fyKk; ,ioaKk;

fyk; (Cell) nghJikg;ghlhd jhtuf;fyk;:-

 mq; fpfs; ahTk; fyk; vDk;
mbg;gil myfhy; Mdit.
 mq; fpfspdfl;likg;gpdJk;
njhopw;ghl;bdJk; mbg;gil myF
fykhFk;.
 fyq;fs; RahjPdkhf nraw;glf;
$bait.
 rpy mq;fpfs; jdpnahU fyj; jhy;
Mdit. cjhuzk; - mkPgh>
guNkrpak;>
 rpy mq;fpfs; gy; fyj; jhy;
Mdit. c-k; :- fl;GydhFk;
jhtu>tpyq;Ffs;.
 jPf;Nfhopapd; Kl;ilf; fyNk
nghpa fykhFk;.
 fyj; jpd; gUkd;> tbtk;>
fl;likg;G> nraw;ghL vd;gd  fyj; ij Kjypy; mtjhdpj; jth;
fyj; jpw;Ff; fyk; NtWgLk;. nwhgl;Ff; vd;g tuhthh;.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 1

nghJikg;g hlhd tpyq;Ff; fyk; :- fyj;j pd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk;.

gFjp njhopy;
fynkd; rt; T fyj; ijg; ghJfhj;jy;
Njh;e;J Gftply;.
FopaTU fyj;jpd;
ngUksT ePh ;. Gd;d q;fq;f isj;
jhq;fy; .
fyr;Rth; ghJfhj;jy;
nrYNyh]; $Wfisg; Gftply; .
fU fyj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;
gFjp; fyj;jpd; rfy
njhopw;ghLfisAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.,ay;G
 fyj;jpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd;
fis re;jjpf;Ff;
njhopy;fSk; .
flj;jy;
gr; ira xspj;njhFg;G
TUkzp nra;jy; .
A.R.Emil Science & Technology 2
 fyj;jpd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk;. jhtuf; fyk; tpyq;Ff; fyk;
gFjp njhopy; 3. cz;ikg; Gd; cz;ikg; Gd;
,iokzp fyj;jpw;Fj; ntw;wplk; cz;L ntw;wplk;,y;iy.
Njitahd rf;jpia
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
4. xspj;njhFg;G xspj;njhFg;G
nra;Ak; Mw;wy; nra;Ak; Mw;wy;
cz;L. ,y;iy
 tpyq;Ff; fyj;jpw;Fk; jhtuf;
fyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; gpd;tUk; fyj;jpd; capUs;s gFjpfs; :-
NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1. fU
2. fynkd;rt;T
jhtuf; fyk; tpyq;Ff; fyk;
3. ,iokzp
1. fyr;Rth; cz;L fyr;Rth; ,y;iy. 4. gr;iraTkzp
2. gr;iraTUkzp gr;iraTUkzp
5. FopaTU.
cz;L ,y;iy.
fyr;Rth; Gd;ntw;wplk; capuw;wJ.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 3

fyj;jpy; ,Ue;J mq;fp FUjpapioak; (Blood Tissue)

1. kdpjTlypy; cs;s ,oiaq;fspy;
fyk; ,ioak; cWg;G ,JTk; xd;W. RfNjfpapy;
njhFjp mq;fp Vwj;jhs 5 l FUjp cz;L.
2. ,J xU gha ,ioakhFk;
mjhtJ jput epiyapy; cs;s
,ioak; (Tissue) ,ioakhFk;.
3. ,J fyq;fSf;fpilapy;
Fwpj;j xU njhopiyg; Ghptjw;nfd ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
rpwj;jyile;j fyf;$l;lk; ,ioak; 4. ,J gjhh;j;jg;ghpkhw;iy Nkw;
vdg;gLk;. nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.
kdpjdpy; cs;s rpy ,ioaq;fs; :- cjhuzkhf> fyq;FSf;Fj;
1. Nkyzp,ioak;. Njitahd xl;rprid vLj;Jr;
2. jirapioak;. nry;fpd;wJ> czitAk;
3. FUjpapioak;. fopTfisAk; chpa
,lq;fSf;Ff;nfhz;L
4. euk;gpioak;. nry;fpd;wJ>
5. ,dg;ngUf;ftpioak;. FUjpapd; Mf;ff;$Wfs;
1. FUjpj; jputtpioak;.
2. FUjpf;fyq;fs;.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 4

 Constituents of Blood FUjpj; jputtpioak; (Blood Plasma)
1. In an average healthy person, 1. FUjpapd; mikg;gpy; ,J 55%
approximately 45 per cent of the MFk;.
blood volume is cells, among them
red cells (the majority), white cells, 2. FUjp Rw;wpNahLtjw;F FUjpj;
and platelets. jputtpioaNk fhuzk;.
2. A clear, yellowish fluid called 3. ,jpy; gpd;tUk; $Wfs;
plasma makes up the rest of blood. fhzg;gLfpd;wd:-
Plasma, 95 per cent of which is 1. ePh;.
water, also contains nutrients such 2. FUjpg;Gujk; my;Gkpd;
as glucose, fats, proteins, and the FNshgpA+ypd;
amino acids needed for protein
synthesis, vitamins, and minerals. 3. XNkhd;fs;.
4. czTf;$Wfs;.
3. The level of salt in plasma is about
equal to that of sea water. 5. fopTfs;.
4. ,jd; epwk; itf;Nfhy; epwk;.
4. xUrph; epiyiag;NgZtJ mjhtJ ntsph; kQ;fs;.
FUjpj;jputtpioakhFk;. 5. ,jpy; 95% ePuhFk;.
6. kdpjf; FUjpapd; pH 7.4 MFk;.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 5

FUjpapd; mikg;G nrq;FUjpf;f yq;fs;. (Erythrocytes)

A 1. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells,

are the primary carriers of
oxygen to the cells and tissues
of the body.
B
2. The biconcave shape of the
A – FUjpj; jputtpioak;.
erythrocyte is an adaptation for
B – FUjpf;fyq;fs;. maximizing the surface area
FUjpf;fyq;fs;. across which oxygen is
1. FUjpapd; mikg;gpy; ,J 45% exchanged for carbon dioxide.
MFk;. 3. Its shape and flexible plasma
2. gpd;tUk; FUjpf;fyq;fs; membrane allow the erythrocyte
FUjpapy; cz;L :- to penetrate the
1. nrq;FUjpf;fyq;fs;. erythrocyte to penetrate the
smallest of blood capillaries.
2. ntz;FUjpf;fyq;fs;.
3. FUjpr;rpWjl;Lf;fs;.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 6

 nrq;FUjpf;f yq;fs; (njhlh;r;rp) 4. <Nkhf;FNshgpDld; Nrh;e; j
epiyapy; nrq;fyq;fs; rptg;G
epwkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
5. ,it fUit nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
6. nrq;fyq;fs; rpwpjstpy; CO2
itAk; clw;fyq;fspy; ,Uw;J
Rthrg;igf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ.
7. ,it 120 ehl;f s; caph;
thOk;>gpd; kz; zPuypy;
mopf;fg;gLk;.
1. nrq;fyq;fs; ,ul;ilf;FopT
tbTilait.
ntz;FUjpf;f yq;fs;. (Leucocytes)
2. ,it nrt;ntd;G kr;irapy;
cUthfpd;wd.
3. ,it <Nkhf;FNshgpd; vDk;
Rthrepwg; nghUisf; Le.
nfhz;lit.
4. Xl;rprid clw;fyq;fSf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;tJ ,t;
<Nkhf;FNshgpd; MFk;.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 7

ntz;FUjpf;fyq;fs; (njhlh;r;rp) 6. eLepiyehb mjpfstpy;

fhzg;gLk;.
1. FUjpapy; cs;s fyq;fspy;
fUTs;s fyq;fs; ,itahFk;. 7. ntz;FUjpf;fyq;fs; gpwnghUs;
vjphpfisf; Rue;J gpw nghUl;
2. ,it nghJtpy; nrt;ntd;G fis mopf;fpd;wJ.
kr;irapy; cUthfpd;wd.
3. ,it jpl;lkhd tbtj;ijf; FUjpr; rpWjl;L . (Thrombocytes)
nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
1. Thrombocytes, or platelets, are the
4. ,jdhy; ,it mkPghTUf; smallest cellular component of blood.
fyq;fs; vdg;gLk;. They circulate inactivated, about
5. ,it eph;gPldj;ij clYf;F 250,000 per cubic mm of blood, until
toq;Ffpd;wJ. they come into contact with a damaged
blood vessel.
6. ,tw;wpy; NkYk; 5 tif cz;L.
2. At this point, the platelets form a
1. eLepiyehb. clump, adhering to each other and to
2. ,Nahrpehb. the blood vessel wall. They secrete
chemicals that alter a blood-borne
3. %yehb. protein, fibrinogen, so that it forms a
4. epzePh;f;Fopak;. mesh of fibers at the damaged site.
5. xw;iwf;Fopak;. 3. A clot forms when platelets and red and
white blood cells become trapped in the
7. xU fd kPw;wh; FUjpapy; 7000- fibers. Blood clotting begins within
11000 tiuapyhd ntz;Fopaq; seconds of injury.
fs; cz;L.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 8

 FUjpr; rpWjl;L (njhlh;r;rp) jirapioak; (Muscular Tissue)
1. RUq;fp tphpaf;$ba ,ioak;
jirapioakhk;.
2. ,jpy; Nkyk; 3 tifAz;L.
1. td;$l;Lj; jir
2. mOj;jj; jir.
3. ,jaj; jir.

td;$l;Lj; jir (Skeletal)

1. ,itFUjpapy; cs;s xOq;fw;w
tbtKilaitAk; > fU
tw;witAkhFk;.
2. ,it vd;G kr;irapy;
cUthfpd;wd.
3. ,it gUkdpy; kpfTk; rpwpait.
4. ,it FUjp ciwjypy; Kf;fpa
gq;nfhLf;fpd;wd.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 9

td;$l;Lj; jir (njhlh;r;rp) mOj;jj; jir (Smooth Muscle)

1. ,j;jir td;$l;Lld;
njhlh;Gilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
2. ,j;jir FWf;F thpfs;
nfhz;lJ.,jdhy; tphpj;jir
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
3. ,J tpiuthfr; RUq;fp
tphpaf;$baJ.
4. typikahd jirahFk;. 1. Human smooth muscle, also
5. vdpDk; tpiutpy; fisg;gilaf; referred to as visceral or
$baJ. involuntary muscle, is composed of
6. ,J if>fhy;>gpd; gFjp> Nghd;w slender, spindle-shaped cells.
,lq;fspy; fhzg;glfpd;wJ. 2. Controlled by the autonomic
7. ,J vkJ tpUg;gg;gb RUq;fp nervous system, smooth muscle
tphpaf;$baJ> mjhtJ ,r;ir cells help form the structure of the
top ,aq;F jirahFk;. skin, blood vessels, and internal
organs.
8. Gy;fUf; nfhz;litahFk;.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 10

 mOj;jj; jir (njhlh;r;rp) ,jaj; jir (Cardiac Muscle)
1. fjph;t btj; jdpf; fyq;f s; gy
Nrh;e;J ,j; jiria Mf; fpAs;s d.
2. ,J nkd;ikahd jirahFk;.
3. nkJthf fisg;gilahJ RUq;fp
tphpaf;$baJ.
4. ,j;jir re; jj;j pw;Fhpa
RUf;fj;i jf; fhl;Lk;.
5. ,J ,r;irapd;wp ,aq;F
jirahFk;. mjhtJ vkJ 1. Cardiac muscle is a unique muscle
tpUg;gg;gb ,j;ir ,aq;Ft tissue found only in the heart.
jpy;iy. 2. Requiring a constant supply of
6. ,j;jir nghJtpy; clypf; oxygen, cardiac muscle will quickly
cl;gFjpfspNyNa fhzg;gLk;. die if obstructions occur in the
7. ,iug;igr; Rth;>FUjpf; arteries leading to the heart.
Foha;fspd; Rth;> rpWeP h;j; 3. Heart attacks occur from the
njhFjpapd; gFjpfs; damage caused by insufficient blood
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,j;jirAz;L . supply to cardiac muscle.

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 11

,jaj; jir (njhl;hr;rp) euk;gpioak; (Nervous Tissue)

1. euk;gpioak; epA+Nuhd;fshYk;>
1. ,j;jir ,jaj;jpy; kl;LNk epANuhf;fpspahthYk; MdJ.
fhzg;gLk;. 2. epA+Nuhd;fs; vdg;gLgit euk;Gf;
fyq;fshFk;.
2. ,J ,r;irapd;wp ,aq;F
3. epANuhf;fpspah euk;Gf;fyj;ijr;
jirahFk;.
R+of; fhzg;gLk;.
3. nkJthf RUq;fpathpAk;> 4. xU epA+Nuhd; gpd;tUk;
fisg;gilahJ> mikg;igf; nfhz;lJ. A
4. re;jj;jpw;Fhpa RUf;fj;ijf;
fhl;Lk;.
5. ,jaj;jir fpis nfhz;lJ.
6. FWf;F thpfs; fhzg;gLk;.
7. ,jaj;jirapd; ,af;fk; ,ja
,af;fp %yk; Muk;gpf;fg;
gLfpd;wJ. B C D
A –kaypd; ftrk; B- cl;fhT e.K.
C- fyTly; D- ntspf; fhTeuk;GK. fpis

A.R.Emil Science & Technology 12

  euk;G f;fyj; jpd; gFjpfSk; NERVE TISSUES
mtw;wpd; njhopy; fSk;. 1. These highly complex groups of
gFjp njhopy; cells, called ganglia (nerve nuclei),
transfer information from one part
fyTly; fzj; jhf;fr;
of the body to another.
nraw;ghLfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;. 2. Each neuron, or nerve cell, consists
of a cell body with branching
cl;fhT fyTliy Nehf;fpf;
dendrites and one long fiber, or
euk;GKis fzj; jhf;f j; ijf; axon.
flj;jy;.
3. The dendrites connect one neuron
ntspf;fhT fyTlypy; ,Ue;J to another and transmit information
euk;GKis ntspNehf;fpf; towards the centre of the neuron;
fzj; jhf;f j; ijf; the axon transmits impulses to an
flj;jy; organ or tissue.
kaypd; fzj; jhf;f euk;gpioaj;jpd; njhopy;fs;
Ntfj; ijf; 1. euk;Gf;f zj;jhf;fq; fisf;
ftrk; $l;ly;. flj;jy;.
,ud;tpahpd; euk;Gfs; 2. thq;fpfsf; fFk; tpisT
fZ fpinfhs;sy;. fhl;bfSf;Fkpilapy;
njhlh; ig Vw;gLj; jy;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 113

euk;G j; njhFjp (Nerve System) jhtu ,ioaq;f s;

1. euk;G j; njhFjp euk;g p
ioaj;jpdhy; MdJ . 1. jhtuq;f spYk; ,ioq;f s;
2. euk;G j; njhFjp 2 gphpthfg; fhzg;g Lfpd;w d ,itahtd:-
gphpf;f g;g Lfpd;w d.
1. fho; ,ioak;
1. ika euk;G j; njhFjp.
2. Rw;w ay; euk;G j; njhFjp. 2. chpa ,ioak;.
3. %isAk; Kz;z hDk; ika 3. Nkw;Nwhy; , ioak;.
euk;G j; njhFjpapy; mlq;F k;. 2. Nthpdhy; cWQ;f g;g Lfpd;w
4. Rw;w ay; euk;G j; njhFapy; ePi uAk; fdpAg;G f;f isAk;
%isapy; ,Ue;J k;
Kz;z hzpy; ,Ue;J k; nfhz;L nry;t J fho;
Muk;g pj;J cly; KOtJk; ,ioak; MFk;.
gutpr; nry;Y k; gy;y hapuk; 3. czTfisf; flj;J tJ
euk;G fshy; MdJ .
chpa ,ioak; MFk;.
5. Euk;G fs; 3 tifahdit
vkJ clypy; cz;L . 4. ,iyapYk; jz;L g;g FjpapYk;
1. gyd; euk;G Nkw;Nwy; , ioak;
2. ,af;f euk;G mike;J s;s d.
3. fyg;G euk;G .

A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 2

14
 fho; ,ioak; (Xylem)
1. fho; ,ioak; ePi uAk; fdpAg;Gf;
fisAk; flj;Jfpd;w J.
2. ePh ; fdpAg;gGf; fs; fPo; ,Ue;J
Nky; Nehf;fpf;flj;j g;gLk;.
3. fho; ,ioak; jhtuj;j pw;F
Mjhuk; nfhLf;F k; mikg;ghfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. ,it jhq;F k; ,ioak; vd;W k;
miof;fg;glfpd;w J.
5. ,it ngUk;ghYk; ,we;j it.
chpa ,ioak; (Phloem)
1. ,it czitf; flj;J k;
,ioakhFk;.
2. ,it ,iyfspyhy;
njhFf;fg;g l;l czit ,ju
gFjpfSf;F f; flj;J fpd;wJ.
3. ,it nkd;ikahdit ,it
capUs;s ,ioakhFk;.
Nkw;Nwhy; ,ioak;
1. ,iy jz;L Nth; Mfpa
gFjpfisg; Nghh;j ;j pAs;s
,ioak; ,JthFk;.
2. cs; mq;fq;fs; cyh;t jpy;
,Ue;Jk; fhag;gLtjpy ; ,Ue;Jk;
Ez;z q;fpj ; njhw;w pypUe;Jk;
ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
3. Nkw;N why; fyq;fs; gr;r aTU
kzpfisf; nfhz;b Ug; gjpy;i y .

A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 3

15

4. vdpDk; Nkw;Nwhy; 6. NkYk; ,iytha;fs; %yk;

fyg;g ilapy; cs;s MtpAaph;g ;G eilngWtJ
fhtw;fyq;fspy; gr;i ra jhtuq;f Sf;F g;
TUkzpfs; cz;L . gpujp$ykhFk;.
7. ePh;j ;jhuq;fs; ePhpy; kpjg;g jhy;
fhtw;fyq;fs; (Guard Cell) ,iytha;fs; Nkw;G w
Nkw;Nwhypy; cs;s d.
1. Nkw;Nwhw; gilapy; cs;s
gr;i raTUkzpfs; cs;s 8. twd;d pyj; jhtuq;fs; ,iy
fyq;fs; ,itahFk;. tha;fs; Fopfspy; cs;s d.
2. ,it ,uz;L Nrh;e;J
Nrhbahff; fhzg;g Lk;. ,Utpj; j piyj; jhtu ,iyapd;
3. ,Utpj;j piyj; jhtu,iyfspy; F.nt.
mtiutpj;J tbtKila
fhtw;fyq;fSk;
xUtpj;j piyj;j htu,iyfspy;
nlk;g y; tbt Kila
fhtw;fyq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;w d.
4. ghtw;fyq;fSf;fpilapyhd
,ilntsp ,iytha; (Stoma)
vdg;g Lk;.
5. ,iytha;fs; %yk ; thAg;
ghpkhwk; eilngWk;.

A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 16

4