
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up o n i t i s s p r e a d 3 i ns o f s a n d a n d g ra v e l b e f o r e l a yi n g the
co n cret e b as e
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i n g g r a di n g w a s a s f o l l o w s :
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i es

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i ng a to ta l o f 2 i ns
T h e g a n g co n s i s t e d o f 1 6 m e n or g a n
ize d a s f o ll o w s :
s ho ws

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g a n g o f 1 6 m en
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T h e w a g o n s were s l a t b o tt o m w a g o n s a n d it t o o k a b o ut
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DATA

CO S T

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to

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t h e n e ce s s a ry e xca v a ti o n a n d t h e ci n d e r o r g r a v e l t ou n d a
ti o n
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a n d i f t h e e a r th i s l o a d e d i n t o w a g o n s t h e l o a d i n g
yd
w a g e s b e i n g 1 5 c ts p e r
cos ts a n o th e r 1 0 ct s
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hr
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f r o m d a t a g i ve n o n p a g e 83
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t h e t o t a l co s t o f e xca v a ti o n i s 27 ct s p e r cu y d
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t h e e xca v a ti o n i s 12 i n s d e e p w e h a ve a cos t o f 1 ct p e r
s q f t f o r e xca v a ti o n a l o n e
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a n d o f t en t h e ea rt h f r o m t h e e xca v a ti on ca n b e
s o l d f or l lin g l o t s
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i t i s w e l l t o r e m e m b e r t h a t 100 s q f t o f w a lk 1 i n thi c k
Th e bas e o f th e
r e qui r e pr a cti ca l ly
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w a lk i s o f t e n m a d e 3 i n s thi ck o f 1 3 6 co n cr e te a n d th e
mor
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T h e ce m e nt i s i n v a ri a b ly P o rtl a n d
ta r
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thi ck
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If t h e co n cr e t e b as e i s 3 i n s th i ck w e h a v e
A n d by u s i n g t h e ta ble s
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In ce m e n t w a l k w o rk th e
quir e d f o r a ny g iv e n m i xtu r e
s o th a t a b a rr el can
c e m e n t i s co mm o n l y m e as ur e d l o o s e
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f t i t w i l l t a k e l e s s th a n 1 bbl o f
as s um ed to h ol d
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c e m e n t t o m a k e 1 cu
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3
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w i ll n o t r e qui r e m o r e th a n
cu
bb l ce m e n t
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s to ne a n d
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cu yd s a n d p e r 100 s q ft
co n cret e
Th e 1 i h
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qu i r es a b o ut 3 bbl s o f ce m e n t p e r cu y d i f t h e b a rrel i s
as s u m ed
to h o l d
cu
f t (s e e p a g e
a n d s i n ce i t
cu
ta kes
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P

of

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m o r e S a n Fr a n ci s co
,

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s co .

Mr Ge o rg e
.

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tr a cti n g rm o f Cu s hi n g
g iv e s t h e f o l l o w i n g :

th e

of

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con
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w a lk s i n th e r es i d e n ce d i s
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co n cr e t e th e s t o n e n ot e xce e d i n g 1 i n i n s i z e
1
co a t i s , l n th i ck m a d e o f 1 p a r t ce m e n t to 1 p a rt s cr e e ne d
cu
ft
T h e ce m e n t i s m e as u r e d l o os e
b e a ch g r a v e l
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i s pl aced i m m e d i a t e ly l e v e l e d wi th a s tr a i g h t e d g e a n d
A fter t h e i n
g o n e o v e r with tr o w e l s ti ll f a irl y s m oo th
i t i a l s e t a n d r s t t r o w e l i n g i t i s l e f t u nt i l q u i t e s t i wh e n

it i s tr o w el e d a g a i n a n d p o li s h e d a p r oc e s s ca l l e d h a r d

T h e h a rd n i s h ma k es t h e s ur f a ce l e s s s l i pp e ry
ni s h i n g
T h e s ur f a c e i s th e n co v e r e d wi th s a nd a n d w a t e r e d ea c h
d a y f o r 8 o r 10 d a y s
T h e co n tr a c t p ri ce i s 9 t o 10 ct s
w a lk ; 1 2 t o 14 cts f o r a 4 i n w a lk
p er s q f t f or a 3 i h
h a v i n g a w ea ri n g co a t 94 t o 1 i n th ic k
A gang o f 3 o r
4 m e n a v e r a g e s 150 t o 175 s q f t p e r ma n p e
d a y of 9
h rs
P r i ces a n d w a g es ar e as f o l l o w s :
of

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ce m e n t

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p er b b l
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Gr a v e l f o r t o p n i s h p e r cu yd
Fi n i s h e r w a g e s b es t p e r h r
Fi n i s h e r h e l p e r b e s t p e r h r
La b o r e r b e s t p e r h r

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cu yd s t o n e p e r cu y d
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.

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cu ;

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(1 i n

yd

cu

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bbl s

T ota l

1 h e lp e r )

a nd

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w as 6 f t

wi d e l a i d o n a 12 i n f ou n d a ti o n o f
b r o k e n s to n e
On t O p o f th i s f o u n d a tio n w a s t h e co n c r e t e
b a s e 5 i n s th i ck i n t h e mi d d l e a n d 4 i n s thi ck a t t h e s i d es
T h i s b a s e wa s s ur f a ce d wi th a t o p g r a n ol ith i c n i s h a b o ut
1 i n thi ck
of
It i s di f cult t o ac co u n t f o r th e h i gh l a b o r co s t
pl a ci n g th e 12 i n s t o n e f o u n d a ti o n e xce pt o n th e s uppo s i
ti o n th a t the s t o n e s w e re b r o k e n by h a n d
T h e w o rk o n th e co n cr e t e b as e w as u n u s u a lly e xp e ns iv e
f o r no a ppa rent r ea s on e xc ept i ne f ci e n cy o f t h e m e n
T h e t w o ma s o n s r e cei v e d
e a ch p er d a y
a n d t he i r
a nd
h el p e r
th ey av e r a g e d 360 s q f t p e r d a y o r
60 l i n f t o f w a l k 6 f t wi d e whi ch i s e q ui v a l e n t t o
c ts
p er s q f t
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ft

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an

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f o l lo win g

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w ere re co rd ed by Mr Ch a rl e s A p pl e a n d r e l a t e t o
T h e wo rk w a s d o n e
i n 1903
w o rk d o n e a t Ch a m p a i g n
b y co n tr ac t a t 45 ct s p e r l in f t o f th e cu rb a n d g u tt er
s h o wn i n Fi g
7a
T h e c o n cre t e c u rb a n d g utt e r w a s bui l t i n a t re nc h a s
s h o wn i n t h e c u t
T h e e a r th wa s r e mo v ed f r o m th i s
tr e n ch w i th p i ck a n d s h o v e l a t a r a t e o f 1 cu yd p er m a n
T h e co n crete w o rk w a s bu il t i n a l te r n a t e s e c
p er h ou r
co s t s

'

HA N DB O OK OF

180

COS T

DA TA

A co n ti n u o u s l i n e o f p l a n k s w a s s e t
t i o n s 7 f t i n l e n g th
o n e d g e t o f o rm t h e f r o n t a n d b a c k o f th e co n c r e t e c u rb
.

a nd

and

g u tt e r ;

us ed

wo o d p a rti ti o n s s t a k e d int o pl a ce
co s t o f th e w o rk w as as f o ll o w s :

Th e

'

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Co s t

of

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No

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s s i s t a n t s e t te r

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Mi xi n g

s e tt i n g

and

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De f i n i t i o n s

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the

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or

s u bs tru ct u r e

b ri d g e A b u tm e n ts a re b u ilt o n t h e b a nk s o f a s tre am ;
p i e r s a r e b ui lt i n t h e s tr e a m it s e l f
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of a

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m
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wi th a n a r ch e d r oo f
A s h l a r rs t cl a s s s qu a r e d s t o n e m a s o n ry d r e s s e d s o tha t
i ts j o i n ts d o n o t mu ch e xce e d
i n i n th i ck n es s
B ack t h e r ea r f a ce o f a w a ll
B a ck i ng th e r o u g h b a cki ng m as o nry o f a w a l l f a ce d wit h
a h i g he r cl as s o f m a s o nr y
T h e e a rt h d e p o s i t e d b a ck of a
wa l l o r a r ch i s s o m e tim e s mi s ca ll e d b a cki n g i n s te a d o f
b a ck l l i ng o r l inin g
B a r r el th e u n de r s ur f ace of a n a r ch
S e e Se di t
B a t a p a rt o f a bri ck o r s t o n e
A L i t]
B a tter th e b a ckw a r d s l o p e o f th e f a ce o f a wa l l
b a tt e r m e an s th a t t h e f a ce o f t h e w a l l d e p a rt s f ro m a p lumb
l i n e a t t h e ra t e of 1 i n i n e v e ry f o o t o f ri s e
B ed s o r b e d j o i n ts t h e h o ri z o n t a l j o i n ts o f m a s o nry
See

Na tu ra l b ed
a l so
B el t cour s e a p r o j ec tin g cou rs e o f m as o n ry i mme di a t e ly
u n d e r th e co p i n g ; a b e l t co u rs e i s o f t e n ca ll e d a co rb e l
co u r s e
Its o b j e ct i s to g ive a b etter a pp e a r a n ce t o a w a l l
B ench wa l l the w a l l o r a butm ent s up p o r t i n g a n a r ch
B li nd h ea d er a h ea d e r t h a t ext e n d s o n ly a s h o rt d i s t anc e
b a ck i n t o a wa l l i ns t e a d o f e xte n d i n g t o t h e f u ll d ep th

s p e ci e d ; b l i n d h ea d e rs ar e a l s o ca ll e d
b o b -t a i l s
B e nd t h e a rr a n g e m e nt o f s to n es s o as t o o v e rl a p o r

b re a k j o i nts
B oa: cu l vert a culv e rt h avi n g a w a t e rw a y o f r e cta n gu l a r
cr o s s -s ect i o n
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MA S ONRY

COS T OF S TONE
B r ea s t wa l l ,

183

w a l l b u ilt a g a i n s t t h e f ac e o f a n e xca va
ti o n t o pr e v e n t i ts ca v i n g d o w n ; a l s o ca l l e d a f a ce w a l l
B r i d g e s ea t s e e P ed e s t a l
B u lkh ea d a h ea d w a l l a t t h e e n d o f a cu lv e rt a n d p e r
p e n d i cu l a r t o th e a xi s o f the culv e rt ; s e e h e a d w a ll
B u s h h a mmer t o d r es s s t o n e wi th a h a mm e r h av i n g a
n umb e r o f pyr a mi d a l cutti n g t e e th o n i t s s triki n g f a ce
B u tt r es s a v e rti ca l pi e ce o f m as o nr y p r o j ecti n g f r o m t h e
f a ce o f a ret a ini n g w a l l t o s tr e n g th e n it
Cen ters th e t e mp o r a ry st ru ctu r e th a t s upp o rt s a n ar ch
d u r i n g i ts co n s tru cti o n
Ch i s el d r a ft a n a rr o w pl a n e s ur f a ce cu t w i th a p it chi ng
ch i s e l a l o n g t h e o u te r e d g e s o f t h e f a ce o f a n a s h l a r s t o n e
Cl as s es di ff e r e n t ki n d s o f m a s o n ry s p e ci e d u s u a lly r s t
th e r s t cla s s b e i n g th e mo s t e x
s ec o n d a n d th i rd c l as s ;

p e n s ive
W h a t i s rs t cl a s s a cco rdi ng t o o n e e n g i n e e r

m a y b e s e co n d cl a s s a cco rdi n g t o a n o th e r
Cl os er a n a rr o w s t o n e u s ed t o n i s h a co u r s e of m a s o n ry
Cop i ng the t o p co u r s e o f s t o n e s o n a w al l us u a lly ma d e
o f l a r g e at s t o n e s whi ch a r e l a i d s o a s t o p r o j e ct a f e w
i n ch e s o v er th e f ace o f th e w a l l
A p r o j e cti n g co pi n g r e

l i e v es t h e w a l l o f a
b o b ta il e d a pp ea ra n ce

Cou rs e a h o ri z o n t a l la y e r o r t i e r o f s t o n e s
Co ur se d

m a s o nry i s b ui lt up i n co u r s e s
Cover s tones the a t s t o nes f o rmi n g th e r o o f o f a b o x
culv ert
Cr a mp a b ar o f m e t a l h a vi n g the t w o e n d s b e n t a t ri g h t
a n g l e s t o t h e b a r f o r i n s e rti o n i n t o h o l e s d ri ll e d i n a d j o i n
i n g b l o ck s o f s t o n e
Cr a nd a l l a s t o n e d re s s i n g h a mm e r co n s i s ti n g o f a s t e e l
b a r wi th a s l o t i n o n e e n d h o l d i n g 1 0 d o ubl e h e a d e d p o i n t s
o f st e e l
i n s qu a r e x 9 i n s l o n g )
Cr own t h e t o p o f a n a r ch a t i t s hi g h e s t po i nt
Cu l l a re j e ct e d s t o n e o r b r i ck
Cu lver t a w a t e rwa y u n d e r a r o a d ca n a l o r r a il r oa d e m
b a n k m e nt

dr e s s ed
o r s h ap e d
Cu t s tone a s t o ne th a t i s ca r e f u l ly
wi th t oo l s
Cu t wa ter th e uppe r w e d g e s h a p e d e n d o f a b ri d g e p i e r
Cy cl op ea n ma s onry m a s o n ry m a d e o f hu g e s t o n e s
Da mp cour s e a w a t e r p r o o f e d co u r s e o r b e d j o i n t i n a wa l l
u s u a ll y j u s t a b o v e t h e s u r f a ce o f th e g r o u n d ; i t s p u rp o s e
a

'

HA N DBO OK OF

184

DA TA

CO S T

b e i n g t o p reven t th e ri s e o f w a t e r i n t h e p o r e s o f t h e s to ne
a n d m o r ta r d u e t o ca p il l a ry a cti o n
Dep th t h e wi d th o f a s to n e m e a s ur e d p e r p e n di cul a rly t o
t h e f a ce o f th e w a ll ; t h e di s t a n ce t h a t a f a ce s to ne e xte n d s
i nt o t h e w a ll
Di mens i on s to ne s t o n e d r e s s e d t o e xa ct ly s p e ci e d d i m e n
s i o ns

Di r t wa ll s e e mu d w a l l
Dog h o l es s h a ll o w h o l e s d ril l e d i n a s to n e t o a ff o rd a b i te

do g s
us ed i n l i f ti n g t h e s to n e wi th a
or h ooks
f o r th e
d e rri ck
Dowel a s h o rt s tee l p i n i ns e rt e d p a r t w a y i n t o t h e ad
j o i n i ng f a ces o f two b lo ck s of s to n e

Dr a ft l i ne s e e ch i s e l d r a f t
Dr ess t o cu t o r s h a pe a s to n e w i th to o ls
Dr o ve dr e s s ed o n t h e f a ce s o as t o ha v e a s e rie s o f s ma l l
p a r a ll e l ri d g es a n d va l l e y s
Dry wa ll a s t o n e w a l l bu ilt wi th o ut m o rt a r
El or es cence a whi t e cru s t th a t o f t e n f o rm s o n t h e f a c e
o f mas o n ry d u e t o t h e l e a ch i n g of s o l u b l e s a lt s o u t o f t h e

mo rt a r ; o f te n ca ll e d w h i t ew a s h
E a tr a d os
th e curve th a t b o u n d s t h e o ut e r e xtr e mi ti e s
o f the j o i n t s b e twe e n t h e a rch s t o n e s
o r v o us s oi rs
Fa ce t h e f r o n t s u r f a ce o f a w a l l
Fa ce s ton es t h e s t o n e s f o rm in g th e f r o n t o f a w a ll

Fa ce wa ll s e e b r ea st w a ll
Foot i ng cours es t h e b o tt o m o r f o u nd a ti o n co u r s e s whi ch

u s u a lly p r o j e ct b ey o n d t h e
o f a n a b u tm e n t
n e a t wo rk
Fr os t b a tter a b a tt e r oc ca s i o n a l ly g iv e n t o t h e r e a r o f
a w a l l n e a r i ts t o p t o pr e v e n t t h e di s l o ca ti o n o f t h e t O p
co u r s e o f s t o n e s u p o n t h e f o rm a tio n o f f r o s t i n t h e g r o u n d
Fu l l centered a n a r ch t ha t i s a f ull s e mi ci r cl e o r h a l f
ci r cl e
Gr o i n t h e cu rv e d i n t er s e cti o n o f t wo a r ch e s m ee ti n g a t
a n a ngl e
(f r o n t a thi n w at e ry m o r ta r whi ch i s p o u r e d i n t o t h e
jo i n ts a f t e r t h e s t o n es h a v e b e e n l a i d
.

Ha unch

k e wb a ck

Hea d e r

th e

pa r t

of

an a

r ch b e tw e e n th e

r ow n

th e

l a id wi th i t s l o n g e s t d im e n s i o n
d i cu l a r t o th e f a ce o f t h e w a ll
Hea d wa ll a n e n d w a ll o r b u lkh e a d o f a cu l ve rt
,

a nd

s o ne

p e rp e n

HA NDB OOK OF

186

P ed es tals , o r

DA TA

COS T

p ed es t a l bl oc ks a r e s t on e bl o ck s o n to p o f
a n a but m e n t co p i n g ;
t h e p e d e s t a l b l o ck s r e ce i v e t h e w e i g ht

o f t h e bri d g e a n d a r e o f t e n oa lle d
b ri d g e s eat s ; th e t e rm
p e d es ta l i s a l s o a p p l i e d t o a s m a l l m as o n ry p i e r upo n whi ch
th e p o s t o r s i l l o f a t r e s tl e r es ts
P er ch
cu
f t i n m os t p a rts o f t h e U S ; i n s o m e
pl a ces 22 cu f t ; a n d r a r e ly
w hi ch w as t h e o l d f a s h
i o n ed p e r ch
P i er a m as o n ry s t ru ctu r e b ui l t i n a ri v e r t o s u pp o rt a
b ri d g e : a c o l u m n o f m aso n ry s upp o rti n g t wo con s e cut i v e
S e e ab utm e nt
a r che s
P l l a s ter a s qu a r e p ill a r p ro j e cti n g f ro m th e fa ce o f a
w a ll t o t h e e xt e n t o f o n e qua rt e r t o o n e t h ird i ts b r e a d th
P i tch l i ne a well d e n e d s tr a i g h t l i n e cu t a l o n g t h e e d g e
b ut no t as w i d e a s a ch i s e l d r a f t
o f a qu a rry f a ce d s t o n e
P i tch ed fa ce a f ace r o u g hly dr es s e d wi th a p it c h i n g ch i s e l
th e
a n d f ea th e r s ;
s pl i t wit h p l u g
P l ug a nd fea th er ed
p lu g b e i n g a s m a l l w e d g e o f s t ee l dr iv e n b e tw e e n t wo
p i e ce s o f h a l f r o u n d s te e l
ca l l e d
w hi ch b e a r
f eat h e r s
a g a i n s t the s id e s o f t h e dri l l h o l e
P oi n ti ng a s up e ri o r cl as s o f m o rt a r u s e d to l l th e j o in t s
i n t h e f a ce o f a m as o n ry wa l l f or a d e p th o f 1 t o 3 i n s
Q ua rry faced a r o u g h f a ce o f s t o ne o n ly t h e l a rg e r p ro
j e ct i o ns h a vi n g b ee n k n o ck ed off w ith a h a mmer

Q uol n s e e h o l l o w qu o i n
R a i s i ng s tone s e e p e de s t a l
R a mp wa l l t h e wi ng o f a n ab ut m ent o f t e n ca l le d a r a mp
Ra nd om n o t cou rs e d
Ra nged l a i d i n a c o ur s e o f t h e s a me t h i ck n e s s f o r i ts
f ul l l e n g th ; b r o k e n r a n g e d m a s o n ry i s l a i d i n co u r s es n o t
o f u n i f o rm th i ck n e s s thr o u g h o ut e a ch c o urs e
R eta i ni ng wa l l a w a l l tha t r e ce i v e s t h e h o ri zo n t a l thru s t
o f e a r th b a ck o f i t ;
o n ca n a l w o rk s u ch w a ll s a r e cal l e d

v e rti ca l w a l l s t o d i s ti n g u i s h t h e m f r o m s l o pe w a l l s
R i ng s tones t h e v o u s s o i rs th a t f o rm t h e e n d f a ces o f an

a r ch as d i s ti n g ui s h e d f r o m t h e
th a t f o rm
s h e e ti n g s t o n e s
t h e b od y o f t h e a r ch
R i p r a p l a rge s t o n es th r o wn i n a t r a n d o m t o p r o t e ct
e a rth f r o m s co u r by c u rre n t s o r w a v es ;
o ccas io n a ll y c a ll e d

ra n d o m s to n es
R i s e t h e th i ck n e s s (o r v e rti ca l h e i g h t ) o f a s t o n e m eas
u r e d f ro m i t s l o w e r b e d to i ts uppe r b e d
Do n o t co n f u s e
,

'

COS T O F STONE

MA S ONR Y

187

T h e ri s e o f a n a r ch i s t h e
th e ri s e wi th th e d e p th
ca
ve rt i l di s t a n c e f r o m t h e s pri n g l i n e t o th e u n d e r f a ce o f
t h e k e y s t o ne

R och fa ced s e e
qu a rry f a ce d
R ock l l d a m a d a m m a d e o f dry m a s o n ry ; a rub b l e d a m
i n whi ch n o m o r t a r i s u s e d
R ub b l e m as o n ry ma d e o f s t o n e s th a t h a v e ne t b ee n
d r e s s e d o r i f d r es s e d a t a l l h a v e b e e n o n l y r o u g hl y s h a p e d

with a h a mm e r o r s ca b b l e d
S ca b b l ed h a mm e r dr es s e d
S heeti ng the s t o n e s f o rmi n g a n a r ch
S e e ri n g s t o n es
S kew a r ch a n a r ch th e p l a n e o f wh o s e r i n g s t o n e f a ce s
f o rm s a n a n g l e o f l e s s th a n 90 w i th the a xi s o f t h e b a rr e l
If t h e s h e et i n g s t o n es a r e a l l c ut s k e w e d t h e a r ch i s a

b u t i f o n ly th e f a c e s o f t h e ri n g s t o n e s a r e
tru e s k e w ;
cu t o n a s ke w w h i l e a l l t h e o th e r s h e e ti n g s t o n es a re c u t
w i th e n d j o i n t s p e rp e n di cul a r t o t h e b e d j o i n t s t h e a r c h

i s ca l l e d a
f a l s e s ke w
S kewbacks
th e co u r s e o f s t o n es a g a i n s t wh i ch t h e
s p ri n g e r s t o n e s o f a n a r ch a b u t
S l op e wa l l a p a v e m e n t o f s ca b b l e d s t o n e s l a i d u p o n a n
e a r th s l o p e t o p r ot e ct i t f r o m w a s h
If t h e s t o n e s a re n o t
s ca bbl e d t h e t e rm s ri p ra p o r h a n d la i d ri p r a p a r e m o r e
a ppr o p ri a t e
S oi t t h e u n d e r s u r f a ce o f a n a r ch
S p a n t h e s ho r t e s t d i s t a n ce b e tw ee n t h e s pri n g l i n e s o f
a n a r ch
S p a n d r el th e t r i a n g ul a r a r e a b o u n d e d by t h e e xt r a d os o f
a n a r ch
a h o r iz o nt a l li n e t a n g e n t t o t h e e xt r a d o s a t t h e
A
v e r ti ca l li n e thro u g h t h e s p ri n g i n g
and
a
cr o w n
s p a n dr e l w a l l i s a w a l l b u i l t o n t h e e xt r a d o s a n d ll i n g
i t i s o f t e n m i s ca l l e d a p a r a p e t w a l l
t h e S p a n dr e l a r e a ;
S p a n d r e l ll i n g i s t h e ea r th l l i ng b e t w e e n t h e s p a nd r e l
w a ll s
S p a l l a f r a g m e n t o f s t o n e o r s to n e chi p
S p ri nger s t h e l o w es t co ur s e o f a r ch s to n e s t h e co ur s e
r e s ti n g o n t h e .s k e wba ck s
S p r i ngi ng o r s p ri n g l i n e th e i n n e r ed g e o f t h e s k e w
ba c ks o r t h e l o w e r e d g e o f th e s p ri n g e r s
S ta r li ngs t h e t w o e n d s o f a p i e r
S tr etch er a s t o n e l a i d s o th a t i ts l o n g es t f a ce f o rm s p a rt
o f t h e f ac e o f a wa l l
.

'

'

'

'

HA NDB O OK O F

188

Vous s o i r

Wi ng

an
sp u

a r ch

s one

r wa l l

at

CO S T

DA TA

th e

end

of

b ri d g e

l l e d a r a mp
O th e r d e n itio n s w il l b e f o u n d
N o te :
o f t h e s e cti o n o n co n cr e t e
ca

b u t m e nt

al so

th e b eg i n n i n g

at

P e r ce n t a g e

M ortar

M a son r y

S to n e

P ubli s h e d

ta b l es g i vi n g t h e p e r ce n ta g es o f m o rt a r i n d i ff e r e n t ki n d s
n o t o n ly b e ca u s e
o f m a s o n ry h a ve b ee n v e ry mi s l ea d i ng
th e y h a v e b ee n b as e d u p o n m ea g r e d a t a b ut b e ca us e t h e
f a ct o rs th a t ca u s e v a ri a tio n s in m o rt a r p e r c e n t a g e s ha v e
no t be e n d i s cus s e d
T h e r e a re t w o w a y s o f es ti m a ti n g t h e a m o u nt o f c e m e n t
r e q u i r e d p e r cu bi c y a rd o f ma s o n ry :
(1 ) B y e s ti m a ti n g
t h e p e r ce n t ag e o f m o rt a r i n t h e c ub i c ya rd o f m as on ry an d
then u s i n g a m o r t a r t a b l e l ike th a t o n p a g e 253
(2) B y
t a bul a ti n g th e d i ffe r ent ki n d s o f m a s o n ry a n d g i v i ng t h e
f r a cti o ns o f a ba rr e l o f ce me n t re qui red f o r a cubi c y a rd
o f eac h ki n d o f m as o n ry w h e n t h e mo rt a r i s a 1 : 2 m i x
t ur e a ls o wh e n it i s a 1 : 3 m i xtu r e
the s e t w o b e i n g t h e
co mm o n mi xtur e s
E a c h m e th od p o s s es s e s i t s a d v a n ta g e s
b u t t h e rs t i s t h e s a f e s t be ca u s e p r o p e r a l l o w a n ce ca n
b e ma d e f o r v a ri a ti o n s i n th e s i z e o f ce m e n t b a rr e l

f a ci n g
or
A g r ea t m a n y m as o n ry w a l l s co n s i st o f a

b a ck
a s hl a r o f s qu a r e d s t o n e cu t t o l a y cl o s e j o i n t s a n d a

Ob v i o u s ly i f
i n g o f mo re o r l es s i rr e g u l a r rub bl e s t o n e s
t h e w a l l i s a thi n o n e t h e p e rc e n t a g e o f b a cki n g i s m u ch
s m a ll e r th a n i f t h e w a ll i s thi ck
80 t ha t it w o u l d b e d e
s i r a bl e a l w a y s t o k ee p s e p a ra t e re co rd s o f t h e a m o u nt o f
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f a ce a n d th e b e d j o in ts were dre s s e d
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up the led g e i t i s p o s s i b le to q u a rry b l o ck s w i th wed g e s
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i n s u ch i rre g u l a r s h a p es t h a t i t o ft e n h a pp e n s t ha t every
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po rt a n t fa ct or in t h e co s t o f d r es s i ng
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It i s g e n er al ly po ss i b l e t o q u a rr y
o f the b l oc k s o f s t o n e
g r a ni tes in b l o ck s o f a n y d es i r e d s i ze the l i m i t b e ing xed
b y the s t r e ng th o f the d e rr i ck s a n d o th er ma ch in ery us ed
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s h o u ld n ever s p e cif y a n y gi v e n
r i s e f or t h e co u r s e s (ex
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s t o ne a v a i l a b l e
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h un k th e g re a ter t h e a re a tha t m us t b e
dre ss ed p e r c u b i c y a rd ; b u t h ow g r e a tly th i s f a ct o r a e ct s
the co s t o f dress ing i s s eld o m con s i dered T o i ll us tr at e
l e t u s a s s u me th a t b l o ck s f o r a s hl a r a r e e ac h 12 i n s r i s e
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s q f t o f j o in t s t o b e dre s s ed f o r eve r y c u b i c y a r d ;
where
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dre s s ed f or e very cu b i c y a rd In o ther w o rd s the c os t o f
dr es si ng as hl a r o f the 3 cu f t b l o ck s i s m o r e th a n tw i ce
a s ex p e ns i ve p er cu b i c y a rd a s th e c o s t o f dre s s ing the
9 cu f t b l o ck s
I t i s a ppa re nt there fo r e tha t a l l rec o rds o f t h e cos t o f
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f e et a ct u a lly dres s ed a n d t he n th e d a t a ca n b e a p p l i ed t o
b l o ck s o f a n y gi ve n s i ze t o o b t a in the co st o f dr e s s ing p e r
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c u b i c y a rd
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I t i s cus t o m a ry a mo ng con t ra cto rs a n d s to n e c u tter s t o
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a n d s e t them i n the m a s o nr y
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a n d d u m p ed the m whe r e n eeded o n to
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i rr e g u l a r s to n e s i n s ur i ng th i s w i th o ut e o r t b u t e v er y
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e v e n s 10 p p y a n d th e
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ch i e f r u le o b s e r ved w a s th a t the r e s h o u ld r s t be p l a c e d
a l a r g e e x ce s s o f m o r t a r o f wh i ch the l a r g e s t p o s s i bl e p e r
In s ett i n g the l a r g e
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r o ck a bed w a s p r e p ar e d w i th s p a ll s a n d m or t a r a n d the n
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o p e r a t i o n the i n s p e c t o r
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s p a c e w i t h w e t m o r t a r i n w h i c h t h e s p a ll s we r e s u b m e r g e d
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T h e q u a r r y i ng o f the f ace s to n e d o u btle s s c os t
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r i ver b a n k i s
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T h e o lde s t s l o p e w a ll s o n t h e E r i e Ca n a l were m a d e o f
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p r a ct i ca lly i m p os s i b l e to be d very l a r g e s ton e p ro p e r

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w i th a derr i ck a n d co s t o f f re q u e n t m o v ing of d e rr i ck m o re
th a n o ff s e t the cos t o f s p l i tt ing t h e s t o n e I t i s cu s t o m a ry
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a n d i t f u rther a dd s to t h e p r ot e ct i o n o f
the s u b s oi l f ro m wa s h W a v es b eat ing thro ug h the j o in ts
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p l a ce d a n d do n ot r e a ch t h e s u b s oi l wi th s uffi ci e n t f o rc e
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t o d is p l a c e i t
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o w ing d ow n o v e r the fa ce o f th e s l o p e w a ll wi ll cut
r i v u l ets b e ne a th i t un le ss p r o pe r l ini ng i s p r o v i ded E m
b a nk m e nt s a r e u s u a lly s o des ign e d a s t o p rev e n t m u ch ra in
w a ter f r o m o w ing o ver the s 10 p e wa ll fa ce a s s h o wn i n
Fi g 8 where the t o w p a th i s s ee n to h a v e a s l o p e a w a y
f r o m the ca n a l In d i k i n g a r i ver the s a m e fo rm o f t op
s l o p e i s u s u a lly p r o vi ded where a s 10 p e W a ll i s t o be l a i d ;
b u t in p ro te c t ing a
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Di t ch e s s h o u ld b e
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d u g t o d i vert the r a in w a ter wh i c h i s t he n ca rr i e d in a
pip e cu lve r t th o ugh t o t h e r i ver Di t che s h o wever a r e
a p t t o ll up w i th w as hed i n e a rth s o th a t i n a n y ev e n t a
s u b s t a n t i a l l ining o f g r a vel s h o u ld b e p l a ced b a ck o f the
in or de r to gu a rd a ga ins t e ro s i o n b y ra i n wa ter
s l o p e w a ll
A th i ck n es s of g r a vel l in i ng o f f r o m 4 t o 8 i n s wi ll s u fc e
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OF C O S T D A TA

de ni t e m ini m u m th i ck n e ss of cou rs es is s p eci ed

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If the q u a r r y s t o n e i s th in b edded as s h al ey l i me
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T here i s no o b je ct i o n t o s t o n e s u p t o 24 i ns
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S l o p e w a ll p a v ing i s
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o f th e w a ll
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a b s u rd re n em e n t as t o th i s b o n d ing ;
the lea s t a dm i s s i b l e
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w a ll i s trea ted a s if i t w er e to b e a b r i d g e pi er o r a r ch o r
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239

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d ress e d 3 t o 4 i ns b a ck o f the f a ce an d then fa ll a w a y
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CO S T OF S TONE M A S ONR Y

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th u s r e du ci n g t h e a v a i l a bl e v o i d s
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ca l l thi s r e d u cti o n i n a v a i l a b l e v o i d s a b o u t
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o ccu p i e s wh e n p a c k e d ti g h tl y i n a b a rr e l
S i n ce b a rr e l s o f
d i e r e n t br a n d s v a r y w i d e l y i n s i z e t h e ca r e f u l e n g i n e e r o r
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.

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A
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ft
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If t h e s p e ci ca ti o n s r e qu i r e a m i x
tur e o f 1 ce m e n t t o 2 o f s a n d b y w e i g h t w e wi l l h a v e 380
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In o rd e r to u s e t h e t a bl es a b o v e g i v e n w e m a y
s p e ci f y o u r o w n s ize o f b a r r e l ; l e t u s s a y 4 c u
f t ; t h en
4 g i v es
p a rt s o f s a n d b y v o l u m e t o 1 p a r t o f
c em e n t :
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m o r ta r a n d u s e t h e ta b l e s r e m e mb e ri n g th a t o u r b a rre l

i s now
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If w e h a v e a b r a n d o f
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y d o f m o rt a r wi l l b e r e quir e d
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u n l e s s they h a v e b e e n so rte d b y s cr e enin g a re a p t t o vary

l a r g e a n d s m a l l b e i n g i n t e rm i xe d
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g r e a tl y i n s ize
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W e ma y
as t o t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f v o i d s i n dr y b a n k s a n d s
d i v i d e s a n d i n t o thr e e s iz e s f o r co nv e n i e n ce
T h e l a r g es t
s iz e (L ) b e i n g s a n d th a t w i l l p a s s a s i e ve o f 5 me s h es p e r
l i n ea l i n c h b u t w i l l no t p a s s a s i e v e o f 15 m e s h e s pe r l i n e a l
i n ch ; t h e m e d i u m s iz e (M) b e i n g s a n d th a t w il l p a s s a 15
m e s h s i e v e b u t w i l l n o t p a s s a s i e v e o f 50 m e s h e s p er l i n e a l
i n ch ; a n d the n e s iz e (F) b e i n g s a n d th a t w i l l p a s s a 50
m e s h s ie v e
If w e m i x v a ryi n g p r o p o rti o n s o f the l a r g e
m e d i u m a n d n e (L M a n d F) w e n d th a t w e g e t the
d e n s e s t m i xt u r e w i th t h e l eas t v o i d s w hen we h a ve a L 6
MO F4 m i xt u r e th a t i s 6 p a rt s l a r g e s i z e n o p a rt s m e di u m
W ith a d ry s a n d wh o s e g r a i n s h a v e a
a n d 4 p a rt s n e s i z e
i f w e w e i g h a cub i c y a r d o f e ith e r t h e
s p e ci c g r a v ity o f
n e or t h e m e d i u m o r t h e l a r g e s i z e w e n d a w e i g h t o f
w hi ch i s e q u i va l e nt t o 51 % v o i d s
l b s p e r cu y d
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w e m i x t h e thr e e d i e r e nt s ize s i n v a ryin g p r op o r ti o n s we
n d a s a b o v e s t a t e d th a t a n L 6 MO F4 m i xtur e i s d e n s e s t
a n d i t w e i gh s
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T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 36 % v o i d s
W e ca n g et a d e n s e r m i x
t u re wi th a l o w e r per ce n t a g e o f v o i d s i f w e m i x a b o ut e q u a l
p a r t s o f s a n d a n d cl e a n g r a v e l
It wil l b e n o t e d th a t t h e
co mm o n s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e d e ns e s t m i x tu r e i s o b t a i n e d by a
m i xture of gr a d u a l l y i n cr e a s i n g s ize s o f g r a i ns i s e r r o n e o u s
T h e re mu s t b e e n o u g h d i ff e r e n c e i n th e s i z e s o f g r a i n s t o
p r o v i d e v o i d s s o l a r g e th a t t h e s m a l l e r g r a i n s wi ll e n t e r
th e m a n d n o t we d g e t h e l a r g e r g r a i n s a p a r t
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t h e p e r ce n ta g e o f v o i d s r o u n d e d g r a i n s h a vi n g l e s s v o id s
U s i n g s a n d h a v i n g a g r a n u l o m e tri c
th a n a n g u l a r g r a i n s
co m p o s i ti o n o f L 5 M3 F2 m e a s u r e d i n a qu a r t m e a s ur e t h e
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m i n e th e numb e r o f cu b ic y a r d s o f con cr e t e tha t mu s t b e
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I r e f e r to t h e s l o w n e s s w i th wh i ch s u ch con c r e t e h ar d e n s
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pl a ce th e m o r e l u mb e r wi ll b e r e qui r e d ; t h e mo r e t h e
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l i veri ng t h e con cre t e r a th e r th an to us e t h e up ri g ht s o f

th e f o rms a s p o s t s f o r a tr es tle
I h av e f o und i t c h e a p e r as a rul e t o b u il d th e co p i n g o f
re ta i n i ng w a l l s a f t e r n i s hi n g t h e w a l l i t s el f
One o f t h e
r ea s o n s f o r t h i s i s tha t a p ro j e cti n g co p ing i s a p t rto f a l l
d u e t o i ts o w n wei g ht i f th e f o rm s a r e no t l ef t in p la ce
l o n g e r th a n it i s nec ess a ry t o l ea ve t h e f o rms f o r th e wa l l
In a n e d i tor i a l a r ti cl e i n Eng in e e ri n g
b e l o w t h e ce p i n g
N e ws Jul y 9 1 903 p 37 I des crib ed t h e s i m p l e co p i n g
f o rm s i ll u s tr at ed i n Fi g 1 3
B y p r o v i d i n g f ra m es w i th
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T hi s le a ds us t o t h e s ub j e ct o f b uil di n g f o r ms i n p an el s
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f o rm s a r e t hus s h i f ted i n s e ct i on s wi ll b e f o un d o n s u b s e
q u e n t pa g es Even h i g h r e tai ni n g w al l s m ay t h u s be b ui lt
w i th m o v a b le f o r m s a s i l lus tr a te d on p a g e 321
T h ere a r e f e w c l a ss e s o f c o n cr e t e w o rk w h e re a t t h e
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t h e f o rm s ma y b e ca lc ul a te d thu s : W i th c a rp en t ers w a g e s
w a g es at 15 cts p er h ou r
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I n b ui l di n g th e f o rm s 6 x 8 i n p o s t s 24 f t l o ng were s e t
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m a teri a l s i nt o th e ch a rgi ng b ox a s ab ove d e s c rib ed
Th e
co n cr ete w a s h a ule d ov er a tre s tl e i n ca r s t o t h e f o rm s
T h e av e r ag e fo r ce enga ge d i n O p er a tin g the p la n t n ot
i n clu d in g th e m en eng a g e d i n r ock cru s h i n g w a s as fo l

l o ws on t h e r s t o ck b ui l t n ame y th e gua r d l o ck :
T hi s ,

'

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308

OF C O S T DA TA

M i x in g

m o r ta r f o r f a cing (w ith
Fi n i s h i n g t op o f w a l l
Ha ul in g co n cre te ca rs (w i th 1 h o rs e )
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Gen era l f o rem a n
52

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of

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,

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15

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to th e w ag e s o f 57 me n
T h e ou tp ut o f th i s o r c e p er 8 h r d a y was 60
a d ay
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310

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b ee n mu ch e x cee di ng $1 p e r cu
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a ctl y 1 cu y d m e as u re d i n the w a l l
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w o rk T h e a v er a ge o utp u t p e r s h i f t w as 76 b a t ches o f co n
the b e s t s h i f t s r eco rd
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b ei ng 96 b at che s of co n cre te an d 22 b a t che s o f f a ce m o rta r
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cu y d s pe r s h i ft
T h e t w o l o ck w a l ls wer e e a ch 238 f t
l on g 4 f t wi d e o n t o p
f t w i d e a t the b a s e a n d 1 6 f t
h igh a n d we re b uil t i n s ectio n s 22 f t lo ng Th e fo rm s Fi g
15
w ere m a d e o f p in e
th e up ri ght s be ing 8 x 10 i n
s p a ce d 4 f t
cen te r t o cente r
a n d w ere s h eet ed wi th 4 l n
d re s s e d p ine o n th e f a ce a n d 2 i n r o ugh p in e o n th e b a ck
o f the w a ll s
T h e upri ghts wer e b r a ce d by 6 x 8 i n i n cl i ne d
b r a ce s
A tres tl e wa s p r o vi de d f o r c o n cr e te d ump ca r s t o
run up on a s s h o wn
I t w ill b e n o te d th a t the t i m b ering
thr o ugh ou t w as e x ce e d ingl y h e a vy
T h e r e as o n f o r t h i s i s
sa i d t o h a ve b een th a t l i ghte r f o rm s h a d yiel de d i n p l a ce s ;
a nd th a t i n v i ew o f th e s h o ck s th a t wo ul d o ccu r i n du mp
i ng th e co n cr ete f r o m ca r s i t w a s n o t deem ed a d vi s a b le to
u s e light f o rm s
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t o l igh t f o rms (2 i n p l a nk a n d 4 x 6 i n u p ri gh ts ) f r o m
c a r s a t m u ch gre a ter height s th a t i n t hi s l o ck w o rk
yet
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T h e s e cret l i es i n p re p er b r a c
T h e u s e o f m o re th a n 70 f t B M o f
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thi s s h o w s gr ea t e x t r a v a g a n ce
I n f act th ere i s s ca rc ely a n
i tem e x cep t the s t o ne a n d s a nd th a t w a s n o t co s tl ie r th a n
i t w o ul d h a ve b e e n by co nt r a c t w o rk
Th e ce m en t u s e d
a m o unte d t o
bb l pe r cu y d o f w a l l
T h i s e x ce ss iv e
a m o u nt w a s du e t o f a cing the w a l l s wi th a
m o r ta r 8 i ns
th i ck a nd co s tin g $1 6 p e r cu y d M o rt ar 2 i n s th i ck w o uld
ha ve s e rved j u s t a s we ll

E a ch

CON CRE TE

S in ce th e

W o e rma n n

CONS TR UCTI ON

31 1

fo regoi n g was written I h av e r e ceived f r o m Mr:

th e f o l l o wing i nte re s ting d a t a wh i ch s h o w h o w

of

m o re re cent l ock w o rk h a s b ee n re du ce d
Mr
W o e rm a nn s a y s :

I f a n y cri ti ci s m w a s t o b e m a de o f th e co n cret e ma s o nry

e re cte d i n 1893 a n d 1 894 i t w o ul d pr o b a bl y b e t o th e e ff e ct
th a t i t w a s t o o e x pen s ive
T h e cos t o f t h e m a s o nr y
e re cte d
d ur i n g th o s e t wo s e a s on s w as
to
cub i c
Ou r
p er
y a rd
re co rd s
th a t a b o u t
s ho w ed
45 % o f t h i s cos t w as f o r P or tl a n d ce ment a l o n e a n d m o re
o ver th a t 40% o f th e t o t a l c eme n t u s ed a t a l oc k w as pla ce d
i n th e 8 i n f a cing a n d 5 i n ce p i n g
S o i n the s eve n l o ck s
e r e cte d in 1895 o n th e e a s ter n s e cti o n t h e f a ci n g w a s r e
d u ce d t o 3 i n s a n d the p r o p o r ti o ns cha n ge d f ro m
to
the

cos t

I n 1898 th i s cos t re ceived a n o th e r s eve r e cu t a n d Ma j o r

Ma r s h a l l s i n s tru ct i o n s s t ate d th a t the f a ci ng s ho ul d n o t
i n s i n thi ckne s s n o r b e le s s t h a n
e x cee d
i n wh il e the
l a yer o f n e m a t e ri a l o n t o p o f the cop i n g w as t o b e o nly
s u f cien t t o co ver th e s t o n e a n d gr a vel
T h e a m o un t o f s a n d
w a s a g a i n i n cre as ed s o t h a t t h e p r e p o rti o n s w ere

T h e co s t o f th e P o rt l a nd c emen t con cre te w a s li ke w i s e

On t h e
che a p en e d by i n cr e as ing th e a m o unt o f a ggreg a te s
e a rlie r w o rk the p r e po rti o n s were
wh i l e o n the
T h e co s t o f th e
w o rk i n 1 898 th e p r e p o rti o n s w e re
w a ll s w a s f urthe r che a p ened b y u s i ng Utic a cement i n the
l o we r s tep s o f the w a l l wi th 2 f t o f P o r tl a n d cem ent co n
Th e p r o p o rti on s u s ed i n th e U ti ca ce men t
crete o n the f a ce
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co n cre te were
h eight o r a b o ut 7 f t

Th e f o rm s we re o f t h e s a m e ch a r a cte r a s th o s e u s e d o n
the r s t l o ck s e x cep t th a t f o r l ini ng the i n n er f a ce 3 x 1 0 i n
ha r d p in e p l a nk s were s ub s tit u te d f o r th e 4 x 8 l n wh i te
p i n e T h e h a r d p i n e wa s d a m a ged le s s b y th e co n ti nu o u s
h a n dl i ng a n d th e cos t w a s p r a cti ca ll y t h e sa me T here w a s
a l s o a n i mpo rt a nt c h a nge m a de i n t h e m a nn er o f f a s tening
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HA NDB O OK OF

312

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the o l d n a il h ole s
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f o r the n e xt t w o l o ck s
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r e qu ir e d f o r th e f o rm s f o r th re e co mpl e t e l o ck s a n d 1 4 l o ck s
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m o u th o f the m i xe r a nd s h o v e l e d i n by 4 me n E i g h t m e n
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w e r e thr o w n It t o o k 3 t o 5 m i ns t o l o ad on th e s t on e a n d 1
m i n to l oa d t h e s a n d T h e ca rts t ra ve l e d very s l o wly a b out
1 50 f t a m i n ute i h f a ct a l l the m e n o n t he j o b i n cl u d i n g
A f ter m i xi n g th e c o n cre t e w a s
t h e ca rt driver s w e r e s l o w
d u mp e d i n t o i r o n bu ck e t s h o l di n g 1 4 cu f t w a te r me as ur e
1
T h e b u ck e t s we r e
m a ki n g a b o u t A; c u yd i n a b a t ch
h oo k e d o n t o th e ca bl ew a y a n d co n vey e d wh ere wa n t e d i n
S t ea m f o r ru n n i n g t h e m i xer w a s t a k en f r o m t h e
th e w a l l
s a me b o i le r t h a t s up p l i ed t h e ca b l e w a y e n g in e
Th e a v e r
a g e o u tp u t o f th i s p l a n t w a s 1 00 cu
y d s o f co n c r e t e p e r
1 0 h r d a y a l th o u g h o n m a n y d a y s t h e o utp ut w a s 1 25 c u
T h e cos t o f m i xi n g a n d p l a ci n g w a s
o r 250 b a t ch e s
y ds
as f o l l ow s o n a b a s i s o f 1 00 cu y d s p e r d a y :
.

"

P e r d ay

Pe r cu

yd

8 m e n l oa d i ng

s to n e

san d

03

ce m e nt

03
24

ca rt

h a uli n g

ca rt s

i n to

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a nd

s t one

s an d

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1 m a n du mpi n g m i xe r
2 m e n h a n dl in g b u cke t s a t m i xe r
6
dump in g b u cke ts an d r a mm i n g
12
m a ki n g f o rm s a t
1 ca bl e e n g i n e m a n
1 r e m a n
1 f or e m a n
4

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co a l

f or

ca

bl e w a y

01

a nd

12

06

03
09

30

03
02
06

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04

To ta l
.

I n a d d iti o n t o thi s cos t o f

p e r cu yd th er e w a s the
co s t o f m o vi n g t h e wh o l e pl a nt f o r e very 350 f t
o f wa l l
T h i s r e qui re d 2 d a y s a t a co s t o f $100 a n d a s th e r e w e re
cu y d s o f co n cr e t e i n 350 f t o f w a l l 1 6 f t h i h
a b o ut
g
t h e co s t o f m o vi n g th e p l a n t w a s 1 0 ct s p e r cu yd o f co n
cr e te
b ri n g in g th e t o ta l co s t o f mi xi n g a n d pl a ci n g up t o
87 ct s p er cu yd
A s a b o v e st a t e d th e wh o le g a ng was
s lo w
.

HA NDB OOK

3 18

OF CO S T D A TA

i n ) en g i n es o f 1 8HP e a ch A b o u t 1 t on o f coa l wa s burne d

d a il y u n d e r t h e b o il e r s u p p lyi n g s te a m t o th e se tw o h o i s ti n g
T h e o utp ut o f thi s p l a n t w a s 200 b a t ch es or 100 cu
e n g i n es
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ca r s r a n t h e a v e r a g e o utpu t d o w n t o 80 cu
y d s p e r d ay
O n the b a s i s o f 100 cu y d s d a i ly o u tput th e c os t o f m i xi n g
a n d p l a cin g th e c o n cr e t e w a s a s f o ll o w s :
.

P e r d ay
5

m e n l oa di n g

d
ch a r g i n g
m i xe r
l o ad i n g co n cr e te i n t o bu ck e ts
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f rom
l oa di n g a n d whe el i n g co n cr e t e
dump i n g wh ee l b a rro w s
s p r ea d i n g a n d r a m m i n g
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of

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Mr J a m e s W
.

000 l i n

ft

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t h e re w e r e 8
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25

04

a d di ti o n

a nd

03

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ni n g

W alls

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Dr a i n a g e

Ca n a l

B e a r d s l e y g iv es t h e f o ll o wi n g d a t a o n 20
o f co n c re te w a ll , b uil t b y co nt ra ct
T h e w o rk
.

wa s l e t i n t w o s e cti o n s S e cs 14 a n d 1 5 wh i ch wi l l b e co n
In b o th cas es a 1 :
s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e ly
: 4 n atu ra l c e
m ent co n cr e te w a s u s ed a n d i t w as f a ce d wi th 1 3 P o rtl a n d
mo rt a r 3 i ns t h ic k a ls o co p e d with th e sa m e 3 i ns thi c k
Th e a v e r a g e h e i g h t o f t h e w a l l w as 10 f t o n Se c 1 4 a n d
22 f t o n S e c 1 5 t h e thi ck n es s a t t h e bas e b e i n g h a lf t h e
h eigh t
.

'

On S e c 14 t h e

th e co n cr e t e w a s o bt a i ne d f ro m
t h e s p o il b a n k o f th e ca n a l l o a d e d i n t o wh e e l b a rr o w s a n d
wh e ele d a b o ut 100 f t to th e cru s h e r ; s o me w a s h a ule d i n
.

s to n e

f or

C ON CRET E C ON S T R UC TI O N

3 19

a nd
w a g on s
i t di s
A n A u s tin ja w cru s h e r w a s u s e d
ch a r g ed th e s t o n e i n t o b i n s f r o m wh i ch it w a s f e d i n t o a
T h e cru s h e r a n d t h e mi xe r w e r e m o unt e d
So oy s mi th mi xe r
B u ck e t e l e v a t o r s w er e u s e d t o r a i s e t h e s t o n e
o n a a t ca r
th e b u cke t s
sa n d a n d ce m e nt f r o m th e i r b in s to t h e m i xe r ;
w e r e m a de o f s u ch s iz e a s t o g i ve t h e p r op er p r o p o rti o n s
o f in g r e di en t s
a s th e y a l l tr a v e l e d at th e
same
s p ee d
On l y t w o l a b o r e r s w e r e r e qui re d t o l o o k a f t e r t h e e l e v a
T h e s a n d a n d ce m e n t w e re h a ul e d b y t e a m s a n d
t o rs
dump e d i n t o t h e r e cei v i n g b i n s
T h e r e w er e
cu y d s
o n Se c 14 a n d th e cos t w a s a s f o ll o w s :
,

'

"

Typi ca l

W age s p e r

f o r ce

10 h r s

Co s t p e r
cu

yd

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S up erinten den t

10

B l a ck s m i th
T i m e k ee p e r

Wa t ch m a n
Wa te rb o y s
Wal l

f o r ce :

Fo rem a n
La b o r e r s
T a mp er s

M i xer

f o r ce :

Fo r em a n
E n g i n e men
L a b o r e rs

P ump

ru n n e r
Mi xi n g m a ch ine s

T i mb e r f o r ce :

Fo r e m a n
Ca rp e nt e r s
La b o r e r s
He l p er s

Ha ul in g

f o r ce :

L a b o rer s

T e a ms
'

HA ND B O O K

320

OF CO S T D A TA
T yp i ca l

Cr u s h i n g

f o r ce

I O I CB I

W a ges

p e r Co s t p e r

10 h rs

cu .

yd

Fo r e m a n
E n g i n em a n
Lab o r ers
A u s ti n c ru s h e r s
Lo a di n g s t o n e :
Fo r eme n
L a bo r e r s
T o t al f o r

T h e d a il y co s ts
e lu d e

th e

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s l ed g i n g o f

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at

$2

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l o a d i ng s t o n e a pp a r e n tly di d a g o o d d e a l o f
l ar g e s t o n e s a n d t h e y a l s o wh ee l e d a l a rg e
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.

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co n cr e te

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m o u n t t o 41

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co n crete

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as

f o ll o w s :
Per

Uti ca

c em e n t ,

at

p er bbl
Po rtl a n d cement a t
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S a n d at
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.

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HA NDB OOK OF

322

DA TA

COS T

y i ca l W a ge s p er

Cos t p er

T p

i mbe r fo r ce :
Carp e nte rs
La b o r e rs

f o r ce

10 h rs

cu

yd

Hau l i ng fo r ce :
Fo rem a n
E n g i n emen
Fi rem a n
B r a k em a n
T e am s
La b o rer s
L o co

m o t i v es

Cru s h ng f orce :

Fo rem a n
E n gi nem en
La bo re r s
Fi remen
Gy r a t o ry crus h e r

Q u a rry

f o r ce :

La b o r er s

Dri l le rs
Dri ll help er s

M ach i ne

dr i l l s

To t a

rs t

th e pl a n t f or th i s w o rk
d i s tri bu te d as f o l lo w s :
1 cru s h er N o 7 Ga tes
Us e o f l ocomo tive
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3 m i x er s
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The

cos t

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7 20

CONCRE TE

CONS TR UC TI ON

323

cu y d s
d i s t r i b u ted o ver t h e
of co n
p er c m y d
c rete a m o u nt s t o 57 cts
I t wi l l be n ote d t h a t 2 m i xe r s w ere kept bu s y
T h ei r
wh i ch i s
a ver a ge o utput wa s 100 cu
y d s e ach p er d a y
the s a m e as f o r th e mi x ers o n S ee 14

Th s

Th e t o ta l cos t

of co n crete o n

S e c 1 5 w as
.

as

foll o ws :
Per

L a bo r

q u a rry ing

x p l os i ves

U ti ca

c ement ,

P o rtl a n d

San d ,

Fi r s t

cru s h ing a n d

at

c em ent , a t

at

co s t

per

of

cu

cu

yd

mi x i ng

p er b bl
per bbl
yd

p l a nt

I t i s n ot s tr i ctly cor r ect t o ch a rg e th e f ul l rs t

the p l a n t t o the w o rk a s i t p o s s es s e d co n s i der a b l e
v a lue a t th e en d

c os t

of

s a l v a ge

Fo r the p urp o s e o f co mp a ri n g S e cs 14 a nd 15 th e
i ng s umm a ry i s give n o f t h e cos t p er cu b i c y a rd
crete :
.

'

S e c 14
.

fo ll o w
of

co n

S e c 15
.

fo rce

Gener a l

f o r ce
M i x in g f o r ce

W al l

T i mbering f o r ce

Ha ul i ng fo r ce

Cr u s h ing

f o r ce

Q u a rry f o r ce
Ceme n t n a tu r a l
Ce me nt Po rt l a n d
San d
P l a nt (f ul l co s t )
,

T o ta l

It

be re mem b e re d tha t o n S ee 14 th e r e w a s n o

d r i ll i ng a n d bl a s ting o f th e ro ck but th a t th e
qu a rry

force not only l oa d ed b ut h au ed th e s t one to the cru s h er

s h o ul d

HA N D B O O K O F

324

COST

D A TA

m i x in g o n S ee 1 5 i s h i gh er th a n on Se e 14 b e
ca u s e the m a t e ri a ls we r e dump e d o n p la t f o rm s a n d s h o vel e d
i nt o th e mi x e r i n s te a d o f b eing di s ch a rged f r o m b ins i nto
th e m i x er as o n S ec 14
co s t o f

Th e

F0 r bui l d i ng a re ta i ni n g
Co s t o f a R e t a i n i n g W a l l
o rm s we re m a d e a n d p l a ced
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a n d help e r a t $8 p e r M w a ge s be ing 35 cts a n d 20 c ts a n
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w a g on s a l o n g s i de th e m i ing b o a r d
R a mm ing w a s u n
.

u s u a l ly th oro ugh Fo r em a n e x pe n s e w a s h igh d ue to s m a l l

numbe r i n ga ng ; 2 cu y d s wer e l a i d pe r h o u r by the g a ng
.

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m i x e r s 1 5 ct s p er h r
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w a s 2 i n h eml o ck

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give s th e fo ll o wi ng o n the
co n crete s ub s truc tu r e o f th e Lo ne s o me V a l l ey Vi a du c t n e a r
Kn o x vil le T enn Th ere w e r e tw o U s h a pe d a bu tm en ts an d
36 c on cret e p i er s m a de o f a l igh t l ime s t o n e th a t deteri o r a te s
r a pi dly when u s e d f o r m as o nry
Derri ck s we re n o t n ee de d
a s w o u l d h a ve been the ca s e wi th m as o n ry p i er s
a n d co l
co ul d be u s e d
o re d l a b o r a t $1 f or 1 1 h r s
T h e p i er s we re
m a de 4 f t s qu a r e o n to p f r o m 5 to 1 6 f t h igh a n d w i th a
T h e a butmen t s a ve ra ge 26 f t
b a tte r o f 1 in t o t h e foo t
h i gh 26 f t on g o n th e fac e w i th wi ng wa ll s 27 f t on g ; th e

Vi

d u ct

MR Gu s t a ve R

T us ka

HA N DB OOK

326

OF COS T DATA

Cts p er
.

cu

2 men wheeli ng
1 man s p r e a d i ng
1
ta mp i ng

T o ta

If w

l ex

a ges

co n crete
co nc rete

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yd

p l a ce

f o rm s

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w o u l d h a ve be en 68 cts

d a y i n s te a d

per

cu

yd

$1 ,

of

the l a bo r

c os t

B r i d g e A b u t m e n t s Mr W A Ro ge rs gives t h e
o ll o win g d a ta rel a ti v e t o th e co ns tru cti o n o f bri dge a but
m en ts o n t h e C
S t P R y : T h e w or k co ns i s te d i n
2
buil di ng 0 a bu tm en ts f o r 10 o u r tr a ck p l a te gi rder b ri d ge s
o ve r s treet c r o s s i n gs i n Chi cag o
T h e w o rk w as d o n e b e

Co s t

of

cu y d s o f
twe en Ma y 1 a n d Oc t 1 1 898 i n wh i ch t i me
co n crete wer e p l a ce d a l l th e w o rk b e ing do ne b y co mp a ny
T h e fo r m s w e re m a d e o f 2 i n p l a nk a nd 6 x 6 i n
l ab o r
i n ro d s
p os ts b o lt ed t o geth er a t th e top a n d b o t t o m wi th
T h e lumbe r w as u s ed o ver an d o v er a ga i n
W h en th e
d res s e d p a nk b e ca m e t o o po o r f o r t h e f a ce it w a s us e d f o r
the b a ck Th e co n crete wa s 1 P o r tl a n d cement 3 gr a v el a n d
4 t o 4% l ime s t o n e (cr us he r run up t o 3 i n s i z e )
A m o rt a r
i n s thi ck was b u i lt up w i th th e re s t o f th e co n cr et e
f a ce
T h e co n cr e te wa s m a d e q ui te we t a n d e a ch m a n ra mmi ng
a ve ra ged 1 8 cu y d s a d a y r a m m e d
T h e co n crete wa s m i x ed
by a m a chi ne o f th e R a ns o m e typ e O p e ra te d by a 1 2 HP
p o rt a bl e g as o li ne e n gi n e
T h e l o a d w a s ve ry l igh t f o r the
T h e e ngine
engi ne a n d 8 HP w o ul d h a ve b ee n s u i ci e n t
m a de 235 rev o luti o n s p er m i nut e a n d th e p ul ley whe el s
we re p r o p o rti o ne d s o th a t the mi x e r m a de 12 r ev s p er
min
On e ga l l o n o f ga s o l i n e w as u s ed p er h ou r a n d th e
m i x i n g w a s ca rr i ed o n d a y a n d n i gh t s o a s n o t t o give th e
co n c rete ti m e t o s e t
Th e ti m e re q u i red f o r e a ch b a t ch w a s
2 t o 3 m in s a n d a b o u t
cu y d o f co n c ret e w a s del iv e red
pe r b a t ch
T h e a v era ge o utp u t w as 70 cu y d s pe r 10 h r
sh i f t w ith a c re w o f 28 men ; b u t as h igh as 96 cu y d s were
m i x ed i n 10 h rs
T h e co n cret e w as f a r s upe ri o r t o h a n d
T h e w a te r f o r th e co n crete w a s m e a s ure d
m i x ed co nc ret e
i n a n up ri gh t ta nk a n d d i s ch a rged b y a p i pe int o th e mi x e r
Th e s a n d a nd s t o ne w ere del ivere d t o th e m i x e r i n wheel
.

CONS TR UC TI O N

CO N C RETE

327

b a rr ow s a n d the co n cret e wa s t a ken a w a y in wh eelb a rr o w s

N o de rri ck s we r e u s ed a t a l l E ach wheelb a rr o w o f co n crete
w as r a i s ed by a r o p e p a s s i ng o ve r a pul ley a t th e t 0 p o f a
ga l lo w s f r am e ; o n e h o r s e an d a d ri ve r s e rvi ng f o r th i s
r a i s i n g A s m a l l g as o l ine h o i s ti ng engine w o ul d h a ve b een
m o re s a ti s f a ct o ry th a n the h o r s e w h i ch wa s w o rke d t o i ts
ful l ca p a city A ft e r th e b a r ro ws were ra i s ed (12
th ey
w e re wh eele d t o th e a butmen t fo rms a nd dumpe d
Th e
empt y wh eel b a r row s were l o we r ed by h a n d by me a n s of a
r ope p as s in g o ve r a s h e a ve a n d p r o vi de d w ith a cou nt e r
Th e cos t o f th e
w ei gh t t o che ck th e d e s cent o f the b a rr o w
co n crete (bui lt by co mp a ny l a b o r ) w a s a s f o ll o w s :
P er cu y d
,

Cement

gra ve l a n d s t o ne del ive r ed

M a teri a l i n fo rm s (u s e d m a ny ti m es )
Ca r pen te r s b ui l di ng a n d t a ki n g d o wn
La b o r
,

To ta l p er

cu

fo rm s

11

34

yd

th e pl a nt f r o m o n e b r i dge
a
s
a
s
o
r
f
o
bu
il
di
n
runw
y
g
l
in
e
engine o i l f o r
t o th e
g
,
l i ght s a t n i gh t a n d unl oa d ing m at eri a ls a s wel l as m i x in g
delive ri ng a n d ra m m ing th e co n c re te W a ge s w ere
p er
f o r ca rp en t e r s
1 0 h r d a y f or l a b o rer s a n d
Th e

bor
n ex t

co s t

i n cl u de s m ov i ng
,

Co s t

of

6 A

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.

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S t r u ct u re No 8 co n s i s ts o f co n cr ete s i de w a ll s t o s u p p o rt
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S t r u ctu r e N o 9 i s a r e ta i n i n g w a ll
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12 1902 the f o ll o w i n g i s g i v e n :
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CONCRE TE CON S TR U C TI ON

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HA NDBOOK OF CO S T DA TA

350

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m o r e co n cr ete h a d bee n m a de o n ly 50 cu y d s be i n g
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T h e m a ch i n e w a s O p e ra t e d b y m a k i n g t w o o r t h re e cu b i c
n
e n s t o p p i n g u n t i l m o r e c o n cr e t e w as
t
d
rd
i
e
a
h
m
t
a
t
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a
a
y
r e qui r e d
N o 2 Co n cr e t e E x p e r i m e n t
Fo u n d a t i o n s o f a l ar g e
b u i ld i n g t h e co n cr et e b e i n g h a u l e d i n ca r ts a n d d u m p e d i n t o
be

if

. .

t re n ch es
Co s t o f co n cre te lo a ded i n t o wa g o n s
Ha u l i n g f o m m i xe r t o j o b
P u t t i n g i n p l a ce
.

(a s

b ove

gi v n)

19

28

t a l cos t p e r cu b i c y a r d i n p l a ce
In the a b o v e ca s e th e co n cr e t e w a s m a de a s fa s t as s i x
ca r t s c o u ld h a u l i t 500 f t
Co s t o f m a c h i n e s h op o o r
N o 3 Co n cr ete E x p e r i m e n t
h av i n g 8 i n th i ck n e s s o f co n cr e te l e ft w i th a ro ug h s u r
fa ce
Co s t o f co n cr ete l o a d e d i n to w a g o n s
1 75
Ha u l i n g f ro m m i x e r t o j ob
36
P ut t i n g i n p l a ce
To

'

t l

i y a r d i n p l a ce
He a v y f ou n d a ti o ns
No 4 Co n cre te E xp e r i me n t
Co n cr ete p u t i n t o wheel b a r r o w s a n d w h e el e d
r u n w a y s a b o u t 1 50 f t
Co s t o f co n cr ete l oa ded i n t o whe e lb a r r o w s
W he e l i n g 1 50 f e et a n d p u tt i n g i n p l a c e
To a

cos

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cu b c

on

l an k

73

i ya r d
N o 5 Co n cr ete Ex p e r i m e n t
He a vy co n cr ete re ta i n i ng
w a ll s a n d co nc re ti n g a ro u n d a se r i e s o f l a rg e p i p e s i n a
tr e n ch h a u l i n g co n cr ete
f t o n b a d ro a d s a n d wh e el i ng
f ro m whe r e w a g o n s w e r e d u m p e d a n d p u t t i n g i n p l a ce
Co s t o f co n cr e t e l o a d e d i n t o w a g o n s
Ha ul i ng
f t o n b a d roa ds
26
W he e l i n g f ro m w a g o n s d u m p i n g a n d p u tt i n g i n
22
p l ace
T o ta

co s t

p e r cu b c

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co s

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cu

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HA NDB O OK O F

354

La

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b o re r s
Pa i nt e rs
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577 h r s

324 h r s

ct s

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he s e c e nters cove re d two lte rs e a ch h av i n g a n a r ea o f

T he re w e r e s i x m o r e l t e r s o f t h e s a m e
x 258 f t
f o r wh i ch the s a me ce n te r s we r e u s ed
s i ze
T h e co s t o f
t a k i n g d o w n m o vi ng a n d p u tt i n g u p t he s e ce n te r s (313 M )
th re e t i me s w a s a s f o ll o ws :
Fo r em a n
h r s a t 35 c ts
Ca rp e n te rs
h rs a t 22 % cts
La b o r e r s
h r s a t 1 5 ct s
T e a m 430 h r s a t 40 cts
f t B M l u m b e r a t $20
l b s n a i l s a t 3 c ts
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p er M
f o r t h e rs t
s h o w i n g t h a t t h e y we r e p r a ct i ca lly r e b u i lt ;
b u i ld i ng o f th e ce n te rs as a b o ve s h o wn co s t o n ly
In o t he r w o r d s t h e ce n te rs we r e n ot de s ign e d s o a s
p er M
t o be m o ved i n s e ct i o n s a s they s h o u ld h a ve b e e n A lth o u g h
the ce n t e rs we re u s ed f o u r t i m e s i n al l t h e 1u mb e r wa s i n
t co n d i t i o n f o r f u r the r u s e T h e cos t o f t h e l a bo r a n d
l u mbe r f o r th e b u i ld i n g a n d m ov i n g o f t he s e ce nte rs f o r t h e
was
8 lte r bed s h a v i n g a to t a l a r e a of
s q ft
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m OVi ng t h e

c n

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CON CRE TE

Co s t o f
ni ng a W
A m S o c C E , V o l 31 p
Li

CONS TR UCTI ON

a t er -

294,

ork s

355

Tu n n el

In T ra ns

Mr De s m o n d Fi tz Ge r a ld
.

de s cri be s the l i n i ng o f a w a te r w o r k s t u nn el w i t h co n cre t e

T h e t u nn el p a s s e s th r o u g h B ee ch S t r e e t B o s t o n a n d i s
I t w a s b u i lt i n 1 875 a n d w a s l i n e d
i n a co n g l o m e ra te ro ck
w i th co n cr e t e 12 i n s th i ck i n 1 889 1892 the t u n n el i n s i de
Th e
t h e l i n i n g h a v i ng a h o rs e s h o e s h ap e 9 f t i n d i a m e te r
wa te r wa s s h u t off f o u r d a y s o u t o f eve r y we e k wh i le w o r k
A ll w or k w a s d o n e b y d a y l a b o r a n d w a s
w as i n p r o gr e s s
ve ry e x p e ns i ve the c os t be i ng
p e r cu yd o f co n cr ete
f t o f t u n n el o r a t a cos t o f n e a r l y $50 p e r
f or l i n i ng
Th e p r o g r e ss w a s
f t o f t u n n el l i ned p e r d a y
l i n tt l
I ha ve a bs t ra ct ed the fo ll o w i ng d a t a
f or 186 d a y s w o r ked
t o i ll u s t r a te h o w ve r y e x p e n s i ve d a y l a b o r w o r k o f te n i s
co m p ar ed w i th w or k d o n e b y co n t ra ct
f t w as
A t rack h a v i n g a 2 f t g ag e a n d a le n g th o f
l a i d i n the b o tt o m of the a q ued u ct a n d the t u nn el th e t ra ck
be i n g s u p p or ted o n a s m a ll t res tle wh i ch i s i ll us t rat ed a n d
T he r e w e r e 75 c e n t e r s s p aced 4 f t
d e s cr i bed i n det a i l
co nt a i n i n g i n a l l 1 4 M f t o f
a p a r t a n d la gg ed w i th 2 x 4 i n
s p r u ce wh i ch c o s t $100 p er M i n p l a ce ! Th e g a n g o f m e n
was as f oll o ws :
-

2
1
2

1
7
5
2
2

4
4

e en i ng s a n d
s h o vel i n g s a n d
s h ov el i n g s t o n e
o p e n i ng ceme n t
t ra n s p o rt i n g ma t eri a l s o n cars
m i x i n g co ncr ete
co nv ey i n g co n cr e te o n ca rs
u nl oa d i ng co ncret e
s p r e a d i n g a n d ra mm i n g
d iggi n g f o u n d a t i o n p i e rs p u m p i ng wa ter a n d p r e
p a r i n g ce n te rs
H
t a k i n g d o wn an d hel p i n g s et up ce n te r s
t a k i ng nai l s ou t o f l a gg i ng s crap i ng a n d w a s h i ng
l a ggi ng
carp e n te rs s ett i n g c e nte rs and b ui ld i n g d rai ns
f o r em a n
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men

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41 total gang
.

HA NDB OOK OF

356

COS T

h i s ga ng wo rked i n the tu nnel f ou r d

w orked th e o the r t w o d a y s el s e w h e re T h e
y a rd s o f o n cre te p l a ce d d a i ly b y t h i s l a rg e
o n l y 1 8 cu
o r le s s t h a n A cu
yd s
T h e a v e r a g e d i s t a n ce t h a t
ca r s w as
f t a n d 192 b b ls
we re r a mm ed by 7 m e n d a i ly
a ca r h o ld i n g 11 b bl s
o f m a te r i a l
T h e d i s t an ce t r a veled p e r m a n p e r d
T he s e m e n a l s o u n l oa d e d th e i r ca r s t
Lo a d e d ca r s
cu
y d s ) b es i d es
(o r
a n d r et u r n i n g e m p t y ca r s h a d t o m a k e
It i s a p p a r e n t f r o m t
s w i t ch t o s w i t ch
th a t t h e men we r e a l a z y l ot
S o m e i n te r e s t i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s w e e m a de
It w a s f o u n d
s h ri n k a g e o f s a n d a n d s to n e
o f s a n d s h o vel e d i n t o a me a s u r i n g b o x m e a s u r ed
cu f t
b u t th i s s a n d whe n a ll o wed t o d r o p 12 f t th r ou g h a ch u t e
i n t o t h e ca rs m e a s u red 7 % le s s A b a rr el o f s t o n e a v e r a g ed
b u t u p o n f all i n g 12 f t t h e s t o n e wa s co m p a ct e d
cu ; f t
A s the m a te ri a l s w e re m e a s u red co m p a cted i n t h e c a s
the
co n crete co n t a i n ed 1 bbl o f c eme n t 2 1 6 b bl s o f
l o os e s a n d a n d 5% bbl s of l oos e s ton e B y a ctu a l me as u re
t h i s w a s f o u n d t o m a ke 20 c u f t : o f th o r o ug hly r am m e d
co n crete
T h e co n c rete i n the t u n n el w a s n o t s e co m
bbl s
p a ct h o weve r a s i t m e a s u r ed 21 cu f t p e r b a t ch
o f P o rtl an d ceme n t b e i ng u s e d p er c u b i c y a r d o f con cr e t e
s o t h a t i t r e q u i r ed 38 cu
f t ; o f ceme n t s a n d a n d s ton e t o
m ake 1 cu y d o f con crete T h e s to n e w as th e ru n o f the
A ceme nt b a r rel w a s p u t i n t o a b o x s u r r ou n d e d
cru s he r
It t o o k
cu f t o f
w i t h co ncrete a n d lled w i th wa te r
wa te r t o l l the ba r rel betwee n th e h e a d s T h e s a nd a n d
r e m e a s u r ed i n b ar re i s w i t h o n e he a d ou t a n d t h er e
s to n e w e
T wo b a r r e l s o f s a n d a n d o n e o f
f o r e m e a s u red m o re
b u t the
ce m e n t m i xe d 5 t i m e s d r y s t i ll ll t h r e e b a rr el s
m o m e n t w ate r i s a dded s h r i nk a g e o ccur s
T

),

'

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Co s t o f
Go l d w a t e r

Maki n g
Mi ch i n
.

B l o ck s

1901 t
,

he r e

w i th a m ono l i th i c i nv e r t a n d
R iggs
S he r m a n o f T o led o
H V Gi ffo rd o f B ra d n e r
ti on
,

or

Co n c r e t e

er

At

t s ewe r
a n arch o f co n cre te b l o ck s
de s i g n ed the s ewer a nd
wa s i n ch ar ge (i f co ns tr uc
wa s

b u i lt

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a co nc r e e

HA NDBOOK

38

OF COS T

DA TA

gra d e
s e t ed g e w i s e
ru nn er
ca p o r
th t
of a 2 x 4 i n
o n t o p o f them w as a t the p ro p e r g r a de o f the t o p o f
T h e e x ca v a t i o n f o r the i n v e r t w as t h e n b e gu n
th e i nve rt
a n d n i s h e d t o the p r o p e r cu r ve by t h e a i d o f a t e m p l et
d ra w n a l ong the 2 x 4 i n ru n ne rs In g ra vel i t w as i m
Co n
p os s i b l e t o h o ld the t ru e cu r v e o f the i n ve r t b o tt o m
T o h o ld u p the s i d es
cr ete w as the n p l aced f o r the i n v e r t
o f the i n ve r t co n cr ete
a b oa r d se r v e d a s a s u p p o rt f o r t h e
i ns i des b ut r e g u l ar f o r m s we r e m o r e s a t i s fa cto ry i n e v e r y
r es p e ct e x ce p t t h a t they w e r e i n the w a y
o f the w o r k
m en A f o r m w a s t r i ed i ts le n g th b e i n g 6 f t I t w a s b u i lt
l i ke t h e ce n te r f or a n a r ch e x ce p t t h a t the s heet i n g was
o m i tted
o n the
l o we r p a r t o f the i n ve rt I t w a s s u s :

r u n n e rs
A f te r
p e n ded f ro m cr o s s p i e ce s r e s t i n g o n t h e
the con cr ete h a d bee n r o un ded i n p l a ce th e f o r m was r e
m o ved an d the i nve rt tr u ed u p T h i s f or m w or ked well
i n s o i l th a t co u ld be e x ca v a ted a n u mbe r o f f e e t a he a d so
th a t t h e f o r ms co u ld be d ra wn a he a d i n s te a d o f h a v i ng t o
b e l i f ted o u t ; b ut i n s o i l whe r e t h e co n cr et i n g m us t i m
m ed i a tely fo ll o w t h e e x cava t i o n f or th e i n v e r t the fo r m
Th e i n ve rt w as t r u e d u p b y d ra w i n g a l o n g
i s i n t h e wa y
the ru nne rs a s e m i ci r cu l a r tem p le t h a v i n g a r a d i u s o f
2131
T he n a
i n co a t o f
m o r t a r was ro u g hl y
2 i ns
t roweled o n the gr ee n co n crete A n o the r te m p let h a v i n g
a 21 l n r a d i u s w as the n d r a w n a l o n g t h e r u n n e r s t o n i s h
the i nve rt
W he n t h e p l as te r h a d h ar de n ed t wo co u rs es o f co n
c r ete bl o ck s we r e l a i d o n e a ch s h o u lde r o f t h e i n ve r t u s i n g
T h e l i me
m or ta r the
a
p a r t be i n g l i m e p a s te
m a de the m o r ta r m o re p l a st i c a n d e as i er to t ro wel T he n
the fo r m f o r the a r ch was p l a ced a n d as e ach 8 f t s e ct i o n
%
a g ro u t o f
m o r ta r w a s p o u re d
o f the a r ch w a s b ui lt
o v e r the t o p to ll the j o i nt s
E a r th w as th ro w n o n e a ch
s h o u lde r a n d t a m p ed
a n d the ce nte r m o ved a he a d
Co m m o n l a b o r e r s we r e u s ed f o r a ll the i n ve rt wo rk e x
c e p t the p l a s t e r i n g wh i ch w as d o n e by m as o n s w h o we r e
Mas o ns we r e a l s o u s ed t o l a y t h e co n
p a i d 30 cts p e r h r
cr ete bl o ck s i n t h e a rc h
Mr Gi o r d s ta te s tha t t wo
m a s o ns w o uld l ay a t t h e ra te o f 100 l i n ft o f a rch p e r
d a y i f e no u g h i n ve r t we r e p r e p a red i n a dv a n ce
A s the r e
we r e 11 bl o ck s i n t h e r i n g o f t h e a r ch t h i s rat e w o u ld b e
e q ui v a le n t t o 7% cu y d s o f ar ch l a i d p e r m a s o n p e r d a y
of

t h e s ewer
a
th e t o p

h es e s t ake s w er e d r i v en

to

u ch

CON CR E TE
Co s t

359

Ma n h oles

B l o ck

Mr

Hug h

gi v es the f o ll o w i n g :
T h e co s t o f m ak i n g co n cr e t e bl o ck m a n h o le s
w as a s f o ll o w s p e r ma n h o le :
N Y
cu
30 bl o ck s f o r w a ll s
co n cr ete
y d s of
c u yd r e i n f o r ce d co n c r e t e
6 b loc k s f o r co v e r
I b e a m s f or c o ve r i n p l a c e
S u p e r v i s i o n f r e ig ht an d h a u l i n g
to ns con cr ete
3 h r s l a b o r p l a ci n g co ve r a t 15 cts
20 h rs l a b o r p l a ci n g w a ll s a t 15
Ba

ke r

Co n c r e t e

of

CON S TR UCTI ON

Ry e

at

ta l p er m an h o le e x cl u s i v e o f i ro n co ve r
E a ch m a n h o le Was 5 f t dee p i n s i de 8 i n w a ll s 5 f t
in
i n d i a me te r
A l l co nc r ete w a s h an d m i xe d ve r y w e t
A s e t o f 30 w oo de n m o ld s f o r the w a ll
s to n e be i n g u s ed
bl o ck s w a s m a de T he s e m o ld s cos t f ro m
t o $12 e a ch ;
In m a k i n g
s o me b e i n g m a de o f h ar d w o o d l i n ed w it h z i n c
the bl o cks 4 men a ve ra ge d 15 wa ll bl o cks a d ay o f a b o u t 2%
cu
f t e a ch wh i ch i s e q ui v al en t t o
cu
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1
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f or e r em o v i n g t h e m o lds ; 24 t o 36 h rs be f o r e t a k i n g the
bl ock s outs i d e to dr y ; a n d 7 d a y s b e fo r e s h i p p i n g the
bl ocks A b o u t
bl ocks we r e m a de a n d o n ly 9 l o s t by
b r e ak i n g
For co m p ar i s o n i t i s w e l l t o g i v e th e cost of b ri ck man
h o le s as foll o w s :
b ri ck at
p er M
To

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l a b or a t i s

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s

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f o u n d at i on an d i n ve rt o f

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360

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d a y s i n 1885 f o r t h e ci t y
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Ca r s $66

co n cr

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$100

l s l os s a nd de p re ci a t i o n $25
B o i le r (20 d a y s ) $20
P u m p s (100 d a y s ) $25
Co a l f o r p u m p s 1 2 t o n s $72

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n c r et e

Mr

d a t a : B r i c k co l u m n s
o f the s t a t i o n o f t h e L o u i s v i l le L ig h t i n g Co
lai d i n l im e
m o rt a r i n 10 y e ars b eca m e s o l a ek i n g i n s t re n g th th a t
t hey we r e cu t o u t a n d co n cre te s t e e l co l u m n s s u bs t i t u ted
T h e d e s i g n a n d d i m e n s i o n s o f t he s e co l u m n s a r e s h o w n i n
Fi g 1 7
T h e b ui l d i ng w a s s h o r ed a n d a l ig ht m o v a b l e
s ca ffo ld i n g (4 x 6 f t es 50 f t
f ro m wh i ch
t o cut a wa y t h e o l d b r i ck a nd b ui ld the co n cr et e
Th e r e
w e r e 12 co l u m n s a n d t h e s ca ff o ld i n g w a s t a k e n d o w n a n d
m o v e d f ro m co l u m n t o co l u m n a t a co s t o f
e a ch
move
T h e 12 cu y d s o f b r i ck m a s o n r y i n e a ch co l u m n
we e cut o u t by t wo me n w i th a d r i ll an d s led g e i n a b out
0

Gu t

hrie

g i v es t h e

f o ll o w i n g
.

362

faul t

Th i s

was

CDB O OK 0 F 0 0 8 T

DA TA

by th e us e o f tria n gul a r m o l d
i n g s tri p s
i n s o n a s i de ) o f p o p l a r ta cke d i n t h e co r
n e r s o f th e f o rm s
m a ki n g t h em w a ter ti g ht s T w o f a ces
o f the co lu m n s wer e p a i n te d wi th g r o ut
Th e b u i l d i n g
vi br a t e d exce s s i v e l y d uri n g th e co n cr e ti n g d ue t o a h i g h
s p e e d e n g i n e th a t w as ru n n i n g ; b ut th i s vi br at i o n d i s a p
p e are d a s th e cem ent h a rde n e d u n ti l o n l y a t r e m o r r e
m a ined
ov e r co m e
.

Mr Gu thri e in f o rm s m e th a t the he a vy l umber f o r s h o r

i ng co s t $23 p er M a n d wa s u s e d 4 ti me s
Th e l i gh t l um
A l l lu mb e r was ye ll o w pi n e
h e r f o r f o rm s co s t $18 per M
and o n
T h e f o r m s f o r o n e co lum n requ i r e d 650 f t B M
.

A s a m a tt e r o f
th e f o rm s w e re u s e d t w i ce
f a c t the s i de s tri p s a n d o ut s i d e br a ce s w e r e u s e d 3 tim e s
wh i l e m u ch o f t h o
i n s h e e ti n g w a s d e s tr o y e d a f te r o n e
a l th o u g h h e a vy o i l w a s u s e d t o s a v e i t f r o m t h e
u s a ge
T o n g u e a n d g r o o v e b oa r d s
k i l l i n g e ff ect o f w e t co n cr e t e
r e g a rd l e s s o f th e i r th i ck
ca n n o t b e s hi f t e d t o a d v a n t a g e
1
x
i
ff
s
q
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r
d
r
e
d
s
tu
s
es
i
n
e
1
9
s
a
o
r
Fo li g ht w rk
ness
74
th e h a n d ie s t a n d m o s t l as ti ng
an

av e r a ge

A ll

e
n
( gr o es )

l ab o r

w o rk e d )

ct s

p er

15

hr

ct s

hr ;

per

Co s t pe r
Co n cr e t e

l mn

L u m ber
S e tt i n g

Ce m e nt
S an d

f or

r e m o v i n g f o rm s
bb l s a t
.

yds

S t on e ,

Mi xin g

co u

for m s

an d

up

at

y ds

at

w h ee l i n g

a nd

Ho i s ti n g b y mu l e w i th d ri v e r
Han d l i n g bu ck et o n s ca ffo l d

T a mp i n g
P a i n ti n g

Cl e a ri n g
Ri ggi ng

i n s id e co l um n
w ith g r o ut
a w a y rubb i s h
e tc

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Mo vi n g m i x b oa r d
To t a l

co s t

of

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(wh o

f o re m a n

ri g g i n g h o i s t

co n cre t e

Co s t pe r
cu

yd

CONCRETE CONS TR UCTI ON

363

Cos t pe r Co s t
co

lu m n

1b

pe r
o f b a rs
cts

lb s
I ron b a r s ;
Dril li n g i r o n b a r s
S e tti n g ir o n b a r s i n p l a ce
B o l t s f o r s p l i cin g a n d s p a ci n g
cts
lb
W ir e cr o s s ti e s a t
La b o r f o rm i n g 130 cr os s ti e s
.

Total

cos t

i r on

of

an d

s tee l

Cos t

of

S um m a ry

Pe r

Per

col u mn .

cu

yd

Co n crete i n pl a ce
S tee l in p l a ce

Cut tin g

o ut a n d

rem o vin g b ri ck
S h o ri n g o o r s a n d r o o f l a b o r
Ditt o fo r l umb e r u s e d 3 ti m es
-

Co s t
i ng

of

M i xi n g

an

P l a c i n g Co n c r e t e f o r
of

T h e f o l l o wi n g r e l a te s t o the p l aci n g

a.

B ui l d

co n cret e

in

the w a lls o o r s a n d co l u mn s o f a co n cr e te s te e l bu il di n g
Th e co n crete w as m i xe d i n a S mi th mi xe r d ri ven by a
I t w as dumpe d f r o m the mi xe r th r o u g h
gasol i n e en g ine
a p i v o t e d chute i n t o t w o 10 cu
f t bu cket s o n a a t ca r
a n d h a ule d b y a h o r s e t o o ne o f th e t wo ca bl ew a y s w h i ch
r a i s e d an d de l iv e r e d the bu ck et s t o t h e pl a t f o rm s w h er e
Me n th e n s h o ve l e d t h e co n
th e b u ck e ts w e r e d u m p e d
cr et e i nt o w h e e lb a rr o w s a n d
de li ve r e d i t wh ere w a n te d
Th e cre w a t t h e co n c r e t e m i xe r w as o r g a n i ze d a s f o l
14 m e n l oa d e d w o o d e n s ki p s wi th t h e r e q u i red
l ows :
p r o p o rti o n o f s a n d f o r a b a t ch t h e s a n d b e i ng s h o ve le d
i n t o a b o tt o ml e s s m e a s u r i n g b o x l a i d o n the b o tt o m o f
A f t e r l oa d i n g t h e s a n d t h e b r o ke n s t o ne w as
the s ki p
wheele d in b a rr o w s a n d du mp e d i n t o t h e s ki p
A d er
r i ck the n h o i s t e d t h e s ki p wh i ch w a s dum p e d b y t w o men
T he s e s a m e t w o m en
i n t o a chute l e a d i n g to the m i xe r
f e d i n t h e n e ce s s a ry n u mb e r o f b a g s o f ce m e n t a n d t h e
E a ch b a t ch o f co n cr e t e w a s 94 cu y d
w ater
a nd
th e
-

HA NDB OOK

364

DA TA

OF COS T

Th e
mi xer a v e r a g e d 200 b a t che s o r 150 cu y d s a d a y
T h e co s t o f m i xi n g a n d
b e s t d a y s r u n w a s 246 b a t ch es
pl a ci n g t h e co n cr e t e w a s a s f o l l o ws :
.

Pe r d ay
14

2
1
10

2;

'

2
1
2

2
10

4
1

m e n l o a d i n g s k i p s with s a n d a n d
ta g r o pe m a n s w i n g i n g d erri ck b o o m
d e rri ck e n g i n e m a n
m e n f ee di n g m i xe r
m a n (f o rem a n ) dump i n g m i xer
g a l s g as o l i n e f or m i xe r e n g ine
t o n co a l f or d e rri ck e n g i ne
h o r s e s o n 6 ca r s
driver s f o r s a m e
m e n r e ce i vi n g ca rs l e f t s i d e o f b u il di n g
m e n r e ce ivi n g ca r s ri g h t s i d e o f b ui l di n g
ca blew a y e n g ine m e n
t o n co a l f o r ca b le w a ys
m en
s i gnal
m e n dump i n g b u ck e ts
m e n l o a d i n g a n d wh e e li n g
m e n p l a ci n g co n cret e
s upe rin ten dent

T o t a l , 150

cu

y ds

at

67

c ts

s l op p y
mi xe d
s o th a t i t re q u i r e d
T h e co s t o f f o rm s a n d o f
o n l y a s m a l l a m o u n t o f s p a di n g
pl aci n g t h e s te e l b e f o r e co n cr e ti n g i s n o t a va i l a b l e

Th e

c o n cr et e

w as

Co s t

Co n c r e t e

of

B uildi

ng

B l o ck s

In

E n g ineerin g

N e w s A p ri l 6 1905 Mr L L B i n g h a m g i ve s t h e f o l l o wi ng
,

w e r e s e n t t o m o r e th a n a h u n d r e d m a k e rs o f
in I o w a
Mo s t o f t h e r e pl i es g a ve d a ta
co n cr e t e b l ock s
Th e a v e r a g e
rel a ti n g t o b l ock s f o r w a l l s 10 i n s th i ck
co s t p er s qu a r e fo o t o f bl o ck s f o r a 1 0 i n w a l l wa s :

d ata

L e tt e r s

cts

cts

c ts

10 3 c t s

San d

Ce me n t
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at

at

p er
p er

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,

sq

bbl

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ft

HA ND B O OK

366

DA TA

O F COS T

n cr e te w as 1 cement to 6 g r a v e l a n d s a n d b ut thi s
Th e cen ter s wer e
p r o p o rti o n w a s n o t s tri ctly a d her e d to
b ui lt i n s e cti o n s 12 % f t lo n g a nd th e r e w e r e 6 a r ch s e c
ti o n s a n d 12 i n v e rt s e cti o n s
T h e ri b s f or the a r ch cen ter s
we re o f 2 i n p i n e a n d w e r e 2 f t a p a rt T h e s heeti n g w as
T h e a v e r a g e g a n g was 10 m e n
1 i n d r e ss e d wh i t e p in e
m i xi n g a n d whe e lin g co n crete 5 m en p l a ci n g a n d r a m
m i n g a n d 4% m e n m o vi ng a n d s e tti n g up f o rm s Th i s
d
i
ay
n
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r
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ewer
p
er
th e b e s t d a y s
a
a
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t
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cu
w o rk b e i n g 28 l i n f t
T h e r e wer e
y d s o f co n
a da y
W a g es w e r e
Th e
c r e t e p er l i n f t o f s e w e r
i n cl ud i n g s up e ri nt en d
co s t p e r li n e a l f oo t w a s as f o l l o w s
e n ce :
Th e

co

P e r 11n

bb l s

ft

Per

cu

yd

m ent
S a n d a n d g r a ve l
L a b o r m i xi n g a n d w he e l in g (10 m e n )
L a b o r p l aci n g a n d r a m mi n g (5 m e n )
L a b o r m o vi n g a n d s etti n g f o rm s
m en )
Co s t o f f o rm s a n d t e m p l a te s
Me ta l f a b ri c (175 l in f t N o 11 wi r e )
Fi n i s hi n g
Too l s g e n e r a l e xp en s e s a n d s up e ri n
t e n den ce
.

ce

T ota l

e xcav a ti o n a n d b a ck ll i ng i s n o t i n cl uded
I t wi l l be n o t e d th a t t h e cos t o f m o v i n g a n d s etti n g the
f o rm s w a s u n n e ces s a r il y hi g h Co m p a re thi s co s t o f 45
cts
p er cu yd wi th t h e 5 ct s per cu y d a t W i l min g t o n
Del i n th e n ext cas e cite d
Th e

co s t o f

Co s t o f Co n c r e t e - S t e e l S e w e r , W i l m i n g t o n , De l
Mr T Ch a l kley Ha tt o n , M A m S oc C E , g ive s the f o l
.

l o win g d a t a : Fi g 19 s h o w s a p r o le o f Pr i ce s R u n S e we r
W i lm in g t on De l b ui lt i n 1903 b y d ay l a b o r f o r t h e city
t he w ork in g d ay b ein g 8 h rs l o n g
Fi g 20 s h o w s cro s s
s e cti o n s a t d i ff ere n t p o i n t s
Th e n o ta b l e f e a ture i s the
b o ldne s s i n th e d es i g n o f s u ch thi n co n crete s hel l s f o r
s u ch
s e we r s o f
l ar ge d ia m e te rs
T h e cros s s ecti o ns of

C ON S TR UC TI O N

CON CRETE
s e wer s

367

i n tre n che s

deep en o u g h t o co ver the a r ch a re

m a rked d e e p cutti n g ; t h e s e cti o ns where t h e a r ch p r o

r
s
f
a
ce
re
a
u
b
h
r
o
u
n
d
u
a
m
rk
e
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l
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h
t
c
tti
n
e
t
o
v
e
e
s
a
c
t
g
g
g
j
T h e s e cti o n thr o u g h the m a rs h wa s 700 f t l o n g the cut
t i n g b e i n g 8 f t d e e p a n d a t hi g h ti d e th e m a r s h w a s o o d e d
1 to 4 f t
Th e m a t e ri a l w a s a s o f t mud th a t w o u l d p ul l a
ti g ht rubbe r b o o t f r o m a w o rkm a n s f oo t
Th e co s t o f
th i s m a rs h e xca v a ti o n i n cl u di n g c o ff e r d a ms u n d e rdr a i n
i n g p ump i n g e t c w a s
Fo r
f t th e
p e r cu yd
1
9 4 f t s ewe r w a s thr o u g h a cu t 22 t o 34 f t d ee p t h e ma
t e ri a l b ei n g cl a y un derl a id by g r a ni te
A Ca r so n L i d g e r
.

15

IO

S +

o nt l o n

35

3O

25

20

FIG 19
A lth o u g h t h e
u s ed
.

w oo d

ca b lew a y

w as

c r o wn

of

th e

a rch

th i ck it with s t o o d t h e s h o ck o f du mp in g
1 cu yd b u ck e t s o f ea rth a n d r o ck f r o m h e i g ht s o f 3 t o
1 0 f t ; a n d t h e w e i g ht o f 25 f t o f l oo s e lli n g ca u s e d n o
c rack s i n t h e co n c r e t e
Co n cret e was p l a ce d i n 4 i n l a y e r s (th e d e pth o f th e

l agg i n g ) a n d we l l r a m me d s i n ce it was f o u n d th a t wet

c o n c rete le f t s m a l l h o ney co mb e d s p a ce s o n the in n e r s u r
f ace
the s t o n e b e i n g
Co n cret e f or th e i nv e rt was
l
l /z i n a n d s m a ll e r a n d t h e s a n d b e i n g cru s h e r du s t
Th e
a r ch w a s
Th e re in f o r ci n g met a l u s e d in the 9V
s ewer w as No
2 ft
6 cxp a n d e d m e t a l 6 i n mes h i n s h e e t s 8 x 5% f t s up p l i e d
Co o f P hi l a d e lphi a
b y Merritt
A s i n g l e l a y e r was
p l a ce d a r o un d t h e s ewe r 2 i n s f r o m t h e i n n e r s u r f a ce i ts
p os iti o n bei n g car e f ul ly m aint ai n ed by th e men r am min g,
w a s b ut 8 i n s
.

'

'

HA N DB OOK OF C O S T DA TA

368

MOW/ 7 Mes h

S e c t io n in Lig h t Cutti n g

'

S e c t io n i n

De e p Cutt in g

Broke n S f on e

S e c o n in Li h i Cui ng

Se

'

c t io n

in

De e p Cut t in g

e c t io n

in

De e p

Cutt i n g

S e c ti o n i

tc o

p
.

Ma r s h

H A N D B O OK OF C O S T DA TA

370

La b o r

18%

per h o ur
La b o r s etti n g f o rms a n d s e tti n g m e t a l
ft
Co s t o f f o r m s (d i s tri bu t e d o v e r
1
40 s q f t e xp a n d e d m e t a l a t 4 74 ct s
La b o r p l as terin g i n ve rt
at

cts

o f s e w er )

Cos t pe r f t

or

T h e f o rm s f o r th e

per

cu

yd

inv er t were m a d e o f 2 i n

r o u g h hem
l ock b oa rd s cut ou t 4 i n s le ss d i a m e t e r tha n t h e di a m e te r
e xcep t f o r 1 8 i n s at t he b o tt o m of t h e f or m
o f t h e s e wer
whi ch co in ci d e d w i th t h e i n s i d e f o rm o f s ew e r Th e b o tt o m
o f t h e s e we r s w as l a i d t o t h e b o tt o m o f thi s f o rm b e f o r e
i t w as s et T h en th e la g g ing co n s i s ti n g o f 2 x 6 i n x 1 6 f t
hem l o ck p l a ne d wa s p l aced a g a i ns t e a ch s i d e o f t h e f o rm
o n e a t a ti m e a n d t h e co n cr et e br o u g ht t o th e l in e o f thi s
t o p i n 6 i n l a ye r s unti l t h e wh o l e i n ve r t w as n i s h e d
T h e se f o rm s we re s e t i n 1 6 f t s ec t i o ns v e t o e ach s ecti o n
-

Th e

ce n ter s co n s i s t e d o f s ev e n

2 i n he ml o ck u p o n

of

r ib s

la g g in g 2 i ns w i d e t o n gu e d a n d
wh i ch w as n a i le d 1V
2 in
lo n g n on co ll a ps a b l e b ut h a d
g roo v e d a n d w er e 1 6 f t
9 i ns wi d e w hi ch co ul d b e w e d g ed
o n e win g o n e a ch s i d e
o u t t o t a n y i n a ccur a ci e s i n th e inv e rt
We use d fou r o f
the s e ce n ter s s e tti n g t w o a t e a ch o p e r a ti on a n d w o rk e d
f r o m t wo e n d s
W e le f t t h e ce n ter s i n f o r 18 h o ur s b ef o r e
d ra win g
-

th e s m a l ler s ewer s w as t h e
b u t t h e s te e l me ta l co s t
s a m e a s a r e t h e l a r g e r s ewe r s
le s s a s i t was wi r e w o v e n m e ta l th a t co s t
ct s
p er s q
f t I t w as mu ch e a s i e r h a n d l e d a n d cu t t o n o w as t e as i t
ca m e i n l o n g r o l l s a n d w a s very p li a bl e
Th e

co s t o f

th e

co n crete o n

A f te r tr a i n i n g o u r m e n , whi ch o ccu pi e d a b o ut o n e we e k
o r 10 d a y s , w e h a d n o d i f cu lty i n g e tti n g t h e co n cr e t e w e l l
p l a ce d a r o u n d t h e m e t a l , p r e s e rvi n g the p r o pe r l o ca ti o n
of

t h e l a tter , whi ch , h o w e ver , b o r e

co ns ta n t

w a t ch i n g as a
ca rel e ss w o rkm a n w o u l d o f t e n t a k e t h e t e mp o r a ry s u pp o rt
i n g b l o ck s a n d a l l o w t h e m e t a l t o r e s t a g a i n s t t h e w o o d e n
ce nte r
i n whi ch c as e t h e m e ta l w o ul d s ho w th r o u g h t h e
s ur f a c e i n s i d e o f t h e s ew e r
Th e met a l was k e p t 2 i n s a w a y
f r o m t h e i n s i d e f o rm s a n d the a r ch
T o k ee p i t a t this l o ca
ti on we h a d s ev e r a l 2 i n w oo den b l o ck s cut w h i ch w e re
,

CON CRE TE

CONS TR UC TI O N

371

un der the wir e or e xp a n de d m e t a l a n d a s s oo n a s

r
n
a
a
s
e
t
s
m
r
t
u
s
h
d
u
der
the
wi
re
thi
p
i
nt
n
c
w
o
e
c
o
e
e
th e
so
p
b l ock w as r e m o ved

A f te r t h e f o rms were re m o v e d t h e i nv e rt n e ed e d p l as
ter i n g b ut th e a r ch w as p r a cti ca l ly l ik e a s m o o thly p l a s
t e r e d w a l l e xcep t wh e r e i t j o i n e d t h e i n v e rt w h er e i t f r e
q u e n tly s ho wed th e re s u l t o f to o muc h h u r ry i n d ep os itin g
t h e r s t l o a d s o f co n cr e t e o n t h e a r ch
W e reme d i e d thi s by
r e qui rin g les s co n cr e t e to b e d e p o s it e d a t t h e s ta rt thus
g i vi n g the r a m mer s ti m e t o p l ace th e m a t er i a l p r o p e r ly

A n i n t e re s ti n g re s ul t w a s o b t a i n e d i n th e s m o o thn es s
o f the i n s i d e s ur f a ce b y us in g a m i xtur e o f d i ff e ren t s i z ed
i n s t o ne s o r s m a l l e r wer e u s e d i n the
s t o ne s
W he n
a r ch
t h e in s i d e was h o n ey co mbe d ; b ut w h e re 1 t o I sa i n
s t o nes
(n o thin g s m a l ler ) wer e u s e d t h e i n s i d e w a s p er
f e ct l y s m o o th a n d the s a me w a s true of t h e i n ve rt s h o w
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T h e d i ff e r e n c es m a y b e e xp l a i n ed by t h e f a ct t h a t t h e co s t
r eco r d s we re m a de a t d i ff e r e n t t i me s
Mr S h err e r d s t a te s
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HA NDB OOK OF C O S T DA TA

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t i o n s p r o v i d e d a l i ttle w a t ch fu l n e s s w a s e x e rci s ed wh i l e
p l a ci n g the co n cr ete
f t l o n g co n s i s t i n g
T h e ce n te s w e re m a de i n s e ct i o n s
n o p ar t w e i g h i n g m o r e th a n co u ld be r e a d i l y
o f 1 1 p a r ts
h an dled 200 l b s T h e A i n l a g g i n g was co ve r ed w i th
s heet s t e e l wh i c h w a s s cr a p e d c le a n a n d gr e a s e d w i th c he a p
v a s el i n e cut w i t h ke r o s e n e o i l T h e s o le d u ty o f o n e m an
T h e l a gg i n g o n the
w as t o cle a n a n d g r e a s e the f o r m s
b o t to m o f the c en te rs w a s o m i tted f o r a w i dth o f 6 f t a n d
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b us h h a m m e r i n g
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B u ff a lo N Y
was b u s h h a m m e r ed
B us h ha m m e r i n g re
m o ve s s t a i n s d u e t o e ff l o r e s ce n ce
Ra n s o m e s a y s t h a t b u s h h a mm e r i n g co n cr ete co s t s 1% t o
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A t t h e Ha r v a r d St a d i u m I t i med m e n w o r k i n g w i th p n e u
m a t i c h a m m e r s u s i n g a t o o l l i ke a n i ce ch o p p e r w i th a s a w
to o th cu tt i ng bl a de On e m a n d r e ss ed a w a ll a t the r a te o f
b u t I was t o ld t h a t 200 s q f t w a s
50 s q f t p e r h r
I a m i n cl i n ed to th i n k h o weve r th a t
a 10 h r d a y s w o r k
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m u ch m o r e th a n 200 s q f t a d a y co u ld be a ve r a g ed
mo n la b o r e r s a e u s ed f o r th i s s o r t o f w or k
T h e cos t o f o p e ra t i n g p n e u m a t i c h a mm e rs whe n gas o le n e
i s u s ed f o r p o w er i s g i ve n i n s e ct i o n o n B r i d g e s
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l i e v e d th a t r u bble co n cr ete p a rt i cu l a r ly f o r d a m c o n s tru c
t i o n i s a ve ry n ew f o rm o f m a s o n r y I n T ra n s A m So c
C E 1875 Mr J J R Cr oe s d es cr i be s w o r k o n th e B oy d s
T h is
Co r n e r Da m o n t h e Cr o t o n R i ve r n e a r N e w Y o r k
w or k w a s be g u n i n 1867 a n d f o r a t i m e r u b bl e con cr e te
wa s u s ed b ut w as na lly d i s co n t i n u e d d u e to t h e i m p r e s
i t m i g ht n o t be w a t e r t i g ht I n th os e d a y s
s io n t h a t
co n cr e te w o u ld n o t h a ve b e e n a ll o wed wh i ch p r o b
s l opp y
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r u bble co n cr e te
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r ubble s t o ne s ; a nd to g i ve r o o m f o r th i s r a m m i ng t h e co n
t r ac t o r w as n ot p e r m i tt ed t o l a y a n y t w o s t o n e s cl o s e r
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I n a n e d i t o r i a l a r ti cle i n E ng i n ee r i n g N ew s J u ly 1 6
1 903 I h a ve d i s cu s s ed s o m e f e a t u r e s o f r u bble co nc r et e
co ns t r u ct io n wh i c h i t m a y be w e l l t o s u m m a r i ze he r e
In
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f ro m t h e q u a r r y s ho u ld b e c o n s i de re d
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s t o n e s ma y be f o r ce d i n t o co n cr e t e b y j u m p i ng u p o n t he m
m e n w e a r i n g r u b be r b o o ts
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cr e te
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bl o ck s o f s t on e i n a cr u s he r f o r th e p u rp os e o f m aki ng t h e
w h o le o f a he a v y w a ll o f co n cr ete s i n ce r u bble co n cr e te r e
q u i r e s n o t o nly le s s ce m e n t b u t ee cts a s a v i ng i n c rus h
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d o ub tle s s be ca u s e t h e
s p e ci ed t o b e o f r u b b le co n c et e
d e s i g n e r bel i eve s th i s s ort o f m a s o nr y to b e che ap e r th a n
I n t h i s ca s e a n e co n o m i c m i s t a ke h as bee n m a d e
co n cr ete
f o r a l l t h e r ub b l e s t o n e m u s t be q u a rr i ed u p t h e Hu d s o n
R i ve r l o a ded i n t o s cow s u n l oa ded o n t o ca rs a n d na lly
No w th i s r e p ea ted
u n l oa ded a n d del i ve r ed by de r r i ck s
h a n dl i n g of l a rg e i rr e g u l a r ru b ble s to n es i s so e xp en s i ve
th a t i t m o r e th a n o ff s e ts the cos t o f cr u s h i n g a s well as the
e x tra co st o f ce m e nt i n p l a i n co n cr ete Cru s hed s to n e ca n
be u n l o a ded f r om bo a ts by m ea ns o f c l a m s hell d r ed g e
b u cket s a t a lo w co s t I t ca n b e t r a ns p o r ted o n a belt con
v e y o r el e v at e d i n a b u cket c o n v ey o r m i x ed wi th s and a nd
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y Th i s h ig h p e rcenta g e of cement ma y b e ac co unted

f o r b y the fac t th a t the re was a g oo d d e a l o f p l a i n r u bble
l ai d i n c eme n t mo r ta r n o a ccu r a te r e co r d o f wh i ch w as
kep t A t the t i me o f my v i s i t t h r ee R a ns ome m i x e rs we r e
be i ng us ed t w o f o r conc rete a n d o n e fo r mo rta r Ea ch
co n cr ete m i x e r a v e r a g ed 200 b a t ch es
i n 1 0 h ou r s o f 23
cu f t o f co n cr ete p er b a t ch
I am i nc l i ne d to t h i nk f ro m
i n sp ecti o n o f the ma so n ry d u ri n g the ti me i t wa s b e i ng
l a i d t h a t a bo ut 40% o f t h e da m was ru bble s to ne s a n d the
r em a i ni n g 60 / w a s c o nc r ete a n d mo r ta r
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co n cr ete w e r e d e l i v er ed b y ca bl e wa s to s ti ff l e
y
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wh i ch d e po s i t e d the ma teri a l i n t h e da m T h e re wer e two
l a bo r er s to ea ch m aso n emp l oy ed i n p l aci ng t h e ma te ri a l s
w ag e s be i ng 15 cts a n d 35 c ts p er h r res p ect i v el y Th e
l a bo r c os t of p l aci ng the m a te r i als was 60 cts p er c u yd
of ma s on ry
I n E ngi ne e ri ng Ne ws Ju l y 7 1904 a ru bble conc ret e d a m
a cross the Ch a tta h oo chee
17 m i le s n o r th o f A t la nta Ga
i s de s cri be d a n d i ll us t ra t e d
Th e s t o n e w as a lo ca l gn e i s s
th a t ca me o ut o f t h e q u arr y i n l a rg e s l a b s w i th p a ra ll e l
beds s o m e st o n e s co ntai n i n g 4 c u y d s e a ch A bo u t 40%
o f t h e d a m w a s o f t h i s r u bble a n d 607 o f co nc r ete b e t wee n
the ru bble s to n e s T h e con cre te was a
m i xt ur e
I n E ngi nee ri ng N ews J an 21 1897 a des cri p t io n i s
Mi ch wh i ch w as
g i ve n o f the b r ea kw a te r a t Ma r q u ette
b ui lt o f rubble co nc ret e the r u bbl e s to ne s a mo u n ti ng to
27
of the vo l u me o f the b r ea kw a ter m as o nr y
T h e Hem e t Da m Ca l i f o r n i a i s b ui lt o f gra ni t e r u b ble
con c r ete
the co n cr ete be i n g a
m i xt u re Th e fac e
T he r e were
s to n es o f th e d a m we r e l a i d i n m o r ta r
cu y d s o f m a s o n r y
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b y an e n dle s s d o ubl e ro p e ca rr i e r p ro v i ded wi th V s h ap e d
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ll o w
i n g i s a n a b s t r a ct of a n a rt ic l e f ro m Lo n do n
E ngi ne e r
i n g : R a i l wa y w or k u n der Mr Jo h n S t ra i n i n Sco t l a n d
a nd Sp a i n
i n v o lved the b ui ld i n g o f abu tmen t s p i er s a n d
a r ch es o f r u b ble co n cr e te
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c eme nt to 5 p a r t s of b a ll as t the b a ll as t co n s i st i n g o f b ro ke n
s to n e o r s l a g a n d s a n d m i x ed i n p ro p o r t i on s deter m i n ed b y
e x p e r i me nt Th e m at er ia l s w er e m i x ed by t u rn i ng w i th
s ho vel s 4 t i m e s d ry t he n 4 t i me s m o r e d u r i ng t h e a dd i t io n
o f w a te r th r o u g h a ros e no z zl e
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th ic k was rs t l ai d a nd o n th i s a l ay e r of r u b ble s to n e s no
t wo s t o n es be i n g n ea r e r t o ge th e r tha n 3 i ns
n or n e a r er
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q ua nt i ti e s

a v e r age
co n crete

yd )

OF COS T DA TA

ma te ri al s

of

w er e :

ement

nd
b ro k en s to ne (m e as u re d lo o s e i n p i l es )
ru b b le (me as u r ed s o li d )

sa

per

'

S ever a l r a i lw a y b ri d ge p ie r s

a nd

i n S cotl a n d
a re cit ed
I n o n e o f t h e s e l a rge rub bl e s to ne s o f i rregul a r
s i z e a n d weighi n g 2 t o ns e a ch were s e t i ns i d e th e f o r m s
3 i ns a w a y f r o m th e p l a nk a n d 3 i n s f r o m o n e a no the r
T h e g a ng to e a ch de r ri ck w a s : 1 d erri ck ma n a n d 1 b oy 1
ma so n a n d 10 l a b o r e r s a n d a b o u t o n e q ua rt e r o f th e time
o f 1 ca rp e nter a n d
h i s h elp e r r a i s in g th e f o rms:
Fo r
b ri dge s o f 400 cu y d s t h e p ro g r es s w a s 1 2 t o 1 5 cu y d s a
d ay
Th e fo rm s wer e l e f t in p l a c e 10 d a y s
.

a b utm e n ts

hi p o ff a f e w i n ch es f ro m the f a ce o f a co nc re te a b ut
m e n t th a t w a s to o f a r o u t r e qui red th e wo rk o f 1 q u a rr y
m a n 5 d a ys p e r cu yd o f s ol i d co n cr ete ch ip pe d o ff
To

th e R ive r Do ch
T h ere w ere 5 a r ch e s e a ch
S co tl a n d
a r t o n th e Ki ll i n R y
o f 30 f t s p a n o n t h e s q u a re o r 42 f t o n th e s k e w the s k e w
Th e co n
b ei n g
T h e p i ers we re o f r u bb l e co n cr ete
o n a tr es tl e
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cret e in the a r ch w a s wheele d 300 f t
dum pe d o n to th e c e n ter s
I t w as r a mm ed i n 6 i n l a yer s
w h i ch w e re l a i d co rr e s p o n d in g t o th e co ur s es o f a r ch
A s th e la y er s a pp r o a ch e d t h e c ro wn o f th e a r ch
s to ne s
e x pe ri en ce d i n ke epi ng th e s u r f a c e s
s o m e d i ffi culty w as
perpend i cul a r E a ch a r ch w a s co mp l e ted i n a d ay
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us e d

f or

s k ew

a r ch o v e r

I n a p a p e r by Jo h n
fo llo wi ng i s giv en :

S teven

i n P r o c In s t

R bbl
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rvi n e

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r os s a n

anas

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of

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cos t

at

of

278

cu

A b
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yds

B u rlin gt o n , 1a

tm

en

M13

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rub ble co n cr et e in
a s f o ll o w s :
.

HA NDB OOK

390

OF COS T

DA TA

o r k s Co 1e ak e d
w a ter we l l o f the A p o l l o W a t e r
A l igh t co l o red
s o i t w as p l a s tered with a S ylve s te r m o r t a r
s o f t s o a p w a s d i s so l v e d i n w a ter 1 % l b s s o a p t o 15 g a ll o n s
o f w a ter
T he n 3 l b s o f p o wde red a lum w ere mi x ed w ith
T wo c o a ts o f
e a ch b a g o f ce me nt
T h e m o r t a r w as
t h i s p l a s ter w ere a p p l i ed t o the dry w a l l s givi ng a to ta l
th i ckn ess of
in
Le a king was th us s t op p e d co mpl e tely
cre te cle a r

Th e
2 lb s

w as :

cos t

(wi th 24 g a l s w a te r )
a l um
a t 3% c ts

so a p

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at

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7174
2

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cts

f or

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of

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ce me nt

I n r e p a ir in g th e b o tt o m o f a r es erv o i r l i n e d wi th 4 t o 6
i ns o f co n crete wh i ch l ea ke d a S ylve s ter w as h wa s u s e d

T h e s o a p so l uti o n w a s 5
l b o f Cle a n s oa p to 1 ga l o f
4
1h a lum t o 4 gal s
w a te r a n d th e al u m so l uti o n w a s
On
w a ter ; b o th w el l d i s s o l ved s oa p s o l u ti o n b e ing b o i le d
th e cl ea n d ry con c rete the bo il i n g h o t s oap s o lut i o n w as
a pp l i ed ; 24 h rs l a te r th e a lu m w a s h ; 24 h r s
a ter th e s o a p
T wo m en a p p li ed t h e
wa s h ; 24 h rs l a te r th e al u m w as h
s o luti o n s us in g wh i te wa s h b ru s he s w hi l e a t h i rd ma n ca r
rie d p a i l s o f t h e so l ut i o n
I n m a king th e s oa p so l utio n
2 m en a tt en d e d 4 kettl es 1 m a n kep t up res 2 m en c ar ri e d
s o l u t i o n to m en a p p lying i t
Th e a lu m s o l ut i o n r e q ui r e d
f ewe r me n bei ng m a d e c ol d i n b a rre s A f ter a p p lying the
s e co n d s o a p w a s h to t h e co n cr e t e s l o p e s men h a d to b e held
by ro p es t o ke ep f r o m s l ipp in g
T h e r o pe wa s pl aced
a r o u n d t wo men
w h o s t a r ted w o rk a t top o f th e s l o p e a
th i r d m a n p a ying o u t o n t h e ro pe
T h e w o r k w as d o ne
in
d a y s a n d th e co s t a s f o l l o w s :
.

La b o r :
h rs

83

l a b o r a t 15 c t s
f o re me n a t 30 c ts

83

w a t e rb o y

A d d fo r

upt

1 5%

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at

cts

CON S TR UCTI ON

CON CR E T E

Ma ter i a

s:

900 l b s

Cl ea n

so a p

a l um

at

210

4 1 3

at

ct s

ct s

w hi tewa s h

6
6

391

b rus h es (10 i n )
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-

at

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m a teria ls
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is

h enc e t h e c os t o f th e t wo
or
sq ft
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p er
ct
pe r s q f t
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s t o pp ed
Th

co ver e d

sq

ft

l in i ng o f a n ew res e rv o i r n ea r W i l m er d i n g
was w a te r p ro o f ed by u s ing ca u s ti c p o t a s h a n d a lum i n th e
ni s hin g mo r ta r co at
T h e s t o ck s o l ut i o n w a s 2 l b s o f
T h is
o f w at er
ca us ti c p o t a s h a n d 5 lb s o f a l um t o 16 qts
w a s m a de i n b a r rel l o t s f r o m wh i ch 3 qts w ere t a ken f o r
e a ch b a t ch o f n i s h ing mo rt a r wh i ch co ns i st e d o f 2 b a gs of
cem ent m i x e d wi t h 4 b a g s o f s a n d ;
a b at ch o f :m o r ta r
Th e e xt r a c os t o f
co vere d a n a r ea 6 f t x 8 f t x 1 i n thi ck
thi s w a te rp ro o n g was :
Th e

co n crete
-

p o t as h a t 10 cts
ca u s ti c p o t a s h a t 9 cts
1
960
a lu m a t 3 4
3 % a n d 4 ct s
60 h r s mi x ing a t 1 5 ct s
Fr t e x pre s s a n d ha ul i ng

100 l b s
70

ca u s ti c

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f or

sq

ft

wa s 95 cts p er
th a n 0 1 c t
sq f t
o r l e ss
Hen ce th e co s t w as l es s t h a n by u s ing S ylve s
p e r s q ft
te r s w a s h a n d th e r e s ult w as b ette r f o r wi th S ylve s te r s
w a s h t h e pen et ra ti o n i s o nly 1 1 6 to $4
I t w a s f o un d tha t
, ih
i f le ss th a n 2 p a rt s o f s a n d t o 1 p a r t o f c em ent we re u se d
th e m o rta r cr a ck e d i n s etting
Cle a n s a n d w as i m p e ra tiv e
a s a n y o rg a ni c i m p u ri ti e s s oo n de co mp os e d
lea ving so f t
s p o ts
Do n ot u s e a n e x ces s o f p o t a s h ; a s l i gh t e x ces s o f
a um, h o wev er d oe s n o t de c rea s e t h e s t reng th o f t h e mo r
t ar.
So t h e
.

co s t

S ECT I ON VI I

COS T O F
Co s t

of

Lo a d i

ng

W A T E R W O R KS
-

Ha u l i n g

T hree
Ca s t I r o n P i p e
driv e r a ve r a ge d 5 lengt h s o f 12 l n p i p e
an

m e n a s s i s te d b y a
P l an k s
loa ded f r o m a at c a r o nt o a w a g o n i n 12 m in s
were l a i d f ro m t h e ca r t o the w a go n a n d th e p i p e w a s
r o ll e d d o w n the p l a nk ru n wa y
T hi s s a m e g a ng w o ul d
unl oa d a w a go n i n 6 mi n s A s e ach len gth o f p ip e w ei ghe d
ne a rl y
th e wa g o n lo a d w as 2% t on s
It
s ho rt t e n
ct s p er t o n t o
the re f o re cos t 5 cts p er to n to l o a d a n d
unloa d th e wa go n s wa ges o f men *be ing 1 5 ct s p e r h r ;
b u t thi s d o es no t i n cl u de th e l os t t i m e o f th e t wo h o r s e s
dur i ng lo a d ing a n d u nl o a d ing w h i ch i s e q ui v a l ent t o a b o u t
2 ct s p e r to n
T h e t o ta l x e d co s t o f l oa di ng a n d u nl oa d
T h e h a ul
i n g w as 1 0 ct s p e r to n i n clu di ng te a m ti m e
i ng co s ts 12 cts p e r t e n p er m i le where 2% to n s a r e th e
l o a d (w a ge s o f t ea m a n d d ri v er 35 ct s p e r
a n d th e
t ea m retu rn s e mpty
G o o d h a r d l ev el r o a d s a r e re q u ir e d
S e e p a ge 76 f o r d i s cu s s i o n o f te a m
f o r s o l a rge a l o a d
i ng
I f the h a u l i s s h o rt a n d t h i s lo a ding g a ng o f 3 m en
w a lks a l o ng w ith th e w a g o n the co s t o f h a ul i ng b e co m es
25 c ts f p e r to n mi l e i n s te a d o f 1 0 c ts
P ip e s ho ul d n ev er b e s h ipp e d in h o pper b o tt o m ca r s f o r
I
t h e d i f cu l t y o f unlo a din g a d d s v ery m u ch t o the co s t
h a v e h a d a ga n g o f 6 m en w h o unl o a de d o nly 75 l e ngth s o f
12 i n p ip e i n 1 0 h r s f r o m a h o p pe r g o n d o l a int o w a g o n s
m a kin g 30 t o n s the d a y s
Ea ch len gth w e ighe d 800 lb s
T h i s w o rk w a s by h a nd no d er
wo rk a t 30 ct s p er to n
ri ck be ing a va il ab le
'

Pri

ce s

of

Ca s t

Pi p

Ir o n

Si n ce

1 882

Fi gu r e 24
a n d t ow n s

h o ws th e p ri ce s p a i d f or cas t i r o n pi p e i n c i ti es
o f th e Cent r a l W es t
cente ri ng a b o u t Chi ca g o
a cco rd i ng
t o d a t a co l l e cted by J W A lv o r d f r o m p i p e co nt ra c ts as
pu b l i s h ed in E ngi ne erin g N ew s

HA ND B OOK

394

s e ns o

10

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COS T OF

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395

where e a ch p i p e j o int i s t o co m e ; t h i s i s c al l e d

th e h el l h o le s
T h e b el l ho le s e na b le th e y a r
ca lker s t o m a k e th e jo int s p ro pe rly
It i s u s u a ll y n ot
ss a ry t o b r a ce the s i de s o f a t ren ch t h a t i s o nly 5 o r
6 f t deep
a ce

"

Co s t

of

Tr e n ch i n g

A t Co rn ng , N

t ren ch fo r

w at er p ip e w as e x cav a te d 2% f t wi d e x 5 f t d eep
1
x
f t o ng 600 cu y d s i n 4 75 d a y s b y 24 men o r a t
t h e r a te o f 6 c u y d s p er m a n p er 10 h r d ay e q u i va len t
t o 11 cts a run ni ng f o o t o r 25 ct s a c u yd
T h e b a ck l l i n g
wa s d one i n 3 d a ys b y 2 m en a nd 1 h o rs e with d riv e r u s
i n g a d r a g s c r a pe r a n d a s h o rt length o f r o p e s o th a t t h e
h o r s e w o rke d o n o n e s i de o f th e t ren ch wh il e t h e t wo men
h a ndle d t h e s cr a p e r o n t h e O pp os it e s i de p ul l ing the s cr a p er
d i re ctly a cr os s the p i e o f e a rth
n th i s wa y the b a ck
cts
p er l in f t o r 2% cts
l l i ng was m a de a t a co st o f
pe r c u y d the re b ein g n o r a m mi n g o f t h e b a ck l l r e
q ui re d T h i s i s a re m a rk a bly l ow co s t f o r b a ck l l i ng a n d
o n e no t o r dina rily t o be co un ted up o n
Th e m a teri a l w as
a l o a my s a n d a n d gr a vel
w i th t h e s i e of t ren ch a n d ki n d o f
A t Ro che s t e r N Y
m a t e ri a l p ra cti ca l ly th e s a me a s a b o ve :
1 m an e x ca va t e d 8 cu y d s a d ay a t co s t of 19 cts p er
c u yd
1 m a n b ack l l e d 1 6 cu y d s a d ay a t co st o f 9 ct s p e r
10 i n
-

'

cu

To t a

yd

e x ca v a ti o n

cos t o f

Co s t

T r e n ch i

of

a nd

b ac k l l , 28

p er

Fa l l s , M o n t

Gr e a t

g,

c ts

cu

Th e

yd

Gr e a t

cu
of
Fa ll s (M o nt a n a ) wate r Co e xc a v a te d
y ds
e a rth
cu
cu
y d s o f lo os e r ock a n d
y ds of
i n tr en ch i ng fo r a 6 i n w a ter p i p e T h e wo rk
s o li d r o ck
w a s d o n e b y co m p a ny l a b o r (n o t by c o ntr act ) w a ge s b ei n g
f o r l a b o rer s a n d th e co s t w a s 34 cts p e r c u yd
f o r e x ca v a ti o n a n d 3% cts m o r e p er c u y d fo r b a ck l l i ng
a
f w a ges h a d b e e n
d a y th e co s t
a n d t a mpi n g
w o u l d h ave b e en 23 ct s p er cu y d f o r e x ca v ati o n a n d 2%
f or b a ck ll i ng
ct s per c u y d

Co s t
st at e s

of

T r e n ch i n g , A

th a t

in

sto r i a

Oregon

Mr

L A d am s

tren ch i n g f or th e A st o ri a (O re go n )

Wat e r

HA NDB OOK

396

w o rk s

OF

DA TA

CO S T

i n 1896 th e r s t co ntr a c to r a vera ge d o nly 7 to 8

cu
pe r m a n p e r d ay
L a ter o n a n o th er co ntra ct o r
yds
e ven i n the r a i ny s e a s o n
a v e r a ge d ne a rly 1 0 cu
p
er
d
s
y
m a n p er 10 h r d a y o f tren ch i ng (i n clu di ng b a ck l li n g )
a t a co s t (i n cl u di n g f o re m a n ) o f 1 7 174 ct s pe r cu y d , w a g es
T h e ma teri a l w a s yel l o w cl a y dug w ith
be i ng
a d ay
m a tt o ck s a n d s h o vel s
-

Co s t

T r e n ch i

of

ng

Hi l b u r n

Mr W C Fo ste r
.

give s th e fo ll o w ing d a t a o n
f t o f tren ch ing f o r wa te r
T h e tr en ch w a s 4 f t d ee p f o r
p ip e a t Hilb urn N Y
4 i n to 8 l n p i p e
T h e diggi ng w a s h a rd the b a nk s b ei ng
f ull o f co bb le s a n d f requ e ntly ca ve d in Th e s t ree ts wer e
n o t p a v ed
Th e cos t o f t ren ch i ng a n d b a ck l l i n g w a s
f o r l a b o r er s a n d $3 fo r
p e r l i n f t w a ge s bein g
cts
f or emen
.

Co s t

Tr en

. .

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ch

an

Pi p

La y i n g ,

P r o vi d e n ce ,

June 28 1 890 Mr E B We s
gi ve s
t o n E nginee r W a t er Dep a rtm ent P r o vi den ce R I
T h e fo l l o wi n g t a
very f ul l re co rd s of p ip e l ayi ng co s t s
b le s a re gi ven by h i m a nd a re b a s e d up on m a ny m il es o f
t r en ch w o r k :
EA S Y D I GGI N G S AND

I n E n gi neerin g N e w s ,

. .

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th e t r e nc h wa s s uch

s u r ac e .

T
A
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HA N B O

398

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as

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Mr

th e f o ll o w i n g d a t a rela t i v e t o 62 m i les o f
p ip e w o rk d on e b y con t r ac t f o r t h e City o f B os to n : Th e
co s t s a r e a ve r a g e s of t h e a ct u a
co st s un der 21 co ntr acts
from 1896 to 1903 A s a g en er a ru e th e p ipes w e re la i d
with th e a x i s o f t h e pi p e 5 f t b el o w th e s u r fa c e Th e pi p e s
were u s u a l ly p l a ce d i n th e t re n ch b y a h a n d o p er a te d d e r
r i ck s pa nni ng the tren ch
n p ra cti ca ll y a l l ca s e s th e
s t reet s w ere m a ca d a m i e d
Ju s t h o w m a n y f eet o f e a ch
k i n d of p i p e w e re l a i d i s n o t s t a te d ; b u t th e re wer e n o t
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S a v lle gi ve s

12 i h
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20- i n
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i
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r s t i tem i n T a b le X V I I I o f $30 p er t e n f o r p i p e w a s
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le a d i s es ti ma te d a t 5 cts p e r 1h a n d a s e a ch j oi nt
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HA NDB OOK OF

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WA TE R WORKS

COS T OF

407

m os t s tri k i ng f e at ur e s i n th e fo r eg oi n g d a t a
are
(1 ) t h e e n or mo u s s w e ll i ng o f t h e cl ay u p o n l o o s e n
i n g a n d cas t i ng i t o u t o f the tr e n che s a nd (2) t h e e x t ra
o r d i n a r y h ig h o o s t o f r a m m i n g t h e cl a y i n b a ck l l i n g
It
i s d i i cult t o e x p l a i n e i the r o f t he s e i tem s e x c e p t u p o n the
as s u m p t i o n t h a t the l oo s e n ed cl a y d r i ed o ut whe n e x p os ed
t o the s u n a n d a i r f o r m i n g h ar d ro ck l i ke cl o d s wh i ch n o
a m o u n t o f r a m mi n g s e e ms to h a ve co n so d i d a t e d e ff e ct u a l
l y A dd i n g wa t er as i n E xa mp le B s eem s t o h a ve h a d n o
very goo d e ff ec t i n con s ol i d a t i ng the b a ck l l a lth o u g h i t
wa s le s s e x p e ns i ve th a n ra m m i n g
B u t i t i s a well k n o w n
f act th a t w ate r m a ke s d ry cl a y s well a n d i t d o e s n ot ca u s e
l a ye rs o f h ar d lu mp y cl a y to s ettle i n a t r e n ch e x cep t as a
r e s u lt o f w eek s o f s l o w s ee p a g e o f r a i n s
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e x p e n s i ve
Ev e n t h e p i p e l a y i n g co s t d o u ble t h e u s ua l
am o un t
W e m ay i n f e r t h at th i s w o r k w a s n o t d o n e by co n
t r a ct b ut b y d a y l a b o r f o r a m u n i ci p a l i t y o r a co m p an y
a n d th a t t h e f o r ema n d i d n o t s e cu r e
a d ay s w o r k
f ro m
th e men
wh i ch i s s o o fte n th e ca s e i n m u n i ci p a l d ay l a b or
work
C t of a 6 i n Pi p
Li n e i n O h i o
Mr E H Co w a n
A 6 i n p i p e l i n e 1%
h a s g i v en me t h e f o ll o w i n g d a t a :
m i le s l o n g wa s l a i d i n a n O h i o ci ty b y co n t ra ct t h e co st
p e r f o o t o f p i p e l i n e t o t h e co n t r a ct o r be i n g as f o ll o ws :
Per ft
lb s o f 6 i n p i p e a t $24 p e r s h o r t to n
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w o rk i ng

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f o ll o ws :

as

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lke rs )

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t re n ch
d i g g i n g Tre n che s w e r e 5 ft 2 i n s de e p T h e d i gg i ng
a n g e d f o m t h e e a s i es t s p a d i ng t o t h e h a r de s t p i ck i n g t h e
Co u ld t h e co nt r a ct o r h a ve
a ve r a g e e a r th
a v e ra g e b e i n g
b e e n p r e s e n t a l l th e t i m e the co s t m i g h t h a v e b e e n l es s
T h e b a ck ll i n g w a s do n e by h a n d a n d i t w a s n o t r a m m e d
N o m a te r i a l w a s
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ca b l e w a y m o v i n g
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ll
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426

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v e ry l o w ) B r a c i n g a n d s h e e ti n g w a s g o i n g o n a t t h e s a m e
ti m e ; t h e m e n di d n ot k n o w th e y w e r e b e i n g t im e d

J a m e s P ilk i n g t o n o f N e w Y o rk s a y s :
I h a v e e xca v a t e d
a n d r e ll e d 2 50 cu
y d s i n 1 0 h o u r s a t a n e xp e n s e o f 1 5
cts
Fo r r o ck e xca v a ti o n t h e c a b l e w a y h a s n o
p er y a rd
e q ual
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a n d wa s i n w o rki n g o rd e r i n th r e e h o ur s a n d
a n d p ut u p

T h i s i s u n u s u a l l y f a s t a n d i n di ca t es th a t
f ty m i n ute s

Mr P il ki ng t o n d i d no t r a i s e h i s t o w e rs b y m a i n f o r ce

a n d a wk w a rd n e s s
.

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Co s t o f T r e n c h i n g W i t h T r e n c h E x c a v a t o r s
g i n ee ri ng N e w s , De c 24 1 903 Mr E r n e s t Mc Cu l l o u g h E n
an d
Co n tr a c ti n g
g i n e er f o r t h e Mu n i ci p a l E n g i n ee ri n g

Co

Ch i ca go

g i v e s t h e f o l l o wi n g d a t a r e l a ti n g to

t h e Ch i ca g o T ren ch E x ca v a t o r
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w o rk
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cut ter s a n d s cr a p e rs wh i ch d e l iv e r t h e e ar th o nt o a t r a v
el i n g b e l t t h e e xca v a t o r s a n d co nv ey o rs b ei n g ca rri e d by
a f o u r wh e el e d tr a cti o n e n g i n e wh i ch f urn i s he s th e p o w e r
The s e m a chi n e s a r e re n t e d o r s o l d to co n tr act o r s
mi l e s o f p i p e s e wer s a t Ma s h e l d W i s th e
In l a yi n g
d a i l y co s t of o per at in g the m a ch in e a n d l ayin g pi p e w as
a s f o ll o w s :
.

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me n ho l di ng th e s cr a p er s
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O n a n o th e r
in 10 h r s i n d ry cl a y co nt a i n i ng n o s t on e s
d a y n ea rly 500 f t w e r e r un i n s p i t e o f m a n y s t o p s t o b l a s t
o u t b ou l d e r s
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.

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.

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th es e d a t a o f Mr McCul l ou gh s t h e f ol
l o wi n g r ec o rd s g iv e n b y Mr B E wi n g a r e o f v a lue : In the
s um m e r o f 1904 m a ny mil es o f p i p e s e w e r s were b ui l t a t
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ly;
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l b s ) ar e
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a m o u n t s o f p i p e a t t h e co s t s g i v e n :
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ment f o r j o int s
T h e p ri ce o f pi p e i s 7 0% o ff th e l i s t pr i ce g i ve n i n T a b l e
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6 ct s

lay ing
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p e r cu y d
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T hi s i s b as e d u p o n
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.,

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s e w e r i n a tr e n ch 1 5 f t
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d i a g r a m o n t h e l in e m a rk e d 1 5 a n d f o l l o w t h e l i n e u p
u n ti l i t m e e t s th e s l o p i n g l in e m a rk e d 12
T he n s t a rti n g
f r o m th i s i n t e r s e c t i o n f o l l o w t h e s tr a i g h t l i n e a cr os s t h e
p a g e t o t h e ri g ht u n t i l t h e s i d e o f t h e d i a g r a m i s re a ch e d
wh e n i t w ill b e s e e n th a t t h e i n t e rs e cti o n i s j u s t o n e di vi
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HA NDB O OK

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fo r l a bo r ers
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Mr O g d en h as ki n dly i nf o rme d th e writ e r
.

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.

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P i p e Se w e r , M e n a sh a ,
w e r e b ui l t i n Me n a s h a , W i s

Wis

In 1 903,

pi p e s e w e r s
b y d ay l ab o r
I a m i nd e b t ed to Mr S S L ittl e f o r th e f o l lo wi n g d a ta :
T he r e w e r e
f t o f t r e n ch a b o ut h a l f o f wh i ch w a s f or
12 i n p i pe a n d h a l f f o r 1 5 l n p i p e
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.

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.

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Mr G e o G
.

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,

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.

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,

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HA NDB OOK OF

438

COS T

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A
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t wo ri n g s e w e r i s t w o bri ck s o r 9 i n s th i ck
th i ck
s e wer i s t h r e e bri ck s o r 1 3% i ns
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p e r li n e a l f o o t o f c i r cul a r s e we r
Fo r i n t e rm e d i a te s i ze s i nte rpo l a te between th e v a lu e s
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a n y cir cul a r s e w e r p r o ce e d a s f o llo w s : A d d th e i ns i de di am
e t e r i n f e e t t o th e th i ck n e s s o f t h e s e w e r i n f e e t ; th i s g i ve s

th e
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Mult ip ly th i s a v e r a g e di a m et e r
by 3 1 7 : th e n m ult ip ly t h e qu o ti e nt by th e th i ck n e s s o f t he
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two ri n g

9
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71
3
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S i n ce th e j o ints ar e V s ha p e d a n d s i n ce th e i n s i de o f t h e
s ew e r i s us u a lly p l as t e r e d m o r e m o rt a r i s re qu i re d t h a n i n
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to
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o f cem e nt r e q u i re d to m a ke 1 cu yd o f m o r ta r i s
g iv e n o n
p a g e 253
I n buil di n g 5 ft c ir cul a r s ewe r s a t La w renc e Ma ss
in
1886 1 p a rt n at ur a l c e m e n t t o 1% p a r ts s a nd w a s u s ed ; a n d
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A t N e wto n Ma s s
a 24 x 36 i n
e g g s ha p e d
s ew e r re
quire d
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T h e r e wer e 509 b ri ck s p e r cu yd o f s e w e r m as o n
r y n o t i n c lu di n g t h e w a s te ; a n d 520 b ri cks i n cl udi n
g w as t e
A t Lo s A n g e l e s t w o ri n g 40 i n c i r cu l a r s e w e r s r e qui re d
bb l Po rtl a n d ce m e nt p e r li n e al f o o t o f s ew e r wh i ch i s
is

4 i ns

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439

'

e qu iv a l ent to
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T h e m o r ta r w a s 1 p a r t ce m e nt to 2 p a rt s s a n d
Mr De s m o n d Fitz g e r a l d g iv e s t h e f o l l o wi n g a s a v e ra g e s o f
co s t o f bri ck s e w e r w o rk d o n e b y c e rt a i n co n tr a ct o r s a t
B os t o n p ri o r t o 1 894
.

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T h e m o r t a r w a s p r o b a bly m i xe d
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Th e

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M a s o n r y i n Ci r c u l a r S e w e r s , Cu

r i ck

Di am e t e r
Ft

XX III

2
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38
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46
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1 94

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f a s tene d t o t h e u n d e r s i de o f e a ch 12 f t s ti ck o f l a g g i n g
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l ength o f th e p i l e l e f t i n th e w o rk a f t e r c utting o ff th e
b r o o m ed h e a d
Th e a ctu a l co s t of d ri vi ng a p i l e s ho ul d b e r eco r d ed i n
a s w el l as in cent s p er l i n
o l l a r s a n d c en ts p e r p ile
ft
of p il e d riven ;
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ing i s e as y a very l o ng p i l e i s d ri ven i n n o l o nger ti m e th a n
i s r equ i red fo r a s ho rt p i l e wh ere d riv i ng i s h a rd

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b y m ea n s o f a f ri cti o n
an d
a tt a ch e d t o th e h o i st ing r o p e
c lut ch o n th e h o i s ti ng engi ne
t h e d rum i s thr o wn i nt o
ge a r o r o ut o f g e a r a t wi ll
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th e h a m mer f a l l s d ra ggin g the h o i s t ing r o p e
o u t o f ge a r
T h e N a s my th s te a m h a m m er i s ra i s ed b y s tea m
a f t e r it
a cting d i re ct u p o n a p i s t o n a tt a ch ed t o t h e ha mmer
Th e
an d
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A
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f ri cti o n cl u tch h a m m er s tr ik es a b o u t 18 b l o w s p e r m inut e
w h en th e h a mm er f a l l s 12 f t ; a n d 25 b l o w s p e r m inute
wh en t h e h a m mer fa l l s o nl y 5 i t
A f ree f a l l h a m mer
s trike s a b ou t 7 b l o w s p e r m i n w h e n t h e f a l l i s 20 f t
a nd a
h o i s ting engine i s u s e d
T h e f ree - f a l l h a m me r i s mu ch u s ed Wh er e h o rs es d o th e
h o i s ti ng in s te a d o f a n en gi ne
I n e i th er ca s e a lug o n t o p

o f th e h a mme r i s gri p p e d b y a p a i r o f
t o n gs
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tr i p p e d a t th e de s i re d hei gh t a l l o wing th e h a m mer t o f a l l

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t o n gs
d e s cen d s l o wl y b y g ra vi ty h e l p ed pe rh a p s
b y th e m a n w h o h a s t ri p p ed them a nd th ey a ut o ma t i ca l ly

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t o ngs
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or
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gin s
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FI LI NG TRES TLING TI MB ERWORK

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driver p r o vi e w ith l e a d s th at
p r oj ect 8 to 20 f t b eyo n d t h e b a s e o f s u p p o rt o f the drive r
T h e h o rizon ta l b e a m s t ha t s u p p o rt th e lea d s o f a n o v er
h a ng d ri v e r a r e tru s s e d ; a n d th e w eight o f t h e e n gin e o n
th e re a r o f th e tr u s s e d b e a ms co unte r b a l a n ce s th e w eigh t
che a p d ri ve r
o f th e l e a d s a n d th e h a m m e r o n th e f r o nt
of th i s ty p e c an rea di l y b e m a d e f o r dr i ving t h e b ent s o f
a p il e tre s tl e a cro s s a river o r o the r b o dy o f w a ter
wh ere
a s co w i s n o t a v a i l ab l e f o r m o unting t h e dri ver u p o n
Th e
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o v erh a ng f o r
d rivi n g fa l s e w o r k p i l e b ent s a cr o s s a ri ve r
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463

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h a ng
ty p e m o un t e d o u a r a ilw a y a t ca r
S o meti m e s
the s e dr iv ers a r e ma d e s el f p r o p e l li ng ; b u t f re quen tly a
l o co m o tiv e i s u s e d i n h a ndl ing th e d riv e r Th e l e a d s ar e s o
m a de t ha t the y can b e l o w e re d when p a ss ing un de r o ve r
h e a d b ri dge s e t c
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there i s a l w a y s c o n s i d era b e del a y f or as s oo n a s th e 3 o r
4 p i l e s f o r a b ent h a v e b ee n d riv en they m u s t b e s a wed o ff
ri f t b o lted to the p i l e s
a n d ca p p e d w ith a 12 x 12 i n s ti ck
b e f or e t h e b e a m s o r s tri nger s ca n b e l a i d t o s u p po rt th e
d ri v er when i t m ove s f o rwa r

w i l l drive mo r e p i le s p er d a y th a n a
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r a i l w a y dr iver
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Mo r e o ver th e p i le s a re
ca p p ing e ach b en t d o e s no t o ccu r
o a te d a l o ngs i d e th e driver rea y f o r in s t a nt u s e
Th e
s co w it s el f i s qu i ck l y s hi f te d b y m e a n s o f r e p e s f r o m s ui t
a b l e a n ch o r a ge s t o th e w i n ch he a d s o f th e engi n e
Elxcep t i n g o n r a i l w a y w o rk l a n d drive r s (a s di s tingui s he
f r o m s co w d riv er s ) a r e s el d om m o unte d o n wheel s runni ng
o n a t r a ck ;
b u t a r e u s u a l ly s u p p o rted o n r o lle r s running
o n p l a nk o r ti m b er run w a y s l a i d d o wn i n a dv a n ce o f the
rive r
I f th e gr o un d i s very i rregul a r i t mu s t e ith e r b e
gr a de d o r th e tim b e r runw a y s f o r t h e drive r mu s t b e s u p
p o rte d b y c ri b b i ng o r b l ocking s o a s to giv e a l evel ru n
T h e b u i l d ing o f s u ch a runw a y o f te n
w a y f o r th e driver
re tar s th e w o rk o f l a n d dr ivi n g
E xce p t i ng wh ere t h e dr ivi ng i s e xce ed i ngly h a rd th e
h a m mer i s a ctu a l l y a t w o r k b u t a s m a l l f r a cti o n o f th e
d ay a t b e s t
T h e co ntr a ct o r sh o u l
there f o re e xer ci s e h i s
w i ts to r e u ce th e lo s t ti me
A

d
.

D A TA

H A ND B O OK O F CO S T

464

very r el i ab l e d a t a a s t o th e r el a ti
t i v e n e s s o f t h e b l o ws o f s tea m h a m m e r driv er s a n d
cl u t ch dr iver s b u t the f o ll o wing d a t a b y Mr N E
m ay p r o v e o f v a l u e :
I n d riv ing p i l e s i n Ch i ca g o p i le s 54 f t l o ng
52 f t o f w h i ch 27 f t w ere i n s o f t cl a y a n d 25
i n d i a me t e
Ea ch p i l e a v er a ge d 1 3 i n s
cl a y
N a s myth s t ea m h a m m er s tri k i n g 54 b l o w s p e r mi nu te
i t r equ ir e d 48
l b s f a l l i ng 3% f t
w i th a w e i gh t o f
t o 64 b l o w s to d ri ve the l a s t f o o t w h en a f o l l o wer 20 f t
l o n g w a s u s e d o n t o p o f the p i l e ; b u t wi tho ut a f o l l o we r
i t i s e s ti m a te d i t w o u l d h a v e t a ke n o nl y 24 t o 32 b l o w s to
d ri v e t h e l a s t f oo t
A f te r a p i l e h a d s t oo d 24 h r s i t r e
q u i red 300 to 600 b l o w s of the h a m m er o n th e f o l l o we r t o
driv e it 1 f t
l b d r o p h a m me r f al l i ng
I n th e s a m e s o i l u s i ng a
l o n g i t r e qui red 16
a n d s tri ki ng a f o l l o wer 2 0 f t
30 f t
b ut wi th th e sam e h a mmer
b l o w s t o driv e t h e l as t f o o t ;
fa ll ing 1 5 f t i t re qu ir e d 32 to 36 b l ow s o n th e fo l l o wer t o
d r ive the p i l e t h e l as t f oo t
T h e p i l e s were te s ted w i t h a l o a d o f 50 to n s e a ch f o r t w o
week s a n d s h o we d n o s ett le men t
T h er e

no

a re

Th

Steam

Ha m m e r

vs.

th

Dr o p

Ha m m e r

S 0 me

wh en th e Na s m yth s t e a m h a mm er c a me
i nt o p r o m i ne n ce a s a p ile d r i ve r i t w a s p r e d i cte d b y e n
g i n e e r s w h o h a d s e e n i t th a t th e d a y s o f th e r o p e h o i s ted
N o r i s i t un co mm o n t o re a d
h a m mer were numb e re d
Th a t the s t e a m
s i m ila r p red i cti o n s ev en t o t h i s d a y
h a mm er wei gh ing t w o t o n s a n d s tri king 60 b l ow s a mi n
u te i s a v ery e ff e ctive m ac h i ne n o o n e ca n d eny b ut wh a t
a p p e ars
t o h a v e b een o ve rl oo ke d b y m a ny engin eer s i s
th e f a ct tha t in ne a rly a l l d rivi ng o f p il es o n l a n d a v er y
s m a l l f r a c ti o n o f th e w o rk i n g d a y o f a p i l e d r iv i n g g a ng
i s s p ent i n a ctu a l drivi n g
T h is i s p a rti cul a r l y t h e c a s e i n
b u i l di ng p il e tre s tl e s w ith a r a il r o a d p il e d rive r
re co rd ke p t b y th e write r s h o w s v e ry cl e a r l y h o w li ttl e
ti me i s o r din a ri l y s p en t i n p il e d riv in g o n t r e s t l e w o rk
u s i ng th e o rdi n a ry r a il r o a d p i l e d ri v er w i th a f r i cti o n cl u t ch
c o n s i s te d o f fo u r p i l e s d r i v en
50 ye a ns

a go,

ar

tic l

wr i t

ten

by

th

a u th o r

fo r En

HA NDB OOK OF

466

COS T

DA TA

t r act o r th e w rit e r h as s e en 10 b ent s dr iven a n d

in a d a y wi th a f ri cti o n clut ch driv e r ; bu t e
s u ch co n di ti o ns th e ha m me r w a s a ct ua l ly a
l e s s th a n two ho u r s
,

It s ee m s qu ite c l e a r f ro m th e f o re g oi ng
m a i n te n a n ce o f wa y e n g ine er s s h o ul d lo o k
m e n ts i n th e f o rm o f h a m m er m e ch a n i s m b u t
p r ove m e nt s i n th e me ch a n i s m a n d met ho d s o f h a n d l i n g t h e
pi l e s ca p s s tri n g er s e tc V e ry muc h ca n b e a cco mp l i s h e d i n
thi s res p e ct b y h a vin g a w e l l o r g a n i z e d f o r ce wi th a cl ea r
h ea d ed f o r em a n a t i t s h ea d
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th e i t e m o f s tr a ig h t e n i n g p i le s w a s e xce e di n g ly e xp e n s iv e
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T h e to p o f th e s e crib s wa s s h e et e d with 4 i n o ak p l a n k
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a n d S p ik e s
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HA N DB O OK

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t o t a l a m o u n t o f ti m b e r i n b o th d a m s w a s
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t i mb e r s
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t o pi l es o v e r t h e p i e r s it e a nd b y t h e r e vo l u ti o n o f i ts p a d
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e a ch 1 4 i n
i n g t o n du p l e x p u mp l 8yz X 1 0% X 1 0 i n s a n d a s m a l l d y
n a m o a n d e ng i n e
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T h er e w as a l s o a d u
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a p i l e dri v e r b o a t p r o vi d e d w ith a d e r r i ck for h a nd l i n g ti m
b e r s i n bui l di n g up t h e cribw o rk o n t h e ca i s s o n s Th e c o n
cr e t e u s e d t o ll t h e cri b w o rk w as
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In th es e f o u r ca i s so n s a nd
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Th is i n
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e xc a v a ti o n o n o n e p i e r wh e r e t h e a v e r a g e c o s t o f c a i s s o n
T h e a v er a g e co s t o f c a i s
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te re d
W o rk o n t h e r s t ca i s s o n w a s b e g u n J u l y 30 1 892
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27 1893
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T h e ca r b o d i e s w e r e m a d e h o p p e r s h a p e t h e s i d e s b e i n g

f o r b o tt o m - dum p i n g

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B A A U B O OK 0 11

510

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rm a n d g re a t l o a ds ca n b e h a ule d o ve r it s o l o n g a s i t
i s kep t in g oo d co n d i ti o n
S in ce i n t e m p o r a ry r o a d s t h e s p iki n g m a y b e o mi tt e d
a n d as a m a tt e r o f f a ct i t s h o ul d b e o mi tt e d e v e n o n p e r
m a n e n t r o a d s w e s e e th a t th e p l a n k m ay b e u s e d o v e r
b ut i f th e r o a d i s wo rth
a n d o v e r a g a i n f o r d i e re n t j o b s ;
l a yin g a t a ll i t i s w o rth l a yin g we l l i n the r s t p l a ce
,

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Est i m a t i n g
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a s e xp l a i ne d o n

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r u l e s g o v e rn i n g t h e i ns p e ctio n a n d c l as s i ca tio n o f l u mb e r
In a n e dit o r i a l a rtic l e o n ti mb e r s p e ci c a ti on s E n g i n e e ri n g
N e w s Fe b 23 1905 p 203 I h a v e g iv e n t h e a d d r es s e s o f
t e n o f t h e m os t i mp o rt a n t a ss o cia ti o n s a n d o f th e s e t e n
t h e f o l l o wi ng t hr e e h a ve pr i nt e d ru l e s th a t a r e p a r ti cu
T h e N a tio na l H
a r d w o o d L umb e r
l a r l y v a lu a b le t o ha ve :
L u mb e r Ma n u f a ct u re r s
(So uth e rn
A s s o ci a ti o n
Chi ca go ;
Mi s s i s s i p p i V a l l ey L u m b e rm e n s
A s s o ci a ti on
S t L o ui s ;
A s s o ci a ti on Mi nn e ap o li s M i n n
T here

15

ar e

or

I n bui l d in g a h o u s e th ere i s a l wa ys a con s i d e ra bl e p er

T h e n t o o th er e i s t h e l o s s i n
c e n t a g e o f wa s te lu mb e r
s u r f a ce a r e a i n f o rmi n g to n g u es a n d g roo ves a t t h e m ill
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.

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r a i lw a y tre s tle s b ui l t i n 1890 i n t h e n o r thw es t e r n p a rt o f
P enn s ylv a n i a i n a w o o d e d m o u n t a i n o u s di s tri c t
Th e ti m
b er was hem l o ck a n d m o s t o f i t w a s s a we d b u t a b o u t o n e
s e ve n th
or
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12 f t a p ar t w ith 12 x 12 i n p os t s ca p s a n d s i l l s ; s tri n g er s
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B ents w er e b r a ce d with 2 x 1z s
Tr e s
t l e s w e r e m a de up t o 28 f t
A l l me mb er s wer e
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A b o ut 102 M w e re u s e d o f wh i c h
14 M w e re h e wed f r o m ti mb er a l o n g s i de
T h e a ver a g e
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T h e co s t o f
p er M
l a b o r f o r f r a m i n g a n d e re ctin g (in cludi n g th e 14% hewe d
w o rk ) w as
per M
I n E n g i n eer i n g N ew s O ct 6 1892 p 326 Mr E mil e Lo w
g iv es t h e i t em ize d co s t o f a n a rr o w g a g e (3 f t ) r a i l w a y
T h e tra ckl a yi n g
f r o m Cas tl e S h a n n o n to Fi n l e yv i l le P a
T he r e w e re 15 M o f s a w e d
co s t le s s th a n $200 p e r m i l e
ti mb e r cu lvert s the l a b o r o n wh i ch co s t $8 pe r M ; a n d 35
M o f w oo den b ri d g e s the l a b o r o n whi ch a l s o co s t $8
,

p er

I n th e s e cti o n o n P i l e Drivin g a n d T i mb e rw o rk t h e re a d
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d e v i ce f o r e co n o mi c h a n d l i n g
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o f t i e s i s d es c rib e d
a d a p te d t o h a n d li n g o th e r m a t e r i a l s th a t t h e d et ai l s a r e
h e r e g i ve n
I t co n s i s t s o f a n o v e rh e a d tr o l l e y, tr a vel i n g
I n l oa d in g b o x
on a 4 i n
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o n e e n d o f thi s I b e a m i s s up p o rte d o n a
ca r s w i th ti e s
l i g ht w oo d e n A f r a me 7 f t hi g h a n d s ta n d i n g a b o ut 15
f t f r o m t h e ca r d oo r ; th e o th e r e n d o f t h e I b e a m e n t e r s
t h e ca r d o o r a n d i n s i d e th e d o o r i t i s f as t e n e d t o t w o b a rs
1
x
3 i n s ) th a t b r a n ch f o r m i n g a Y wi th cu rv e d b r a n c h e s
(4
s o th a t o n e tr o l l e y ca n run t o w ar d o n e e n d o f t h e ca r
an
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o th e r tr o l l e y t o w a r d t h e o th e r e n d
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b y a ch a i n a n L s h a p e d ti e
o f t h e tr o lley s i s s u s p e n d e d
T w o m e n un l o a d a t i e f r o m
s ti rru p f o r ca r ry i n g a ti e
a tr u ck a n d p l a ce i t o n th e t i e s ti r rup
o n e m a n (o n e o n
e a ch tr o l ley ) r un s t h e tie i n t o the ca r th e tr ac k h a vi n g
a s l i g ht d o w n g r a d e a n d o n e m a n (o n e a t e a ch e n d o f the
T h e m a n then ta k e s
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t h e tr o l l e y off the tr a ck a n d ca rri es i t b ack to t h e l o a d e r s
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1 0 m e n u n a i d e d b y thi s d e vi ce
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l a r g e cr e o s o ted h e wn ti e s i n 9 h r s n o e o r t b ei n g
m a d e t o m ak e a r e co r d
W he n tim e d th e y u n l o a de d a
tr u ck o f 30 ti e s int o the ca r i n 2 m i n s
Cre os o t e d ti e s
w e i g h 200 to 250 l b s ea ch a n d a s o n e m a n b y u s i n g a
tr o l l e y ca n e a s i l y tr a n s p o rt th e m i t i s e v i d e n t th a t m u ch
l a b or i s s a v e d
I wo u l d s u gg e s t t h e us e o f a s i m i l a r d e
v i ce f or h a n d l i n g s a ck s o f ce m e n t (2 s a ck s o n a d o u b l e
f o r h a n d l i n g b ri ck t w o m a n s t o n e e t c
s ti rrup )
A M e t h o d o f U nl o a d i n g R a i l s
A h e e cti ve meth o d o f
u n l o a d in g ra i l s a l o n g a t r a ck wh e r e ne w r a i l s are to b e
put i n i s d es c rib e d a n d i llu s tr a t e d i n E n g i n e e ri n g N e w s
Ma r ch 28 1891
Th e ca r i s p r o v i d e d wi th a t a i l b o a r d
th a t h a n g s d o wn a n d d r a g s a l o n g o n th e tr a ck f o rm i n g
A h o o k o n a r o p e i s h oo k e d i n t o a
a n i n cl i n e d p l a n e
r a i l a n d a no th e r h o o k o n t h e o th e r e n d o f t h e r o p e i s
A s t h e ca r m o ves s l o wl y f o rw a rd
h oo k ed o ve r a ti e
B y h a v i n g t w o o f th e s e r o p e s a n d
th e r a i l i s d r a g g e d o ut
h oo ks , p ul l in g out t wo ra il s a t a t i me 71 r a i l s w e re nu
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1 8, 1 902, t h e f o l lo wi n g
.

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HA NDB OOK OF

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ea ch )
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S tr a pp er s w h o a d j u s te d a n d b o lt e d s p li ce s
e a ch )
S pi ke p e d d l e r s
T i e s p aci n g g a n g
e a ch )
Men l i n i n g ti e s w ith r o p e a n d s ta kes
ea c h )
Men s p a ci n g j o i n t ti e s
e a ch )
Me n l e ve li n g g r a de cut by t i e w a go n s
e a ch )
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e a ch )
N ipp e rs h o ld i n g up e n d ti e s f o r s p i k e r s
e a ch )
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e ach )
T e a m s t e r s f o r t i e w a go n s
p er m o a n d
M e n u n l o a di n g ti e s f r o m cars
e a ch )
M e n u n l oa d i n g r a i l s a n d f as te n i n g s f r o m ca r s
e a ch )
T ele g r a p h g an g
T e l e g ra p h O p e r a t o r
p er m o )
Dr iver s o f i r o n ca r h o rs es
B l ack s m i th
N i g h t w a t chm a n
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dr iv e r s o f t h e t e a m s a r e in c lu d e d i n the a b o v e
T h e me n
wer e b o a rd e d f o r
a w ee k a n d th i s w a s d e du ct e d f r o m
the w a g es o f a l l e xcep t t e a m s ter s
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T h e ce d ar p o l e s w e r e 25 f t l o n g s p ace d 30 t o t h e mi l e
T h e wi r e w a s s tr e t ch e d f r o m a r ee l
s et 5 f t i n t h e g r o u n d
o n a s m a l l h a n d w a g o n pu s h e d b y t h e m e n
T hi s f o r ce o f 1 67 m e n a n d a b o ut 45 p a i r s o f h o r s es a v e r
If w e co n s i d e r a p a i r o f
a g e d 3 m i l e s o f tr a ck p e r d a y
h o r s es (no t i n c l ud i n g d ri v e r ) a s e quiv a l e n t i n co s t t o t h e
w a g es o f o n e m a n a nd the aver a g e w a g es a s bein g
.

A ND

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5 39

per d a y per m a n we h a ve a t o t a l d a i ly cos t of $371 not

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$405 w o ul d a pp a ren tly co v e r t h e d a i ly co s t a t whi ch r a t e
t h e cos t o f tr a ck l a yi n g w a s a b o ut $1 35 p e r mi l e i n c l u d
i n g th e e r e cti n g o f th e t e l e g r a ph l i n e b u t n o t i n c l u d i n g
t h e co s t o f s ur f a ci n g th e tr a ck
O n o n e oc ca s i o n t h e a b o v e
f o r ce l a i d 4 m i l e s i n 1 0 h rs
I n d ry O p e n co u n try l ik e
N o rt h Da ko ta th i s m e th o d w a s f a s t e r th a n w o rki ng with
tr a ck m a chi ne s a n d n o m or e e xp e n s i v e
I n s w a mpy v e ry
hi ll y o r t i mb e re d co u n try th e tr a ckl a yi n g m a ch i n e s a r e
e s p e ci a l ly s ervi ce a b l e
T h e tr a ck s ur f a ci n g g a n g s f o l l o wed th e tr a ckl a y er s a n d
s ur f a ce d th e tr a ck s o a s t o m a k e a s a f e r o a dw a y a n d p r e
v e n t b e n d i n g o f t h e r a i l s a n d s pl i ce s b e f o r e th e b a l l a s t
i n g w as d o n e
T h es e g a n gs n u mb e r e d 40 t o 45 m e n u n d e r
a
f o r em a n a n d s u b f o r e m a n
A b o ut 250 m e n w e r e r e
qui re d a n d t hey went t o a n d f r o m w o rk o n h a n d ca r s
th e i r b oa rd in g ca r s b e i n g l o ca t e d o n t h e s i di n g s wh i ch
were p ut in a b o ut e ve ry 10 m i l e s
I t w o u l d a pp ea r f r o m
t hi s s ta t e me n t th a t t h e s ur f a c i n g c os t a b o u t a s mu ch p e r
mi l e a s th e tr a ckl a yi n g ; b ri n g i n g t h e t o t a l to $250 p er
mi l e
Co s t o f T r a c k l a y i n g , 5 0 - l b
Th e
R ai ls
f o l l o wi n g
g a n g a v e r a g e d o n e mi l e o f tr a c k l a i d p er d a y by co ntr a c t
T h e tr ack wa s no t s ur f a ce d b y thi s f o r ce
,

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g an g :

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s ur f a ce r ,

at

tie l i n er s a t
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,

1 wa te rb oy ,
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at

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1
2
4

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s p i ki n g

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at

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at

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5 men , a t

1 wa t e rb o y ,

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lli n g g a n g :
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,

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18

at
at

ga n g :

t ea m s t e r s

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40 mul es

at

at

f ee d

at

1 w a g o n m a s ter ,
Ge n e r a l f o r ce :
1

at

m p b o s s t ea m s t e r s ca m p a t
1 b l a ck s m ith a t
2 n i g ht w a t ch m e n a t
1 t o o l m an at
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Ma t e ri a l tr a i n f u e l a n d w a g es
ca

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H A ND B O OK OF COS T D A TA

542

Co st

W ith

of

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th

on

85 S UP O R . R .
cos t o f l a yin g th e A rk a n
A

w e l l o r g a n ize d f o r ce th e
T
S Fe i n 1 888 wa s $292
s a s City e xt e n s i o n o f t h e A
O n t h e s a m e r o a d t h e Lo l
p er mi l e f o r a m o n th s w o rk
l o wi n g f o r ce l a i d 2 m i l e s p er d a y :
a

Pe r d a y
15 m e n run n i n g i r o n

at

ca r ,

m e n un l oa d i n g i r o n a t
24 m e n S p iki n g a t
8 m e n s tr a ppi n g a t
5 m e n s p a ci n g ties a n d
2

s qu a ri n g

j o ints

m e n li n i n g tr a ck a t

m e n s e tti n g j o i n t a n d ce n t e r ti e s
m e n car ryi n g g a g e s a t
m e n d i s tri bu t i n g s p i ke s a t
m a n ca r i n g f o r t o o l s a t
m e n be d di n g t ie s a t
men
at
men h a nd li n g ti e s a t
m en s tret ch in g t i e l i n e a t
m e n car ryi n g w a te r at
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f o rem a n ir o n ca r
f o r e m a n tie be d d i n g
f o rem a n h a n d l i n g ti e s
f o r e m a n tr a ck l i n i n g
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c
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m i les

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S umm ar y

543

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T ra i n

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p r a cti ca l ly $250 pe r m i le o f tr a ck
I t d o es n ot
i n cl ud e th e co s t o f s upp lyi n g a n d d i s trib uti n g o f b a l l a s t
O n t h e L a r n e d b r a n c h 15 m i l e s w e r e l a i d i n
b y tr a i n
7 d a ys b ut u n de r t h e f a v o r a b l e ci r cu m s t a n c e o f l i g h t
g r a d e s li g ht w o r k l i g ht ea rth f o r b a l l a s t a n d r o a dbe d i n
r s t c l a s s co n di ti o n
Un d er o rd i n a ry co n di ti o n s t h e co s t
o f l a yi n g a n d s ur f a ci n g s h o ul d n e v e r e xce e d $350 pe r mi le
.

Co st

of

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i n g N ews , No v

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.

8, 1 900, t h e f o l l o wi n g d a t a

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S o m e r a pi d w o r k w as d o n e (1 899) i n the e xt e n s i o n o f
th e A , T
S F R y f r o m S to ckt o n Ca l , t o Po rt R i ch
mon d
Th e r a i l s w e r e l a i d wi th b r o k e n o i n t s 17 ti e s pe r
l b ra i l s ) w a s l a i d a t
rai l
On e s tr e t c h o f 11 m i le s
.

the r a te o f
f t p er d a y w i th a f o r ce o f 45 m e n o n
level g r a de
ra i l s )
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f t p e r d a y with 48 m e n o n a
w a s l a i d a t t h e r a te o f
d e s ce n d i n g g r a d e o f
with curv e s a t i n terv a l s o f
mile
Th e b e s t d a y s w o r k o n the l ev e l gr a d e was
T h e f o r ce w a s as f o ll o w s :
f t with 57 m e n
,

of

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S p i k e pe dd ler

O
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R
-

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e cor

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S tr a pp e r s
I r o n c ar m e n
S pik e r s
N i pp e r s
T i e l i n e man
Li n i n g t i es
T i e p l a te r
R

b o lti n g
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5 44

HA ND B O OK OF COS T D A TA

b o t t g i v e s a brie f a cco u n t o f th e r a p i d co n s tru cti o n o f 500

m i l e s o f s i n g l e tr a c k r o a d a cr o s s t h e p r a i ri e s f r o m B r a n
d o n (132 m i l e s w e s t o f W i n n i p e g )
Gr o un d w a s br o ke n
Ma y 28 1882 a n d co n ti n u e d to De c 31
I n 182 w o rki n g
d a y s i n c l u di n g s t o rmy o n e s w i th a f o r ce o f a b o ut
t ea m s t h e co n tr a cto rs d i d t h e f o l l o w i n g :
men an d
M ti mb e r i n b ri d g e s
cu
y d s e a rth e xca v
l i n f t p i li n g a n d 435 m i le s o f tr a c k
a n d culv e rt s
l a yi n g
T h e tr a ck w a s a ll l a i d f r o m o n e e n d a n d i n no
ca s e w e r e t h e r a i l s h a u l e d a h e a d by t e a m
T w o i r o n ca r s
w e r e us ed t h e e mp ty o n e o n i t s r eturn b ei n g turn e d u p
T h e t r a ck l a y
b e s i d e th e tr a c k t o l e tl th e l oa d ed o n e b y
i n g cr e w w a s e qu a l t o 4 m i l e s a d a y
I n t h e m o nth o f
T h e g r a d i n g f o r ce s
A u g u s t 92 m i l e s o f tr a ck w e r e l a i d
w e r e s ca tt e r e d a l o n g 150 m i l es a h e a d o f t h e tr a ck
S i d i n gs
f t l o n g w e re g r a d e d 7 m il e s a pa rt
.

Co s t

Tr a ck l a y i n g , P

of

i n g News

No v

22, 1 900, p

In E n g i n e e r

Mr G C W o o l l a rd

356,

g i ve s

tr a ck l a yi n g o n t h e P i tt s b ur g S h a wmut
T h e l e n g th o f tr a ck l a i d w as 8 m i l es
N o rth e r n R R
W ith a g a n g o f 46 m e n a n d 3 f o r e m e n th e a v e r a g e d a y s
w o rk w a s
f t o f t r a ck l a i d ; t h e b e s t d a y s w o rk w a s
ft
T he r e w e r e 18 m en a n d a f o r e m a n i n th e tr a ck
l a yi n g g a n g ; 17 m e n a n d a f o r e m a n i n t h e s u p pl y g a n g ;
1 1 m e n a n d a f o r e m a n i n t h e b a ck tie in g g a n g
B es i d e
the s e m e n th e r e w e re a l o co m o tiv e e n g i n ee r r e m a n co n
d u ct o r a n d a b r a k e m a n
N o t e a m s w er e u s ed
T r u ck s
p as s e d o n e a n o th e r b y r a i s i n g o n e tru ck to a v e rti ca l p o s i
ti o n o n t h e cr o s s ti e s a n d th e n a l l o wi n g it to d ro p b ac k
t o a n o b l i qu e p o s iti o n k e e p i n g i t f r o m t u r n i n g o ve r b y
T here
m e a n s o f a pr o p whi l e t h e l o a d e d tr u ck p as s e d
A l l th e
w e r e 1 8 oa k ti e s to a r a il a n d r a il s w e r e 85 l b
w o rk w as o n a 2% d o w n g r a d e whi ch f a ci l it a te d d e liv e r y
o f m a teri a l s b y g r a v i ty
Co s t o f T r a c k l a y i n g U n d e r T r a i c
Duri n g a t r a i c
o f o n e tr a i n p e r h o ur
i n w i n t e r t h e co s t o f t a ki n g u p o l d
r a i l s u n l o a d i n g a n d p l a c i n g n e w r a i l s o n a s i n g l e t r a ck
w a s $140 p e r mi l e
T h e w a g e s o f co m m o n l a b o r e r s w e r e
pe r 10 h r s
T r a c kl a yi n g
M a ch i n e s
Co s t o f T r a c k l a y i n g W i t h
ma ch i n e s d o no t l a y t h e tr ack , b u t m e r e ly f a ci lit a t e the d e
th e

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on

HAND B O OK OF COS T D A TA

546

6 i n ti es 5 f t l o n g
tr ack m a de o f 30 l b r a i ls o n 6
s p a ced 3 f t
ce n t e r s
W i th w a g es a t 15 c ts p e r h r th e
l a b o r cos t i s p r acti ca l ly 2 ct s p er f t o f tr a ck o r $100 p e r
mi le a f te r the m a teri a l s a r e de l ive red

ga g e

30
mi le s o f s i n g le tr a ck r a ilr o a d wer e b a l l a s t e d with g r a v e l
T i e s h a d 10 i n f a ce w e r e
s u fci e n t t o r a i s e t h e ti e s 8 i n s
A
8% f t l o n g a n d th e r e w e r e 1 6 ti es t o a 30 f t r a i l
A b o ut 4 f t
y d s te a m s h o v e l w a s u s e d t o l o a d a t ca r s
Th e g r a v e l
o f e a rth h ad t o b e s tri p p e d o ff t h e g r a v e l p i t
wa s h a ul ed b y t wo tr a i n s o f 35 a p r o n a t ca rs e a ch e a ch
T w o l o co m o fi v e s were u s ed
car h o ldi n g 6 t o 7 cu
yds
t o h a u l the s e tr a i n s a n d o n e l o co m o tive i n the p i t to
Th e ca rs w e r e un l oa d e d w i th a p l o w a n d i t
s p o t ca rs
w i ll b e n o ti ce d th a t the d a m a g e t o th e ca r s ca u s e d b y t h e
Th e co s t t o th e r a i lw a y co mp a n y
p l o w w as very hi g h
pe r cub i c ya rd of b a ll as t i n p l a ce was a s f o l l o ws :
Co s t

Gr a v e l

of

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Si n gl e

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cu

yd

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1%

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S h o v e li n g a n d ta mp i n g

L oa d i n g ,

To ta l p er

cu

yd

30

Co m m o n l ab o rer s wer e p a i d
Co s t

wi n

B ia l l la s t i n

of

s te el

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g,

per 10 h rs

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i s l a r g e l y u s e d by co n tra ct o r s , a n d r a i lw a y
f o r b a l l a s ti n g a n d f o r du m pi n g e a r th a n d r o ck

car

co m p a n i e s

tr a ck s
It s d i m e n s i o n s a r e 36 f t l o n g
lb s
l ts
9 f t $4 i n h e i g h t a b o v e r a i l s a n d i t we i g h s
ca p aci ty i s 40 cu
or
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o n e m a n o per a ti n g a co mpr e s s e d a i r v a lve
o r t h ey c a n
b e d um pe d by h a n d
Th e ca r i s s o de s i gn e d t h a t i t s l o a d
ma y b e p l a ce d b e tw e e n th e r a il s ; o n ei the r s i d e o f t h e
tr a ck o r o n b o th s i d e s o r i n a n y co mb in a ti o n o f w a y s d e
In g r a d i n g a n d b a l l a s ti n g 2 2 mi l es o f tr a ck w ith
s i red
cu
y d s o f g r a v e l d uri n g t h e wi n t e r o f 1904 5 a n
a ve r a g e tr a in o f 8 40 cu
yd Go o dwi n ca rs was u s ed the
on

s ta n d a rd
-

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A ND

S TEA M

E LE CTRI C RA I LWA YS

547

T h e g rav e l ca m e f r o m the
h aul b ei ng
m i le s
p it quit e wet b ut re q ui re d l ittle o r no S pr ea d i n g a s pl o w s
a n d s cr a p e r s a r e n o t need e d when thes e ca r s a r e u s ed
I n E n g i neeri n g N ews Feb 17 1898 Mr W B S ti ms o n
I n di a n a Ry g ive s the f o l l o win g d a ta
S u pt Gr a n d R a pi d s
o n t h e l o a d i n g a n d h a ulin g o f gr a ve l f o r b a l l as t :
R o d g e r b a l l a s t ca r s wer e u s ed wo rk i n g t w o t r a i n s o f
25 ca r s p er tr a in
S i xteen m i l es o f t ra ck were b a l l as ted
car l o a d s o r
cu y d s o f g r a ve l the a v e r a g e
w i th
Th e cos t was a s f o l l o w s f o r the 1 6
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mi l e s :
a ver ag e

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cr ews ,

Lo co m o tiv e s ,

12 d a y s

e ach

a nd

en g i ne m en

w a t ch m en

Fu e l f o r l o co m o tiv e s
T e l e g r a ph o p er a t o r
P i tm en
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s h o vel ,

Tot a l ,

of

in cludi n g r e n t

cts

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p er

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s h o vel ,

yd

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ct s p er cu yd to s p re a d an d
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f t o f tr a ck pe r d a y
ct s
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p er cu y d
: s t ea m
and h a lf a day s t i m e
s h o ve l 1 66 m i le s t o the p i t
s e ttin g up th e s h o ve l a n d g ettin g re a d y to w o rk ;
s o th a t

th e a ctu a l w o rkin g ti me o f th e s h o v e l w a s o n l y 10% d a y s

"
{m a k i n g a n a v e ra g e o f
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.

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Co s t
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of

Mr

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In E n g i n e e ri n g Ma g a z i n e , De c ,
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H A NDB O OK OF COS T D A TA

548

of

the a v e r a g e co s t pe r m ile
th e Un it e d S t a te s :

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ll
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citi e s

tru n k l i n e 90 l b
Mr A P e w i n T r a n s A m S o c C E V o l 23 i n a p a p e r

T h e Ch e a p e s t Ra i lw a y i n the W o rl d
e n titl e d
g iv es th e
f o ll o wi n g as t h e co s t o f a 1 9 m i l e r a i lw a y i n Ge o r g i a :
is

'

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b o rer s b e i n g $1 p er 10 h r d a y
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cu y d s
l es s th a n
o f e xca v a ti o n p er m ile wi l l s u f ce
O rd i na ril y h o w e v e r t h e e xca v a ti o n wi l l a ve r a g e
cu
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n

Mr

Wi l l i a m

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25, p

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b ri e y
o f s ta n d

119,

d e s crib e s th e l oca ti o n a nd co n s tru cti o n o f 7 m i le s

a r d g a g e l o gg in g r a il r o a d b ui lt i n N o r th we s t er n P e nn s y l
v a n i a i n 1890 Th e m a xi mu m cu rv e w a s
a n d t h e rul
i ng g r a d e
Th e co u n try w a s he a vi ly w oo ded wi th
heml o ck and v e ry r o u g h ; cle a ri n g and gru b b i n g co s ti n g
.

HA ND B OOK OF COS T D A TA

550

P e r mile

p o l e s i n p l a ce a n d p a i n t e d a t
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a nd
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at 25 cts

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T h e co s t o f p o w e r p l a n t
was l o w e r th e n th a n n o w
a n d b ui l d i n g s i s n o t i n c lu d e d
b ut m a y be e s ti m a t e d a t
f o r a s ub urb a n l i n e 5 m i le s l o n g
W h e re p a v i n g o f s tr e e ts m u s t be d o n e u s e th e d a ta
g ive n i n the s e c ti o n o n R o a d s a n d P a ve m e n t s
I n th e S tr e e t R a i lw a y J o ur n a l A p ri l 4 1903 M r E r n es t
Go z e n b a ch h a s a n a rti cl e d es cri b i n g a r s t cl a s s th ird
r a i l s u b ur b a n l i n e
m i l es l o n g
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a n d s i d i n gs
t h e n u m b er o f m i l e s o f s i n g l e tr a ck i s a ctu
m ile s a re l a i d i n city s tre e ts
a l l y 66
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.

E xca v a ti o n

B ri d g e s ,

a n d e mb a n kme n t
and

a bu t m e n t s

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T w o o v e rh e a d r a i l w a y c r o s s i n gs
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p e r m i l e a t 55 cts
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cu y d s
p e r m i l e a t 80 c ts
R a i l s 70 1b p e r y d
a t $31 p e r t o n d e l i v e r e d
J o i n t s s p ik e s a n d b o lt s f o r 60 f t r a i l s
L a b o r on tr a ck 56 m i l e s a t $600
La b o r i n s treet tr a ck 6% m i l e s a t
Fa r m a n d h i g hw a y cr o s s i n g s
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r o d s a t 73 c t s
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a t 61 c ts
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T h ir d r a i l 70 1b p e r y d 56 m i l e s a t $36 to n
,

E LE CTR IC RA I LWA

S TEA M AN D

YS

551

I n s ul a t o rs s pike s a n d b o lts a t 62 c ts i n pl ac e
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a t 73 ct s
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T r o ll e y i n s tr e e t s s i n g l e tra ck s p a n co n s tru cti o n
P o w e r st a ti o n 150 KW
a t $120 p e r KW
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S u b s t a ti o n f r e i g ht a n d d e p o t b ui ldi n g s
S u b s t a ti o n r a i lw a y a p p a r a tu s
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L i g h ti n g a n d p O W e I a pp a r a tu s a n d s upp l y s y s t e m s
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24 i n s di a m a n d 5 f t d e e p f o r t e l e g r a ph p o l e s u s i ng a

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CO S T O F B R I DGE E R ECT I O N A N D PA I N T I NG

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ta k e n f r o m J o h n s o n s
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g i ve t h e w e i g ht o f s teel i n t r u s s es a n d o o r b e a m s o f h i g h
w a y a n d r a i lw a y b ri d g e s
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l iv e l o a d p e r s q f t us e t h e f o l
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c h a n g e i n w id th
Fo r r a i l r o a d b ri d g e s d e s i g n e d a c co rd i n g to Co o p e r s
of
b ri d g e
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i s a s f o ll o w s :
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12 l
w
150
Fo r thr o u g h p l a t e g i r d e rs wi th be a m s a n d s tri ng e r s
w
12 l
500
Fo r tru s s b rid g e s
.

7 l + 650

Esti m a ti n g

Co s t

B r i d g e E r e ct i o n
s h o ul d b e s e p a r a t e d

of

Th e

co s t

of

b ri d g e s
i n t o t w o m a in
i te m s :
(1) cos t o f f a l s e w o rk a n d (2) co s t o f e r e c ti n g t h e
s tee l
Us u a l ly h o w e v e r e n g i n e e r s w h o h a v e p ub li s h e d
cos t d a ta h a v e u n f o rtu n a t e l y l ump e d the s e t wo it e m s t o
g e th e r
T h e co s t o f f a l s e w o rk f o r a n y g iv e n b rid g e a nd o f a
e r e cti n g

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HA NDB O OK

554

of

e r e cti n g t h e

was

as

f ol l o w s

OF COS T DA TA

p os t s a n d g ir d e r s i n t h e N Y
t o ns w e r e
o n e s e cti o n wh e re

s tee l
on

s ubw a y

r e ct e d :

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tru cki n g
La b o r p l a ci n g a n d r iveti n g
L a b o r p a i n ti n g
Ma t e ri a l s f o r p a i n ti n g
Ma t e ri a l s f o r pl a c i n g a n d r iveti n g I
Pow e r
To t a l

I r o n w o r ker s w e r e p a i d $4 f or 8 h r s
i r o n f o r e m e n $5 ;
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T h e co n tr a ct p ri ce f o r e r e c ti n g a n d p a i n ti n g w as $13 a
to n s o th a t m o n ey w a s l o s t b y t h e co n tr a ct o r o n thi s w o rk
T h e m e n w o rk e d u nd er di f cu lti e s a n d w i th li ttl e e n er g y
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O p e r a ti n g a t 90 l b s p re s s ur e th i s
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a t o n e ti me
T h e 3 h a m m e r s a n d t h e 2 dri ll s co s t (i n
1 899) $627
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T h e cos t of O per a ti n g
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B RIDGE E RECTI ON A ND PA INTING

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Po w e r f o r

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b y u s i n g a n a dd i ti o na l
m a n to t a k e o u t tt i n g u p b o lt s e t c T h e a b o v e co s ts a re
b a s e d u p o n t h e e r e cti o n o f 22 br i d g e S p a n s a g g re g a ti n g
l i n f t and
r iv ets
Th e c os t o f ri v eti n g by h a n d i s a s f o ll o w s :
p er

or

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2
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at

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we re O p e r a te d a t o n e t im e with o u t r e
s tr o k e h a m m e r s
Th e ve h a m m e r s
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ih
wh e n drivi n g 50 r ivet s
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Th e s a m e co mpr es s o r
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u s e m o r e a i r th a n t h e h a m m e r s a s th e y r u n u n i n t e r r u pt e d
ly
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p l a ce o f a
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Z i n ) w as 35 t o 40% l e s s th a n i f t h e w o rk h a d b e e n d o n e
b y h a n d a n d t h e w o rk w a s d o ne b e tt e r
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HAND B O OK O F CO S T DA TA

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T h e co s t w a s $1 per M f o r th i s t e a ri n g d o w n
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ment s th a t h ad r o tt e d b a d l y
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b y d rivi n g 12 i r o n p i les f o r
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l o n g a n d w er e d ri ven 20 f t d e e p
A
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T h e n 1 d a y w as s p e n t
i n b uil d i ng a f a l s ew o rk a n d 2 m or e d a y s r a i s i n g a n d s hi f t
i n g t h e b ri d g e f r o m i t s o l d a butment s t o t h e n e w
The
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T h e co s t
p er p i le
o f b ui ld i n g t h e f a l s e w o rk w as $10 a n d t h e co s t o f m o vi n g
t h e b rid g e w a s $20

s te e l

B r i d g e a n d Ne w A b u t m e n t s
p o n y tru s s b ri d g e o f 65 f t s p a n a n d
6 5 -f t

In E n g inee ri n g N e w s , Ju n e 6 1895
W a l te r G B e r g Chi e f E n g i n e e r o f th e Le h i g h V a ll e y R
Co s t

of

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HANDB O OK OF CO S T DA TA

558
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p a n s a r e co n s i d e r a b ly g re a t e r
n o w th a n i n 1 895 b u t th e f o r e g o i n g f a ct s w i l l be o f v a l u e
e s p e cia lly f or h i g hw a y b ri d g e s
Mr Fo wl e r g iv e s th e f o l
l o wi n g e s ti m a t e s o f th e a r e a o f m e t a l s ur f a ce co v e re d b y
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t h a t m a n u f a c tur e r s g ive t oo l a r g e a r e as
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o n ly t o the b e s t n e ly g r o un d p i g ment s
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Mr J M
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35 l b s d ry e r
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lon
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559

co nne ct e d

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trus s b ri d g e s e a ch 1 45 f t l o n g 14 f t
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f t r oa d wa y a n d t w o 8 f t s i d e w a l ks )
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106 f t
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S o c C E , 1 897, h a s a p a p e r
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p a i n ti n g th e L o ui s vi ll e a nd J e ff e r s o n v i l l e
a cr o s s t h e O hi o R iv e r
T h e w o rk w a s b e g u n J u n e
T h e r e w a s pr a c ti c a l l y n o
3 a n d n i s h e d A u g 7 1 895
tr a f c o v e r th e bri d g e d u ri n g t h e w o rk whi ch o f co u r s e
l e s s e n e d the co s t o f p a i n ti n g ; a n d t h e i ron b e i n g n e w r e
quire d no g re a t a m o u n t o f c l e a n i n g
T h e f o r ce a v e r a g e d
1 a s s i s ta n t f o r e m an a n d 1
a b o ut 50 men wi th 1 f o rem a n
T h e m e n w e r e m os tly o rdi n a ry bri d g e m e n
ti m e kee pe r
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HA ND B O OK OF COS T DA TA

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J e ff e r so nvi l le A ppr o a ch a n d S p a n N o
t o ns )
g a l l o n i r o n o xid e p a i n t
L a b o r $2 p e r 1 0 h r s

to n

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a g e h e i g h t o f 40 f t
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ft
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ft
tr a ck e xc e p t
whi ch i s d o ub l e t r a ck
S p a n No 1
T h e J e e r s o n v i l l e a p pr o ac h
i s s i n g l e tr a ck 209 f t c t o c
h a d p r e v i o u s ly b e e n p a i n t e d w i th o n e co a t i n O ct
1892
T h e w o rk o f whi ch co s t s a r e a b o v e g i v e n co n s i s t e d i n
c l ea n i n g a n d
pa i n ti n g a l l s
g o i n g o v er th e vi a du c t
w h e r e ru s t h a d f o rm e d ;
t h e n a f t e r this h a d d ri e d
wh o le vi a du ct w as g iv e n o n e coa t
T his

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g a ll o n

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p a i n t r s t co a t
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La b o r o n s e co n d coa t
,

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ft

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s in g le

h e i g ht o f 45 f t
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b efo re
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and

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t o t a l w e i g h t 665 t o n s )
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La b o r o n s e co n d co a t

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H ANDB O O K O F COS T D A T A

562

p a i nt i n g 50 p l a t e g ir d e r s p a n s (a v
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Co s t

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Co s t

p a i n ti n g 5 t ru s s s p a n s (a v
w e i g h t 638 t o n s )
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p a i n ti n g 11 s p a n s o f a vi a du ct (t o t a l le n g th 706
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w e i g h t 342 t o n s )
f t ; h e i g ht 88 f t ;
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Gr a v e s g i v e s th e f o l l o wi n g d a t a

ri

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Mr E

th e p a i n ti n g o f
l i g ht d o ub l e tr i a n g u l a r tr u s s e s i n bri d g e s p a n s f ro m 80 t o
1 36 f t
f t p a i n t e d i n th e s u m
t h e to t a l l e n g th b e i n g
m e r o f 1897 Th e s tee l w o r k h a d r e ce i v e d o n e s h o p co a t
o f i r o n o xi d e p a i n t
Th e
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g r ea ter p a rt o f t h e s u rf aces w a s f o u n d t o be s e a l e d o ff
and
ru s t e d
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Th e
d u s t w a s r e m o v e d with a whi s k b r oo m a n d o n e co a t o f
No 38 De tr o it Gr a p h i t e p a i n t a p p l i e d co s ti n g
p er
T h e o o r b e a m s a n d b o tto m ch o rd s b e
g a l l o n d e l iv e r e d
i n g m o s t l ik e ly to ru s t w e r e p a i n t e d a s e co nd co a t
Th e
f o r e m a n r e ce iv e d
p e r d a y a n d h a d 8 t o 12 m en a t
T h es e m e n w e r e m o s tl y l a b o r e rs
e xce p t
few
a
T h e cos t w as as f o l l o w s p e r
br i d g e m e n f o r the t o p w o rk
.

on

'

to n

of

Cos t

lb s

of

r s t co a t :
g a l rs t co a t o n 202 t o n s
L a b o r cle a n i n g a n d p a i n ti n g 202 t o n s
.

T o t a l p e r to n ,

o n e co a t

P er t o n

B RI DGE E R E CTI ON
of

Co s t

(b o tto m

s e co n d co a t

A ND

h o rd

PA I N TI N G

563

a nd

oo r

b e a mS )

P er to n
ga l

La b o r

Th e
c ts

pa i n ti n g

p er l i n

ft

Pai

b ri d g e

of
n

100 t o ns

s eco n d coa t

ti

to n s

h o rd a n d b e a m s
a n d l a b o r w a s $598 o r n e a rly 60
c

Bri d ges

48

100

botto m

T o t a l p e r to n o f
to t a l co s t o f p a i n t

Co s t

s e co n d co a t o n

an

P u rd o n g iv e s th e f o l l o w i n g d a t a :
n e w a n d p a i n te d w ith t w o c o a ts o f
.

re cei ve d

o n e coa t o f o i l

at t h e s h o p

d k gi d

P
P

ec

ra tt

54 ft

t ru s s , 1 0 3 f t .

Mr

br i d g e s w e re
l ead
re d
T hey h a d
.

CO I t p er t0 n

L a b or

ai nt.

T ota

d k d
d
k d
d
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tons )

t r u s s 1 80 f t
to n s )
S i x e c g i r e r s , e ac h 5 4 f t
ton s)
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f t d ec
tons )
gi r ers
ro n v i a u c t , e i gh t 6 4 f t , a n d s e v e n 3 2 f t
s p ans (
4 7 1 ton s )
r a t t t ru s s ,
t rac , 1 5 0 f t
ra tt

T h es e

P
e r s , e ac h

V i a d u ct a

T wo

db l

Th e

s u mm a ry

of

a b o v e b ri d g e s i s

th e

the

a m o u nt

of

l ea d

and

Lb s

to n s )
g i r er s
S i n g e t r a c t r u s s es
to n s )
V i a u ct s
S u m m a ry o f a l l

u s ed

on

f o ll o w s :

as

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oi l

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of ead
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s . o f oi l .

t on s )

to n s )

t o f cl e a n i n g a n d p a i n ti n g 17 s p an s o ve r th e A r
T h e s e b ri d g e s r e ce iv e d t w o
k a n s a s R ive r i s as f o l l o w s :
h a v i n g b e e n o ri g in a l ly p a i n t e d
co a t s o f r e d l e a d a n d o i l
Th e cos t o f
w ith ir o n o xi d e whi ch w a s r s t cl e a n e d o ff
c l e a n i n g o ff t h e o l d p a i n t i s i n clud e d
an d a l mo s t e q u a le d
t h e cos t o f a p p lyi n g the r s t co a t o f re d l ea d
wei g ht
to ns ) :
Co s t o f 9 S p a n s (153 f t
P e r to n
Fi rs t co a t :
7 l b s re d l e a d
La b o r
S e co n d co a t :
l b s r e d le a d
Lab o r
Th e

co s

To t a l p er t o n

H A ND B O O K OF COS T DA TA

564

Cos t

of

s pans

370 f t ;
.

Fi rs t

(th r e e 253 f t
t o t a l w e i g ht
,

f o ur , 1 62 f t ;

t on s )

t:
r ed l ea d

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co a

6 lb s

d ra w

one

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S eco n d

co a t :

lb s

re d l e a d

La b o r

T o t a l p e r to n
a v era ge o f

Th e
and

gal

of

and

l ead

Th e

oi l

gal
of

cos t

wa s

o xi de

th e a

as

p er

17

p e r to n f o r t h e

13

r ep a i n ti n g

t wo 5 0 -f t
ton s )
ra c
r ers ,
ce,
on
a
(1 1 5 to n s )
ree
ro u
s ans , 1 50 ft and
t on s )
s an
ra
T h r e e t h ro u gh s p a n s , 1 5 0 f t
t ons )
Th r e e t h r o u gh s p a n s , 1 5 0 f t
.

ru s s

b f l ea d
lb s

co a

co a t s

of

of

i ro n

f ol l ow s :

d kt
d bl t k
gi d
P y l tti 9 2 % f t
th
Th
gh
p
3 02 f t d
w p
ec

lb s

s e c on d

with t w o

s p an s

Ga

2 00 -f t

s wa s :
t h e r s t co a t ;

s pan

t on f o r

oil

of

bo v e

and

on s

ai nt.

Oi l

Co s t p e r to n
La b o r
ai nt
T ota

ll

128
30

60
10

335

122

1 84

46

1 30

30

0 38
.

T he s e 13

h ad

s p an s

o r i g in a l ly

b een p a inted with i r o n

o xi d e wh i ch w as n o t c l e a ne d o exce pt a t r u s t e d s p o t s
I t wi l l b e no te d t h a t a b o ut
g a l o f o i l w a s u s ed t o thi n
e a ch g a l l o n o f p a i n t
T h e co s t o f r e p a i n t i n g ten o l d b ri d g e s w i th o ne co a t o f
i ro n o xi de wa s a s f o l l o w s :
.

Do u b

t rac tru s s , 1 2 6 1t (1 7 6 to n s )
Th r o u g h p la t e gi r er , 5 0 f t
t on s )
S i x s p a n s .d ec t ru s s , 1 5 0 f t
e

k
t n )
Dec k p l te gi d e

r,

70 f t

t on s )

T h ro u g h p l a t e gi r e r , 4
to n s )

T h es e
o xi d e

10

76

Oi l

P
P

Co s t p e r to n

ai nt.

La b o r

T o t al

25

15

ai nt

Gall o n s

s p ans

whi ch w as

ft

h ad

280
12

62

b een
n o t cl e a n e d

17
o ri g i na lly
o

e xce p t

with i r o n
p a inte
a t ru s ted s po ts
.

HAND B O OK OF COS T DA TA

5 66

w h i c h r e quir e d 1 g a l
co s t w a s a s f o l l o w s :
10 g a l s
10 g a l s

b o i led
ca rb o n

oi l,

of

p a i n t f or

v e ry

sq

ft

Th e

at

p ain t, at

La b o r

To t a l ,

at

per l i n f t
.

Me r ch a n ts

Th e E l e v a te d S tru cture ,
s te e l

B ri d g e

co n s i s ts

of

lum n s s up p o rt i n g p l a t e g i rder s p a n s o f 28 t o 35
ft
ca rryi n g a d o u b l e tr a ck r a i lr o a d
I t w as ere ct ed a n d
p a i n t e d i n 1 890 b ut i n 1 897 i t w a s b a d ly r u s t e d a n d w a s
r ep a i n t e d a t a co n t ra ct p ri ce o f 57 ct s p e r f t f o r
ft
T h e actu a l co s t t o t h e co n tr a ct o r w a s as f o l l o w s :
.

co

Ca rb o n p a i n t
La b o r f o r
La b o r fo r

and

oi l,

o ne

co a

i
p a i n ti n g

c e an n g

T o t a l , e xclu s i v e

of

f o re m a n

ti m e

It
(E a d s ) B ri d g e w a s r e p a i n t e d i n 1896
ft
co n s i s t s o f th r ee a r che d s p a n s of a t o t a l l e n g th o f
c a rryi n g a d o ubl e t r a ck r a i l w a y o n t h e l o w e r o o r a n d a
T h e oor b e a m s f o r t h e h i g h
h i g hw a y o n th e u pp e r o o r
T h e b ri d g e i s 54
w a y a r e the s t ru ts f o r t h e wi nd tr u s s
T h e met a l w a s q u i t e ru s ty i n pl a ce s
f t w i d e o u t to o u t
r e qui ri n g ch ip p i n g to re m o v e s ca l e e s p e ci a ll y t h e h i g hw a y
o o r be a m s e xp o s e d to l o co m o tiv e s m o k e I t w a s p a i n t e d
with o n e co a t
T h e cos t w a s
p e r to n d i s tr i but e d a s
f o l lows :
Th e S t

Lo ui s

b o i led oi l a t
ca rb o n p a i n t
S u n dry s upp l i e s
La b o r 130 d a y s a t
246 d a y s a t
955 d a y s a t
675 g a l s
650 ga l s

at

To t a l ,

at

per l in f t
.

S E CT I ON

X III

CO S T OF R A I LW A Y A N D T OP O GR A P HI C S URVE Y S

R a ti

M en

f or

on s

R a i lw a y Lo ca ti o n

Ca m p i n g

In

McHe n ry

R ul e s f o r
a n d s up

li s t o f r a ti o n s
T h e f o o d i s s u f ci e n t to s u p p o r t 14 m e n
p li e s i s g i v e n :
a t l e a s t 30 d a y s
T h e li s t i s o n e u s ed f o r s u r v e yi n g p a r
ti e s o n the N o rth e r n P aci c R a i lw a y
t h e fo ll o wi n g

400 l b s

50 l b s

10 l b s

10 l b s

10 l b s

10

3
12
1 50

20

co ee

10 l b s

te a

5 ga ls
1 g al

vi n e ga r
l b s p o tatoe s
l b s b ean s
lb s on ions
ca s e s (24 qt s ) t o m a to
ca s e s co rn
ca s e p e as
ca s e p e a r s
ca s e ch e rrie s
c as e s p e a ch e s
ca s e m i lk
ca s e co a l o i l
l b s mu s t a rd
.

20
2
2

1
1
1
2
1
1
0
4

s yrup

lb

g i ng e r

b a rl e y
l b s co r n s t a r ch
l b s b a ki n g p o wd e r
lb s soda
p a ck a g e s ye a s t
lb s s uga r
l b s s a lt

p e pp er

s a go

1b

g ro u n d

inn a m o n
I
II l b a l l s pi ce
1
l
n
b
utm e g s
2,
1 b o ttle l e mo n e xtr a ct
1 b o ttl e v a n i l l a e xtr a c t
6 b o ttle s p i ckl e s
6 b o ttl e s ca t s up
8 b o ttl e s W o r ces t e r s a u ce
1 00 l b s h a m
1 00 l b s b a co n
2 5 l b s d ri e d b e e f
-

50 l b s

50

25 l b s

30 l b s

1 1b

b u ckwhe a t
o a tm e a l
co r n m ea l
ri ce
t a p i o ca

40 l b s

10

o ur

25 l b s

40 l b s

25 l b s

60 l b s

ca s

50

10

1
1
1

1
12
1

s h

l ar d
ch ee s e
b utt e r

co r n b e e f

dr i e d a p p l e s
l b s dri e d p e a ch e s
l b s d ri e d p r u n e s
l b s dr i e d curr a n t s
b o x r a i s i ns
b o x cr a ck e r s
b o x m a ca r o n i
b o x s oa p
b o xe s m a tch e s
b o x ca n d l e s

50 l b s
50

cod

2 lb s

10 l b s

lye

sal s o da
-

H AND B O O K O F COS T D A TA

568

t o t a l n e t w e i g h t o f f o o d i n th i s li s t i s a b o ut
o n th e b as i s
o f f oo d p er m a n p er d ay
o r a b o ut 5 l b s
lb s
T h i s i s c e rt a i n ly a m pl e
I n f a ct m e n
o f 420 m a n d a y s
ca n li v e o n m u c h l ess i f co n ce n tr a t e d f o o d th a t s w el l s o n
T h e f o l l o wi n g i s a l i s t u s e d by th e
co o ki n g i s u s e d
a u th o r o n a 30 d a y ca m p i n g e xp e d i ti o n wh e r e e v e ry s up e r
u o us p o u n d o f w e i g ht w a s cu t o ut
Th e
.

On e
30

man

Oatmea
,
Ri ce

eans

S uga r

B tt
B ki

er

ng

p ow

Co e e

Tea
Dr i e

4
8
12
1
2
10
1
2

er

x
2

p ru n e s

ep p er

Con

ays

(d r i e d )

One m an
1 d ay

e ns e

lk
t l

mi
To

79 lb s

0 10

ca n s

lb

l i s t f u rn i s h e s
lb n itr o g e n o u s f o o d
lb f a t
lb s
s u g ar p e r m a n p e r d a y
s t a r ch
an d
Dr
an d
P a vy (E n cy cl o p e di a B ri t a n n i ca ) s t a t e s th a t a l a b o r e r r e
qui r e s d a i ly
lb n i tr o g e n o u s f oo d
lb f a t a n d
If t h e tr i p i s to
l b s s t a r ch a n d s u g a r (ca rb o hyd r a t e s )
o u n ce s Of j u i ce o f l i m e p e r m a n p e r d a y
be a l o n g o n e
u n l es s p o t a t o e s ca n b e
s h o ul d be t a k e n t o pr e v e nt s c urvy
ca rri e d a l o n g
,
F W D Ho lbr o o k i n J o u r A s s o c E n g S o c 1883 p
1 80 g i v e s t h e f o l l o wi n g r a ti o ns f o r 20 m e n f o r 12 d a y s
w h e r e a l l f o o d h a s t o b e p a c k e d o n t h e b a ck s o f m e n
l b s f o o d f o r 240 m a n d a y s )
T h is

12

b o ttl e s p r e p a r e d
m u s t a rd
lbs
b u tt e r
lb s h am
l b s ca n n e d co r n b e e f
l b s m e s s p o rk
lb s o ur
.

25

1 70

75
50

300

50 l b s

b ro wn
yrup
s
.

10 l b s

g ra n ul a t e d s u g a r

1 00 l b s

15 l b s

70 l b s

25 l b s

t ea

co ff e e

b ea n s
ri c e
.

s u ga r

fo r

HANDB OOK OF COS T DA TA

570

E qu i p m e n t f or
F La v i s ,
T r a ns

in

an

Co s t

Am

R ai l r o a d

of

S u rv e y s

Mr

1905, h a s g iv e n
r a i lw a y s urv e yi n g f r o m wh i ch t h e
T h e w o rk w a s d o n e
a b s tr a ct e d :

Soc

an

v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a ti o n o n
f o l l o wi n g d a t a h a v e bee n
f o r t h e Ch o ct a w O kl a h o m a a n d Gu l f R a i lr o a d (n o w p a r t
o f t h e R o ck I s l a n d S y s t e m )
i n O kl a h o m a I n di a n T e rrit o ry
a n d N o r th e r n T e xas
un der F A Mo l it o r Chi e f E n g i n e e r
T h e f o l l o win g i s a l i s t o f t h e ca mp o utt :
,

o f ce

16 f t

t e n ts
1 co o k

ten t wi th

16 f t

te n t

a n d o i ce

ta b le s

mp ch a i r s
Ma p ch e s t w ith n e cess a ry
s t a ti o nery , p a per e t c

16 x 20 f t

3 d r a f ti n g

14 x

14

ca

Di n i n g

Tab l e

d o ze n a g a te w a r e d i nn e r p l a t e s
3 d o z e n a g a t e w a re cup s
2 d o z e n a g a t e w a r e s a u cer s
2% d o z e n s tee l k n i v e s
d o zen s t ee l f o rk s
d o ze n Germ a n s i lv e r te a s p oo n s
d o z e n Germ a n s i lv e r d es s e rt s p oo n s
1 d o ze n Ge rm a n s i lv e r t a b l e s p o o ns
d o z e n t i n s a lt b o xes
d o ze n t i n p e pper b o xe s
1
4 do z en r oun d a ga t e wa r e p ans 2 q t
d o z e n r o un d a g a te w a r e p a n s 1 qt
1 d o z e n r o u n d a g a te w a r e p a n s 1 p t
1 ca rv i n g k n i f e a n d f o rk
7 y d s o i l cl o th 48 i n s wi d e
3 s ta n d a rd tre s tl e s
5 b o a rd s 12 b y
i n b y 18 f t (dre ss ed )
.

1 No

8,

6 h ol e ,
-

wr o u g h t

i ro n r a n g e
t e a k e ttle
l a rge ca s t i r o n p o t
s m a l l ca s t i r o n p o t
l a r g e f ryin g p a n s

1
2

s m al l

f r yi n g p a n

p a ns wi th
e
h
l
a
a
c
g
2 s te wp a n s
1 3 g a l co ff e e p o t
.

4 tin

2 g ri d d l e s

co v er s ,

'

I C S URVEYS
RA ILWA Y A ND TOP OGRA PH

Co o ki n g Ut e n s il s
1 g a l . te a p o t
4 d ri pp i n g p a n s

6 b a ki n g ti n s f o r b re a d
12 t i n p i e p l a t e s
1
2

1
.

2
1

1
1
1

b ut cher kn iv e s
s t e el
l a r ge m e a t f o rks
c h o ppi n g kn i f e
m e at s aw
l a r g e i r o n S p o on s
s o u p l a dle
ca ke turne r
ou r s i eve
co l and e r
5 ga l t in di s hp a n
5 g a l ti n b re a d p an wit h
co v er
.

br e a d

b oa rd

pi n

cutte r.

n u t me g gr a t e r

co e e

1
6

m i ll
s pr i n g b a l a n ce
g a lv a nize d i r o n bu ck e t s
t i n d ippe r s (o n e f o r e a ch
t ent an d t wo i n co o k t e n t )
ca n o pe n e rs
co rk s crew
b ro o m
S crubb i n g b ru s h
a l a r m cl o ck
t a b l e (s am e as dr af tin g
.

b o wl

ch o ppin g

r o l li n g
1 b i s cui t

571

2
1
1

1
1

t ab l es )

Mi s ce l l a n e o u s

d o zen Die tz l a n te r n s
l a r g e t i n l a mp s (ce n tr a l dr a f t r o und wi ck s )
l a r g e g a lv a n i z e d ir o n w as ht u b s
w a s hb o a rd
S ib l e y s t o v e s (4 l e n g th s o f p ip e w i th d a mp e r s 12 l e ng th s
o f p lain p i pe )
w a t e r k e g s 2 g a l e a ch
w as hb as ins
.

3
2
1

To o l s
1 g ri n d s t o n e a n d ttin g s
1 m o n k e y wr e n ch
.

1 p i ck
2

s h ovel s

S h o rt

r
2 h an d

c o ss

h o ppi n g axes
d o z e n a xe h a n d le s
1 bu n d l e s a i l twi n e
d o ze n s a i l n e e dl es
1 s a i l pa l m
1 0 a s s o rted S i z e s w i re n a i l s
in
100 f t m a ni l a r o p e
4

1 han d

cr o wb a r

saw

cu t

a xes

s aw
.

HA N D B OO K

572

D A TA

OF COS T

Lun ch B o x

2 d o z en

a g a te

w a re d in n er p l a t e s
2 d o zen a ga te w a re s a u cer s
1% d o z en s t e e l kni v es
1% d o ze n s tee l f o rk s
d o z e n Ge rm a n s i l v e r te a s p o o ns
1% d o z e n Ge rm a n s i lver d e s s e rt S p o o n s
1 2 g a l co ff e ep o t
.

E a ch l o ca ti n g p arty was

o r g a n i ze d

as

f o ll o w s :

$150 to $175

Lo ca tin g e n g i n e er
A s s is t a n t l o ca tin g

1 15 t o

125

T r a n s i tm an

90 to

100

L evele r

80 t o

90

Dr a f ts m an

80 to

90

80 IO

90

t wo

T o p o g r a pher s ,

e n g ine e r

Ro d man

He a d

50
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s ca l e o f t h e m a p i s 200 f t per i n
ar e l o ca ted
Th e co s t o f th e t o p o gr a ph y o f
a l ley s
e tc
th e s u rvey o f S t Lo u i s wa s 73 ct s p e r a cre s ca le o f m a p
the s a m e b ut f ew b u i l d ings a n d f ew s tre et co rner s were
l o ca ted
A t o p o gr a ph i ca s urvey o f
a c re s
n e a r Ma d i
I ll i n 1893 cos t 50 cts p er a cre in c lu d in g m a pp in g ;
s on
a n d a l l b ui l din gs f en ce s r a i r o a d s
s ca le w as 400 f t p er i n
w er e l oca te d
e tc
S ev er a l d i ff eren t tr a c t s o f a n d n e a r S t Lo u i s o f 100 t o
200 a cre s we re s u rveye d f or 20 t o 40 ct s p e r a cre
In t h es e
a n d a 2 f t co nt o u r inte rv a l
cas e s a s ca l e o f 400 f t pe r i n
a n d o n l y the c o n gur a ti o n o f th e gr o und w ere requi red
a c re s in S o uth we s t T e x a s
i n 1894 w a s
A s u rv ey o f
m a de ; 2 f t co n t o u r s ; a n d 400 f t p er i n s ca l e ; gr o un d w as
r o l l in g a n d p a rtl y co vere d wi th b ru s h ; co n d it i o n f a v o r
p er a cre
co s t 7 cts
a b le ;
i n 1891
T o p o gra ph i ca l w o rk o n th e M i s s i s s ip p i R iver
o n the Mi s s o u ri R ive r
i n 1 895 $31
co s t $36 pe r s q m i le ;
ct s
pe r s q m i le o r 5 t o
pe r a c re
ft
S ca l e w a s
a p a rt
a l l b ui l d in g s
per i n
co nto ur s 5 f t
r o a d s f en ce s
l i m i t s o f culture e t c l o ca te d
Th i s co s t in c lud es a s y s
te m o f t erti a ry t ri a n gul a ti o n but d o es n o t i n clu de ma p
p ing

.,

Co s t

of

Sur veys,

June 28, 1900

Mr

Eri e

D J
.

Ca n a l

Ho w ell

In

N ew s
d etai
the

E ng neerin g

d e s cr i b e s

in

HA N DB OOK OF

582

CO S T DA TA

l p es t o a n elev a ti o n o f 75 f t a b ove the creek

The
gr o un d w as m o s tly gr a z ing a n d f a r m l a n d 40% o f w h i c h
w a s ti m b er e d
T h e co s t o f t h e three s u rv e y s
in c l u d ing
n i s hed m a p s tr a veli n g e x p e n s e s e t c w as a s f o ll o w s :
s o

BRl

S alm on

r e a , s qu a r e

mi

S e t -u p s
h ots

Ri

S
S qu a r e m i l e s

Fi s h

Cr e e k

i ve r

ver

85
6 00

15
771

es

ac

19
451

ld

p er d ay
F i e w o r k p e r s qu a r e m i e
M a p w o r k p e r s qu a r e m i e

ot a

N ote

p er

s qu a r e

Th e

l
mi l

7 00
.

t o f the b as e l ine s urvey s f o r the S a l m o n

R ive r a n d Fi s h Cree k w o rk a n d f o r o n e thi rd o f the B l a c k
R ive r i s n o t i n c l u de d i n th e c os t s a b o ve given ; th e co s ts
i n c lu d e n o l eve ling, b ut o n ly the s t a di a el d w o rk a n d m a p
p in g e xcep tin g o u the B l a c k R iver where b a s e li n e a n d
l eve lin g co s t s f o r t w o th i r ds t h e terr i t o ry ar e i n cl u de d

co s

Co s t

of

De e p W a t e r w a y

Su rv ey, N

Mr

J Hi me s in T r a n s A m S o c C E V o l 44 p 1 05 g ive s
the f o l l o w i ng d a t a o n th e U S Deep W a ter w a y s S urvey s
f o r a 30 f t ca n a l a l o n g the Os wego a n d Mo h a w k R ive r s
A s u ffi c ient nu mber o f s ta d i a r e a d
a d i s ta n ce o f 91 m i les
A b o u t 83% o f
in g s wa s ta ken t o devel o p 2 f t co n t o u rs
the a r ea wa s m a pp e d o n a s ca l e o f
the o ther
T here w e re 12 s q mi le s o f s o und ings
o n a s ca le o f
m a de in O s weg o Ha rb o r a n d O ne i d a L a ke a n d pl o tted ; a n d
a n a re a o f a b o ut 7 8 s q m i le s o f O n e i d a L a ke a n d O s w e g o
Ha rb o r w a s deter m ine d b y tr i a n gu l a ti o n T her e w ere
A l l b u il d
be s i d es 121 sq m i le s o f l a n d t o p o gr a phy t a ken
ing s r o a d s r a i l r o a d s p r o pe rty l ine s s tre a m s o r ch a r d s
A s t a d i a p a r ty c o n s i s te d o f
were l o ca te d
s wa m p s
e tc
1 in s tr u mentm a n 1 re co r de r a n d 3 r o d m en w i th s o me ti me s
1 l a b o re r f o r cu tti n g b r u s h o r r o win g a b o a t
E a ch n igh t
th e p a r ty r e d u ce d th e s t a d i a n o te s a n d ca l cu l a te d th e co
Th e er r o r o f c l o s u res w as re a di ly kep t wi thin
o rd in at e s
1 i n 700 ;
a n d e rr o r s i n
elev a ti o n s el d o m e x cee de d 1 f t
b ei n g u s u a l ly le s s th a n
f t l o n g w er e
ft
S ight s
o f t e n t a ken
Ch a r t s w ere f o u n d t o b e m u ch better th a n
f or s tad ia
t a b le s
r e d u cti o n s
w o r k w a s b eg u n
Th e
O ct 23 1897 a n d n i s he d N o v 5 1898
In n o m o n th we re
.

RA ILWA Y A ND TOP O GR A PHI C S UR VE Y S

583

m o re th a n 5 d a y s l o s t o n a cco unt o f b a d we a ther

Th e
a ve r a ge nu m b er o f re a d ing s w a s
p er s q mi le
Th e
m in i m u m a ve r a ge a re a co vere d pe r d a y b y o n e p a rty o n
a s ingle pi e ce o f w o r k w a s
m il e
sq
Th e m a x i mu m
wa s
s q mi le
T h e a ver a ge f o r the
h ol e s urvey w as
s q mi le pe r p a rty pe r d a y
T h e co s t W
fo l l o ws
pe r s q m i le :
.

Fi el d w o rk
Ma pp ing
T ota l

$179
101

pe r

sq

mi le

$280

Th i s i s e

x clu s i ve

Co s t

Gov er n m en t T o p

of

o f s w a mps , a n d
ogra

l a ke s

phi

n o t s o unde d

Sur vey s

Mr M a r
.

i n T r a n s A m S o c C E V o l 30 p 619 gives
th e co s t o f Go vern men t t o p o gr a ph i c s urvey s i n m a ny
E ur o pe a n co untr ie s t o whi ch the re a de r i s re f e rred
Th e
U S Ge o l o gi ca l S urvey o f N e w Jer s ey w a s begun i n 1877
a n d n i s hed in 1 887 co vering a n a re a o f
s q u a r e m ile s
T h e co s t was
w i t h co nt o ur s 10 a n d 20 f t a p a rt
per
s q u a re mi le
w hi ch in c lude s a l l e x pen s e s in p ro du c ing a
map rea d y f or the engr ave r
Th e engr a ve d m a p i s o n a
A s i mi l a r s urvey o f Ma s
s ca le o f a b o ut 1 mi le p er i n ch
m a d e 1 884 1 888 co nto u r interv a l 20 f t
s a ch us e t t s
c os t
A
pe
r
q
u
a
re
m
i
e
s i mi l a r s urve y o f R h o de I s l a n d
s
1
3
$
A s i m i l a r s u rvey
m a d e 1 888 1 889 cos t $9 p er s q u a re m i l e
s q u a r e m i les
m a de 1889 1890 o n a
of Co nne cti cut
per s qu a re
s ca le o f 1 m i le per in ch 2 0 f t co nt o ur s co s t
m i le f o r m a p re a dy f o r engr a ve r
A to p o gr a ph i c m a p o f the b a nk s o f the Mi s s i s s i ppi
R ive r f r o m Ca i r o t o the Gul f o f Me x i co w as co m p leted
b y the Go ve rn m en t i n 1884 a t a co s t o f $51 per s q u a r e
Th e
m i l e f or
s q u a re m i le s o f l a n d a n d w a te r s ur f a ce
m a nu s cri p t m a p w a s o n a s ca le o f
e m b r a ci n g the
m i l e w i d e o n e a ch s i d e
Th e
r ive r a n d a s tri p o f l a n d
r iver was ca re f ul l y s o u n de d
M r B a ke r give s e s ti m a te s o f th e co s t o f s urveys m a d e
by th e Co as t S urvey but the s e e s ti m a te s a r e s tr o n gl y d i s
f
o
a
o
m
re
ver
the
y
r
o
m
i
n
r
v
lue
t
en
gineer
s
in
a
e
o
o
d
u
e
t
p
gener a l p r a cti ce s o th e re a de r i s re f erre d t o the T ra n s a c
ti o n s f o r th e d a t a
Th e N Y S t a te E ngi nee r s R ep o rt 1897 g i ves the cos t
cu s

B a ke r

HA NDB OOK

D A TA

OF COS T

t o p ogr a ph i ca s urvey s f o r the Dept o f t he U S

S urvey a s f o l l o w s p e r s qu a re m i le co nt o u rs 20 f t
a n d ma p o n a s ca le o f a b o u t 1 m i l e to the i n ch :
of

Tr

i a n gu l a ting

S q mi e
.

m i le s )

sq

ap a rt ,

Ge o

T o p o gr a ph y

Of ce w o rk

m i le s f or el d a nd o f ce
o
a
w
r
k
b
een
pe
r
mi
le
t
b
l
e
giv
in
g
th
e
h
a
d
A
s
q
.
co s t o f
m i le s s h o w s a r a n ge o f
t o $25 per
sq
s q m i le
the a ver a ge b ein g
f o r el d a n d o f ce w o rk
o f wh i c h
Th e cos t o f o f ce
w as the co s t o f el d w o rk
w o r k r a n g e d fr o m
p er s q m i l e a n d a ver a ge d
to
Th e t o t a

cos t

of

s q.

Co s t
O ct 11

of

S ou n d i

Mr

g Th

rou

I ce

gh

In E n g neer n g N ew s

J o s ep h R ip ley de s crib e s the co n s tru c ti o n

a n d u s e o f a n i ce b o ri ng m a ch ine
O p e r a ted by b eve l ge a r
f o r bo rin g 3 i n h o l es th r o ugh i ce B e fo re th e us e o f th i s
m a ch in e h o le s wer e ch o ppe d b y a x e s a t a co s t o f a b o u t
8 ct s pe r h o l e thr o ugh 2 f t o f i ce
W i th th e m a ch ine
th e a ver a ge t i m e w as le ss th a n V2
o p er a te d by t w o men
m i n pe r h o l e thr o ugh 26 i n s o f i ce o ver l a i d b y 2 ft o f
T h e t i m e o f a ctu a l b o ri n g w as
s n o w i n clud in g a ll de l a y s
T h e s o un d in g p a r ty co n s is t e d
a b o ut 8 s e co n d s p e r h o le
re co r d i ng s o und in gs 2 m en s o und ing 6 m en
o f 1 ch i e f
o per a tin g th re e b o rin g m a ch ine s
2 m en m o v i ng ta g l ine s
a n d m a rking p l ace s f or h o le s 3 m en s h o ve l i n g a w a y s n o w
1 ga ge o b s e rv er a n d 1 co o k
S u ch
a f ter h o le s were b o re d
a p a rty a ver a ged
h o le s per d a y o f 8 h r s a t a co s t
of
p er m o n th th e w o rki ng d a y b ein g 8 h o ur s
W ith
cts pe r h o le
25 w o r k in g d a y s i n a m o nth the co s t i s
In U S E n g Rep o rt 1903 V ol 10 Pa rt 2 p 1 896 th e
fo l l o w i ng i s g iven :
A n i ce b o ring m a ch ine w i l l b o re a 2V
h o l e th r o u gh
2 in
2 f t o f s o l i d i ce i n 5 s e cs
A p ar ty ca n ta ke 300 s o und ing s
pe r h r th r o ugh i ce 2 f t thi ck i n w a ter 23 f t deep h o le s
S p a ce d 10 f t x 50 f t T h e be s t re co r d f or 8 h rs w a s
i ce b e i n g 13 i n s thi ck
T h e cos t o f s o un dings
s o und i n gs
was 3 cts e a ch f or el d w o rk in c ud in g o ca t i n g th e h o le s
.

1 894,

HA ND B O OK OF COS T D A TA

586

w i re f en ces o f th e Lo ui s vi ll e
N as hvi lle R y h a v e
p o s t s 7 f t l o ng w ith s even wi re s s p a ce d 4 4 6 8 10 12
f r o m the gr o un d u p Fo r o n e m il e o f f en ci n g
a n d 12 i n s
th e f o ll o win g m a t eri a l s a n d l a b o r a r e requi red :
Th e

Per mi le
.

pe r 100 f t )
l b s p e r 1 00 f t )
l b s per 100 f t )

3 b a rbe d h o g wir e s
2 b a rbe d
2

c a ttl e

lb s

w i re s

p l a i n r ib b on wi re s
T ot a l

S t a ple s
P os t s , 10

ft

B r a cin g , 1

b or
I n soft

lbs

754 l b s

704 l b s

lb s

49 l b s

w i re per mi l e
528

a p a rt

6 in

y ell o w p ine

ft

440

$105

La

g oo d wo rkm a n
an 8 i n
p os t h ol e
di gge r wi l l d ig 100 p o s t h o les 2 f t deep p e r d a y o f 10 h r s
soi l

u si ng
.

Ha n d

pi p e h a n d
r a i li ng f o r a s m a l l s t o ne a r ch b ridge w a s m a d e o f t h re e
p ipe r a il s a n d p o s ts
T h e w ei gh t o f th e
line s o f l u
g in
p i p e w a s 800 l b s f o r 1 00 l in f t o f r a i l i n g (50 f t o n e a ch
T h e co s t w a s a s f o l l o w s :
s i de o f th e b r i d ge )
Co s t

of

Ga s P i p

ili

ga s

li n f t o f r a il i n g r ea dy t o ere c t
Ha u lin g 1% m i le s
1 qt a s ph a lt u m p a int
P a int br u s h
9 l b s s u lph u r a t 8 cts
Ir o n ke ttle t o m el t s u l ph u r i n
L a b o r e re ctin g r a i lin g 17 h r s a t 35
La b o r ere cting r a il ing 2 h r s
a t 15
1 00

T o t a l f o r 100

ft

ct s

ct s

r a i li n g

of

ere ct i n g w a s th e d r i l ling o f 48 b o lt
x 2 i ns )
h o les
in the s t o n e c o p ing
T h e b o l ts t h a t
p a s s ed thr o u gh t h e ca s t i r o n p o s t b a s e s were he l d w i th
T h e p o s t s w e re m a d e o f 117/y i n g as pi pe cr o s s e s
sul phur
Th e
in
and
tee s
p i p e m e a s u r e d a b o u t 2 i ns o u t
w h i c h i s a g o o d s i z e f o r h a n d r a i li n g
s id e di a m eter
O n a n o th e r j o b 100 li n f t o f h a nd r a i lin g w ere bu il t
T h e r a i l i n g w a s m a d e o f 3 l ine s
a l o ng a n emb a n kmen t
Th e

p ri n ci p a l

co s

of

COS T OF MI S CELLA N E O US S TR UCT URE S

587

pi p e (l i n d i a m o u ts i de ) m a d e a s a b o v e de
e xcep t th a t e a ch p o s t w as f a s tene d t o a n o a k
s c ribed
p l a nk b u r i e d in the gr o u n d a n d a n in cl ined b r a ce r a n f r o m
e a ch p o s t to the pl a nk
T h e co s t o f 100 l in f t o f r a i lin g
of

111

g as

'

wa s

l in f t r a iling
La b o r e r e ct i ng
1 00

p os ts

and

T o ta l

Co s t

B r u sh

De w itt give s the

an

Re vetm

Ston e

en

Mr

fo l l o w ing o n b u i ld in g a
f t o f r ive r b a n k

b rus h a n d s ton e
revetmen t a l o ng
o n the M i s s o u r i
R ive r n e a r Ca mb ri dge MO
T h e w o rk w as d o ne b y c o m
A l to n R y
i n 1901 a n d
p a ny l a b o rer s f or th e Ch i ca go
i s s i mi l a r to n ea rb y Go vern m ent w o rk whi ch h a d pr o ven
s a t i s f a ct B
r y f o r 12 ye a r s
p rev i o u s
T h e b a n k w a s r s t
1
a
o
a
gr de d d wn with
hydr a u l i c gi a nt h a vin g a 1 4 i n n o z
z le w a ter b eing supp li e d b y a p u m p a t 100 l b s pre s s ure
A gr a ding f o r ce co n s i s ting o f 1 s te a m engineer 1 re m a n
1 n o z z l e m a n 1 w a t ch m a n a n d 2 l a b o rer s gr a ded 100 l in
f t o f b a nk m o ving a b o u t 800 cu y d s p e r d ay Th e n o z
z le w a s s ta rted a t th e t o p o f th e b a n k a n d m o ve d d o wn
t h e s l o p e t o t h e w a ter s edge cu ttin g a tr u e s l o pe
T h e gr a d i n g w a s fo ll o we d u p cl o s e ly b y th e ga ng w e av
in g b ru s h m a ttre ss e s
T w o b a rge s 20 x 50 f t wer e l a s he d
en d t o en d a n d a p l a t fo r m a n d s e t o f w a y s b uil t th ere o n
T h e we a vin g w a s d o ne o n the w a y s
W h en the we a ver s
re a ch e d th e t o p o f the w a y s the b o a t w a s d r o pped d o w n
Th e m a ttr e s s i s o f wi l l o w b ru s h pie ce s bein g 1
s tre a m
t o 2 i n s d i a m a t the butt a n d 15 t o 25 f t l o n g w o ve n
w ith a n o ve r a n d und er s tit ch like the s e a t o f a ca n e
It i s 12 i n s thi ck a n d 86 f t wi d e a n d i s s tren gth
ch a i r
i n ga lv a ni z e d wi re c a b le s a n ch o re d
e n e d a n d hel d b y
Th e
to 1 2 x 12 i n p ine d e a d men o n the t o p o f th e b a nk
l o w w a te r
Th e
m at
a b o ve
m a ttre s s pr o j ec ts 3 f t
tre s s f o r ce co n s i s te d o f 1 fo re m a n 10 l a b o re r s s ki lle d
10 l a b o rer s p a s s in g b r u s h t o th e w e a v
in
w e a vin g
3 l a b o rers t o p as s th e b r u s h f r o m s co w a l o ng
ers
v
a
a
o
s
s
5
i
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e
th
e
w
ver
s
h
el
pe
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l
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in g
e
a
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t
s
n
s
3
a
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a
s
b
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th
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ugh
th
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l
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diggi
g
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.

"

HA NDB OOK

588

D A TA

or cos r

or
33
1
w a t e rb o y
a nd
l lin g de a d men h o le s
T hi s fo r ce w o u l d
m en in a l l a t
pe r d a y per m an
ft o f m a ttre s s in 10 h rs o r 287 cu y d s o f
a ver a ge 90 l in
m a ttres s

a nd

l ength o f m a ttre s s w as fl o a tin g o n th e

w a te r i t w a s s un k b y p l a ci ng u p o n i t s t o ne s we i gh in g 100
A ga n g
t o 200 l b s e a ch wh i ch were del iver e d b y a b a rge
o f 30 men w o u l d u nl o a d 150 cu
y d s o f s t o n e f r o m th e
b a rge up o n the m a ttre s s i n 3 h rs s i nkin g 200 l in f t o f
m a ttre s s
A te r

s u f ci e nt

the m a ttre s s wh i ch w a s gr a d e d t o a
w as p a ve d w i th r o ugh o n e m a n s to n e up t o 2
s 10 p e
f t a b o ve h igh w a ter t h e thi ckne s s o f th e p a vin g b ei ng
8 i n s a t the t o p in cre as in g t o 12 i n s at t h e l o w wa te r
l ine
A fo r ce o f 28 me n w heel e d th e s t o ne o n run p l a n k s
f r o m b a rge s in th e r ive r th e e x tr em e d i s ta nce bei n g
T h e wi dth o f th e p a vi n g o n t h e S l o p e i s 54
a b o ut 60 f t
ft
a n d the s e 28 men
wi th 4 p a ver s a ve r a ge d 100 in f t
or
s q ft
o r 150 cu y d s
in 10 h r s
Th e s to n e l a ye r s
bega n a t th e t o p (re v er s i n g the u s u a l pr o ce dure ) a n d l a i d
th e s t o n e s l o ping uph i l l s o th a t e a ch s t o n e wa s s el f s up
p o rtin g
Up o n th i s r o ugh s l o p e w a l l (th e s t o ne o f whi ch
re ceive d n o h a m me r d re s s ing ) a l a ye r o f s p a ll s a n d cru s hed
s t o n e 2 i ns
th i c k w as s p re a d a n d a l l j o in t s were thu s
Th e co s t pe r 100 l in ft o f th i s bru s h a n d s t o n e
lled
revetmen t w a s a s f o l l o w s :
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b an k

a b o ve

'

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G r a din g b ank

lab or
f uel a n d s upp l ies
60 co rd s w il l o w b r u s h del ive red a t
800 l b s
l n g a lv ca b le a t 4 cts
48 cl i p s
i n i r o n ) a t 5 ct s
6 d e a dmen 12 X 12 i n s X 4 f t a t $1
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75 cu y d s s t o n e f o r b a l l a s ti n g a t $1
La b o r b a l l a s tin g m a ttre ss
150 cu y d s s t o ne f o r s l o pe p a ving a t $1
La b o r l a ying 150 c u y d s p avi ng
47 cu y d s s p a w l s a t
La b o r s pre a d i n g 47 cu y d s s p a w l s
A d mini s tr a ti o n
,

A NDB O OK OF COS T

590
h i m in 1884 i n

Me x i co

e s t a te s

D A TA

a
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when t h e
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e a ch ca r rying 1 60 l b s w i l l del iver
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B y u s in g t w o cl ip s c l o s e t o gether o n th e
20 t o n s p er h r
T hi s
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p a rti cul a r r o pew a y w a s u s ed f o r ca rryin g co rdw oo d t o a
m ine
f t b e twe en term in a l s
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f t T h e l o n ge s t
a n d th e d i ff er en ce i n e l ev a ti o n w a s
ft
the s h o rte s t 104 f t ;
s p a n b e tw een t o we r s w a s
Hewe d ti mb er s
the re w ere 1 0 t o wer s a n d t w o ter m in a l s
w ere us ed f o r the t o wer s b eing mu ch b etter th a n r o u nd
in
ti m ber s i n m a inten a n ce
T h e ro pe w a s
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l b s s trength pe r s q i n
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t h e Ca li f o rn i a W i re W o rk s
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ft
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e a ch mu le ca rryi ng a co i l 321 f t
l o n g w ith a p ie ce 10 f t l o n g be tween m ule s
T h e co i l s
w er e 24 i n s d i a m
T here w e re 3 men re q ui re d t o every
7 m u le s
Ca r e :m u s t be t a ken t o le a d the mu les o n a s tee p
as cen t t o prevent a s u d den r u s h th a t m a y th r o w a m u le
o ve r a p re cip i ce
T h e r o p e w a y a f ter ere cti o n w as l u b r i
ca t e d b e s t b y u s in g b l a ck W e s t V i rgini a o i l
(ins te a d o f
ta r ) a pp l ie d co ntinu o u s ly a t th e r a te o f a dr o p a m inute
T hi s w a s v a s tl y bet ter th a n inte rm i ttent o il ing
Th e cos t
o f thi s r o pe w a y w as a s f o l o w s :
.

th a t

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L o w e r te rm in a l
5 tree s tte d f o r t o w ers

t o w er s
Co u nter w eight t o w er
R e m o de l in g to we r s
S tr et ch ing s p l i c i ng a n d m o u ntin g r o pe
ing c li ps a n d b a s ke ts

l a b o r co s t o f co n s tru cti o n
O penin g a n d m a int a ini ng r o a d s
R o pe w a y m a teri a l s a n d t r a n s p o rt a ti o n
T o ta l

To ta l

co s

t in run n i ng

rde r

tt a ch

COS T OF MI S CE LLA NE O US S TR UCT UR E S

591

equiv a l ent to a b o u t
mi le
a
Du ring 9
mo s the r o p e w a y w as o per a te d a t a co s t o f $400 a m o nth
a n d h a n d led 660 co rd s pe r m o nth
; t h e i tem s o f co s t bein g
as f o l o w s f o r 9 m o s :
This

is

b ra ke m a n

$52 per m o
3 men l lin g a t $2 6 per m o e a c h
1 m a n dump ing a t $40 per m o
1 ma n l oo king a f te r line a n d o i l ing
1

at

468

702

360

at

$26

234

Oi l

11 7

R ep a iring (very he a vy

p er d a y )
2 m en whee ling w o o d a w a y f r o m ter min a l
2
men re ceivin g w o o d f r o m ch o pper s a n d deliver
5
ing it to p a cke r s
T o t a l f or 9

mos

526

468

702

I t wi l l be n o te d th at the co s t o f l a b o r w as l ow b ein g
T h e co s t o f cu ttin g an d d e
$1 a d a y f or co m m o n l a b o r
l ivering w o o d t o the tr a m w a y w a s
p er co r d a n d t h e
a s a b o ve given
co s t of tr a n s p orti n g b y the tr a mw a y
was
60 ct s pe r co rd (n o t in c l u d ing in ter es t o n t h e p l a n t )
Du ring th e previ o u s ye ar th e co s t o f cu tting a n d te a m in g
w o o d h a d b e en $12 per co r d
T h e t o t a l s a ving t o th e co m
p a n y a f te r de du ctin g cos t o f t r a m w a y w a s
the!
rs t ye a r
,

Co s t

Li n i n g

of

W i th

R e s er v o i r

sp

al

t.

In T r a n s

p 629 Mr J a m e s D S ch u y
le r d is cu s s e s the u s e o f Ca li f o rni a a s p h a l t fo r l in in g t w o
Co l
a t Denve r
re s e rv o ir s o f the Citi z en s W a ter
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S lo p es
gin e m o unte d o n r a i ls o n t o p o f the emb a nkment
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h o r i z o nt a l s trip s 10 f t w i d e 1 % i n s thi ck s pre a d wi th
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Am

Soc

1 892, V o l

27,

HA NDB OOK

592

in

D A TA

OF COS T

r o w s 1 f t a p a rt
E ver y o th er r o w w as d r i ven u s h
the a lte rn a te r o w s b e in g t e mpo r a ri l y le f t p r o j e ctin g 1%
i ns
to s erv e a s a r es t f o r 2 X 4 i n s tri ps o f lumber fo r m
ing s tep s f o r the w o rkmen
W he n the n i s h in g co a t ca m e
to b e a p p l ie d the s e s p ike s were d riv en i n u s h
.

b o tto m

w as co a te d with
a f te r t a m p in g w a s r o ll ed with
Th e

in

t hi ck a n d
a co l d 5 t o n s t e a m r o l le r
T h e n i s h in g coa t o f ren ed T rin id a d a s p h a l t u xe d wi th
re s i duu m o i l w a s p o ure d o n h o t f r o m b u cket s a n d i r o ne d
W hen r s t a pp lie d
w ith s m o o th ers h e a te d t o cherry re d
t h e ir o n s pr o du c ed a y el l o w s m o ke a n d h a d t o b e m o ve d
r a p i d l y b u t thu s o nly co ul d a g o o d b o nd b e s e cure d w ith
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sq

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as

a re a

ft

or

t on s 20% as ph a lt m as ti c 80% s a n d a t
15 t o n s 15% a s ph a lt m a s ti c 85% s a n d a t $10
t o n s li q u i d a s ph a l t u xe d with o i l a t $40
Fue l f or h e a tin g i r o n s a n d f o r s te a m r o l ler
L i ght s
Too ls
P e g i r o n s m a teri a l a n d l a b o r o f cuttin g a n d
d i p p ing in a s p h a l t
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Us e o f r o l ler 6 d a y s
,

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Mr

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sq

ft

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at

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sq

m e th a t a s n e a rly
me mb er men w ere p a i d
per 10 h r d a y
s i b l y the r a te w a s $2 a d a y
.

ft

he ca n r e
a lth o ugh p o s

as

re s er v o ir w a s l ined in a m a nne r s i m i l a r t o
th e rs t j u s t de s cri b e d
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s h o rt t o n s
whi ch re qui re d
sq ft
s l o pe s w a s
a n d as
o f t h e a s ph a lt a n d s a n d m i x ture f o r th e rs t co a t ;
th i s m i x tu re wei ghed 127 l b s per cu f t a f ter co mpr es s i o n
th e a v e r a ge thi ckn e s s w as
i ns
re q u irin g 1 6 l b s p e r
1
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s e co n d

A NDB O OK

594

DA TA

O I! COS T
1

w i th th e res er v o i r by p i p e s p r o vi de d w ith
v a lve s o pen in g a u t o m a ti ca l ly i n t o the r es er v o i r
Ice 18 i ns th i ck h a s b ee n f r o z en f a s t t o the a s ph a l t
l in ing a l l a r o un d a n d th e w a ter l o we re d a n d r a i s e d a gain
3 o r 4 f t w i th o ut d a m a gin g th e l i nin g i n t he le a s t
1 904) b y Mr Geo S P r in ce A ss t
I a m in f o r m e d (S ep t
t h a t th i s a s p h a l t
Ch E ngr th e Denver Un i o n W a ter

It h as run co n s i der a b ly o n
l ining h a s n o t b een dur a b e
the S l o pes a n d th i s h a s re s ul ted i n the cr a cking a n d d i s
integr a ting o f the a s ph a lt s o th a t co n s i d er a b l e e x pen s e h a s
be en inv o lve d i n keeping i t i n a nythin g l i ke s ervi ce a b l e
co nd i ti o n a n d w e wo u l d n o t co n s i de r u s in g i t a ga in i n th i s

co nne cti o n
p re f erring r a the r t o e mp l o y co n cr ete l ining s
w el l

c o nne cte d

Co s t

Ha n d l i n g

of

f ten

an

S cr e e n i

Ci n d e r s

Cin der s

u s e d i n co n crete a n d f o r o ther p urp os e s

Th e
fo ll o w in g d a t a h a ve b e en a b s t ra cte d f r o m an a rti cl e i n E n
g i n eer i n g N e w s A u g 1 8 1 904 b y Mr E rne s t McCu l l o u g h :
T h e co s t o f un l o a d in g a n d s cre enin g s o f t co a l l o co m o
tiv e cin der s f o r a lter be d w a s a s f o l l o ws :
Th e
co n s i s te d
lter
be d
of
l o wer
l a ye r
a
of
c i nde r s
27 i n s
th i ck a n d a n u pper l a yer 9 i n s
thi ck
Th e
l o we r a ye r co m p r i s e d a l l c in de r s th a t w o u l d p a s s a s creen
of 1 i n
me s h b ut th a t w o ul d n o t p as s a
Th e
i n m es h
up p e r 9 i n l a yer w o u l d p a s s a
i n me s h b u t n o t a
in
me s h
U n s cr eene d c in der s w e re s h ippe d i n go nd o l a ca r s
h o l di n g a b o ut 32 cu y d s e a ch a n d w ere un l o a de d ne a r
the lte r b e d s creene d a n d co nv eyed i n w heel b a r r o w s t o
T h e f re ight o n c a r l o a d w as a b o ut $36
p l a ce
In o n e
s h i p men t o f 16 ca r s there we r e 2 ca rs o f a s h es s o ne a s
t o b e re j e cte d w ith o ut s creen in g
T h e o the r s ga ve the f o l
lo win g p r O p o r ti o ns :
a re

1 in

m es h
Clinkers n o t p a s s in g
Ci nde r s p a s s ing 1 i n b ut n o t p a s s i n g
i n b u t n o t p as s ing
Cin der s p as s ing
in
Fi n e du s t un der

10%

I t was f o un d th a t ci n d er s i n
t o th e r a in a n d we a ther w e i
w oul d pa s s a $4, i n me s h
-

a
e

in

in

75%
5%
10%

p il e e xp o s e d f o r t w o w eek s
s o d i s inte gr a te d th a t 33%

06 1
8?

One

man

M I S CE LLA N E O US

OF

S TR UCT UR E S

595

u s in g a coa l s co op w o u d unl oa d 32 cu y d s
f r o m a ca r i n 10 h r s a n d a s this yiel ded a b o ut 24 cu y d s
of
co a r s e s creene d cin der s th e co s t o f un l o a d ing w a s 6
w a ge s b eing
cts
a d ay
A n o ther m a n
p e r cu y d
us ing a s co o p
w o u l d s h o ve l th e cin der s u p on the r s t
B u t i t t o o k t wo men u s
(l i n ) s cr een a t the s a m e r a te
in g o rd i n a ry s qu a re p o inte d s h o vel s t o s creen thr o ugh
th e
i n s creen s an d t h es e men s creen ed t h e m a teri a l
twi c e b e ca u s e i t w o ul d n o t p a s s thr o u gh the s e s c reen s
r a p i d ly n o r a t th e r s t s creening
A f a i r e s ti m a te o f th e
co s t o f un l o a d in g a n d s c re e n ing t h e c o a r s e (1 i n
in )
to
c in d er s i s a s f o l l o w s
the ci n der s b ei ng m e as ure d in p l a ce
in the l te r b e d :
.

Per

cu

yd

U nl o a d ing ca r s
Co a r s e (1 i n ) s creenin g
i n ) s creen in g t w i ce
Fi ne
-

W heelin g

an d

T ot a

s pre a d in g

in be d

per cu yd of s creene d ci n
wa s ab o ut
der s a n d th e co s t o f l oa din g the ca r s a b o u t 1 6 cts m o re
m a king a gr a n d t o t a l o f
p e r cu yd o f coa r s e s creened
cind er s in p l a ce in lter b e d s
S in ce a l l the cos t o f l o a d ing u nl o a ding a n d f rei ght h a s
been ch a rged to the co a r s e cin der s the cos t o f the n e
c in de r s
t o $4 i n ) w a s merel y th e cos t o f s cr een in g
i n s c reen or 24 ct s per cu y d
the m t w i ce th r o u gh a
p lu s 8 ct s f or whee in g a n d s p re a d in g
W hen the s e n e
c in ders we re per f e ctly d ry o n ce Over the 17% i n
s cre en w a s
e no ugh ; b u t i f very w e t a n d l a rgely du s t s creenin g three
i n s creen w as ne ce s s a ry
ti m e s o v er th e
i n ) wa s
S in ce th e pr o p o rti o n o f ne s cr eenings
to
i t wa s ne ce s s a ry t o bu y a nu m be r o f ca r l o a d s
s o s m a ll
i n s i ze
o f s cree n in g s a n d w as te a l l the m a teri a l o ve r
Th e f re i gh t when ch a rge d a g a in s t the ne s creen ings w a s
yd d u e t o the f a ct th a t n o t m o re th a n
a b o u t $12 pe r cu
3 cu y d s o f ne s creenin gs co u l d b e o bt a ined f r o m a c a r
lo ad
A n a t t em pt w as m a d e t o grin d u p s o me o f the
u s in g a f a rmer s f ee d m i l l o per ate d b y
co a r s e s c reenin g s
Th e

f re i gh t

HA N DB O O K

596

DA TA

OF COS T

T h e mi l l w o ul d grin d a t th e ra te o f 7%
h or s e p o wer
cu
b ut s o m a ny i r o n nut s b o lt s
y d s o f c inde rs i n 10 h r s
w a s h er s e tc w ere i n the s creen ings th a t th e m i l l w a s co n
t i n u a l l y f o r ced to s t o p a n d n a l ly i ts u s e h a d t o b e a b a n
.

d oned

th a t the s pe ci c gr a vi ty o f s o f t co a ci nde rs
is
a n d th a t th e v o i d s a r e fr equen tly a s h igh a s
in w hi c h ca s e 1 cu f t o f cinder s w eigh s 37% l b s
P ud d e i s a m i x tur e o f gr a ve l a n d
Co s t o f P u d d l e
c l a y whi ch i s w e t a n d r a m me d o r r o l le d i nt o p l a ce
Ma ny
en g ineer s u s e t h e c a y a s th ey wo u l d a m o rt a r t o l l th e
A f e w engineer s us e th e gr a ve l mer e
v o i d s i n th e gr a ve
1y t o in s ur e th e c rumb li ng o f the s i d e s a n d r o o f o f a n y
i n c ip i ent h o le i n th e p u d d le s o a s t o l l i t u p
Fa nning give s the fo l l o w in g pr o p o rti o ns me a s ure d l o os e :
I m ay

ad d

Cu

yd

c oa r s e gr a vel

Fine gr a ve l
S a nd

Cl a y
To tal

lo os e
I

T h i s when m i ed , h e

s ay s ,

wi l l m a ke

wh en th o r o ugh ly r a m me d
A n o ther m i x ture gi ven i s :
Gr a ve
San d
Cl a y

cu

yds

cu

y ds

an d

Cu

yd

To ta l

when m i x e d a n d s pr e a d m a ke s
and
cu
y ds
w hen r a mme d
cu y d s
W he n cl a y i s n o t a v a i l ab l e ver y n e s an d a n d a lit tl e
l o a m ca n b e u s e d t o l l the v o i d s i n gr a vel
W here p u d
d l e i s u s e d to cov er a l a rge a re a l ike th e b o tt o m o f a re s
e rvo i r
t h e gr a ve l i s rs t s pre a d i n a
a yer a b o ut 3 i n s
th i ck t h e cl a y i s s pr e a d o ver the gr a ve a n d th e s a n d o ve r
th e cl a y i n thei r p ro per p re p o rt i e ns
T hen an ord i n a r y
Th is

HA NDB O OK OF

S98

COS T D A TA

th e current w a s s w i f te s t th e e a rth w a s r u s he d
t o p l a ce w i th a s te a d y s t re a m o f w hee lb a rr o w s the co a r s e s t
gr a vel b ein g us ed a s a ri p r a p o n the l o a m a n d s a n d ; a n d
i n s p i te o f cu rrent o f 5 f t p e r s e co nd the e m b ank m ent
h e l d i ts p l a c e
T hen w i th 4 m e n o n a s h i f t t w o w o r ki n g
wh i le t wo res te d a ltern a tel y i n 15 m in u te p eri o d s the
d a m w a s p u mp e d d ry i n 2 d a y s a n d 3 n ight s a t a cos t
o f $19 per 24 h r s
T o re d u c e the a re a t o b e kep t pu m pe d
out
a c r o s s w a ll o f s a ck s
30 f t l o n g w a s p u t in
A bout
s a ck s wer e u s ed
al l to l d
T h i s wo rk cos t a s f o l l o w s :
s ac k s

Wher e

h a pe d d a m 53 d a y s a t
Fi l ling i ts s l o p e w ith e a r t h 32 d a y s a t
B u i l d ing c r o s s w a l l o f d a m 30 d a y s a t
E x ca v a ti ng m u d a n d l o o s e r o ck 2 4 d a ys a t
P u mp i n g unti l m a s o n s w er e a b o v e w a ter l in e 85
da y s a t
Fo r em a n 9 d a y s a t $3
B ui ld ing L

Total

W hi le

the m a s o n s we re a t w o rk o n t he e a s t a b u t m ent
the co ff er d a m o f th e center p i e r w a s b u i lt i n a m a nner
th a t p r o ved to b e th e c h e a p e s t a n d re q u i ring the l eas t
e q u i p m ent o f a l l the m eth o d s o f co ff er d a m m i ng us e d
To
ge t t o b e d r o ck there w er e 2 f t o f s i l t 7 f t o f gra ve l a n d
b o u l d e r s a n d 5 f t o f b o u l der s
T e s t s w i th l o n g dri l l s h a d
e d th e engin ee r s t o be li ev e th a t s o l i d r o ck w a s 5 f t ne a r er
the s u r f a ce the b o u l der s b ein g m i s -t a ken f o r s o li d r o ck
T h e p i er w a s o f m a s o nry w it h a s h a rp n o s e a t e a c h e n d
s o th e co ff er d a m w a s
m a d e o f s i m i l a r s h a pe a n d w i th
a l en gt h o f 55 f t
f r o m n o s e to n o s e a n d a n o u t s i de w i dth
of 16 f t
T h e co ff e r d a m co n s i s te d o f s he e t p i l in g dr iven
b y h a n d a s f a s t as the e xca v a ti o n p r o gre s s e d in s i d e j u s t
a s in o rd in a ry s h eet ing o f a s ewe r tren ch
T h e r a n ger s o r
w a l in g p ie ce s t o s u pp or t th e s heet p i l in g w ere m a de o f
8 X 17 i n
O rego n p ine
d ri f t b o l t e d t o gether t o f o r m a
f ra m e a s s h o w n i n Fi g 29 T hi s f r a me w a s l a i d a t j u s t
a b o ve t h e s ur f a c e o f t h e w a ter
b ein g te m p o r a ri l y s u p
p o rte d by a b a r o f r iver s a n d a t o n e e n d a n d b y a p a i r
T hes e
h igh ) ne a r the ot h er end
o f w o o d en h o r s e s (4 f t
,

COS T OF MI S CE LLA NE O US S TR UCT URE S

599

h o r s e s w ere b ui l t a n d s un k in the s tre a m an d p l a nk s l a i d

o u t f r o m th e s a n d b a r
u p o n w hi c h t o p u s h the f r a m e t o
i n g a s p ipe r o l l er s by f o u r men u s ing p in c h
p l a ce o n
a
b r s A b o ut o n e thir d o f the f r a m e o verhung thes e h o r s e s
a n d the w a te r wa s 7 f t
de ep a t the o ute r n o s e o f th e
a
f r me Ho le s were du g 2 f t deep u nde r the three cor ner s
o f t h e f r a m e th a t re s te d o n the s a n d
b a r a n d te mp o r a ry
p o s t s s e t i n the s e h o l e s t o s upp o rt th a t en d o f the f r a me
T hen e x ca v a ti o n w a s begun 8 f t
en gth s o f s h ee t p l a nking
o r p i li ng be ing dr iven
s t a rtin g a t the n os e o f the f r a me
A he a vy w o o den m a u l w as u s e d t o d rive the s h eetin g
W hen 12 o f t he s e 3 x 12 i n s heeting p l a nk s h a d b e en dr iven
d o w n a s h o rt di s t a n ce e a rth a n d m a nure were p i le d o u t
,

FIG 29
.

The n t h e l ine s o f s h eeting were co n tinue d o ut int o

the rive r u s in g l o n ge r p l a nk
Fin a l ly s ever a l o f the s hee t
ing p l a nk s w ere te mpo r a r i ly s p ike d t o the fr a me the
h o r s e s re m o ve d a n d p l a n k driven t o c o s e th e ga ps
E a r th
a n d m a n u r e were b a nke d u p o u t s i d e th e s hee ting
I t wa s
fo un d ne ce s s a ry to de e ct the ri ve r current wh i ch w a s
w a s h ing a w a y thi s e a rth a n d m a nure a n d t o d o thi s a
w in g d a m o f s a ck s ll e d with s a n d w a s b ui lt a n d co a rs e
gr a ve a n d s a n d l l e d s a cks u s e d to r ipr a p the o uter en d
the e a r th a n d m a nure l l
T h e w a ter w a s
re a d i y
of
p umpe d o u t a n d e x ca v a ti o n begun
I t w a s f o un d th a t the
s hee tin g w as s l o p ing inw a r d
s o a s e co n d f r a me w as b ui lt
o f 6 x 12 s in s i de th e e x ca v a ti o n a n d a t t h e b o tt o m o f the
s h ee t i n g ;
t hen th e d rivin g o f th e s heeting w a s co nt inued
and
this s e co n d f r a m e w a s l o w e red a s the e xca v a ti o n
p ro gre s s ed
O n ce the gr a vel ca ved a n d t wo s h eet p l a n k

s i de

HA NDB OOK OF

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DA TA

wer e f o r ce d in b ut q ui ck w o r k w i th b ru s h m a nur e a n d
W h en th e e x ca v a ti o n w a s 7 f t b e
e a rt h cl o s ed the h o le
l o w the w a ter s ur fa ce a n d r o ck w a s n o t en co untered i t
w a s de ci d e d t o b u i l d a th ir d f r a m e a n d d rive a s e co nd
t ie r of s heet p l a nk in s ide a n d s l o p ing o u t w a r d a s i n Fi g
T h i s w as b egun w h en th e o w o f wa ter b e ca m e s o
30
,

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FIG 30

th a t a 6 HP Fa i r b a nk s Mo r s e
co m b in ed
Co
g as o l ine engine a n d pum p wa s i n s t a lled a n d n o f u rth e r
d i i cu l t y o ccu rre d i n ge tting d o w n t o b ed r o c k
T h e co s t
o f th i s p ie r e x ca v at i o n b y f o r ce a cco un t w a s a s fo l l o w s :
gre a t

e x ca v a tin g e t c 324 d a y s
La b o r pump in g 1 36 d a y s a t
En gi ne runner s 50 d a y s a t $3
Fo ur h o r s e te a m 6 d a y s a t $6
Ca rpen te r 8 d a y s a t $3
Fo rem a n 24 d a y s a t $4
115 ga l lo n s ga s o l i ne a t 15 c ts
300 s a ck s a t 1 5 ct s
10 M o f pine at $30
La b o r

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HA N DB OOK

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Ha u l i n g He a v y M a c h i n e r y
and

DA TA

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to
Th e
h a u l w a s 9 m i le s o n e w a y a n d a r o un d tri p co n s tit u te d
a d a y s w or k
T e a m s te r s were p a i d b y the t o n
Th e r o a d
w as s a n d y b u t leve l e xcep t f o r a b o ut h a l f a mi l e a t the
en d
T w o te a ms wer e h i t ch e d o nt o a w a g o n t o p u ll u p
th i s h i l l a t the e n d
S o me v ery he a vy p ie ce s o f m a ch i nery we re h a u le d o n
w a go n s
O n e p i ec e o f m a ch inery weigh in g 1 4 t o n s w a s
s l ung b et ween t wo he a v y t i mb er b e a m s wh o s e end s re s te d
o n b o l s te r s o n the w a g o n s
T hu s the p ie ce o f m a ch inery
wa s re a l ly s l un g b e tw een tw o w a go n s o n e w a go n i n fr o n t
a n d o n e b eh in d
In o rder t o s tee r th e re a r w a go n a s i m
p le s teer ing ge a r w a s m a de very mu c h l i ke the s te er in g
devi ce f o r co n tro l lin g t h e r ud der o f a s h i p
t co n s i s t ed
o f a p i l o t whe el m o unte d a t the f o rw a r d en d o f the re a r
w a g o n a n d a drum f r o m wh i c h tw o r o p e s p a s s e d a r o un d
On e ma n co u l d
p u lley s to the s tub to ng u e o f the w a go n
W i th 12
th us s tee r the f r o n t w heel s o f the re a r w a go n
h o r s e s th i s 14 t o n l o a d w a s h a u le d o ver t h e s a n d y r o a d
A h e a v ie r l o a d 28 t o n s w a s n o t l o a d e d o n w a go n s b u t
w a s h a u le d o n r o l ler s a tem p o r a ry t i mb er w a y b e ing l a i d
i n fr o n t o f th e r o ller s a s i n h o u s e m o vin g
t t oo k 12
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d le
T he s e a r e the co m m o n s i ze s b ut e x p a n ded met a l o f
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MI S CE LLA N E O US

COS T OF

E xp a n de d m et a l i s

so l d

by the

eq u iv a le n t to a b o ut 5 t o 6 ct s
the l o ca l i ty a n d th e s i z e o f m e s h
s e e p a ge 530

S TR UCT UR E S

fo o t

s q u a re

b ut a t pri ces
per 1b
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Fo r e x p an de d met a l l ath
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603

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M i ner al

w oo i s o rd in ar i y
m a d e b y p o u rin g m o lten s l a g i n t o w a te r
t i s l a rgely
u s e d a s a lli n g in h o l l o w w a l l s
be ca u s e o f i t s he a t i n
s u l a t i n g pr o perty
I h a ve a l s o u s e d i t a s a p a cking ar o u n d
I n carryin g a
w a ter p ip e s th a t were e xp os e d t o the a i r
f o r e x a mp le th e p ipe m a y b e
p ip e l in e a cr o s s a b ri d ge
l a i d in a b o x a n d s u rr o un de d w ith mi ner a l w o o l
A s te a m
pip e m a y b e j a ckete d i n th e s a me w a y
O r d in ar y m in er a l w o o l wei gh s a b o ut 12 l b s pe r cu f t
per lb
a n d m a y b e b o ugh t f o r a b o ut 1 ct
Pri

M i n e r a l W o ol

of

ce

.,

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of

Sod d i n g

Ha y

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In E ng n eerin g New s , June 2

1904,

gives a n
de s crip t i o n o f t h e
meth o d s o f s o d din g a p a rk in I ll i n o i s Th e b es t s o d s h o ve l

m o ul der s s h o vel
w ith a a t b l a d e 10 i ns w i d e a n d
is a
T h e ed ge s h o ul d b e d r a wn d o wn th i n o n a n
12 i n s l o n g
a nv i l a n d
on
a
grind s to ne
T h e s o d i s cu t
s h a rpen ed
thr o u gh i n pa r a l lel l ine s 1 4 i n s a p a rt wi th the s h ove l hel d
a t a n a n gle s o a s t o giv e b eve l ed ge s t o the r o l l o f s o d
T h e s o d s tri p i s cu t o ff s qu a r e a t the en d s s o a s t o m a k e
a s tr i p a b o ut 8 f t
l o n g (a s qu a re y a rd ) a n d r o l led u p
On e hu n d re d o f the s e r o l l s m a ke a goo d w a go n l o a d 80
b ein g a b o ut th e u s u a l l o a d
S o d s h o u l d b e cu t a s th in
a s p o s s ib l e
s ay
t o 2 i n s th i ck
S o d cu t thi cker with
th e i de a of s a vin g a l l th e r oo t s n ever un i te s w ith th e
ba nk when l a i d o n a n e a rth s l o p e
W hen t h e r o l l s a r e
ai d
n e e a rth s h o u d b e s i f ted i nt o a n y cr ack s b etwe e n
th e r o l l s
T h e s o d s h o ul d b e th o r o ugh l y s o a ked with w a ter
A
a f te r i t i s
l a i d a n d t a mp e d t o e x pel a i r un dern e a th
go o d t a mp e r o r s pa tte r co n s i s t s o f a p i e ce o f 2 i n o a k
pl a nk 10 i n s wi d e b y 18 i ns l o n g s tren gthene d b y cl e arts
in d i
acr o s s the en d s a n d with a t o ugh w o o d h a n d l e 2 i n s
l on g
On e en d o f th i s h a n d l e i s b e ve led
a m e t er a n d 4 f t
o ff a n d b o lte d t o the p l a nk s o th a t when the p l a n k l ie s
a t o n the gr o un d th e en d o f the h a n dle i s wa i s t hi g h
sq
T h e f o l l o w in g w a s th e a ver a ge co s t o f l a yi n g
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co n s t i t u te
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s h o u ld
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p r i ce s i n the v i c i n i t y we r e 10 cts
p er s q y d o f s o d i n
p l a ce
S e ed i n g ca n be d o n e f o r a b o u t $20 a n a cr e t h e co s t o f
80 l b s o f s eed be i n g $10 a n d t h e co s t o f l a b o r b e i n g a b o u t
$10 m o r e On s 10 p e s g e n tle e n o u g h t o h o l d the s eed w i t h
s eed i s p r e f e ra ble t o s o d o n a cc o u n t o f i t s
ou t wa s h i n g
A n a cr e o f s o d a t 6 c ts p e r s q y d
w o u ld co s t
c he a p n e s s
a b o ut $300
To

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I NDE X

606

Pag e
3 64
3 39

356 3 59,
b l o ck s
b u ck e t
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2 50 ,
ce m e n t r e u i r e d
2 89, 2 91 , 297
288
304, 309, 3 14
3 03
3 2 9, 335, 3 42 ,
328
3 48 353 3 56, 357

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3 25
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2 48
388

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3 33
3 22
307 , 3 15 , 3 20
340 3 48, 350,
3 37 , 33 8
353 363 3 86 458
m i xi n g cos t 2 69 281 2 88
2 93 298 t o 3 04 309 3 1 4
326 t o 332 335
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f o r m s , d e s i g n 308, 3 10 3 12
7
5
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2 88,
3 14
3 30,
366,

2 86,
f or m s , co s t
2 89 , 304, 305 , 309
2
2
324 , 3 27 t o
3 19 3
3 41 , 354, 3 60, 3 62 ,
-

p r i ce s ,

d e n i t i on s
e xca v a ti o n

3 69

re

Co n t ra ct

Co n t i n g en ci e s

D i ll i
r

ng

e ff e c t o f s i z e o f

f e e t p e r d ay
o s t t im e
u
g h o es
p
s p eed
t i m i ng

D um p
D y mi t
-

na

car ,
e

s ee

Ca r

1 10

ho

le

1 03
1 10
109

112 , 1 13
23

46

122

I NDE X

607

P ag e
E ar th

74
79

Gr a v e

73
407

Gr o u t

k i nd s

l oo s e n i ng
,

m e a s u re m e n t
sh ri nk a ge

s we

ll i n g

73 ,

E a r t h exc a v at i o n
f o u n d a ti o n
h y d ra u ic
ump - p i t

roa d
'

s te a

s h ove

90

Ha n d

54 6 547
s tr e e t
161 1 62 , 1 66
t r e n c h , s e e T re n c h i n g
.

l o r e s ce n ce
E l ect r i c r a i l w ay
E l e ct ri c c on d u i t
E l e v a ti n g g r a d e r
E n gi n e s h a n d l i n g
fu el

1 84, 389

'

549
.

E s t i m a ti n g

Ex

c av a t i o n ,

t i on , s ee
T r e n ch i n g

E xp e n s e

E xp d d
l th i
E xp l i
an

35

48

see

E a r th

o ck

e xca v a t i o n ,

e xc a v a

see

m e ta l

5 17 , 550

585, 586

51 2

F re i g h t d e m u rr a g e
Fu e l f o r e n g i n es
Ga s p i p e r a i li n g
Ga s ol i n e

44

29

m p r e s so r
p u mp
co

561, 586

326
100, 555
4 14

1 50, 1 5 2

13 5
2 72

T e am

496

ea r th

f o r e m en

to

42

31 , 4 1 8
S te e

s ee

m e t al

a th i n g ,

wood

ead ,

d e n i ti o n
p r i ce

Lim
Li t p i
L k
L m ti
L mb
e

31

r ce s

ca na

s,

oc

oc o

302 3 15
-

92
3 43

ve

339

c ra n e

51 2
51 1
4 89
5 11

d re s s e d
c a s s i c a t i o n
m a n u fa c t u r i n g
s p e c i ca t i o n s
s e e Ti mb e r
er,

Ma c a d a m

ca r

1 32

134

137

26

140

r e s u r fa c i n g

G ra d e r

see

'

'

e xp e n s e

i r on,
a
s
t
C

Ir o n , s e e

51 7

s ee

b or i n g

a r th

b ock
S to n e , s e e

I n s u ra n ce

Fo o d
4 2 50
For e m e n
70
Fo r m s is e e Co n cre t e f o r m s
Fo r ti c a t i o n
299
Fr a u d s s ta t u t e o f
39

Gr a n i t e

I ns tr u ct i o n s

505

I n d exi n g p ri ce s

46 ,

Gr a d i n g

Goo d w i n

Hi n t s f o r c o nt ra cto rs
Ho r s e s e e Ha u l i ng s e e
Ho w e tr u s s
Hy d r a n t
I ce

os v es

Ge n e r a

ng

Fal s e w o rk
Fe t
Fe nc e
F oo r

75 83 1 1 9
1 46
24 1
2 42

Hy d ra u l i ck i n g

g e n era

25

m a ca d a m

88

cost

145
602
s e e T eam

46
29

ra i l i n g

455 459

1 84, 2 92

Ha rr o w i n g

Eff

1 61 ,

Har dp a n

'

2 61 - 2 65

p ai n t i n g

r o of

Gr u b b i n g

v oi d s

367 , 549
5 97
5 87
4 15
1 43 1 45
95 11 8

Pag e

e xc a v a t i o n

Ma s o n ry

1 52

Ma c hi n e ry

d e p re ci a ti o n

Ma n f o o d
Ma n h o l e s e e S e w e r m a n h ol e
,

'

s e e ct i ng

1 70

1 53

I NDEX

608

Ma s on ry

P ag e

b r i ck , s e e
r i c k w o rk
,
b ui d i ng s
c os t - k e e p i n g
1 82
d e n i ti o n s
e xc a v a t i n g
1 92 , 2 44
ay i n g
1 9 1 202 , 205 2 06
2 09 2 13 , 21 6 t o 2 20 2 2 3
to 226 , 23 1 - 233 , 2 41 24 3
2 45 , 529
m o r ta r r e u i re d 1 88 to 1 9 1
2 27 , 2 28
2 44
p oi nti ng
s e we r
44 7
c ra d e

Pi l e
Pi p e

le

tres t
,

S e wer

P la n k
P la n t

q
.

Ma t e ri a l s

p u r ch a s i n g

r ec or d

38
17

ca r d

Ma tt r e ss b ru sh
Mi ll b u i l d i ng
Mi m e og rap h
M i n er al w ool
Mi n u te h a n d ob s e r va ti o n s
Mi xe r s e e Co n cr e t e m i xe r
Mo l d s e e Co nc r e te f o rm s
Mo r ta r c e me n t

587

53 1
12

Ca s t - i r o n p i pe ; s e e
i
e
s
e
e
a
e
W
r
t
p p ;
p ipe

r oa d

d ep r e ci a t i o n
r e n ta
s e e ct i n g
,

4 72 - 479

s ee

Pag e

P l a s te r

l at e g i rd e r
P la tf o r m s ta t i o n
P lo wi ng
P l u g d r i ll i n g
P

P n e u m a ti c
r i ve

Po l e s

a ug er

t er

e r e cti n g

f e nc e ,

F e n ce

s ee

603

Puddle

'

P u mp i ng
414,
42 7 446, 598

253, 256, 297

c ub e -

li m e
pe r

cen t

wa t e r
Oi l i n g wi r e
O ve rh a u

re

wi ll

m i xe r

q ui

n ot

307

f or

r ed

556 557
558, 566
P a i n t i n g b ri d g es
55 8
t i n r oo f
522
Pa p e r
b u i d i ng
P a v e m e n t , s e e A s p h at, B ni ck ,
o ck
Ma ca da m S to n e
co n c r e t e b a s e
t o 349
1 01
P e rch
Pi er
3 24, 336 3 39, 387
5 23
P i t ch
4 80
P i e , b at t e r
486
b as t i n g
486
b or i n g
467
c o n c r et e
461
d e n i ti o n s
i
47 9
d o ck i n g
e
P
P i e - d ri ve r
464 4 72 476
P i e - d ri vi n g
334 469 t o 483
487 499
465 469 47 1
t i mi ng

Bl

Rai

ls

ll
l

485 , 486
5 56
47 2 , 479,

p u i ng
rai s
sa wi n g

484,

485

l
u

536

n o a di n g

5 14

i ng s

549
54 7
548

lo gg i ng
s u r ve y ,

t ra ck ,

478, 480
5 56

s ee

see

S ur v e y
r a ck - a yi ng

R e co r d

R e nstal , p

381

68

c o n cr e t e ,

c r e t e - s te e

c a rd s

R e i n f o rc e d

Ra ns om e b a r s

R ai

Q u i ck s an d

l
l
l

241 .

240

482
s h ee t
s tee

2 16, 2 23 , 232 , 23 4,
2 45, 2 92 , 2 94 , 322

le

415

o ck ,
Q ua r ry i n g (s e e a l so
a nd S to n e )
128, 130, 13 1 , 1 34,
201 , 204, 20 5, 209, 210 , 2 1 4 .

Pi

P a i nt

42 2

Pu mp p i t

590
73

420,

'

188- 191
2 66

ro p e

419,

ma s o n r y

in

596

s ee

Co n

la nt

53

27 ,

R es e rv oi r

390
59 1

lt l i ni n g
c o n cret e l i n i n g

a sp h a

woo d en

et a i ni n g

330

2 88 2 9 6
501
-

r oo t

w al l

3 15

3 18. 324 .

I NDEX

610

Pag e
Sy

l v e s te r

Tar

3 89

wa s h

1 71

o i n ts

T ea m , f e e d i n g

e am i n g

Ha u l i n g

s ee

77

76

11,
.

535

T i e s , h ewi n g

l o a d i ng

le
T ile

536

T i me k eep i n g

12

T i mb

m i nu te h a n d
b ori n g

4 91

4 89

490

h au i n g

490
45

w ei g h t

Ti m b

mb er

41 6

496 509
-

207

c e nt e r s

b u i di n g s

5 16

c a i s so n

507

c o ff e r d a
cri b ,

fa

2 20

f o rm s

506, 59 7

501

502
522

Co n cr e t e

s ee

503
499

l s e w ork

f o rm s

507

f o o tb r i d ge

5 56

Ho w e

tr u s s

4 96

b ri d g e

m e a s u r e m e nt
r e s e r vo i r

4 88

l es

pi

s h ee t

p an k

P i les

s ee

r e n ch

b r a ci

ng ,

s ee

4 72 4 79
-

535

4 92 ,

49 6

ro o f

5 58

Ton

10 1
b ox

v ey .

r es

146

i s ta n ce

92
3 44
44 1

426,

e xc a v a t o r

4 18,

436, 442
T r e n ch i n g ,

443

4 1 9, 420,

e a rt h

357

3 95 41 0

3 67

41 8 42 7,

43 7, 4 42 t o 445,

4 51

124

r ock

95

r e st e

506

535

unne

Unb a

4 72 479,

492

496

l l i ni ng

l a nc e d

U n i ts

Vi

2 45

b id

35 5

33

59

35

a s u re

me n t

37
560

p a i nt i n g

s te e

Vi t

of

a d u ct

553

ti mb e r
r i e d

50 9
s u r ve y ,

s ee

Sur

43 4

494

co n d u i

pip e

4 96

455 459

S e wer p i p e
99 2 58 261

s ee

oi d s

265

Wa g e s c o m p u t i n g
W a g on s e e Ha u l i n g
W al k s
W a s h e rs c a s t i r on
Wa t e r p i p e
,

20
.

176- 17 9
4 99

3 92

l ayi n g

s ub a

4 10 413

u eo u s

t a ki n g
w oo d

4 10

up

4 13

W ei g h t o f m at e r i a ls
W h e e l b a r r ow w o rk 81
300 , 32 7

v i a d u ct

T o po g r a p h i c

589

eng i n e

4 95 , 496, 506

5 49

r op e

m ac h i n e

480

95 ,

T oo

535, 53 7 - 545

501

roof

s h e et

t r e n ch

Ti n

rave e r

4 87

Sew er

u m e

'

53 9

U n d er e s ti m a t e s

e r w o rk

a r ch

gage

w i re

r a ct i o n

494 , 555

c r eos oti ng

s ee

m w ay

20

e r,

ra

528

re p roon g

T i mi ng ,

r a ck a y i n g

4 54 , 4 55

d ra i n

Ti

T
T
T
T
T
T

54 6
95

s u r f a ci n g

r a c ti o n ,

r oa d

T e ford

ll a s ti n g

ba

n a rr o w

523

T r a ck

Pa g e

'

44
,

160

99

272

W h e e l ed s cra p e r
W i nd ow
W i re cl o th
W i re r o p e t ra m wa y
-

86
520

3 69
589
589

VVo o d ,

fue

Wo od

p ipe

4 13

p r i ce

405

a rn ,

A DVE R TI S E ME NTS

RO BINS B E LT CONV E Y O RS
fo r t h e

RE MOVA L OF

E XCA VATE D E A RT H A ND S TONE

a nd

HA NDLING

'

th e

MA TE RIA LS

O F CONCRETE

G re a t e s t S p e e d

Le a s t Co s t

Du ra b le Fle xi b le

Po rt a b l e ,
S e nd

t h e d e t a i ls

us

l
o
b
e
r
p

a nd

d ra w i n g s
c o v e ri n g

w e w i ll

and

th e

of

r
o
u
y

s ub

es ti

mit

m at e s

s o l ut i o n .

RO B INS CO NV E Y ING B E LT COMPA NY

Pa rk Ro w Bu i l d i ng , Ne w Y o rk

A DVE RTI S E ME NTS

ES
IGGING TRENCH
D

Y
ECONOMICALL

The Chicago Sewer Excavator

D
oes

Work

The

150

of

Men

T h e m ach i n e d i g s a t re n ch f ro m
1 4 i n ch es t o 6 0 i n ch e s i n w i d th a n d
u p t o 2 0 f e e t i n d e p th a t a s i n gl e o u t

It h as m a d e m a n y reco r d s o f
cu b i c ya r d s e x ca va t e d
o
o
t
e
g
i n 1 0 h o u rs
of
t re n ch can b e
T h e wi d t
b y c a n g i n g th e
r e a di y a te re d
b u ck e t s
It wi cu t a tre n ch to g r a d e
Th e e n ti re m a ch i n e i s s u p
p o rt e d o u s u rf ace i n a d va n ce o f cu t
a n d t e re i s t h e re f o r e n o d a n g e r o f
ca v i n g f r o m we i g h t o f th e
t re n c
m ach i n e
T h e m ach i n e i s a l s o e u i p p e d
It wi t ra ve o ve r
f o r s e lf - tr a cti o n
co u n t ry r o a d s a t t h e r a te o f two
m i le s an h ou r u n d e r vi ad u ct s a n d
o ve r ea d w i re s W i t h o u t d i s m a n t l
in g a n d i s r e a d y f o r o p e r at i o n a s
s o o n a s i t a r ri ve s o n i n e o f t r e n c
.

ll

h
h

ll

ANDLABOR
HH

H H

T E C ICAGO EXCAVATOR COMPAREDWIT

Th e

is

lw

h a n d t h e d a y a ft e r p ay d ay
No o b je ct i o n t o o v e rt i m e i s m a d e b y t h e m ac i n e
Th e m a c i n e acts as fo r e m a n , s e tti n g p a ce f o r t h e p i p e
De e p Di g g i n g a n d T o ggh Gr ou n d r e u i r i ng th e u s e
e x cava t o r

a y s on

wh e r e th e m a ch i n e d oe s m o s t

p r o ta b l e

wo rk

a y e rs

of a

i
i
s
pg ;

I n d e e p wo r k w i t h an d a b o r , t h e co s t i n cre a s es ra p i d y wi t d e pth ,
a n d w h e r e h a r d p a n i s e n co u n te r e d f r e q u e nt y
r o v e s ru i n o u s t o t h e
p
Wi t h th e m ach i n e t h e cos t i n cre a s e s s i g h t y wi th d e p t
co n tr a ct o r
.

d e p t i s m a d e a t a s i n g e cu t
O n m a n y k i n d s o f wo rk i t wi r e d u ce t h e co s t t o
e xp e n s e o f h a n d a b o r
Fo r s a e o r e as e d t o re s p on s i b e co nt racto rs
Wri te fo r Cat a og u e No 1 3 2
s i n ce

th e

e n ti r e

ll

o n e - te n t h

of

th e

Mun i ci pal En gi n eeri n g and Con tracti n g Co

RAILWAY EXC ANGE

New York Offi ce

Nas s au Stree t

ICAGO Il l
CH
,

A DVE R TI S E ME NT S

Reclaimthe
Swamps and
Arid L
ands
Worthles s
made
of

l ands

Garden Spots

the

Country

the

are now

Small

at

Expense wi th the

ustin
Th e p r

r ec

a n d e co no

It

tt

l p

s_ _o

e of s

hi

Th e m ac

o rk s

wi

is

en

ti ly

new, s c en

re

th t di t b i
th v n m
s ur

ou

ng

th e

o re

rm

or

t i lly
ca

igi n a l s t ru ctu re

l y th

co r

i th

n e p ro d u ce s a u n

e as a

d ke

w id

of

l ft i t

a n n a u re

p th

t o gr a d e an d o f a n y d e
e rm d e s re d
and w d
of

ru e

id e

m ay b e m ad e t o s e r

xcavator

s op e

d i t ch

cu s a

i m p act s th e e a r

a nd

It

hi h i t w

on

m i ca

th e

cu ts

b an k s
o

i ncip l e

raina

th

of

th e

top

or

ifo r m con t i n u ou s w a s t e b a n k wh ich

t o i n cre as e t h e ca p a ci t y of t h e d i t ch

b ank s a re clos e l y pa ck e d from th e wei g ht of th e h eavi l y loa d ed

b u ck e ts p as s ing t ra n s ve rs e ly over th e m a n d wh en e xp os e d to th e
act i o n o f l
n d w ea th e r d ry o u t n ea r l y as h a r d a s r o ck p ro d u ci n g a
a
m
t
e
c
r
m
n
n
k
i
h
f
l
s
h
a
p
d
e
a
e
t
t
h
i
h
e
e
s
t
o
y
e
a
e
r
a
c
n
w
w
w
p
y
p
p
Th e

r e

No m o re jag g e d
ow

th

of

wa

a n ca n

e r.

be

an k s

to

p o d u es a
m p li h d by

It

a cco

v
d it h
ca

s s

e a n d ra g g e d

any o

S en d fo r Ca

t
th m th
of

r ca a c
r
a
e
e
g
p

er

t l

b o ttom s

a og u e

od

it

to

a nd

o bst

er

m o t th e

m a n e n cy

No L
.

F 0 Austin D
rainage E
xcavator C
ompany
.

Railway Exchange

Chicano II S A
,

A DVE R TI S E ME NTS

FO R

Fi lli ng

H n dl
a

Do uble

Ba lla sti n g,

any

es

T h e O N LY

b th id
w ith
o

c a r,

upon

es

ca r
or

o ne

i n c li n e d

T ra cki n g

Du m p a h l e M a t e r i a l

th t
a

i n th e

mo v e

ca n

ti
l v

ce n e r, e n
of

l
n
a
e
o
t
;
p

ith e r o r
t ra i n o r s i ngle

la n d i ts lo a d
re

on e

i
e er
d i s ch a rge ju s t

s n gl e

L oa d

le t

re s s

i t s li d e

CA RS LEA SED O R SO LD

GO O DWIN CA R
CO M P A N Y
A DDRESS

17

B a tt e ry P

1 15

T O N EW

Ne w Y o rk

a ce ,

De a rb o rn

O MMUN I CATI O N S

A LL C

YO

St

RK

C h i cag o

O FFI CE

A D VERT

J US T

I SEMEN TS

HE D

P U B L IS

P ra c t i c a l Ce m e n t Te s t i n g
V S T AY O
w P
i
T t
Ph il d l ph i M i i p l T ti
t i
CO NT E T
h
pt
III Ti m
S tti
h pt
h pt
T il St
th
S t ti t i
h
pt
S d
mp iti
h pt
II
h
pt
h m i l A ly i
tit ti
h pt
Sp i l T t
h p t III M f t
By

UR

E n g nee r

un c

of

es s,

er

h
Ch
Ch
Ch

cs

Co

on

a n u a c u re

er

and

on

os

pt
IV
I p ti
d
S mp li g
p t V Th T ti g f C
m t
pt VI S p i G v ity
p t V IL Fi
A pp d i
h b t
Cl t h 6 x 9 i

er

er

er

1,

es

ec

ra

ne n es s

nc

en

es ,

er

er

er

er

er

e
V
e
of
IX
r e ng
ens e
X
o un ne s s
XI
ca
na
C e

X II
es s
ec a

m
X
r o x

ng.

s s.

I n de x
a

os

i ll u s t

1 50

es ,

ca

ec

er

p g
p tp i d

of

es

ar e

er

en

er

er

ca

ra c

on

er

es s

Mo rt ars

pt
III A pp
i
t
T t
X IV
P ti l O p
pt
ti
pt X V O th V i t i
t
C m
p t X V I S p i ti

300

ou

n et,

Cement s

er

a nd

ce s

h
Ch
Ch

an

on

ec

er

en

ns

or es

C
C
C
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